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Abstract
Lime sludge (chalk) obtained from fertilizer industry has been tried as the constituent of masonry cement, burning of lime sludge to make building lime, as raw material for making flooring tiles and compounding of burnt lime waste with surkhi/fly ash to make lime-pozzolana mixtures / composite mortars. Characteristics and techno-economics of building products made out of lime sludge have been discussed. Introduction Lime finds use in buildings and in various chemical and other industries 1,2 . Lime based cementitious materials can partly replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in applications like masonry cement, plastering over walls, sub concrete for floors and foundations, etc., which amount to substantial quantity of OPC 3 . This study presents utilization of waste lime sludge from fertilizer industry as a potential source for making building materials at a small scale. Materials and Characterization Sample of chalk (CaCO 3 , 87.5%) as procured from M/s Rashtriya Chemical & Fertilizers, Mumbai, India, was analyzed (IS: 1727-1967) for various constituents as follows: CaO, 50.50; Loss on ignition, 44.50; P 2 O 5 , 2.01; F, 0.12; Na 2 O, 0.03; organic matter, 0.06; SiO 2 + insolubles in HCl, 1.50; Al 2 O 3 +Fe 2 O 3 , 0.03; MgO, 0.64 and SO 3 , 0.98%. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) photo of chalk (Fig. 1) exhibits formation of rounded agglomerated prismatic stillated crystals knitted round a central point. Crystal appeared like jumble of hexagonal leaves of vateritic nature, may be due to impurities of P 2 O 5 and other unidentified ingredients present in the chalk.
... McCallister and Petry [40] treated 70 expansive clay samples with lime and observed the permeability changes, they concluded that the permeability increases substantially. Khattab et al. [41], Nalbantoglu and Tuncer [42], Singh et al. [43] conducted permeability tests on different clayey soils treated with varying lime percentages and all of them concluded that the permeability of treated soils is invariably higher as compared to untreated soil samples. Onitsuka et al. [44] treated two different remoulded clays from Araike with 2,10 and 20 percent lime at a moisture content of 185 percent and conducted falling head permeability tests on each, they concluded that the pore space contracts with the formation of cementitious products and hence the permeability of soil reduces. ...
... The compressibility of soil is one of the major factors governing the stability of roads, buildings, etc. Numerous studies have been carried out to work out the influence of lime treatment on the compressibility characteristics of soil [6,43,48]. Rajasekaran and Rao [6] used the injection technique and lime column work to investigate the effect of lime treatment on the compressibility of marine clay. Consolidation tests were carried out after 30 to 45 days and they observed a decrease of compression index from 0.85 to 0.36 and considerable betterment incompressibility of soil from one-half to one-third of untreated soil. ...
... He also stated that the compressibility of lime-soil was lower when compaction is done on the dry side of optimum. Singh et al. [43] reported a reduction in the Compression index and an increase in the Coefficient of Consolidation when they conducted consolidation tests on lime treated Nawanshahr roads in India. ...
As of now, the growing environmental issues, economic concerns, and limited land resources have forced engineers to stabilize problematic soils for the construction of roads, buildings, railways and other structures. Soil Stabilization implies adaptation of thermal, chemical, or mechanical methods for improving soil properties so as to have increased soil strength, lesser compressibility, greater durability besides other improvements. Lime alongside cement and fly-ash is considered a traditional soil stabilizer and has been in use for decades now, a significant amount of research has been done on this topic till date to describe the mechanism and influence of lime addition on the soil. In this paper, different aspects of lime stabilization covering varied opinions of researchers have been described in detail. Here, we discuss how cation exchange, flocculation, and pozzolanic reactions collectively improve soil properties, and the influence of lime quantity, lime quality, curing time and temperature on soil strength, permeability, soil-moisture relation, compressibility, plasticity characteristics and other soil properties. Also, soil stabilization through lime-columns, lime treatment of pavement layers and lime-based embankment stabilization as important applications of lime stabilization have been discussed. Considering the impact of lime treatment, it can be inferred that soil strength, durability and fatigue strength show an increase while as plasticity, compressibility and dry density show a net decrease, however, this increase and decrease does not continue indefinitely rather it slows down, stops and in some cases even reverses and is dependent on a Number of factors which have been discussed amply in the following sections.
... Previous literature well studied the use of GGBFS and the dispersivity of soil, which are of great importance for further research regarding the modification of soil using waste solid. Cement and lime are always used to improve the mechanical properties of soil [36,37]. However, the production of cement and lime would also cause environmental problems [37]. ...
... Cement and lime are always used to improve the mechanical properties of soil [36,37]. However, the production of cement and lime would also cause environmental problems [37]. As an industrial by-product, the effective use of GGBFS would greatly reduce global carbon emissions and promote sustainable development of the natural world. ...
... Previous literature well studied the use of GGBFS and the dispersivity of soil, which are of great importance for further research regarding the modification of soil using waste solid. Cement and lime are always used to improve the mechanical properties of soil [36,37]. However, the production of cement and lime would also cause environmental problems [37]. ...
... Cement and lime are always used to improve the mechanical properties of soil [36,37]. However, the production of cement and lime would also cause environmental problems [37]. As an industrial by-product, the effective use of GGBFS would greatly reduce global carbon emissions and promote sustainable development of the natural world. ...
... Some authors [7,11] indicated that limestone quarrying typically produces around 20% to 25% limestone powder waste (LPW) .The estimated LPW of 21.2 million tones in the UK, 18 million tones in Greece and 30 million tones in Turkey is reported [1,4,5,7]. Many different ways for utilization of limestone dust have been proposed in literatures [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] such as brick and block production [1][2][3][4][5]8,[9][10][11]14 ], concrete industry [2,6,13,15,20], filler materials [10,16] road construction and bulk fill [7,9,10,12,17], agricultural uses [10,19 ] , industrial waste neutralization [5], plastics and rubber industries [5] ,… etc. ...
... Some authors [7,11] indicated that limestone quarrying typically produces around 20% to 25% limestone powder waste (LPW) .The estimated LPW of 21.2 million tones in the UK, 18 million tones in Greece and 30 million tones in Turkey is reported [1,4,5,7]. Many different ways for utilization of limestone dust have been proposed in literatures [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] such as brick and block production [1][2][3][4][5]8,[9][10][11]14 ], concrete industry [2,6,13,15,20], filler materials [10,16] road construction and bulk fill [7,9,10,12,17], agricultural uses [10,19 ] , industrial waste neutralization [5], plastics and rubber industries [5] ,… etc. ...
... Many previous researches and studies (Jegatheeswaran and Malathy, 2011;Kim et al., 2009;Srinivasan et al., 2010aSrinivasan et al., , 2010bAlgin and Turgut, 2008;Singh and Garg, 2008;Sengupta et al., 2002;Swarna and Venkatakrishnaiah, 2014;Baskar et al., 2006;Ravikrishnan and SenthilSelvan, 2014) undertaken are obtained valuable results to use the industrial wastes or sludge in various forms of bricks or building materials production such as paper mill sludge can be used in brick making (Jegatheeswaran and Malathy, 2011), green composite pallet making (Kim et al., 2009), in producing low cost concrete (Srinivasan et al., 2010a(Srinivasan et al., , 2010b. Cotton and limestone powder wastes (Algin and Turgut, 2008), waste lime sludge (Singh and Garg, 2008), petroleum plant sludge (Sengupta et al., 2002), tannery effluent sludge (Swarna and Venkatakrishnaiah, 2014) also can be used as building materials. ...
... Many previous researches and studies (Jegatheeswaran and Malathy, 2011;Kim et al., 2009;Srinivasan et al., 2010aSrinivasan et al., , 2010bAlgin and Turgut, 2008;Singh and Garg, 2008;Sengupta et al., 2002;Swarna and Venkatakrishnaiah, 2014;Baskar et al., 2006;Ravikrishnan and SenthilSelvan, 2014) undertaken are obtained valuable results to use the industrial wastes or sludge in various forms of bricks or building materials production such as paper mill sludge can be used in brick making (Jegatheeswaran and Malathy, 2011), green composite pallet making (Kim et al., 2009), in producing low cost concrete (Srinivasan et al., 2010a(Srinivasan et al., , 2010b. Cotton and limestone powder wastes (Algin and Turgut, 2008), waste lime sludge (Singh and Garg, 2008), petroleum plant sludge (Sengupta et al., 2002), tannery effluent sludge (Swarna and Venkatakrishnaiah, 2014) also can be used as building materials. ...
Textile mill is the largest industry in Bangladesh facing problem of sludge disposal. In this study, gamma irradiated (15 kGy) textile mill ETP sludge was used to make environmental friendly eco-bricks. According to the percentage (%) of sludge and soil content in brick samples, bricks were graded as E (50% sludge+50% soil), F (25% sludge + 75% soil), G (25% sludge+ 70% soil + 5% sand), X (10% sludge+ 90% soil) and Y (100% soil). A 100% soil content normal commercial brick (N) was also compared with these bricks. All the bricks were fired at 450 °C for 24 h. Physico-chemical analysis of both sludge and soil were studied. Parameters such as density, weight loss (%), firing shrinkage (%), bending strength (BS), bending modulus (BM), impact strength (IS), water uptake (%) and electrical resistivity were investigated. Density, weight loss, firing shrinkage, electrical resistivity reduces as sludge content (%) in bricks increases whereas BS, BM, IS and water uptake (%) increases. The change of density of all bricks has been experienced during the ageing tests in water, acid, alkali and salt. Morphological analysis of the brick samples were done by Inverted Microscope. Finally, change of water pH has been studied during the ageing period.
... Secondly, because of its solubility, it could be as a source of calcium ions, the presence of which will tend to suppress the formation of diffuse double layers on the surfaces of clay. The effect of lime stabilisation on permeability has been variable, some researchers (Masakazu et al. (2001) and Alhassan (2008)) advocate a net reduction of permeability while others (McCallister and Petry, 1992, Singh and Garg, 2008, Nalbantoglu and Tuncer, 2001 have an opposite opinion based on their research. However, researchers such as Elsharief et al. (2004) and Kassim and Uuey (2000) believe that permeability of lime stabilised soils increases up to a definite lime addition point and beyond that, a net reduction in permeability occurs. ...
Construction on problematic soils is challenging owing to the potential of volume changes due to variation of moisture content. Lime stabilisation can be used to treat problematic soils. The main drawbacks of lime addition to the clayey soils are the need for lengthy curing periods and relatively large quantities of lime for significant improvement and also loss in ductility. Using eco-friendly agricultural and industrial wastes, that can partially be substituted by the material responsible for greenhouse gases such as lime, can overcome these drawbacks and decrease global warming. In the current study, variables controlling the unconfined compressive strength of lime treated clay with a focus on assessing the effects of moisture content were investigated. Furthermore, the effects of adding agricultural waste (Dried Athel Leaves (DAL)) and industrial waste (Silica Fume (SF)) on hydromechanical properties of lime treated clay were assessed. The performance of the treated mixtures was examined based on results attained from unconfined compressive strength, swelling pressure and permeability. Specimens were treated with deferent percentages of lime and cured at different periods and temperatures to observe the strength behaviour. In oedometer tests, the specimens were prepared and tested immediately after compaction. The failure patterns were also studied to better understand the ultimate behaviour of lime stabilised clays. The appearance and presence of cementitious products were identified by using the scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer techniques to elucidate their strength development. The findings indicated that the effect of moisture content is controlled by the clay content and unit weight. The addition of 7% lime to clay caused a remarkable increase in the unconfined compressive strength by 363%. The incorporation of 2% DAL and 5% SF within lime treated clay further increased the strength by 6% and 33% respectively after curing of 28 days at 20 °c in comparison with those attained by lime treatment only. The improvement of the strength of the lime treated clay augmented with both wastes continued in long term. Temperature and lime content have positive effects on the improvement of strength, however, increasing lime content to 11% negatively affected the strength of lime treated specimens with 2% DAL. The formation of cementitious products was observed in SEM images and detected quantitatively through EDS analysis. The results of the recorded oedometric tests for lime-DAL and lime-SF mixtures revealed that incorporation of the 2% DAL and 5% SF reduced the clay swelling pressures by 25% and 10% compared to that attained by lime treatment only resulting in total reductions of 93.6% and 68% from that recorded on untreated clay. In addition, the impermeable clay transformed into permeable material by adding DAL and SF. Of the two types of wastes considered in this research, DAL demonstrated more superior improving capability. A further study was conducted to develop ANN model based on collated laboratory data for the prediction of the UCS values of lime treated soils. The promising outcomes of this research suggest that the drawbacks of lime stabilisation can be overcome by the addition of agricultural and industrial wastes. Consequently, the findings attained could be considered in future practice standards with regards to the requirement of lime stabilisation.
... Fly ash, which consists of burned clay oxidized particles (derived from burning coal that contains clay from mines), should also be mixed with the fly ash. A slow setting pozzolana cement is produced when hydrated lime powder and gypsum are mixed and ground in a pan [11][12][13]. In a hydraulic press that is specially made to deliver high pressure loads at a slow rate, in the range of 350 kg/square inch, the mix is compressed at low pressure and low moisture content. ...
This paper presents eco-friendly unburnt bricks made up of fly ash, waste plastic powder, waste glass powder, lime, gypsum and crusher sand as alternatives to conventional burnt clay bricks for sustainable development. The research focuses on the maximum utilization of industrial waste in eco-friendly unburnt brick production. Materials are characterized according to their chemical and geotechnical properties. In this research, we use a milled waste glass powder of size less than 600μm and plastic powder obtained from plastic waste of size less than 600μm are added along with crushed sand, gypsum, lime and fly ash with various mix proportions concerning FaL-G mix concept. All the proportions were taken on a weight basis. Compressive strength, water absorption, and efflorescence are the key parameters chosen for comparing the innovative brick with conventional fly ash brick. There are five different mixes (Type A, B, C, D & E) are made in this research. The plastic and glass powders are replaced by crusher sand at the increased rate of 2% in every mix whereas 2%,4%,6%,8%, and 10%. It was found that the type B bricks have 17.63% strength was increased when compared to base mix. From the test results, type B bricks have enhanced mechanical performance when compared to all other mixes.
... About 4.5 million tons of LS are produced yearly by these sectors in India [10], and their disposal is challenging [11][12][13]. As LS comprises calcium carbonate [14], researchers have proposed employing it in a range of applications [15][16][17]. ...
In this study, a hybrid biogeography-based multi-layer perceptron neural network (BBO-MLP) with different number of hidden layers (one up to three) was developed for predicting the California bearing capacity (CBR) value of pond ash stabilized with lime and lime sludge. To this aim, model had five variables named maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, lime percentage, lime sludge percentage and curing period as inputs, and CBR as output variable. Regarding BBO-MLP models, BBO-MLP1 has the best results, which its R2 stood at 0.9977, RMSE at 0.7397, MAE at 0.476, and PI at 0.0104. In all three developed models, the estimated CBR values specify acceptable agreement with experimental results, which represents the workability of proposed models for predicting the CBR values with high accuracy. Comparison of three developed models supply that BBO-MLP1 outperform others. Therefore, BBO-MLP1 could be recognized as proposed model.
... In India, about 4.5 million tons of this material is generated [13], causes to disposal to be an environmental problem [14][15][16]. Because lime sludge has calcium carbonate [17], it has been utilized in various fields, such as a replacement of cement in mixtures [13], sub-base in village road [18], and building material [19]. ...
In this study, multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) model with order two and three were developed for predicting the California bearing capacity (CBR) value of pond ash stabilized with lime and lime sludge. To this aim, the model had five variables named maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, lime percentage, lime sludge percentage, and curing period as inputs, and CBR as output variable. MARS-O3 has the best results, which its R2 stood at 0.9565 and 0.9312, and PI 0.0709 and 0.1061 for the training and testing phases, respectively. In both developed models, the estimated CBR values in training and testing stages specify acceptable agreement with experimental results, representing the workability of proposed equations for predicting the CBR values with high accuracy. Comparison of two developed equations supplied that MARS-O3 has a better result than MARS-O2. Based on error curves, the MARS-O3 model results in the lowest error percentage in the CBR predicting process, providing roughly accurate prediction than those of the rest developed methods specified. Therefore, MARS-O3 could be recognized as the proposed model.
... The entire sludge is dumped in the sludge yard, resulting in contamination of the soil, surface water, and groundwater. Residents' health is jeopardized by inorganic salts and harmful metals in the sludge [3]. There is a rising need in the construction sector to develop alternate sludge management solutions that can also be used in other ways [4]. ...
In recent years, there has been a lot of attention paid to the use of textile sludge waste-based products in the building industry to develop ecologically friendly construction materials. An experimental examination of the characteristics of bricks incorporating textile sludge waste and fly ash is presented in this work. In fly ash bricks, fly ash is used to replace textile sludge waste in the following proportions: For the blend percentage of cement, fly ash, and quarry dust, a 230mm × 100mm × 75mm sample size was used. For varying amounts of the components indicated previously, the findings indicate how compressive strength and water absorption fluctuate with curing age. Then we can cast bricks with various mixed proportions of cement, sludge waste, fly ash, and quarry dust using the 230mm × 100mm × 75mm specimen size. After that, the weight, compressive strength, and water absorption of textile sludge with different concentrations of fly ash bricks were compared. This inquiry is primarily concentrated on maximizing the compressive strength of newly produced bricks while limiting weight density and water absorption through extensive laboratory work. The recognition of elements influencing the diverse qualities of bricks is a clear purpose of pursuing this issue as project work.
... A number of lime sludge innovative utilization in manufacturing of unburnt bricks and tiles are reported. Singh and Garg [96] tried to use burned lime sludge from the fertilizer industry to make floor tiles and utilized burned lime-fly ash mixture for mortar preparation. Utilization of waste lime sludge is a potential source for making low-cost housing material. ...
This review paper encompasses the inclusive approach of lime sludge valorization in construction materials. Research studies based on cement and aggregate replacement by lime sludge concludes that 10–30% lime sludge is gainfully utilized in sustainable concrete and mortar. Additional prospect for lime sludge application in construction material is the production of cement and ceramics. Significant use of lime sludge in combination with supplementary cementitious materials such as silica fume, nanosilica and fly ash is recommended for the production of cement components and ceramics. The recommendations are also suggested in accordance with the outcome of the study.
... It has known to use calcium carbonates as fillers and regulators of the rheokinetic characteristics of building mixtures based on Portland cement [7][8][9][10], as pigments for the production of paintwork materials [11]. ...
The influence of СаСО 3 on nano-structured, flowability and plastic strength of alkali activated alumonosilicate binders based on metakaolin for the range of oxide ratios in a structural formula of the Na 2 O∙Al 2 O 3 ∙(2.5-4.5)SiO 2 ∙(12-17)H 2 O + (5-15%)CaCO 3 system was studied. The results of the study showed that the ratios of SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 – 3.8, H 2 O/Al 2 O 3 – 13.75, and content of СаСО 3 of 5% by mass were the most optimal ones from the point of view of meeting requirements for these binders to be used as base in protective coatings.The results of the study showed that process flowability of the binder with optimal ratios of oxides and 5 % by mass of additive 2 hours after preparation was by 5.4% lower, being by 5 times lower than that of the binder without the additive (СаСО 3 ). The binder containing 5% СаСО 3 by mass during 2 hours after preparation exhibited the same plastic strength (37 Pa), whereas this value of the binder without CaCO 3 has increased, in average by 5.5 times, affecting negatively shelf life of this binder to be used as base in protective coatings.A conclusion was made that the addition of СаСО 3 intensified the nano-structured formation processes in the direction of formation of Na-Ca zeolite-like phases; shortening time required the cement stone to gain water resistance in normal conditions.
... Approximately 4.5 million tons of lime sludge is generated annually from these industries in India (Sahu and Gayathri, 2014), and disposal of the lime sludge is also a problem (Calacea et al., 2005;Mahmood and Elliot, 2006;Battaglia et al., 2007). As lime sludge contains calcium carbonate (Medhi et al., 2005), researchers proposed to utilize lime sludge in many civil engineering applications as building material (Singh and Garg, 2008), partial replacement material of cement in mortar (Sahu and Gayathri, 2014), subgrade material (Zhang and Yu, 2012) and even subbase material in village road (Talukdar, 2015). ...
Recycling of industrial waste is one of the effective ways to overcome their disposal problem. Ash produced by thermal power plants and lime sludge produced by paper mills require huge disposal land and may create environmental problems such as dusting and leaching of harmful heavy metals. Stabilization of the ash can improve its engineering properties and address the environmental problems. This paper reports the laboratory test results of a Class F pond ash stabilized with lime (2%, 4%, 6% and 8% by weight) alone and in combination with lime sludge (5%, 10% and 15% by weight). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron micrograph (SEM) tests were also performed to identify the possible formation of crystalline phases after stabilization. The effects of lime sludge on the unsoaked and soaked bearing ratios of pond ash with different lime contents, after 7 d, 28 d and 45 d of curing, were observed. Test results indicated that the bearing ratio increased considerably up to a 4% lime content which can be taken as the optimum lime content. Further increase in lime content increased bearing ratio gradually but at a slower rate. The effect of lime sludge was more pronounced at the optimum lime content, particularly at a low curing period. Lime sludge improved the bearing ratio in soaked condition significantly. Leachate analysis of stabilized ash was performed using toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP-1311) method. The concentrations of toxic elements Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni and Cr in the stabilized mixes were lower than those in the unstabilized waste. The results indicated that the pond ash-lime-lime sludge mixes have potential application as road subbase material. © 2018 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
... Approximately 4.5 million tons of LS has generated annually from these industries in India [10] and disposal of the same is also a problem [11][12][13]. As LS contains calcium carbonate [14], researcher has come forward to utilize LS in many civil engineering applications such as in building material [15], as a partial replacement of cement in mortar [10], as a subgrade [16] and even as a sub-base in village road [17]. ...
In the present study, a multilayer perception-artificial neural network and multiple regression model is developed for predicting the California bearing ratio (CBR) value of stabilized pond ash. Pond ash collected from Panipat thermal plant is stabilized with lime (2, 4, 6 and 8%) alone and in combination with lime sludge (5, 10 and 15%). Total 51 datasets of experimentally observed CBR value were used in the development of models. Fitness of the model was observed through three statistical parameters i.e. coefficient of correlation (CC), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error. Both the models predict CBR value with high degree of accuracy having CC more than 0.96. From the sensitivity analysis, it is observed that curing period is the most significant parameter affecting the CBR value of stabilized pond ash.
... The pH has significant effect on adsorption, as it affects the surface charge of adsorbent and also chemical speciation of the adsorbate [Ho and Mckay, 1999& Gundogan, et al., 2004. Adsorption of Cd ions was studied at different pH ranging from 3 upto 9 where, Cd 2+ , Cd(OH), Cd(OH)2, and Cd(OH)2(S) are the forms of cadmium present in de-ionized water [Garg et al., 2008]. In this experiments adsorbate concentration was 25 mg/L, ceramic mass was 0.75 g at contact time varying from 0 to 60 min. ...
Copper oxide nanoparticles doped calcium silicate ceramic were synthesized via co-precipitation method, the particle size could be ranged from 29 - 45 nm. The ceramic doped by copper nanoparticles prepared by the proposed co-precipitation technique was examined to hinder accumulation and reduce the diameter of the particles. The adsorption process by ceramic doped with oxides of transition metal nanoparticles has been used at different conditions (pH, contact time and dose) for removing of cadmium ions from water. SEM revealed that, surface texture of the blank adsorbents changes totally due to the adsorption of cadmium ions. At optimum operating conditions, cadmium ions removal reached 98.88%. The obtained results showed that the produced ceramic nano-particles could be used efficiently for removal of cadmium ions with resenable simple and low cost technique.
... The reuse of textile sludge to manufacture of bricks as building or construction materials is a popular idea to eliminate these waste materials from environment. Many studies have already been done to incorporate waste materials or sludge into the production of bricks or building materials [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Basker et al. [8] examined that textile sludge by oven dried can be used as alternative to clay in fabricating of clay bricks. ...
Environmental pollution due to textile sludge is a major concern in Bangladesh. To minimize the toxic sludge generating from textile industries and to protect our environment a novel attempt has been introduced to manufacture bricks from textile sludge. In this experiment, the textile sludge was treated by 15 kGy gamma radiation in a Cobalt 60 gamma source (50 kCi). The effects of sludge content (10% to 50% by weight) were examined at a constant firing temperature of 450ºC and firing period of 24 hours and then compared with clay brick (100% soil content). Mechanical properties such as density, weight loss (%), firing shrinkage (%), bending strength, bending modulus, impact strength, electrical resistivity and water uptake (%) were investigated. It is revealed that, density, weight loss, firing shrinkage, electrical resistivity reduces as sludge content (%) in bricks increases whereas bending strength, bending modulus, impact strength and water uptake (%) increases.
... Among industrial by-products, sludge has been utilized in many ceramic product such as bricks, ceramic tiles and ceramic glass [1][2][3]. Sludge is a by-product of domestic waste water treatment plant. Currently, the treatment of the sludge has spurred various studies. ...
Lime sludge (LS) is a solid waste from lime making industry and normally disposed in landfill or recycled. LS has been studied as one of the raw materials in various ceramic productions such as bricks, ceramic tiles and glass-ceramics. In this study, LS was utilized in the preparation of bioactive glass using the 45S5 bioactive glass. The 45S5 bioactive glass contains SiO2 (45 wt.%), Na2O (24.5 wt.%), CaO (24.5 wt.%) and P2O5 (6 wt.%). It has the ability to bond with soft tissue and promote bone growth. The LS was combined with bioactive glass as a potential replacement of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The ratio between LS:CaO was varied (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0) to study the effect of LS weight percentage on the bioctive glass. The preparations of bioactive glasses involved batching, mixing, melting at 1400 °C, water quench and milling. LS was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the fabricated glasses were characterized using particle size analyzer, XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD results proved that the phase and chemical composition of bioactive glass were not affected by the addition of LS. The XRD and SEM results indicated that the addition of lime sludge in bioactive glass was effective to promote the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) layer.
... Also Industrial Sludge such as Paper mill Sludge can be used in brick making- [4], for making green composite pallet making [5], in producing low cost concrete [6]. Waste lime sludge [7], Petroleum plant sludge [8] also can be used as building material. Solid waste from textile mill has the potential for use as additive in building material [1,9]. ...
... Also Industrial Sludge such as Paper mill Sludge can be used in brick making- [8], for making green composite pallet making- [9], in producing low cost concrete- [10]. Waste lime sludge- [11], Petroleum plant sludge- [12] also can be used as building material. ...
Investigation of the effect of Textile mill sludge addition in burnt clay bricks is done under this study. Chemical composition of sludge and soil samples was analysed by ICP-AES, SEM and XRF facilities. Sludge percentage is varied from zero to thirty-five percent by weight. Firing temperature and firing period are varied to understand the variations in characteristics of burnt bricks. Parameters such as compressive strength, density, water absorption, efflorescence and ringing sound are studied as per BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) procedures. Density of bricks, compressive strength and ringing sound reduces as sludge content in bricks increases whereas water absorption and efflorescence increases. Higher firing temperature and firing period i.e. 800 0 C and 24 hours give good results in terms of compressive strength with same percentage of sludge as compared to other temperature and firing period combinations. Textile mill sludge up to 15% can be added so as to get compressive strength greater than 3.5 N/mm 2 .
... The loss on ignition indicating the unburned carbon is low in the fly ash and very high in sludge. For similar lime sludge from chemical industry the LOI was determined as 44.5% [3]. The various mineral content present in the fly ash was determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and is presented in Table 2. ...
In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and durability of
fly ash-lime sludge mix for use pavement construction material. A number of cylindrical test specimens were
prepared and cured at a temperature of 27oC and relative humidity of 98% in a humidity controlled chamber for
period of 7 and 28 days. The unconfined compressive strength of different trial mixes were determined. Results show that a new composite with fly ash-lime sludge mixed in 1:1 ratio and stabilized with commercial lime (12% dosage) can be used as an alternative pavement material with requisite strength and durability.
... Materials generated as by-products from industrial processes can be used in various ways in the building industry. Recent studies showed that applications of nontraditional materials (industrial by-products), have been considered in building industry [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . In last three decade there is a growing tendency to use of industrial byproducts in the world. ...
Radioactivity of some building and raw materials used in Croatia
In the present study, the activity concentrations of ²²⁶ Ra, ²³² Th, ⁴⁰ K in some building and raw materials used in Croatia were measured by using a gamma-ray spectrometer with the HPGe detector. The average activity concentrations of the studied different building and raw materials ranged from 11.6 ± 1.7 (concrete) to 251.2 ± 25.7 Bqkg ⁻¹ (GBFS), 14.0 ± 2.7 (concrete) to 54.4 ± 8.3 (coal fly ash) and 147.2 ± 19.0 (concrete) to 773.7 ± 82.0 Bqkg ⁻¹ (tuff) for ²²⁶ Ra, ²³² Th and ⁴⁰ K, respectively. Radium equivalent activity, activity concentration index, absorbed gamma dose rate indoor due to the external exposure and corresponding annual effective dose were determined to estimate the exposure risk arising due to the use of these building and raw materials.
In this study, two hybrid biogeography based and particle swarm optimization-radial basis function (BBO-RBF, and PSO-RBF) were proposed to predict the California-bearing capacity of pond ash stabilized with lime (LI) and lime sludge (LS). The model had five inputs and CBR as output variable. Comparing the measured with those predicted by BBO-RBF and PSO-RBF models, the proposed models have R2 larger than 0.9932. It means that the correlation between measured and predicted values from models is mostly the same to show the highest accuracy. In the training phase, PSO-RBF has better results, while in the testing phase, the best value of statistical indices is owned by BBO-RBF. The OBJ value for PSO-RBF is lower than those of BBO-RBF. Therefore, the PSO-RBF model outperforms the BBO-RBF model for predicting the CBR value of pond ash stabilized with LI and LS, consequently being recognized as the proposed model.
High water content in sewage sludge will have adverse effects on the following treatment process. Deep-dewatering process of sewage sludge with the use of chemical reagents can both reduce the amount of sewage and stabilize it as well. In order to improve the efficiency of deep-dewatering technology, we studied six kinds of reagents (lime, industry lime, coal ash, diatomite, SDS, fly ash) and their corresponding additive doses (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%). At the same time, composite additive experiment was also conducted in the research. The study showed that lime, industry lime and coal ash performed better in deeply dewatering sludge. And in the composite additive experiment, the combination of 25% of lime +5% of coal ash, 20% of lime +10% of coal ash and 10% of lime +20% of coal ash produced better results than others. An addition of 5% of lime or 5% of industry lime could raise the pH values of dried sludge to 12.25 while an addition of coal ash, diatomite, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and fly ash had less effects on pH values.
In Egypt, large amounts of limestone dust are accumulated in running limestone quarries every year. Disposal of these wastes is a rapidly growing problem and causes certain serious environmental problems as well as health hazards. Therefore, research for utilizing these disposals is urgently needed. The main aim of this study is to investigate both physical and mechanical properties of brick specimens containing combinations of limestone dust and small amount of Portland cement as a binder for producing house building brick. Limestone dust and cement were mixed, humidified and molded by two methods, manual method and mechanical molding method. After demolding, the produced specimens were dried in air at room temperature for 28 days. The obtained values of water absorption, bulk density, slake durability index and compressive strength satisfy the Egyptian standard of fired clay building units for non-load bearing walls. The test results indicate that brick specimens contain 14% cement which satisfy the requirements of building of non-load bearing walls in Egypt. The process undertaken can easily be applied in the working Egyptian brick plants using semi mechanization system. The positive use of these wastes converts them into useful products, saving natural resources and can alleviate the disposal and environmental problems.
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