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Corrosion of Water Pipes: a Comprehensive Study of Deposits

DOI:10.4236/jmmce.2012.115034
Authors:
Vikas Chawla at Punjab Technical University
Vikas Chawla
Prema G Gurbuxani at Smt Chandibai Himathmal Mansukhani College
Prema G Gurbuxani
Ganesh Bhagure at Satish Pradhan Dnyanasadhana College,Thane,Maharashtra, India.
Ganesh Bhagure
  • Satish Pradhan Dnyanasadhana College,Thane,Maharashtra, India.
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S Corrosion scales play an important role in modifying water quality in drinking water distribution systems. The corrosion scales from old water pipe lines were analyzed for their structure and composition. This paper presents the results of comprehensive study of deposits found in water distribution system of Ulhasnagar city of Maharashtra, India. Scales were investigated by XRD, FTIR, SEM and ED's analytical techniques. It was found that goethite, magnetite, lepidocrocite, hematite and Akaganite were identified as the primary constituents of brown deposits. The corrosion scales had a shell-like, enveloping layer, covering porous deposits of iron oxide phases. Our studies were able to identify important constituents of three different pipes of water distribution systems. Akaganite was found to be present in chloride environment. Along with iron hydroxide phases it was found that corrosion product also contain some organic matter which may be due to adsorption of biofilm on the surface of pipe. Further studies are needed to establish the role of corrosion scales in the mechanism of iron release from corroded pipes.
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... Problems that water distribution systems encounter include the formation of biofilms on the inner surface of the pipes, deposition of organic and inorganic matter, scaling, corrosion and accumulation of several metals in the pipelines. Corrosion is simply the result of physicochemical interactions between a surface and its surrounding [1]. Scaling and corrosion represent the main processes affecting piped water. ...
... These values indicated a positive effect of the filter on the corrosion tendency of the distributed water. Therefore, the LSI and RSI indices were useful tools for pipe corrosion evaluation even if both LSI and RSI were not suitable for the quantification of water corrosiveness [1]. In 2014, a study was carried out by Tripathi and Agrawal to assess water quality of Moradabad Area, Uttar Pradesh, India. ...
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... Problems that water distribution systems encounter include the formation of biofilms on the inner surface of the pipes, deposition of organic and inorganic matter, scaling, corrosion and accumulation of several metals in the pipelines. Corrosion is simply the result of physicochemical interactions between a surface and its surrounding [1]. Scaling and corrosion represent the main processes affecting piped water. ...
... These values indicated a positive effect of the filter on the corrosion tendency of the distributed water. Therefore, the LSI and RSI indices were useful tools for pipe corrosion evaluation even if both LSI and RSI were not suitable for the quantification of water corrosiveness [1]. In 2014, a study was carried out by Tripathi and Agrawal to assess water quality of Moradabad Area, Uttar Pradesh, India. ...
Assessment of Quality and the Potential of Scale Formation and Corrosivity of Drinking Water Supplied from Disi to Amman, Jordan. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 26 (2017) 634-645
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2017
In order to assess water quality in Amman city, the capital of Jordan, 32 samples covering the Disi basin, three major water reservoirs, and Amman’s municipal water from different locations in the city were collected and subjected to physico-chemical measurements. Standard methods of analysis have been used to determine total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), carbon dioxide, major positive ions concentrations, and major negative ions concentrations. The potential of scale formation and corrosivity of all water samples were also determined using Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), Puckorius Scaling Index (PSI), Aggressive Index (AI), Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential Index (CCPP), and Larson-Skold Index (L&Skl). All measured parameters were found to be within the range of permissible values of both Jordanian standards and WHO guidelines for drinking water. Based on the calculated indices, it has been found that about 31 % of studied water samples suffered from corrosion, while 69% suffered from scale formation. L&Skl index calculations showed that chloride and sulphate ions interfered with the natural scale formation in 93% of the studied water samples, while no interferenece was seen in 7% of the samples. LSI results ranged from -1.5 to 0.92, RSI ranged from 6.11 to 9.73, PSI ranged from 4.45 to 9.14, AI range was 11.45-12.71, CCPP range is -50.1-34.7, and finally L&Skl range was 0.15-1.02. The degree of linear association between two of any water parameters was calculated for all meseared parameters. Correlation coefficient values show high interrelation between EC with TDS and Cl-, TDS with Cl-, and TH with Ca2+. Mixing water from two different sources ( Disi and Zai) showed that the combination improved the water quality especially when the ratio was 1:1. KEYWORDS Disi water, Scale formation, Corrosivity, Scale and corrosion indices
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... The interaction between the conveyed water and the pipe materials can result in the formation of unwanted deposits on the inner surface of the pipe (Chawla et al. 2012). Residues are coagulation of suspended particles, dissolved ions, colloidal and lining attached to the shallow inner surface of the pipe (Loy et al. 2005). ...
Assessment of water and residue quality in three different drinking water distribution pipelines within high density areas in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2022
Treated water from the water treatment plant (WTP) gets to the final consumers through complex water distribution systems (WDSs). The study assessed the levels of physico-chemical and microbial qualities of treated water moving through WDSs of different pipe materials and properties of residue deposits on the shallow inner walls of investigated pipes as means of evaluating water and residue qualities. The investigated WDSs include galvanized iron pipes (GIPs), asbestos cement pipes (ACPs) and polyvinylchloride pipes (PVCPs). Assessment of water and residues samples was carried out according to APHA and ASTM standard procedures. Pearson correlation and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to evaluate the relationship between two continuous parameters and spatial variability among the investigated pipes, respectively. Results showed that the physico-chemical and microbial instability of water samples were more pronounced in GIPs, followed by ACPs and least in PVCPs. However, changing water quality indicators were found to be significant in water from GIP and ACP of smaller diameters. Most of the drinking water quality parameters in treated water at WTP lie within the standard permissible limits for drinking purpose. However, the water quality deteriorated bacteriologically, from the WTP to the WDSs. The mean pH ranged from 6.9 to 7.5; temperature fluctuated from 30 to 31 °C; EC varied from 147.3 to 248.8 μS/cm while total suspended solids (TSS) varied from 40.6 to 503.8 mg/L. Chloride ions ranged from 102.4 to 355.2 mg/L with its mean values in GIPs and 75 mm diameter ACP above the safe limit for potable water. The redox potential values of < 400 mV in all analyzed water samples indicate enhancing environment for biofilm growth. The results of residue properties further corroborate the level of quality indicators in collected water through the investigated pipes. The overall results indicate that pipe material, pipe diameter, and anthropogenic sources contribute to alteration in water quality of conveyed treated water. The Pearson correlation result shows that most of the analyzed water parameters except resistivity and dissolved oxygen (DO) positively correlate pair-wise either at 1% or 5% levels. The ANOVA indicates that pH and HCO3-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\text{HCO}}_{3}^{ - }$$\end{document} concentrations in water from GIPs were significantly higher at 5% level than those found in water from PVCPs, ACPs and WTP. The oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of treated water was significantly lower than that of water samples from all the investigated pipes at α\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\alpha$$\end{document} = 0.05. However, the ORP values in residues did not vary significantly among the investigated pipes at 5% level. The study recommends reservoir cleaning program, suitable modification of treatment procedures, and constant check for leakages in the main distribution systems and service pipes among others as means of maintaining the stability of water quality status of treated water through the WDSs.
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... Surface and its surrounding interactions of physicochemical parameters are called corrosion (Vikas et al., 2012;Fianko et al., 2007). Excessive hardness value makes corrosive water that water can damage the water distribution system which has very bad impact on economic and health (Lehtola et al., 2004). ...
Assessment of some physicochemical parameters and determining the corrosive characteristics of the Karnaphuli estuarine water, Chittagong, Bangladesh
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2020
The comprehensive study was found out to evaluate the concentration of different water qualities of the Karnaphuli river. Samples were collected from ten points (Bhandor Ghat to Bhakoliya Khal Ghat) in three seasons (winter, rainy, and spring) during the Hydrological Year 2014-2015 for continuous monitoring. Collected samples were analyzed for finding of some physicochemical parameters Temperature, pH, Alkalinity, Acidity, Total hardness, Sulfate, Chloride, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and CO 2. The investigated parameters were compared to the national and international standards. The mean values of water Temperature, pH, Alkalinity, Acidity, Total hardness, Phosphorus, Sulfate, Chloride, TDS, and free CO 2 were found to be 28.36° C, 6.25, 275.63ppm, 19.75ppm, 259.29ppm, 0.904ppm, 70.74ppm, 534.63ppm, 778.83ppm & 18.03ppm, respectively. Water Quality Index (WQI), Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) and Ryznar Stability Index (RSI) values were found to be 99.92, −3.06 & 12.36, respectively, which indicate that the water quality is not good.
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... e problem related to maintenance of residual chlorine is increased by water supply interruptions that lead to formation of stagnant water, which, during resumption of supply, may be drawn with no chlorine residual left as the water reaches the consumers [3]. Old water supply systems with pipes that have deteriorated linings encourage microbial growth in the distribution pipe, which in turn results in rapid loss of chlorine due to the wall decay reaction [4]. ...
A Mathematical Model for Variable Chlorine Decay Rates in Water Distribution Systems
Article
Full-text available
A model for relating the time-dependent variable rate of reaction to the decay of chlorine residual in water is developed based on the initial chlorine dose, molar concentrations of reactants, and the rate constant itself. .e mathematical model, while retaining its second order nature, simplifies the solution as the residual chlorine and aggregate parameters such as molar concentration of reactants can be estimated. .e model is based on molar-averaged reaction rates involving arithmetic and harmonic means of reactants that eliminate the individual reaction rates that are difficult to determine. Part of the mathematical assumption used in the derivation of the equations using molar averaging is tested for its validity through theoretical as well as Monte Carlo simulation of the error term over wide ranges of assumed reaction rates and molar concentration of reactants. .e second-order variation of the rate of reaction with respect to the initial chlorine concentration has been verified through experimental tests of bulk chlorine decay carried out at different chlorine doses.
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... Within the same context, it could be noticed that the vibrational bands of FeO appear 7 times (461, 536, 575, 630, 675, 691 and 1053cm −1 ) before cleaning and then increase after cleaning (430, 461 534, 626, 677, 575, 691, 1020 and 1053cm −1 ). This may be due to the occurring of FeOOH (goethite) at (461cm -1 ) and FeOOH (Lepidocrocite) at (1020cm -1 ) [82,83]. In addition, O-H deformation vibrational mode is separated into (940cm -1 ) [84]. ...
Cleaning of architectural bricks using RF plasma "Metallic Stains",
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2016
RF Plasma is a glow discharge typically generated through using oxygen and hydrogen as the input working gas. In the current study the radio frequency (RF) hydrogen plasma (H2) is used for removing some metallic stains (iron and copper) which affected the historical brick surfaces in Prince Yousef Kamal place. Untreated and treated surfaces were evaluated by OLS, EDX-SEM & FTIR. Investigation results show that both iron and copper aged samples had been cleaned, where the stains thicknesses' were removed perfectly through. Analytical results of the accumulated particles demonstrate that they are decreased after cleaning process. In addition, morphological investigations proved the clearness of positive effects in the reducing of the samples surfaces' darkening and thickness' accumulations in all cleaned samples.
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... The corrosion of the pipes has an important role in the quality of the water. Some of the corrosions of the pipes are as follow [4]: ...
Effective Factors in Causing Leakage in Water Supply Systems and Urban Water Distribution Networks
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2015
Water has a vital role in the country‘s economic development, since most part of it is dry and desert. Whereas, water has been cheap and easy accessing, the authorities of the urban water distribution organizations have not paid so much attention to the decreasing of the unaccounted for water (U.F.W) as a solution for saving water, the decreasing of the cost of preparing water and the increasing of their efficiency or income. In recent years, the U.F.W has been paid attention because of the shortage of resources and the cost increasing of water preparation. Therefore, along with preparing water from new resources, the water wasting in different stages of transmission, refinement and distribution of water should be prevented as a long term programing. In this article, the effective elements in causing leak have been explained. The results show that the most leakage of water deals with the parameters such as pressure, quality, diameter and age of the pipes.
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... In developing countries, intermittent supplies are common in which some of the water that Reactant Concentrations and Their Distributions stays stagnant for longer period of time may be drawn with reduced or no chlorine residual before the fresh supply reaches the consumers [3]. In addition, distribution systems with old ages and unlined iron pipes increase the extent of residual chlorine loss through a combination of losses by microbial growth products and corrosion by-products [4]. ...
Modeling of Chlorine Decay Rates in Distribution Systems Based on Initial Chlorine, Reactant Concentrations and Their Distributions
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2016
A mathematical model for determining the rate of variation of bulk decay rates of chlorine residuals is proposed taking into account factors such as the initial chlorine concentration, the concentrations of reactants and their relative distribution. The theoretical model we built in this research clearly shows that the variation of the bulk decay coefficient with initial chlorine concentrations can be modelled mathematically as a second order reaction which can be easily integrated in modelling programs such as the EPANET. Experiments were carried out for determining the bulk decay rate of chlorine residuals at different initial chlorine doses and the data adequately fit the developed model. We also developed chlorine decay mathematical models for the variation of the rate of reaction of both time-varying as well as time-averaged reaction rates. It is shown that the parameters affecting the variation of reaction rate include: The chlorine concentration and the molar concentration of the low concentration reactants as expressed through the ratio of arithmetic mean to the harmonic mean of the reactant concentrations. For the time-averaged model that can be used in modelling programs based on first order reactions, the time variation of the rate of reaction was additionally influenced by the aggregate (total) reactant concentrations.
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Energy Efficient Coatings for Improved Wear and Tear Performance of a Circulating Water Pump Employed in Thermal Power Plant—A Case Study
Chapter
  • Nov 2022
Circulating water pumps employed in large installations like thermal power plants impose challenging issues to be solved on the energy efficiencies of fluid transfer, achieving consistent performance under varied wear and tear conditions of transfer operations. In the present study, a similar deployment of coating in hydraulic passages of circulating water pumps using polymer was carried out to achieve enhanced pump efficiency in a thermal power plant. The scope of the study can be applied in various other sectors with ameliorated coat-able materials involving similar transfer applications working with decreased energy requirements. Based on the research and assessment carried out, after the coating, the increase in pump efficiency was observed from 84.17 to 88.42%, corresponding to the flow rate from 15,862 to 16,662 m3/hr resulting in an enhanced pump’s efficiency of 4.25% to handle an increased flow rate of 800 m3/hr which accounts for an overall saving of power for the installed motor capacity of 1255 KW power generation from NLCIL plant supplying southern parts of India. KeywordsCoatingsWear and tearEnergy efficientCirculating pump
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Physico-chemical characteristics of corrosion scales in old iron pipes
Article
Corrosion scales play an important role in modifying water quality in drinking water distribution systems. The corrosion scales from old iron/steel pipes were analyzed for their structure and composition. Scales were studied both before and after drying. and goethite, magnetite and lepidocrocite were identified as the primary constituents of the dried samples. High concentrations of readily soluble ferrous phases were detected in wet-scale samples. The corrosion scales had a shell-like, enveloping layer, covering porous deposits of iron oxide phases. Our studies were able to identify important differences between corrosion scales found in two different water distribution systems. Further studies are needed to establish the role of corrosion scales in the mechanism of iron release from corroded pipes.
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