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Antilithiatic effect of flowers of Jasminum Auriculatum Vahl
Abstract
The effect of oral administration of aqueous and alcohol extracts of Jasminum auriculatum Vahl (Oleaceae) flowers on calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis has been studied in male albino rats. Ethylene glycol feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased renal excretion of calcium and phosphate. Supplementation with aqueous and alcohol extract of J. auriculatum flowers significantly reduced the elevated urinary oxalate, showing a regulatory action on endogenous oxalate synthesis. The increased deposition of stone forming constituents in the kidneys of calculogenic rats was significantly lowered by curative and preventive treatment using aqueous and alcohol extracts. The results indicate that the flowers of J. auriculatum are endowed with antiurolithiatic activity.
... Rats are the most suitable and commonly used experimental animal model for calcium oxalate urolithiasis. This study was carried out for 21 days instead of 28 days [21,22] with some modifications. Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats weighing 150-250 g were used. ...
... Experimental design: This experiment was carried by the method of Bahuguna et al. [22] with some modification in the treatment schedule [21]. A total of 42 animals were randomly divided into seven groups of six animals each. ...
... The antiurolithiatic activity was carried out by the method of Bahuguna et al. [22]. Consistent with previous reports, CaOx crystals increased in all groups from 8th to 22nd day except for plain control. ...
Objectives:
Parshioshan (Adiantum capillus-veneris L.), Duqu (Peucedanum grande C.B. Clarke), Kaknaj (Physalis alkekengi L.) and Kharekhasak (Tribulus terresteris L.) have been selected for this study as they have been associated with medicinal actions for litholytic activity.
Methods:
The experiment was carried out in Sprague Dawley rats divided into seven groups, serving as plain control, disease control, standard control, curative A and B and preventive A and B groups. Animals of plain control received distilled water. Remaining six groups received Ethylene glycol 0.75% and Ammonium chloride 1% by adding in the drinking water for the first three days followed by 0.75% Ethylene glycol for 18 days. From 8th day till 21st day, standard control received Cystone in the dose of 750 mg/kg. Preventive and curative test groups were treated with hydroalcoholic extract of the test drug in the dose of 132 mg/kg and 264 mg/kg from 1st to 21st day and 8th to 21st day of calculi induction.
Results:
Test drug reduced the number of calcium oxalate crystals in the urine; the level of urinary calcium, creatinine, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and chloride decreased significantly in standard and test groups. The urine volume increased significantly in all the test groups. The level of serum calcium, urea, phosphorus and creatinine were significantly reduced in all the test groups.
Conclusions:
These results indicated that the test drug reduced and prevented the growth of urinary stones. Moreover, the test drug also possessed significant antiurolithiatic activity. However, the protective effect was found more than its curative effect.
... The present day medical management of nephrolithiasis is either costly or not without side effects 10 . In traditional systems of medicine, most of the effective remedies found to be originating from medicinal plants 3 . ...
... A drop of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to the urine before being stored at 4°C. Urine was analyzed for calcium, phosphate, and oxalate content 10 . ...
... Animals were placed in separate metabolic cages for 24 h and total urinary volume was measured using the measuring cylinder and reported in ml 10 . ...
One of the most essential organ in human is renal glands. Urolithiasis is the third most common disorder of the renal system. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of Aavarai Vithaadhi Chooranam (AVC) against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in male Wistar albino rats. The Standard drug used was Cystone. Urolithiasis was induced in rats by administering 0.75% ethylene glycol in drinking water for 28 days and was manifested by high urinary calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, urea and BUN in serum. Simultaneous administration of AVC (100 and 200 mg/kg) and standard drug cystone for 28 days along with ethylene glycol (0.75%) restored all the elevated biochemical parameters (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and uric acid). The results indicated that the administration of drug to rats with ethylene glycol-induced lithiasis significantly reduced and prevented the growth of urinary stones when compared to the model control drug.
... religions (Hindu, Datura, worship of shiva; Indian hindu god). Most of the natural as well as synthetic based drugs are directly or indirectly derived from medicinal plants [1,2,3]. Recently, the demand or requirment of medicinal plants is enormously increasing in both developing and developed countries [1,2]. ...
... Most of the natural as well as synthetic based drugs are directly or indirectly derived from medicinal plants [1,2,3]. Recently, the demand or requirment of medicinal plants is enormously increasing in both developing and developed countries [1,2]. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that more than 80% of the population of developing countries is totally rely on traditional medicines derived from plants for their primary health care needs and most of these species of medicinal plants are under threat to become extinct. ...
... As per the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that more than 80% of the population of developing countries is totally rely on traditional medicines derived from plants for their primary health care needs and most of these species of medicinal plants are under threat to become extinct. Recently, number of primary and secondary metabolites [1] extracted from medicinal plants and provides an important source for the discovery of novel pharmacologically active compounds against number of intracellular as well as extracellular infections or diseases [1,2]. The medicinal plant product i.e. leaves, roots and stem including flowers has its own medicinal importance or its use which is scientifically approved and some of which needs to be proved. ...
The objective of our study is to examine the immunostimulatory activity of leaves aqueous extract of Jasminum auriculatum against specific hepatitis B vaccine antigen on human whole blood using flow cytometer. Human whole blood were treated with variable doses of aqueous extract (0.5 – 30 mg/ml) of Jasminum auriculatum and evaluated the lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes count and observed the forward (shape and size) and side scatter (granularity of the cell) which is evaluated through flow cytometer and also determined its hemolytic activity. The results showed that the leaves aqueous extract of Jasminum auriculatum showed increased in the number of monocytes and granulocytes count which is evidenced through the retain and decline in the level of forward and side scatter on human whole blood. At high doses of aqueous extract i.e. 30 mg/ml showed hemolytic activity as compared to control. The results showed that the aqueous extract (leaves) of Jasminum auriculatum showed immunostimulatory activity against specific vaccine antigen.
... Assessment of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was carried out to test the renal function, and as markers of glomerular and tubular damage (Thamilselvan and Menon, 2005). Results revealed significantly higher levels of creatinine and BUN in the EG/AC treated group when compared with the normal control group (P < 0.001); in agreement with the results of other studies (Jihong et al., 2007;Touhami, 2007;Thamilselvan and Menon, 2005; Al-Attar, 2010; Bahuguna et al., 2009). In nephrolithiasis, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is reduced due to obstruction of the urinary outflow with stones; as a result waste products particularly nitrogenous compounds such as creatinine, uric acid and urea accumulate in the blood. ...
... In addition, exposure to high levels of oxalate and calcium oxalate crystals is known to induce lipid peroxidation in renal tubular epithelial cells which is associated with the production of free radicals; this will cause damage to the renal tubular membrane surface and is consideredrelying upon recent evidence-to be a prerequisite for the nucleation, attachment, and development of CaOx kidney stones (Thamilselvan and Menon, 2005;Thamilselvan et al., 2000). In this study, renal damage was indicated by the elevated creatinine and BUN (Touhami et al., 2007;Bahuguna et al., 2009). ...
... Levels of calcium in the kidneys were also determined as an evidence of the presence of calcium deposits. Results showed that the EG/AC treated group had about four folds higher renal tissue calcium level than the normal control group; in consistence with previous findings (Jihong et al., 2007;Touhami et al., 2007;Fan et al., 1999;Bahuguna et al, 2009;Mitra et al., 1998;Soundararajan et al., 2006). ...
... [5][6][7] The present day medical management of nephrolithiasis is either costly or not without side effects. [8] The current study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Unex capsule on albino rats as a preventive agent against the development of kidney stones. The Unex capsule (Herbajules ...
... A drop of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to the urine before being stored at 4°C. Urine was analyzed for calcium, phosphate, and oxalate content using the method of Bahuguna et al. [8] ...
... [10] Urine volume Animals were placed in separate metabolic cages for 24 h and total urinary volume was measured using the measuring cylinder and reported in ml. [8] Urine pH Uric acid crystals were found to deposit most frequently in the concentrated acid urine. Thus, the acidity of the urine was tested using the pH meter. ...
This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Unex capsule on albino rats as a preventive agent against the development of kidney stones. The Unex capsule is a marketed product of Unijules Life Sciences, Nagpur, containing the extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa and Tribulus terrestris. Activity of Unex was studied using the ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis model. Standard drug used was Cystone. Several parameters were used including urinary volume, urine pH, urine analysis, and serum analysis to assess the activity. The results indicated that the administration of Unex to rats with ethylene glycol-induced lithiasis significantly reduced and prevented the growth of urinary stones (P < 0.01). Also, the treatment of lithiasis-induced rats by Unex restored all the elevated biochemical parameters (creatinine, uric acid, and blood urea nitrogen), restored the urine pH to normal, and increased the urine volume significantly (P < 0.01) when compared to the model control drug. This study supports the usage of Unex in urolithiasis and the utility could further be confirmed in other animal models.
... According to the research, J. auriculatum flowers have antiurolithiatic properties. 15 Antidiuretic activity The antidiuretic properties of J. auriculatum Vahl flower extract. The Oleaceae plant J. auriculatum Vahl's blossoms are frequently used in the Ayurvedic medical system to cure diuretics. ...
... At a concentration of 1,000 ppm, the dewaxed hydroalcoholic extract shown a 51.4% anti-inflammatory potential. The parent extract had a smaller share of anti-inflammatory effect than the column major fractions MF 2,5,6,9,14,15,19,24 at the same concentration. 49 ...
There are many widely used medicinal plants in the Oleaceae family, which also includes the species Jasminum. Typical uses for the Jasminum species, which include Jasminum auriculatum vahl, J. humile, J. flexile Vahl, J. grandiflorum L, J. polyanthum, J. officinale, J. multiflorum, J. aungustifolium, J. pubescens, and J. sambac, include anti-Jasmine oil is commonly used in aromatherapy. The presence of a wide range of bioactive substances in Jasminum plants, including fatty acids, glycosides, coumarins, sterols, terpenoids, esters, and phenolics, may be the cause of their therapeutic effects. The combined impact of essential oils is responsible for the aromatherapy’s antibacterial, anti-acne, spasmolytic, and other properties. According to phytochemical studies, phenolic compounds are significantly more bioactive than the bulk of terpenoids and other chemicals. The medicinal potentials of phenolic components have been extensively studied, including their anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antioxidant, lipid peroxidation, ACE inhibitor, vasodilation, antioxidant, and antiaging capabilities, as well as their wound healing and protective characteristics. The medicinal potentials of phenolic chemicals are reviewed in the current research, coupled with Jasminum’s phyto screening and ethnobotanical features.
... In the curative (therapeutic) studies, the selected extracts dose was 200 mg/kg body weight of rats, which was onetenth of the maximum tolerated dose 2000 mg/kg b.w [32]. This was chosen based on prior acute and/or subacute toxicity studies revealing its safety up to dose 2000 mg/kg. ...
... In the curative test, significant (P < 0.011) reductions in urinary levels of calcium and phosphate following G. fruticosus BuOH extract administration indicates the presence of CaOx inhibitory constituents, which interfere with crystal nucleation and aggregations. Moreover, an increase in calcium concentrations is a favoring environment for nucleation, and precipitation of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate with subsequent crystal growth [32,39]. Similarly, an increased urinary phosphate and oxalate excretions also provide a favorable environment for the formation of calcium phosphate, in turn, leading to calcium oxalate crystal depositions in the renal tubules [18,70]. ...
Background
In Ethiopian folk medicine, there is a claim that medicinal plants can treat urolithiasis although there is insufficient scientific evidence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the curative efficacy of Gomphocarpus fruticosus extracts in experimentally induced nephrolithiatic rats.
Methods
Urolithiasis was induced in male Wistar rats by feeding ethylene glycol in drinking water for 28 days. The curative effects were evaluated after oral administrations of 200 mg/kg of the extracts from 15 to 28 days. Urine samples were collected 1 day before sacrificing the rats. Blood, liver and kidney samples were gathered under anaesthetic condition at day 28. Crystals in the urine were also analyzed by light microscopy.
Results
G. fruticosus EtOAc extract reduced significantly the level of sodium (P < 0.001), whereas it was significantly elevated the levels of magnesium and citrate (P < 0.01) compared to lithiatic control. G. fruticosus BuOH extract lowered the levels of potassium (P < 0.01), calcium and phosphate in urolithiatic rats. It was also observed that G. fruticosus EtOAc extract decreased the level of oxalate in the urine (P < 0.001), whereas it was increased the levels of magnesium (P < 0.05) and citrate (P < 0.01) in serum analysis after exposure to BuOH extract. In the kidneys, CaOx crystal deposits were reduced significantly by G. fruticosus EtOAc extract (P < 0.01).
Conclusion
It has been noted that G. fruticosus EtOAc extract was potent in treating urolithiasis. However, further study is required to assess the efficacy of the active compounds against urolithiasis.
... Jasminum sambac is an evergreen vine or shrub reaching up to 0.5-3 m (1.6-9.8 ft) tall. The flowers bloom all throughout the year and are produced in clusters of [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] together at the ends of branches. They are strongly scented, with a white corolla 2-3 cm (0.79-1.18 in) in diameter with 5-9 lobes. ...
... It is also used in containers and grown under glass in cold climates. Once established, it has a high-water requirement, and responds to occasional deep watering particularly during dry periods [8] (Figure 4). ...
... The hypercalciuria is a favorable factor for the nucleation and CaOx precipitation from urine and subsequently crystal growth [43,44] but oxalate promotes stone formation 15 times more than urinary calcium [33,44]. Increased phosphorus excretion in conjunction with oxalate stress creates a suitable environment for stone formation by forming calcium phosphate crystals, which in turn induces CaOx deposition [33,44]. ...
... Effect of MeTB might be due to the increased bioavailability of NO (nitric oxide) which in turns activates GMP that controls the increase in intracellular calcium levels [48]. Elevated oxalate concentration in urine has been reported to induce LPO through the inhibition of catalase activity and cause renal damage [33,43]. The oxalate binding activity increases with enhance peroxidation and depletion of thiol content, which promotes nucleation and aggregation of stone matrix protein fractions [49]. ...
The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-urolithiatic effect of Terminalia bellirica Roxb. fruits on ethylene glycol-induced renal calculi in albino rats. Renal stone was induced in animals by 0.75% ethylene glycol in drinking water for 28 days. The test groups of animals were administered with methanolic extract of T. bellirica (MeTB) at the doses 100, 200 and 400mg/kg b.w. (p.o.) once in a day from 15 th day to 28 th day. Cystone (750 mg/kg body weight) was used as standard drug. The effect of T. bellirica on various physical and biochemical parameters in urine as well as in serum was evaluated. In vivo antioxidant activity and lithiatic markers were estimated in kidney homogenate. The results demonstrated that MeTB (400 mg/kg b.w.) significantly reduced the ethylene glycol induced disturbance in various physical and biochemical parameters in urine as well as in serum. MeTB (400 mg/kg b.w.) prevented the depletion of GSH level and decrease in the level of SOD in ethylene glycol induced renal injury in rats. In addition, MeTB also showed a significant decrease in the LPO levels signifying the potent antioxidant activity. All of our findings suggest that T. bellirica could protect the kidney from glycol induced calculi. Please cite this article in press as Santosh Kumar Maurya et al. Anti-urolithiatic effect of Terminalia bellirica Roxb. fruits on ethylene glycol-induced renal calculi in rats. Indo American Journal of Pharm Research.2015:5(05).
... -Aqueous and alcohol extracts of Jasminum auriculatum Vahl (Oleaceae) flowers are reported for kidney stone [63] -Aqueous of extracts of Herniaria hirsute L. are reported for nephrolethiasic [64] -Ethanolic extracts of leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn are used for kidney stone [65] -The acute diuretic effect of the water extract of the aerial parts of Retama raetam (RR) is used for kidney ailments [66] -The chronic diuretic effects of the water extract of the whole plant of Spergularia purpurea are used for kidney stone [67] -Aqueous extracts Rosmarinus officinalis and Centaurium erythraea are used for kidney ailments [68] -Ethanolic extract of Ammannia baccifera (Bhatjambol) was found to be effective in reducing the formation of urinary stones (prophylactic) [69] -Crataeva nurvala (Varun) were found to possess significant anti-hyperoxaluric and anti-hypercalciuric activity [70] -The aqueous extracts Sesbania grandiflora are used for antiurolithiati [71] -The Aqueous extract of the bark of Raphanus sativus was tested for its antiurolithiatic and diuretic activity [72] ...
... Jasminum auriculatum leaves contain bioactive constituents such as Lupeol, Epilupeol, Hentriacontane, n-triacontanol, Jasminol, malvali cacid, C 20 -C 34 Hydrocarbons, iso-C 26 , C 28 , C 30 wax alcohols, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linolenic acid ,linoleic acid, xylitol, inositol, sorbitol, Jasmone, D-mannitol , Cis-Jasmone, and dihydrojasmone [20]. The plant is used as Wound Healing [21], Antilithiatic [22], immunostimulatory activity [23]. ...
The present investigation, we describe a cost effective biofabrication of silver nanoparticles using jasminum auriculatum leaf extract. The aqueous leaf extract of jasminum auriculatum are used as reducing agent and capping agent in silver nanoparticles synthesis. The biofabricated silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, X-Ray Diffraction, FTIR spectra and SEM with EDX analysis. FTIR studies revealed that the functional group responsible for silver reduction were found to be jasminol and triterpinoid compounds present in leaf extract. XRD analysis showed that prepared silver nanoparticles are crystalline in nature with an average diameter of 15-20 nm. The prepared silver nanoparticles have been evaluated in vitro for antibacterial activities and found to have higher antibacterial activities.
... After paraffin infiltration the Tissue pieces were sectioned at 5μm and stained with haematoxylin and eosin for Histopathological examination. [17][18][19] Analysis of Tissue Antioxidant Enzyme: ...
The aim of our presented study is to assess the effect of Rhizome extract of Iris pseudacorus L. and seed extract of Dolichos biflorus L. as preventive agent in experimentally induced urolithiasis model in rats. Rats were administered Sodium Oxalate (70 mg/kg, i. p.) in drinking water for 28 days in drinking water. In addition to this, Saponin extract of Iris pseudacorus and Dolichos biflorus of low dose and high dose were administered along with Sodium Oxalate on 14-28th day. After the experimental period, blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture to analyse for Creatinine, Calcium, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Phosphorus, Uric acid, Alkaline Phosphate, Potassium, and Alanine Amino Transferases followed by various antioxidants and kidney histopathology. The ethylene glycol feeding resulted in an increased level of all parameters evaluated compared to normal rats. All these conditions were reversed with plant extract treatment. Histopathological analysis also showed that rats treated with Sodium Oxalate had large deposits of calcium oxalate crystals, and that deposits were reduced in rats treated with plant extract. Results were also compared with the marketed product cystone as a standard. These data suggest that Iris pseudacorus and Dolichos biflorus Saponin extracts has a protective activity against urolithiasis.
... In the present study, the chemical ethylene glycol (0.75%) and sodium oxalate (70mg/kg) is used to induce Urolithiasis in rats. The male rats are selected to induce Urolithiasis because the urinary system of male rats resembles that of humans 23 . Also, earlier studies shown that the amount of stone deposition in female rats was significantly less 24 . ...
The apple cider vinegar (ACV) was evaluated for its antiurolithiatic activity in experimentally induced urolithiatic rats. Urolithiasis was induced by administration of sodium oxalate (70mg/kg) intraperitonially to adult male Wistar albino rats (150-200g) for seven days served as a preventive regimen and ethylene glycol (0.75% v/v) in drinking water for 28 days served as a curative regimen. Two doses ACV (0.51ml/kg) and ACV (1.02 ml/kg) were subjected for the evaluation of antiurolithiatic activity. Cystone (750mg/kg) was served as standard in both the models. It was observed that experimentally induced Urolithiasis in both the conventional model elevated calcium, oxalate, uric acid concentration in urine also serum creatinine and uric acid levels were elevated. Similarly, reduction in magnesium levels was seen. Treatment with ACV (0.51ml/kg) and ACV (1.02ml/kg) significantly restored all elevated Urine and serum biochemical parameters in both prophylactic and curative regimen. Kidney homogenate analysis and assessment of physical parameters confirmed the antiurolithiatic effects of ACV. Histopathological findings also showed improvement in kidney architecture after treatment with ACV. The present study concluded that apple cider vinegar was found to be effective against Urolithiasis.
... In present study ethylene glycol administered group (disease control) significantly elevated the urinary creatinine, calcium, urea, uric acid levels when compared to control group (Table-3; Figure-3).Evidence suggest that ethylene glycol fed rats developed renal stone due to hyperoxaluria; renal retention. Excessive excretion of oxalate was increased in urine in all animals received ethylene glycol [11]. ...
Ficus carica is an edible fruit of Asian species used as medicine for number of centuries. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Ficus carica fruit on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in albino wistar rats. The preliminary phytochemical investigation was carried out with aqueous extract of Ficus carica (FCAE)for identification of phytochemical constituents. The male wistar rats were selected, divided into five groups and each group consists of 6 animals Group I(normal control), Group 2 (disease control), Group 3 (EG + Cystone 750mg/kg), Group 4 (FCAE-200mg/kg) and Group 5 (FCAE-400mg/kg).Ethylene glycol 0.75% v/v was added with in drinking water for inducing renal calculi to all groups of animals except control group up to 28 days. After completion of treatment with drug and fruit extract, Serum and urine samples were collected analyzed to find out various parameters. The serum biochemical parameters like creatinine, urea, uric acid, and calcium were significantly reduced in animals treated with FCAE at the dose of 400mg/kg. Reduction of these parameters indicates that FCAE have potential anti-urolithiatic effect. The present study proved that Ficus carica has regulating effect on calculi formation, there by indicating its positive role in treating the Urolithiasis.
... The prevalence of this global condition has increased over the last few years due to modifications in lifestyle and dietary habits like high intake of food rich in oxalate, sodium, sugars and low intake of fluids due to which urine gets supersaturated with respect to crystal promoting constituents resulting in calculogenesis. 14 Search of herbal remedy for anti-urolithiatic effect is of prime importance because current medical management of urolithiasis is costly, time bound and associated in formation of renal calculi composed mainly of CaOx. 16 EG is rapidly absorbed and metabolized in the liver via alcohol or aldehyde dehydrogenase to glycolic acid. ...
... It is also used in containers and grown under glass in cold climates. Once established, it has a high-water requirement and responds to an occasional deep watering particularly during dry periods [10]. ...
... Also, its diuretic and tonic effects contribute to its wide use in painful micturition, calculus affections, and other urinary disorders (11,12). The therapeutic value of Urtica dioica and T terrestris extracts in lowering experimental hyperoxaluria has already been reported (13)(14)(15). Besides, reports indicate that, there is a degrading bacterium in the intestine of 70-80% of healthy people which solely extracts metabolic energy from oxalate (16,17). Further, some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used in the dairy industry also use oxalate as energy source, potentially limiting its absorption from the intestinal lumen thereby contributing to its decreased excretion from urine (17,18). ...
Objective:
Urinary stones with oxalate composition can cause kidney failure. Recent findings evidenced that probiotics are effective in reducing oxalate absorption in these subjects based on their high colonic absorption levels at baseline. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the simultaneous use of oxalate-degrading bacteria, Urtica dioica and T. terrestris extract in reducing urinary oxalate.
Materials and methods:
Anti-urolithiatic activity of Urtica dioica and T. terrestris extract and pro-biotic by using ethylene glycol induced rat model. In this study, 4 strains of Lactobacillus and 2 strains of Bifidobacterium and also 2 strains of L. paracasei (that showed high power in oxalate degrading in culture media) were used. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=6). The rats of group-I received normal diet (positive control group) and groups-II (negative control group), III, IV rats received diet containing ethylene glycol (3%) for 30 days. Groups III rats re-ceived Urtica dioica and T. terrestris extract. Groups IV rats received extracts + probiotic for 30 days.
Findings:
The results show that the use of herbal extracts (Urtica dioica and T. terrestris) redu-ced the level of urinary oxalate and other parameters of urine and serum. Also, the accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidney tissue was significantly reduced.
Conclusion:
Considering that the formation of calcium oxalate crystals can cause inflammation and tissue damage in the kidney, the use of herbal extracts with oxalatedegrading bacteria can be a new therapeutic approach to preventing the formation of kidney stones.
... In urolithiasis, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases due to the obstruction to the outflow of urine by stones in urinary system. Due to this, the waste products, particularly nitrogenous substances such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid get accumulated in blood 30 . The urinary volume, pH were increased and water intake was decreased in all EIBL and EIBR treatments. ...
... Pharmacological activities: Lithotriptic [10] . Antiurolithiatic spectrum (reported): Flowers against whewellite [45] . ...
Urolithiasis is a common worldwide problem with high recurrence. This review covers thirty six (36) families starting from alphabet M to R. It includes Rubiaceae (17); Phyllanthaceae and Rutaceae (09); Polygonaceae (08); Pinaceae and Piperaceae (06); Menispermaceae, Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, Oxalidaceae, Plantaginaceae and Ranunculaceae (05); Moraceae and Musaceae (04); Meliaceae, Orchidaceae and Rhamnaceae (03); Moringaceae, Onagraceae, Papaveraceae, Pedaliaceae, and Polygalaceae (02); Magnoliaceae, Malpighiaceae, Molluginaceae, Myoporaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Paeoniaceae, Parmeliaceae, Parnassiaceae, Periplocaceae, Platanaceae, Polypodiaceae, Portulacaceae, Primulaceae and Punicaceae (01) plant used globally in different countries. Hopefully, this review will not only be useful for the general public but also attract the scientific world for antiurolithiatic drug discovery.
... There was a significant reduction in elevated urinary oxalate showing a regulatory action on endogenous oxalate synthesis and also the deposition of stone forming constituents in the kidneys of calculogenic rats was significantly lowered by using aqueous and alcohol extracts. [43] Bakul (Mimusops Elengi) -Petroleum ether, chloroform, and alcohol extracts of Mimusops elengi bark were evaluated for antiurolithiatic and antioxidant activity against ethylene glycol (0.75%) induced urolithiasis in male albino Wistar rats. Cystone 750 mg/kg P.O served as standard. ...
Ashmari (Urolithiasis) is a very common worldwide problem, troubling mankind since ages and is one of the major reasons of abdominal pain these days. The therapies available in different systems of medicine are not able to prevent its pathogenesis, even the surgical methods available for the
management of calculi like extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, cystolithotomy etc. also fail to prevent the recurrences and have even got many side effects such as sepsis, strictures, splenic rupture, renal haematoma, hydrothorax etc. So, the recurrences even after removal of the calculi is becoming a
great problem and efforts are being made constantly to find out an effective treatment of urolithiasis
as well as prevention of its recurrence. Hence, alternative treatment modalities have gained
importance. A number of Ayurvedic single medicinal herbs or formulations have been used since past for managing disorders including urinary stones. They have been claimed to have litholytic and lithopreventive properties. The main aim of this review paper is to understand the Ayurvedic concept of urolithiasis and to explore its management with herbs, dietary and lifestyle interventions on scientific basis.�
... In the ethylene glycol rat model, hyperoxaluria occurs along with the formation of calcium oxalate stones that increase the chances of renal retention, and oxalate excretion in the urine [42]. During this study, the levels of oxalate were found to be higher in the urine of calculi-induced pathological group. ...
Dietary polyphenol caffeic acid (1) has been reported for various pharmacological activities. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of caffeic acid (1) on ethylene glycol-induced renal stones in rats. For the study, male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups; normal, pathological, and standard drug controls, and preventive and curative groups. Normal control group received drinking water for 8 weeks. Pathological, standard drug, preventive, and curative groups received 0.75% ethylene glycol in drinking water for the induction of calcium oxalate stone formation, along with the regular diet. Standard drug group received Urocit-K by gavage from day 1, while preventive and curative groups received caffeic acid (1) by gavage at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg on day 1 and day 14, respectively. At the end of the experiment, urine analysis and kidney histopathology were performed. Real-time PCR was performed to evaluate the renal expression of the most important genes involved in urolithiasis, i.e., osteopontin, Tamm-Horsfall, prothrombin fragment 1, and bikunin genes. The results indicated that in both the preventive and curative groups, treatment of rats with caffeic acid (1) significantly regulated the altered biochemical parameters, along with the remarkable reduction of calcium oxalate deposits in the kidneys, as compared to the pathological group. Treatment with compound 1 also resulted in down-regulation of the osteopontin gene, and up-regulation of the prothrombin fragment 1, Tamm-Horsfall, and bikunin genes. These results suggest that caffeic acid (1) can be further investigated for the prevention, and treatment of kidney stones.
... Bahuguna et al. (2009) showed that aqueous and alcoholic flower extracts of Jasminum Auriculatum Vahl. reversed the levels of calcium, oxalate and phophorus to normal values in both curative and preventive regimens and prevent the formation of stones in the urinary system. ...
 M.Sathyaa, R.Kokilavani b, M.SathyaaResearch scholar, Department of Biochemistry,Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore-29Dr. R.Kokilavani bAssociate Professor and Head, Department of Biochemistry,Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore-29Corresponding authorE - mail: Sathya_biom84@yahoo.co.inAbstract           The effect of the alcoholic extract of Saccharum spontaneum (Poaceae) against glycolic acid induced urolithiasis urolithiasis in albino rats is summarized in this study. Lithiasis was induced in rats by fed with a calculi-producing diet (CPD: commercial diet mixed with 3% glycolic acid) for 28 days and was manifested by high urinary calcium, phosphate, oxalate, protein, and low urinary magnesium content. Therapeutic treatment with plant extract (200 and 300mg/kg b.wt.dose-1 day-1oral-1) has significantly ameliorated to near normalcy in the curative group. It also increased the urine volume, thereby reducing the tendency for crystallization. These results of the present study concluded that S.spontaneum can play an important role in the prevention of disorders associated with kidney stone formation. Keywords: Urolithiasis, Saccharum spontaneum, glycolic acid, calcium, oxalate, phosphorus
... Jasminum auriculatum leaves has been reported to contain lupeol and jasminol [56] . Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of flowers of Jasminum auriculatum showed diuretic activity by increasing the total volume of urine and concentrations of potassium and sodium salts in urine [57] and antiurolithiatic activity by reducing the elevated urinary oxalate synthesis [58] . ...
... Jasminum auriculatum leaves contain bioactive constituents such as Lupeol, Epilupeol, Hentriacontane, n-triacontanol, Jasminol, malvali cacid, C 20 -C 34 Hydrocarbons, iso-C 26 , C 28 , C 30 wax alcohols, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linolenic acid ,linoleic acid, xylitol, inositol, sorbitol, Jasmone, D-mannitol , Cis-Jasmone, and dihydrojasmone [20]. The plant is used as Wound Healing [21], Antilithiatic [22], immunostimulatory activity [23]. ...
The present investigation, we describe a cost effective biofabrication of silver nanoparticles using jasminum auriculatum leaf extract. The aqueous leaf extract of jasminum auriculatum are used as reducing agent and capping agent in silver nanoparticles synthesis. The biofabricated silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, X-Ray Diffraction, FTIR spectra and SEM with EDX analysis. FTIR studies revealed that the functional group responsible for silver reduction were found to be jasminol and triterpinoid compounds present in leaf extract. XRD analysis showed that prepared silver nanoparticles are crystalline in nature with an average diameter of 15-20 nm. The prepared silver nanoparticles have been evaluated in vitro for antibacterial activities and found to have higher antibacterial activities.
... The increase of urinary phosphate together with oxalate stress triggered the degree of stone formation resulting in calcium phosphate crystals, which leads to calcium phosphate deposition. 18 Biochemical changes in the urine and blood are expected to produce changes in the process of stone formation in the kidney tubules. 19 Administration of MEAP to the treatment groups, alleviated the phosphate level thus restoring its concentration and reducing the risk of lithiasis. ...
Nephrolithiasis is the third most common disorder of the urinary system with high recurrence rate. Clinical treatment of lithiasis is costly and can cause harmful side effects and hence nowadays phytotherapy have higher clinical significance in kidney stone management. Aim of the study is to investigate the antilithiatic property of the methanol extract of Andrographis paniculata (MEAP) in experimentally induced nephrolithiatic rats. Nephrolithiasis was induced in Wistar albino rats by administering the dose of 0.75% ethylene glycol for a period of 28 days. The experimental animals were divided into nine groups. Group I served as normal control. Group II received standard antilithiatic drug and group III as the lithiatic control. Group IV and V indicated as preventive regime, received 400mg/kg and 200mg/kg body weight MEAP and group VI, VII, VIII and IX indicated curative regime of which VI and IX received 400mg/kg extract and VII and VIII at 200mg/kg body weight of MEAP. At the end of the experimental period, serum (creatinine, blood urea, BUN, uric acid) urine (protein, calcium and phosphorus) and kidney (calcium and phosphorus) were analyzed. All the elevated biochemical parameters in EG received group were declined in the MEAP treated groups at dosage of 200 and 400mg/kg. Urinary protein, phosphorus and calcium also declined in both MEAP treatment groups than the lithiatic groups. Serum creatinine declined significantly in high dose received group than its low dose in both post and co treatment groups. A dose dependent effect was observed in all the serum parameters except BUN. Kidney phosphorus and calcium of preventive regime which received MEAP at a high dose of 400mg/kg showed a clear dose dependent effect than the curative regimes. The result of the present study suggests the usefulness of MEAP against nephrolithiasis.
... Healthy male Wistar Albino rats (66) were divided in 11 groups containing six rats in each and kept in cages. All animals had free access to regular rat chow and drinking water ad libitum for 28 days [9][10][11] . Group I: Normal control rats will receive Normal saline p.o. ...
Leaves of Barleria prionitis (Family - Acanthaceae ) are used in folklore medicine for various urinary ailments such as diuresis, urethral discharge and in dysuria. The present study is to investigate t he Antiurolithiatic activity of Hydro - alcoholic and aqueous leaf extract of Barleria prionitis in Albino Rats . Renal calculi were induced in rats by supplementing water with 0.75 % v/v Ethylene glycol for 28 days. Antiurolithiatic activity was then measure d by estimation o f biochemical S erum (Blood Urea Nitrogen, Creatini ne, Uric acid) and biochemical U rinary (Oxalate, Calcium, Phosphate) parameters . Preventive regimen (PR) and Curative regimen (CR) of Barleria prionitis Hydro - alcoholic extract (Alc.E) 400 mg/kg and Aqueous extract (Aq. E) 400 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.001) lowered the increased urinary and serum parameters whereas Preventive regimen and Curative regimen of Barleria prionitis Alc. E 200 mg/kg and Aq. E 200 mg/kg were less significant (p < 0 .05). The histopathological evaluations of kidney samples were in support of the obtained result. Based on the above results a conclusion can be made that the Barleria prionitis Hydro - alcoholic and aqueous leaf extracts play a role in reduction and prevent ion of urinary stones.
... 1) Aqueous and alcohol extracts of Jasminumauriculatum Vahl (Oleaceae) flowers are reported for kidney stone[55]. 2) Aqueous of extracts of Herniaria hirsuta L. are reported for nephrolethiasic[56]. 3) Ethanolic extracts of leaves ofTable 5List of synthetic drug used in treatment of stone diseases[ ...
Medicinal plants have been known for millennia and are highly esteemed all over the world as
a rich source of therapeutic agents for the prevention of various ailments. Today large number
of population suffers from kidney stone, gall stone and urinary calculi. Stone disease has gained
increasing significance due to changes in living conditions i.e. industrialization and malnutrition.
Changes in prevalence and incidence, the occurrence of stone types and stone location, and the
manner of stone removal are explained. Medicinal plants are used from centuries due to its safety,
efficacy, cultural acceptability and lesser side effects as compared to synthetic drugs. The present
article deals with measures to be adopted for the potential of medicinal plants in stone dissolving
activity. The problem of urinary stones or calculi is a very ancient one and many remedies have
been employed during the ages these stones are found in all parts of the urinary tract, the kidney,
the ureters and the urinary bladder and may vary considerably in size. In the present article, an
attempt has been made to emphasis on herbal option for urinary stone.
... II,Table 1). In this study, we reported that response in 28 days ethylene glycol (0.75%) v/v administration in rats; forms renal calculi composed of mainly calcium oxalate (Bahuguna et al., 2009). The mechanism for this process may be due to an increase in the urinary concentration of oxalates. ...
The traditional use of Punica granatum has been reported to regulate urine discharge and controls the burning sensation of urine.
Animals model of calcium oxalate urolithiasis was developed in male rats by adding ethylene glycol 0.75% in drinking water. The Punica granatum chloroform extract (PGCE) and Punica grantum methanol extract (PGME) orally at 100, 200 and 400mg/kg, respectively, were administered along with ethylene glycol for 28 days. On 28 day, 24h urine was collected from individual rats and used for estimation of urine calcium, phosphate and oxalate. The serum creatinine, urea and uric acid levels were estimated in each animal. The kidney homogenate was used for the estimation of renal oxalate contents. The paraffin kidney sections were prepared to observe the CaOx deposits.
The ethylene glycol control (Gr.-II) had significant (P<0.001 vs. normal) increase in levels of urine oxalate, calcium and phosphate, serum creatinine, urea and uric acid and renal tissues oxalates, as compared to normal (Gr.-I). The paraffin kidney sections show significant histopathological changes. The treatment of PGCE and PGME at 100, 200 and 400mg/kg doses, significantly (P<0.001 vs. control) decreased the urine oxalate, calcium and phosphate, renal tissue oxalates and serum creatinine, urea and uric acid, in EG induced urolithiasis after 28 days.
The PGCE and PGME at the doses of 400mg/kg, found to be more effective in decreasing the urolithiasis and regeneration of renal tissues in male rats.
This research aimed to assess the effect of Ocimum basilicum L. seed extract on the urolithiasis. Rats were treated with Cystone (750mg/kg) and hydro-alcoholic extracts in 250 and 500mg/kg doses for 28days. On Day 29, Ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis was verified by evaluating urinary parameters, biochemical parameters, oxidative stress parameters and histology of kidneys. Extract treatment attenuated the urinary parameter elevation and biochemical serum parameters induced by the evidence. Extract treatment also reversed induced changes in urine volume, pH and Magnesium and creatinine clearance, oxidative and histological damage to the EG-caused kidneys. The histology of treated group showed small and low deposits of calculi in the kidney. Extract showed potential calcium oxalate crystal formation, diuretic, antioxidant activity and preserving the balance between stone promoters and inhibitors. This validated study rationalized its medicinal use in urolithiasis.
Objective: In India Indigenous system of medicine, the plant Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms is claimed to be useful for different ailments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the significant activity of the ethanolic extract of E. crassipes (Mart.) Solms whole plant in the treatment of renal stone by ethylene glycol (EG)-induced urolithiasis in Wistar rats. Methods: Wistar rat will be divided into four groups. All the animals received EG 0.75%v/v by orally for 28 days. Group I was received 0.75%v/v EG for 28 days. Groups II, III, and IV were received cystone, ethanolic extract of E. crassipes (Mart.) Solms (200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg), respectively, administered orally from 15 th to 28 th day for curative regimen. Animals were housed in metabolic cages and collect the 24 h urine samples and serum samples on the 7 th , 14 th , 21 th , and 28 th day of the experiments. Under the microscopical study to observe the crystals in urine sample. The biochemical parameters monitored in the present study are calcium, oxalate, magnesium, phosphorus, urea, creatinine, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in urine and serum samples. Results: The EG feeding resulted in elevated renal excretion of calcium, phosphate, oxalate, and decreased renal excretion of magnesium as well-elevated serum BUN, creatinine, uric acid, urea, LDH levels, and decreased the urine pH and urine volume. Treatment of the ethanolic extract of E. crassipes (Mart.) Solms significantly reduced the elevated calcium, phosphate, oxalate in urine as well as BUN, creatinine, uric acid, urea, and LDH level in serum. It also restores the normal urine pH and promotes the urine output. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of E. crassipes (Mart.) Solms exhibited significant anti-urolithiatic activity evident from urine calcium, phosphate, oxalate levels and serum BUN, creatinine, uric acid, urea and LDH levels.
Jasminum auriculatum belonging to the family Oleaceae are reported to have good medicinal values in traditional system of medicines. The present study deals with pharmacognostical examination of morphological and microscopical characters and phytochemical investigations of J asminum auriculatum leaves including determination of loss on drying, ash values and extractive values. The preliminary phytochemical screening of powdered drug was also carried out, the qualitative chemical examinations revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents like alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, carbohydrates, Glycosides, protein, mucilages, phenols ,tannins and flavonoids.
This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the cucurbita pepo seed on albino rats as a preventive agent against the development of kidney stones. The seeds of cucurbita pepo were collected from the local market of Lalitpur, district (UP). Activity of cucurbita pepo seed was studied using the ethylene glycol-induced nephrolithiasis model. Standard drug used was cystone. Several parameters were used including urinary volume, urine analysis and serum analysis to assess the activity. The results indicated that the administration of cucurbita pepo to rats with ethylene glycol-induced lithiasis significantly reduced and prevented the growth of urinary stones (P < 0.01). Also, the treatment of lithiasis-induced rats by cucurbita pepo seed restored all the elevated biochemical parameters (calcium, creatinine, uric acid and urea), increased the urine volume significantly (P < 0.01) when compared to the model control drug. This study supports the usage of cucurbita pepo seed in nephrolithiasis and the utility could further be confirmed in other animal models. Keywords: Antinephrolithiatic Activity, Ethylene glycol, Cucurbita pepo, Renal calculi.
Objective: In India Indigenous system of medicine, the plant Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms is claimed to be useful for different ailments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the significant activity of the ethanolic extract of E. crassipes (Mart.) Solms whole plant in the treatment of renal stone by ethylene glycol (EG)-induced urolithiasis in Wistar rats. Methods: Wistar rat will be divided into four groups. All the animals received EG 0.75%v/v by orally for 28 days. Group I was received 0.75%v/v EG for 28 days. Groups II, III, and IV were received cystone, ethanolic extract of E. crassipes (Mart.) Solms (200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg), respectively, administered orally from 15th to 28th day for curative regimen. Animals were housed in metabolic cages and collect the 24 h urine samples and serum samples on the 7th, 14th, 21th, and 28th day of the experiments. Under the microscopical study to observe the crystals in urine sample. The biochemical parameters monitored in the present study are calcium, oxalate, magnesium, phosphorus, urea, creatinine, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in urine and serum samples. Results: The EG feeding resulted in elevated renal excretion of calcium, phosphate, oxalate, and decreased renal excretion of magnesium as well-elevated serum BUN, creatinine, uric acid, urea, LDH levels, and decreased the urine pH and urine volume. Treatment of the ethanolic extract of E. crassipes (Mart.) Solms significantly reduced the elevated calcium, phosphate, oxalate in urine as well as BUN, creatinine, uric acid, urea, and LDH level in serum. It also restores the normal urine pH and promotes the urine output. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of E. crassipes (Mart.) Solms exhibited significant anti-urolithiatic activity evident from urine calcium, phosphate, oxalate levels and serum BUN, creatinine, uric acid, urea and LDH levels.
Background: Ethnobotanical investigations conducted in Turkey demonstrated that Jasminum fruticans L. extract and fruit juice had been used against parasites in animals. In this study, the possible antihelmintic activity of various J. fruticans extracts contributing to its traditional use, was relatively assessed. In addition, the antioxidant potentials and phytochemical composition of the extracts were investigated since there is a relationship between helminthiasis, oxidative stress and phenolic metabolites. Methods: In this study, aerial parts of J. fruticans were subsequently extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH). In vivo anthelmintic activitiy of the extracts was compared with albendazole used as a reference in adult earthworms. Various methods, including free radical scavenging and metal-related activity assays, were used to assess the antioxidant capacity of the above-mentioned extracts. Assessment of phenolic composition was accomplished through total phenolic, phenolic acid, and flavonoid content assays as well as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scan modes. Further chlorogenic acid (3-O-caffeoylquinic acid) contents of extracts were quantified using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Results: Between all tested extracts, MeOH extract at a quantity of 50.0 mg/mL, paralysed worms in 8.1 min and killed them in 12.8 min, showing a high anthelmintic effect similar to albendazole. Similarly, in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity, cupric ion reduction and total antioxidant capacity experiments demonstrated that MeOH extract had significant antioxidant activity. Further phytochemical screening showed that MeOH extract was richer regarding phenolic metabolites. Chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid and gallic acid were only detected in the MeOH extract. Conclusion: Results justify and support the use of J. fruticans in traditional medicine as an anthelmintic agent. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the strong antioxidant capacity along with the phenolic composition determined in the MeOH extract and anthelmintic activity.
This review paper highlights the potentiality of medicinal plants in the kidney stone disease activity. Urolithiasis is a common disorder which has affected a considerable number of people worldwide. The problem of urinary stones or calculi is one of the major health disorder and many remedies including herbal have been employed. Kidney stones are called as renal calculi. Kidney stones are associated with chronic kidney disease. Kidney stones may cause extreme pain and blockage of urine flow. Kidney stones are a risk factor for chronic kidney disease and progression to end-stage renal disease. Persons with kidney stones are more likely to have traditional risk factors for chronic kidney disease (e.g., hypertension, pre-existing kidney disease, diabetes, proteinuria, and albuminuria). Drug therapy medications, such as protease inhibitors, antibiotics, and some diuretics, increase the risk of some types of kidney stones. Managing diet, medication use, and nutrient intake can help to prevent the formation of kidney stones. Obesity increases the risk of kidney stones. Medicinal plants are used as urolithotriptic agents. This review paper is aimed to explore and documentation of available herbal treatment for kidney stones. Some of the plant species listed in this review paper have the potential active compounds and may aid researchers for the future study of natural products, which may be useful to treat kidney stones.
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Kidneys have a vital role in the normal physiology of humans. Worldwide chronic kidney disease has become a major cause for disability and in worst circumstances leads to death. Major renal disorders occur due to diabetes and its complications termed as diabetic nephropathy (DN). Also nephrolithiasis occurs due to presence of organic debris of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins and supersaturation with calcium oxalate in the renal system. The article comprises of various herbs proven to be used in management of these disorders
Botanical products are used in various forms, such as pure compound, standardized extract, etc., which are known for their remedial action against various diseases and also provide a lead for new drug development. Urolithiasis is a disease in which calcium oxalate has a major role. Pathogenesis of urolithiasis is multifaceted including numerous physicochemical events occurring concurrently and it includes supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation and retention of crystals within the renal tubules. Composition of urine affects the incidence of urolithiasis resulting in alteration of biochemical parameters. The antiurolithiatic activity of several Unani plants has been studied. The antiurolithiatic phytoconstituents are phenolic compounds, saponins (solasodine), flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), alkaloids (crocin, berberine, khellin), tannins, other inorganic and organic constituents and plant proteins (glycosaminoglycans), etc. Studies have reported the role of ascorbic, citric, phytic, tartaric and oleanolic acid as good candidates for prophylactic management. Phytoconstituents exert their effects by multiple mechanisms. Oxalate causes lipid peroxidation through reacting with polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membrane and damages the renal tissue. Triterpenes help in dissolution of oxalate crystals and demonstrate antioxidant effect. Organic substances adsorb on surface of the crystals and arrest the process of crystallization. Citrate and magnesium form a complex with calcium and decreases supersaturation; moreover, magnesium destabilizes CaOx pairs. Saponins help in disintegration of mucoproteins and reduce CaOx crystal adhesion to renal epithelial cells by pre-coating the crystals. Flavonoids significantly prevent the crystallization by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. The aim of writing this chapter is to highlight the bio-active compounds found in Unani medicinal plants in ameliorating the various stages of stone formation, and also to provide an overview of the use of plants in prevention and management of urolithiasis as well as elaborate its underlying mechanisms.
In the present study, bio-meditated silver nanoparticles have been synthesized using Jasminum auriculatum stem extracts. The silver nanoparticles were confirmed using UV-visible and FT-IR spectra. The size and morphology of silver nanoparticles were confirmed using XRD, SEM and EDAX techniques. The antibacterial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles was assessed by disc diffusion method against human pathogens. The antibacterial studies indicate that green synthesized silver nanoparticles have several pharmaceutical applications for the management of deadly human pathogens.
Ethanopharmacological relevance:
The process of formation or appearance of a urinary stone anywhere in the renal tract is known as urolithiasis. It is a longstanding health problem, known to exist since early age of civilization. Records about symptoms, signs and treatment strategies of urinary stones diseases are found in the several ancient texts of traditional medicines such as Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Siddha and Unani. In Ayurveda, urolithiasis has been considered as one of the eight most troublesome diseases. Ayurvedic management and cure of urinary stone involves herbal formulas, alkaline liquids and surgical procedures. Whereas, TCM recommends polyherbal drugs, acupuncture and mexibustion for treatment of the urinary stones. Among these therapies, herbal remedies are in practice till today for the treatment and cure urinary stone diseases.
Materials and methods:
A comprehensive review of the scientific literature about pathophysiology of urinary stones and antiurolithiatic plants was undertaken using the following bibliographic databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar. The search was conducted from publications from all years until Dec., 2015 by combination of the search terms and Boolean operators; 'urinary stone' OR 'kidney stone' AND 'plant' OR 'medicine' OR 'antiurolithiatic plants'. Outputs were restricted to those completed studies only published in English. In this review, literatures about plants which are used as diuretic and/or in treatment urinary tract infections have not been considered. The Plant List and Royal Botanical Garden, Kew databases were used to authenticate botanical names of plants. Books and monographs published in English were also used to collect information about historical records of antiurolithiatic plants.
Results:
Recent pharmacological interventions accredited ancient antiurolithiatic claims to several plants and their formulations. The majority of antiurolithiatic plants were found to either dissolve the stones or inhibit the process of urinary stone formation. Plants such as Phyllanthus niruri L. and Elymus repens (L.) Gould, as well as herbal products including 'Wu-Ling-San' formula, 'Cystone' and 'Herbmed' have been proved their utility as promising antiurolithiatic medicines in the different phases of clinical trials. In addition, some of the isolated phytochemicals such as berberine, lupeol, khelin, visnagin, 7-hydroxy-2',4',5'-trimethoxyisoflavone and 7-hydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone were reported to have potent antiurolithiatic activity.
Conclusion:
In ancient medicinal texts, antiurolithiatic potential has been ascribed to several plants and their formulations. Present scientific studies provide scientific evidences for few of these claims however, they are insufficient to establish many of these plants and herbal formulations as therapeutic remedies for the treatment and management of urinary stones. Conversely, findings of pre-clinical and clinical studies about some plants and herbal formulations are promising, which underlines the utility of herbal remedies as alternative medicines for the treatment and management of urinary stones in the future.
The aim of the study is to identify and characterize the phytoconstituents from the stem of the plant. For isolation of compound, the dried stem powder of Jasminum auriculatum was subjected to extraction with methanol. The extract was subjected to column chromatography. For purification using chloroform, chloroform:methanol and methanol solvents. The isolation and purification afforded amorphous yellow compound which was subjected to physical, chemical and spectral identification by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and mass spectroscopy. The compound was concluded as unsaturated fatty acid.
Medicinal plants have been known for millennia and are highly esteemed all over the world as a rich source of therapeutic agents for the prevention of various ailments. Today large number of population suffers from kidney stone, gall stone and urinary calculi. Stone disease has gained increasing significance due to changes in living conditions i.e. industrialization and malnutrition. Changes in prevalence and incidence, the occurrence of stone types and stone location, and the manner of stone removal are explained. Medicinal plants are used from centuries due to its safety, efficacy, cultural acceptability and lesser side effects as compared to synthetic drugs. The present article deals with measures to be adopted for the potential of medicinal plants in stone dissolving activity.
In the indigenous system of medicine in India, the plant Aerva javanica commonly termed as Tella burga is claimed to be useful for various ailments, and one such use is for the treatment of renal calculi. The major purpose of this study is to investigate the potential activity of Aerva javanica in the treatment of renal calculi. Urolithiasis is the process of development of crystal in the urinary tract. Wistar rats were taken and they are divided into nine groups. The first group used as normal and remaining groups received ethylene glycol 0.75% by orally for 28days. Second group received ethylene glycol Group-III received cystone (750mg/kg) till 28thday. Groups IV, V, VI and VII, VIII and IX served as preventive regimen received Aerva javanica aqueous extract, methanolic extract and ethyl acetate extract (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg) per oral respectively from 1stday till 28thday. On the 28thday of experiment animals were housed in metabolic cages and 24 hours urine samples and serum samples were collected. The urine was subjected to microscopical study to observe the crystals. The parameters monitored in the present study are uric acid, creatinine, sodium, potassium, magnesium oxalates and calcium in urine and serum samples. Ethylene glycol feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria as well increased renal excretion of calcium and oxalates. Treatment with aqueous, methanol and ethyleacetate extract of Aerva javanica roots significantly reduced the elevated urinary oxalate, showing a regulatory action on endogenous oxalate synthesis. The increased deposition of stone forming constituents in the serum and urine of calculogenic rats was also significantly lowered.
This investigation was designed to determine the possible protective effect of root stock of Musa paradisiaca l extract (MP) against ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) induced hyperammonemia. Experimental hyperammonemia was induced in adult male Wistar rats (180 200 g) by intraperitoneal injections of NH4Cl (100 mg/kg body weight) thrice a week. Rats were treated with MP (300 mg/kg body weight) via oral administration. At the end of experimental duration, blood ammonia, plasma urea, serum liver marker enzymes and lipid peroxidation in plasma and tissues (liver and brain) of normal and experimental animals were analysed. The results revealed that NH4Cl induced hyperammonemia, as evidenced by increases in the levels of blood ammonia, plasma urea, lipid peroxidations such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), hydroperoxides (HP) and activities of liver markers (alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and reduced glutathione (GSH), were decreased in liver and brain tissues of NH4Cl group compared with the normal group. On the other hand, MP treatment reversed all these biochemical indices. The study shows wider evidence for the antihyperammonemic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and antioxidant activities of MP extract against NH4Cl induced hyperammonemia.
In the most ancient Indian traditional system of medicine (Ayurveda) diuretics are called as Muttra- virechanya dravya. These agents were widely explored in Indian ancient system of medicine. Diuretics cause increase in the rate of urine flow rate thus employed in numerous disorders like hypertension, anxiety, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes mellitus and liver degeneration diseases. The aim of this review is to highlight the work on diuretics of plant origin. The selection of papers was made using the most relevant databases for the biomedical sciences on the basis of their traditional use. The numerous diuretic plants with their active phytoconstituents have been explored. The present paper also involves various plant drugs and their pharmacological profile which focus on the dose administered, bioactive extract involved in diuretic mechanism. This work may prove a milestone in selection of medicinal plant for carrying their work on the diuretics.
The ethanolic and chloroform extract was tested for diuretic and antiurolithiatic activity. The parameters taken for diuretic activity were total urine volume and concentration of ions like Na+, K+ and Cl-. Furosemide was used as reference diuretic. Urolithiatic activity was induced in rats by using 0.75% of ethylene glycol in drinking water for 28 days. Then in the assessment of urolithiatic activity electrolytic analysis, urine analysis and kidney homogenate analysis were taken into consideration. The effect of diuretic and anti urolithiatic activity for chloroform and ethanolic extract was studied at a dose level of 400mg/kg. The ethanolic extract had a significant diuretic and anti urolithiatic activity which proved the folk lore claim and can be used as a potent drug for urolithiasis.
Objective: This study was aimed to evaluate the antiurolithiasis activity of the ethanolic extract of aerial parts of Portulaca oleracea Linn. Methodology: The activity of the plant was studied using the ethylene glycol (0.75% v/v) and ammonium chloride (2% w/v) induced urolithiasis model in albino rats. Several parameters were used including urinary volume, urine pH, urine and serum parameters to assess the activity. The ethanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea was administered in doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight orally for 15 days. Standard drug used was cystone. Results: Treatment with the extract restored all the elevated biochemical parameters including serum and urine (calcium, creatinine, urea, BUN), restored the urine pH to normal and increased the urine volume significantly (P < 0.05) when compared to disease control group. The histopathological studies confirmed the induction of lithiasis as microcrystal deposition was observed in section of kidney from animals treated with ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride. This was reduced, however, after treatment with the extract. Conclusion: These observations enable us to conclude that the ethanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea is effective against ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride induced urolithiasis in albino rats.
Jasminum auriculatum belonging to the family Oleaceae are reported to have good medicinal values in traditional system of medicines. The present study deals with pharmacognostical examination of morphological and microscopical characters and phytochemical investigations of Jasminum auriculatum leaves including determination of loss on drying, ash values and extractive values. The preliminary phytochemical screening of powdered drug was also carried out, the qualitative chemical examinations revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents like alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, carbohydrates, Glycosides, protein, mucilages, phenols ,tannins and flavonoids.
The aim of our present study is to assess the effects of spirulina as a preventive agent in experimentally induced urolithiasis model in rats. Rats were induced to produce kidney stone by providing drinking water containing 0.75% ethylene glycol (v/v) (EG) for 6 weeks. In additiion to this, spirulina extract 20mg/kg, were administered along with ethylene glycol for 6 weeks. On 24 hours after 6 weeks, the blood was collected from individual rats and used for the estimation of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, urea and creatinine. The ethylene glycol feeding resulted in an increased level of serum sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, urea and creatinine, with a decreased level of phosphorus, compared to normal rats. All these conditions were reversed on spirulina treatment. Histopathological analysis also showed that rats treated with ethylene glycol had large deposits of calcium oxalate crystals, and that deposits were reduced in rats treated with spirulina. These data suggest that spirulina has a protective activity against urolithiasis. INTRODUCTION Urinary stone disease is a common disorder found to be increased in western societies for the last five decades. Kidney stone formation is a complex process and it results as a cascade of events, including crystal nucleation, growth and aggregation, crystal retention within the renal tubules 1 . Usually kidney stones are yellow or brown colour 2 with a smooth or gagged structure. Some common type of kidney stones are calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, struvite, uric acid and cystine and among these the most common form of kidney stone in humans as well as rats is calcium stones 3
The effect of cystone, a herbal formulation, was studied on experimentally induced urolithiasis in rats. Oxalate urolithiasis was produced by the addition of 3% glycolic acid to the diet for a period of 42 days. Glycolic acid treatment resulted in a significant increase in the levels of calcium and oxalate in the kidney as well as in the total kidney weight. Also, the urinary levels of calcium, oxalate and inorganic phosphorus were increased. Cystone treatment at 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg b.wt. p.o. for 42 days revealed a dose-related effect in the reduction of lithogenic substances, following glycolic acid induced urolithiasis. Simultaneous oral treatment with cystone at a dose of 500 and 750 mg/kg for 42 days, significantly reversed the glycolic acid-induced urolithiasis, presumably by preventing the urinary supersaturation of lithogenic substances, especially of oxalate and calcium. The reduction of urinary and kidney oxalate levels by cystone may be due to its inhibitory action on oxalate synthesizing liver enzyme glycolate oxidase. These observations indicate that cystone can play an important role in the prevention of disorders associated with kidney stone formation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
This chapter discusses the microsomal lipid peroxidation that may be demonstrated by measuring (1) O2 consumption, (2) NADPH disappearance, and (3) malonaldehyde (MA) formation. Results of an experiment involving the measurement of all three parameters are illustrated. In the experimental procedure, rat liver microsomes are prepared s by sedimenting the 10,000 g supernatant of a 0.25M sucrose homogenate of rat liver at 105,000 g for 60 minutes. O2 consumption is measured with a Clark O2 electrode. NADPH disappearance is monitored fluorometrically at 450 mμ with an excitation wavelength of 365mμ. An Eppendorf photometer with fluorometer attachment is a suitable instrument for this purpose. MA formed is measured colorimetrically with the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction. O2 consumption may alternatively be measured manometrically in the Warburg apparatus. Measurement of NADPH disappearance spectrophotometrically at 340 mμ is complicated by the turbidity of the microsomal suspension which, in addition, may change during the incubation. The maximal rate of NADPH-linked lipid peroxidation at 30° is approximately 160 millimicromoles of O2 consumed per minute per milligram of microsomal protein. The NADPH disappearance accompanying the microsomal lipid peroxidation ranges between one-third and one-fifth mole of NADPH per mole of O2 consumed. The maximal extent of lipid peroxidation is approximately one micromole of O2 consumed per milligram of microsomal protein.
The effect of conventional cooking methods and the influence of season upon proximate composition, mineral, and fatty acid profile was studied in catfish (Ictalurus punctatus, Rafinesque) fillets. Seasonal (August, December, and April purchased fillets) influences were minimal. As expected, fried catfish fillets had significantly altered (P ≤ 0.05) fatty acid profiles compared to the raw and baked fillets. All three cooking treatments resulted in significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in proximate composition and in the levels of potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and iron. The information presented would be useful for nutrient data banks when dietary intake of such items is of interest.
The effect of glutathione (GSH) depletion followed by administration of glutathione monoester (GME) on the metabolism of oxalate in hyperoxaluric condition was investigated. Renal GSH was depleted by intraperitoneal administration of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, 4 mmol/kg b.w) twice a day for 20 days to rats with or without hyperoxaluria induced by adding 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) in drinking water. GME was administered intraperitoneally (5 m mol in water/kg body weight) simultaneously. Tissue GSH was depleted by 47% and 58% by treatment with BSO and BSO + EG, respectively. Oxalate content was enhanced maximally (125% of control) only in BSO + EG treated group. A polarized light microscopic examination showed prominent deposition of calcium oxalate crystals only in the kidney of BSO + EG-treated rats. GME treatment brought down kidney oxalate and calcium content dramatically and reduced calcium oxalate retention. However, GME did not have any effect on urinary oxalate level. The observed decreased creatinine clearance, elevated urinary excretion of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT), and decreased tissue nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants, and thiol status in BSO + EG treated rats were all restored to normal values on GME supplementation. GSH depletion increases the retention of calcium oxalate in renal cells and normalization of GSH by administration of glutathione monoester prevents it.
The decoction of flowers of Jasminum auriculatum Vahl of Oleaceae widly used in Ayurvedic system of medicinefor the treatment of burning sensation, cardiopathy, urolithiasis, nephrolithiasis, strangury, dermatopathy, cardiotonic,diuretic and depurative. Preliminary phytochemical investigation of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of the flowers of Jasminumauriculatum showed the presence of flavonoids, sterols, tannins and glycosides (flavonoidal). Alcoholic and aqueousextracts of flowers were investigated for its diuretic activity in albino rats. Results revealed that both the extracts showedsignificant diuretic activity at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight by increasing the total volume of urine and concentrationsof potassium and sodium salts in urine as compared to the standard drug Frusemide (100mg/kg body weight).
Oxalate urolithiasis in male rats was experimentally induced by feeding a basal diet composed of Purina laboratory chow and 3 per cent glycolic acid. When this basal oxalate calculus-producing diet containing 10 per cent alanine was fed to rats, the incidence of oxalate urolithiasis was markedly reduced. Moreover, when Purina laboratory chow containing 10 per cent alanine was fed to rats which had been on the calculi-producing basal diet for 4 weeks, it appeared that most uroliths were dissolved. Excess intake of alanine increased the concentration of alanine in urine and this apparently aided in the prevention and treatment of urolithiasis.
The cytoprotective activity of alpha-lipoic acid against free radical toxicity, manifested during experimental hyperoxaluria, has been investigated. Glycollate was used as the inducer of oxalate hyperoxaluria in rats. The increase in lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, associated with a decrease in catalase activity and glutathione (GSH) level, are the salient features observed in tissues of hyperoxaluric rats. Free radical toxicity in the glycollate fed rats is effectively counteracted by lipoic acid administration. Lipoic acid administration brought about a significant decrease in peroxidative levels with an increase in catalase activity and glutathione level. These observations highlight the antioxidant property of alpha-lipoic acid and its cytoprotective action against experimental hyperoxaluria.
Oxalate, the major stone-forming constituent induces lipid peroxidation during lithogenesis. In experimental condition oxalate formation was induced by the administration of its precursor glycollate. Glycollate-fed rats showed increased susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in the presence of promoters. In addition, antioxidant enzymes-catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase also showed decreased activity. Reduced glutathione, total thiols and ascorbic acid were also significantly decreased. On the other hand, an increased xanthine oxidase and decreased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was also observed upon glycollate administration. Cysteine, a sulphydryl compound, is known to inhibit free radical toxicity in various pathologies. Cysteine administration to glycollate-fed rats brought about a significant decrease in the peroxidative level, with an increase in the antioxidant status.
The in vivo effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) on renal calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal retention in experimental hyperoxaluric rats was investigated. Further, the effect of pretreatment of vitamin E on the above conditions was also studied. Male Wistar rats were divided into two major groups each containing 40 rats. One of the groups was pretreated with vitamin E. Both major groups were then subgrouped into four groups: group 1 received the vehicle (olive oil); group 2 received CsA in olive oil (50 mg/kg); group 3 received 3% ammonium oxalate (AmOx), and group 4 received CsA + AmOx. Nephrotoxicity was assessed by the activities of urinary marker enzymes and also by histopathology. Urinary oxalate excretion as well as the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and inorganic pyrophosphatase enzymes were elevated either in CsA-alone or AmOx-alone treated groups. On combined administration of both CsA and AmOx, further elevations of these enzymes were observed. Urinary excretion of oxalate concentration positively correlated with urinary excretion of these enzymes. Deposition of CaOx crystals was seen only in the kidneys of rats that received combined treatment. On pretreatment with vitamin E the observed increased urinary activities of the enzymes and oxalate, histopathological changes and the deposition of CaOx crystals by administration of CsA in hyperoxaluria were prevented suggesting that vitamin E could be supplemented to prevent CsA-induced membrane damage.