Content uploaded by Başar Altınterim
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Başar Altınterim on Nov 23, 2014
Content may be subject to copyright.
HTTP://FBE.TRAKYA.EDU.TR/TUJNS TRAKYA UNİV J NAT SCİ, 13(2): 87-94,
2012 ISSN 2147–0294 DIC: 007BAET1321204130413
ÇOKLU DOYMAMIŞ YAĞ ASİTLERİNİN ANTİ-TROİT ETKİSİ VE
BİTKİLER
Başar Altınterim
Özet
Çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri (PUFA), troit uyarımını baskılar. PUFA’lar troit hormonu
seviyelerini baskılayarak şişmanlığa neden olur. Baskılanan troid metabolizmayı yavaşlatır.
Aşırı PUFA diyeti kilo alımına neden olur. Böylesi düşük kalori alımı da kalıcı olan kilo
alımına yol açabilir. Bu sonuç azalmış troid aktivitesi ile uyuşmaktadır.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri, bitki, troit.
ANTI-THROID EFFECTS OF PUFAS (POLYUNSATURATED FATS)
AND HERBS
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) suppress thyroid signaling. PUFAs suppress thyroid hormone
levels and cause weight gain. Inhibiting the thyroid slows the metabolism. The high-PUFA
diet promoted weight gain: it caused excess weight to be retained at a lower calorie intake.
This is consistent with reduced thyroid activity.
Keywords: Polyunsaturated fats, herb, throid.
Introduction
The thyroid gland controls the body's metabolic rate, among other things. It does this
by secreting the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). As with any
other hormone, the tissue response depends on the amount of hormone and the tissue's
sensitivity to the hormone.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 carbon atoms exhibit unique physiological
activities in the human body, for example lowering of cholesterol and triacylglycerols in
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1
2
plasma, prevention of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases and reduction of
colagen-induced thrombocyte aggregation. Moreover, these fatty acids are of great value in
the nutrition of edible marine animals reared in mariculture, and as precursors of eicosanoid
hormones. Potential sources of such fatty acids include fungi, mainly lower phycomycetes,
microalgae, viz. dinoflagellates, diatoms and unicellular red algae, marine macroalgae,
particularly phaeophyta and rhodophyta, and mosses. The biomass may be enriched with C20-
polyunsaturated fatty acids by chilling, nitrogen starvation, controlled illumination and
incubation with lipophilic compounds (Radwan, 1991).
The brain is the body's richest source of cholesterol, which, with adequate thyroid
hormone and vitamin A, is converted into the steroid hormones pregnenolone, progesterone,
and DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone), in proportion to the quantity circulating in blood in
low-density lipoproteins. The brain is also the richest source of these very water-insoluble
(hydrophobic) steroid hormones; it has a concentration about 20 times higher than the serum,
for example. The active thyroid hormone is also concentrated many-fold in the brain. Broda
Barnes' work clearly showed that hypothyroid populations are susceptible to infections, heart
disease, and cancer (Broda and Galton, 1976).
The Mechanisms Of Action
Further studies should reveal the extent to which observed effects of excess thyroid
hormone are amenable to control by dietary polyunsaturated fat. Linoleic acid may interfere
with thyroid signaling by inhibiting thyroid hormone binding to its receptor.
Butter and coconut oil contain significant amounts of the short and medium-chain saturated
fatty acids, which are very easily metabolized, Coconut oil can be particularly helpful because
it's almost exclusively saturated, so it doesn't interfere with thyroid signaling. That may be
why it increases energy expenditure and aids weight loss. Coconut has a long history of use
by healthy non-industrial cultures in tropical areas (Babayan, 1987) inhibit the release of
histamine (Brockelhurst, 1963), promote differentiation of cancer cells (Prasad, 1980), tend to
counteract the stress-induced proteins (Prasad, 1980), decrease the expression of prolactin
receptors, and promote the expression of the T3 (thyroid) receptor (MontIel et al., 1986). (A
defect of the thyroid receptor molecule has been identified as an "oncogene," responsible for
some cancers, as has a defect in the progesterone receptor.). Coconut oil which had been
stored at room temperature for a year was found to have no measurable rancidity. Since
growing coconuts often experience temperatures around 100 degrees Fahrenheit, ordinary
2
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
3
4
room temperature isn't an oxidative challenge. Fish oil or safflower oil, though, can't be stored
long at room temperature, and at 98 degrees F, the spontaneous oxidation is very fast.
Some data reported that PUFA inhibited binding of T3 to TR-α and TR-β (Van der Klis et
al., 1991). Several lines of evidence suggest that n−3 fatty acids reduce the risk of some
chronic diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Other research, mainly in
animals, also suggests a role in bone health. An increasing ratio of total dietary n−6 to n−3
fatty acids was also significantly and independently associated with lower BMD (bone
mineral density) at the hip in all women and at the spine in women not using hormone therapy
(Weiss et al., 2005). n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) present in fish oil (FO) potently
decrease serum lipids, which is also an effect of thyroid hormones.
A putative target involved in the mediation of the omega-3 PUFA control of gene
expression is the steroid/thyroid/retinoid receptor superfamily. This superfamily of receptors
are nuclear receptors that function as ligandactivated transcription factors, and include the
retinoid X receptors (RXRa, -b and -c) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
(Duplus and Forest, 2002).
An oil researcher spent 100 days eating what he considered to be the "Eskimo diet," seal
blubber and mackerel paste. He observed that his blood lipid peroxides (measured as
malondialdehyde, MDA) reached a level 50 times higher than normal, and although MDA is
teratogenic (Sinclair, 1986).
In some experiments, the carcinogenic action of unsaturated fats could be offset by added
thyroid, an observation which might suggest that at least part of the effect of the oil is to
inhibit thyroid (Lev and Grand, 1956).
The increase in thyroid hormone signaling pathways in the liver may be one of the
mechanisms by which n-3 PUFAs exert part of their effects on lipid metabolism (Souza et al.,
2012).
Oil contents reported by Pereira et al. (2008) (78.83 to 82.4%) were higher than those
reported by other researchers (Savage, 2001; Muradoğlu et al., 2010). In general, the fatty
acid composition of walnut oil resembles that of soybean oil, but walnut oil contains a greater
concentration of linolenic acid. In fact, among vegetable oils, walnut oil has one of the highest
amounts of PUFAs (up to 78% of the total fatty acid content).
Unsaturated fats, specifically the existence of any polyunsaturated variety, because of their
high susceptibility to oxidation (exposure to oxygen that can immediately damage the
molecular structure), thus consisted free-radicals amongst many other immune-suppressing
3
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
5
6
properties (excess estrogen, unstable cell walls, low thyroid response, excess cholesterol
levels in the blood, etc.)
When large amounts of PUFAs are consumed, they are stored and between meals, they are
released. They poison the mitochondria, impair communication within the cell, impair the
action of enzymes that dissolve blood clots and digest dietary protein, and inhibit the thyroid.
A significant body weight loss of 14-18% was observed in hyperthyroid mice on the PUFA
diet but not in those on the saturated fatty acids diet. Levels of T3 (15-17 nM) and T4 (250-
255 nM) were significantly higher in the respective hyperthyroid groups (Deshpande
and Hulbert, 1995).
PUFAs are a masking agent for low metabolic rate. If the low metabolic rate is a direct
consequence of cell-membrane rigidity or impermeability, the PUFAs are truly treating the
problem directly. But if the low metabolic rate (hypothyroid symptoms) is caused by
endocrine problems, the PUFAS are masking the problem. So PUFAS can be used to treat
hypothyroidism (low levels of T4 and/or T3), thyroid resistance (inadequate response to
normal levels of thyroid hormone), heavy metal poisoning, mitochondrial insufficiency,
insulin resistance and estrogen dominance, but they mask the underlying cause instead of
resolving it.
Conclusion
Consumption of polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) such as canola oil, flax seed oil, soy oil,
safflower oil, sunflower oil, and other polyunsaturated vegetable oils, broccoli, cabbage,
cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kale, collard greens, chinese broccoli, kohlrabi, bok choy, turnip
root and greens and rutabaga will suppress thyroid function. The exceptions include plants
that grow in tropical climates, such as the oils extracted from chocolate and coconuts. These
oils are highly saturated, and so are very stable and undoubtedly safe and beneficial.
Adding cystine to the diet (cysteine, the reduced form of cystine, is a thyroid antagonist)
also increases the tumor incidence (Tannenbaum and Silverstone, 1949). In a hyperthyroid
state, the ability to quickly oxidize larger amounts of the toxic oils would very likely have a
protective effect, preventing storage and subsequent peroxidation, and reducing the oils'
ability to synergize with estrogen.
The high-PUFA diet promoted weight gain: it caused excess weight to be retained at a
lower calorie intake. This is consistent with reduced thyroid activity. This suggests higher
thyroid hormone levels on the high-saturated fat diet than on a high-carb diet. One very well
known fact is that hypothyroid patients, even when taking T4 hormones, usually struggle to
4
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
7
8
lose fat. This occurs because, when thyroid hormones are low, especially when T3
(triidothyronine) is low, the basal metabolism is decreased (Danforth and Burger, 1984).
Thyroid hormones are responsible for basal metabolic rate and heat production. if a high
saturated fat diet maintains body temperature better than a high carbohydrate diet when the
body is subjected to cold, it would seem fair to assume that the thyroid functions better on this
high saturated fat diet. Thyroid signaling is dynamic. If PUFA suppresses some thyroid
enzymes, the thyroid would compensate by secreting extra thyroid hormone, or lowering the
amount of thyroxine binding globulins.
This includes all oils liquid at room temperature including: soybean, canola, safflower,
corn, flaxseed, fish, Evening Primrose and borage oils except extra virgin olive oil. The use of
polyunsaturated vegetable oils, whether processed or not, interferes with thyroid function.
Inhibiting the thyroid slows the metabolism and diminishes the ability to metabolize the
PUFAs, accelerating their toxic effects. Stress, low blood sugar, and high intensity exercise
increase the lipolytic enzymes. Niacinamide (vitamin B3) restrains them.
References
•BABAYAN, V. K. "Medium chain triglycerides and structured lipids," Lipids 22,
417-20. 1987.
•BROCKELHURST, W. E. Pharmacological mediators of hypersensitivity reactions, in
Clinical Aspects of Immunology (P. G. H. Gell and R. R. A. Coombs, editors)
Blackwell Scientific, P. A. Davis Co., Phil. p. 360. 1963.
•BRODA, B. and GALTON, L. Hypothyroidism: The Unsuspected Illness, T. Y.
Crowell, New York. 1976.
•DANFORTH, E., and BURGER, A. The role of thyroid hormones in the control of
energy expenditure. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1984 Nov;13(3): 581-95. 1984.
•DESHPANDE, N., HULBERT, A.J. Dietary omega 6 fatty acids and the effects of
hyperthyroidism in mice. J Endocrinol. 144(3):431-9. 1995.
•DUPLUS, E. and FOREST, C. Is there a single mechanism for fatty acid regulation of
gene transcription? Biochemical Pharmacology, 64, 893–901. 2002.
•LEV, B.J.M. and GRAND, C.G. "Enhancement of mammary fibroadenoma in female
rat by a high fat diet," Cancer Res. 16, 137. 1956.
5
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
9
10
•MONTIEL, O.J.F., PASCUAL, A., ARANDA, A. "Modulation of thyroid hormone
nuclear receptors by short-chain fatty acids in glial C6 cells. Role of histone
acetylation," J Biol Chem. 25;261(30):13997-4004. 1986.
•MURADOĞLU F.H., OĞUZ I., YILDIZ K., YILMAZ H. Some chemical
composition of walnut (Juglans regia L.) selections from Eastern Turkey. Afr. J.
Agric. Res., 5: 2379-2385. 2010.
•TANNENBAUM, A., and SİLVERSTONE, H. "Effects of varying proportion of
protein in the diet," Cancer Res. 9, 162. 1949.
•PEREIRA J.A., OLIVEIRA I., SOUSA A., FERREIRA ICFR., BENTO A.,
ESTEVINHO L. Bioactive properties and chemical composition of six walnut
(Juglans regia L.) cultivars. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46: 2103-2111. 2008.
•PRASAD, K. N. "Minireview: butyric aicd," Life Science 27, 1351-8. 1980.
•RADWAN, S.S. Sources of C20-polyunsaturated fatty acids for biotechnological use.
Applied Microbiology And Biotechnology. Volume 35, Number 4, 421-430. 1991.
•ROUSSEAU, G. G. "Control of gene expression by glucocorticoid hormones,"
Biochem. J. 224, 1-12. 1984.
•SAVAGE G.P. Chemical composition of walnuts (Juglans regia L.) grown in New
Zealand. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., 56: 75-82. 2001.
•SINCLAIR, H. History of EFA & their prostanoids: some personal reminiscences.
Progress in Lipid Research, 25: 667-72. 1986.
•SOUZA, L.L., NUNES, M.O., PAULA, G.S., CORDEİRO, A., PENHA-PINTO, V.,
NETO, J.F., OLIVEIRA, K.J., DO CARMO, M.G., PAZOS-MOURA, C.C. Effects of
dietary fish oil on thyroid hormone signaling in the liver. J Nutrition Biochemical.
21(10): 935-40. 2010.
•VAN DER KLİS F.R., SCHMİDT E.D.,VAN BEEREN H.C., WİERSİNGA W.M.
Competitive inhibition of T3 binding to alpha 1 and beta 1 thyroid hormone receptors
by fatty acids.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.179 :1011– 1016. 1991.
•WEİSS, L. A., CONNOR, E.B. and MÜHLEN, D.V. Ratio of n−6 to n−3 fatty acids
and bone mineral density in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study1,2,3. American
Society for Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 81 no. 4, 934-938. 2005.
6
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
11
12