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Protective and Therapeutic Effects of the Indian Medicinal Plant Pterocarpus santalinus on D-Galactosamine-induced Liver Damage
Abstract
The chloroform extract of heartwood Pterocarpus santalinus Linn (Fabaceae) in 0.3 % carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) was evaluated for hepatoprotective activity in Wistar albino rats followed induced liver damage due to D-galactosamine. The chloroform extract was able to normalize the serum levels of aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, total protein levels which were significantly (P<0.001) altered by D-galactosamine intoxication. The in vivo hepatoprotective effect of the extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg was comparable to that of the standard treatment of Silymarin at 25 mg/kg body weight. The results from the present investigation were supported by histopathological findings that demonstrated regeneration of hepatocytes in treated animals, which was indicative of the protective effects of the extract.
... It is widely distributed in the tropical regions of the world, especially in India, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and China. [6] Earlier reviews explored the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and ethnomedicinal values of P. santalinus. [7,8] Bioactive compounds present in the plant's heartwood have been shown to have a wide range of biological activities, suggesting the potential of P. santalinus for the treatment of various diseases. ...
... [9] The therapeutic efficacy of heartwood extract was tested against D-galactosamine-induced liver damage in albino rats by administering at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight/day. [6] In silico docking studies revealed that potent compounds pterocarpol and cryptomeridiol, present in P. santalinus heartwood, targeted the HBx proteins of hepatitis B virus, and were thus reported as strong drug candidates. [56] Itoh et al. reported that P. santalinus suppresses hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver injury. ...
... [11] Reduction in total cholesterol and lipoproteins and increase in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was observed in diabetic rats treated with an aqueous extract of heartwood (250 mg/kg body weight/day) in combination with vitamin E. [3] A chloroform extract of heartwood (400 mg/kg body weight/day) significantly lowered the serum total cholesterol and triglycerides in D-galactosamine-intoxicated rats. [6] Pterostilbene has also been reported to have hypolipidemic properties comparable to clinically used fibrate lipid-lowering drugs. [61] Daniel et al. reported that pterostilbene increased LDL and reduced blood pressure in hypercholesterolemic human volunteers. ...
Recently there has been increasing interest in plants and plant-derived compounds as raw food and medicinal agents. In Ayurveda, an Indian system of traditional medicine, a wide spectrum of medicinal properties of Pterocarpus santalinus is described. Many important bioactive phytocompounds have been extracted and identified from the heartwood of P. santalinus. Bioactive compounds typically occur in small amounts and have more subtle effects than nutrients. These bioactive compounds influence cellular activities that modify the risk of disease rather than prevent deficiency diseases. A wide array of biological activities and potential health benefits of P. santalinus have been reported, including antioxidative, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties, and protective effects on the liver, gastric mucosa, and nervous system. All these protective effects were attributed to bioactive compounds present in P. santalinus. The major bioactive compounds present in the heartwood of P. santalinus are santalin A and B, savinin, calocedrin, pterolinus K and L, and pterostilbenes. The bioactive compounds have potentially important health benefits: These compounds can act as antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors and inducers, inhibitors of receptor activities, and inducers and inhibitors of gene expression, among other actions. The present review aims to understand the pharmacological effects of P. santalinus on health and disease with "up-to-date" discussion.
... The results of this study corroborate the works of several authors [16][17][18] who have shown that following the injection of a substance inducing hepatotoxicity like DNPH, an increase of liver weight of rats, as well as the relative liver weight of rats were observed. The increase in value of T-BIL and D-BIL 9,19 and decrease of ALB 12,20 are also associated to DNPH induced liver toxicity. 21 Hepatic cytolysis, loss of biochemical functions generate the inhibition of ALB production, expressed by a decrease in ALB. ...
... These results are in line with those obtained by several authors. 9,18,20 These results enable to assert once again the hepatotoxicity of DNPH 7,22 and highlight the important role of the liver in detoxification of toxic substances. 23,19 Our results had shown that the treatments with the AEHS (Groups 3 and 4) and silymarin (Group 2) inhibited the toxicity of DNPH. ...
... [6][7][8] It also confirms that of silymarin (reference molecule) according to the works of several authors. 9,12,19,20 The hepatoprotective properties of AEHS are probably due to the presence of major phytochemicals put in evidence by our previous work on the same extract. 3 These compounds are gossypetin, hibiscetin, quercetin, sabdaretin, delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside, and cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside shown in our previous work on the same samples. ...
Background: Hibiscus sabdariffa is a medicinal plant rich in phytochemical compounds, which is the source of its biological properties. This study on the aqueous extract of H. sabdariffa (AEHS) was conducted to assess its hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties. Methods: It was carried out with 25 Wistar rats divided into five groups. Two groups were treated with a solution of NaCl 0.9%. One group was treated with silymarin at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight (BW). Two other groups were treated with the AEHS at different doses (100 and 200 mg/kg BW). The treatments were carried out via oral route and at single dose for 7 days. After injection of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), blood samples were collected for the carrying out of biochemical analyses of oxidative stress markers (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, ferric reduction antioxidant parameter, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and hepatotoxicity (albumin, total and direct bilirubin, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase). Results: Three major results were obtained. The hepatotoxicity of DNPH expressed by the rats of Group 1 was significantly different (p<0.05) from those of the other groups (control, 2-4) for both hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress markers. The hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of the AEHS and confirmation of those of silymarin through the rats of Groups 2-4 were statistically identical (p<0.05) to the control group for markers of hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress. Conclusion: These results confirm and reinforce certain therapeutic virtues of H. sabdariffa. Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee Medip Academy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
... Other findings have demonstrated that hepatocytes can divide to restore the liver mass after GalN liver injury [27] . Rats have been used successfully to investigate D-GalN induced hepatotoxicity models [28,29] . Therefore, we selected rats to study the hepatotoxic effect of D-GalN and hepatoprotective action of Ayurvedic preparation. ...
... 92.48%, activity when compared with the positive control (Table 4 & Fig 2). This effect is in agreement with the view that serum levels of the transaminases return to normal with healing of the hepatic parenchyma and regeneration of hepatocytes [28] . ...
Liver disease is among the most serious ailments and can be classified as acute or chronic hepatitis, hepatosis, and cirrhosis. Besides expensive and ineffectual modern therapeutic agents like steroids and chemotherapy, South East Asian countries like India and China have an edge in treating hepatic disorders employing their native botanicals. The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Arogyavardhani on D-galactosamine (d-GalN)-induced fulminant hepatic failure. Rats were given an intraperitoneal injection of d-GalN (270 mg/kg). Arogyavardhani (10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) was administered orally for 14 days continuously, and on the last day at 1hour before the d-GalN injection. Rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the d-GalN. Silymarin (100 mg/kg body weight) was given orally as a standard hepatoprotective drug. The liver injury was assessed biochemically, investigating biochemical parameters like ALT, AST, ALP, Bilirubin, Total Protein, and Albumin. The survival rates after the application of Arogyavardhani at 24 h were also observed. D-galactosamine administration induced a significant increase (P≤0.01) in total bilirubin associated with a marked elevation in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as compared to control rats. The pretreatment of Arogyavardhani attenuated these changes in a dose-dependent manner. The survival rate of the OC groups was significantly higher than that of the d-GalN group. Our results suggest that Arogyavardhani has hepatoprotective effects against D-galactosamine induced hepatic damage. Therefore, Arogyavardhani may be used as a hepatoprotective agent against various liver diseases including toxic liver injury.
... Pterocarpus santalinus is a small-to-medium-sized deciduous tree most commonly known as red sandalwood in English and Raktha chandana in Sanskrit and Honne in Kannada, belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is widely distributed in the tropical regions of the world, especially in India, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and China (Dhanabal et al., 2007) [5] . Its distribution in some parts of the vegetation in Tara hill of Kascki district in Nepal was reported by Poudel, 2003. ...
... Pterocarpus santalinus is a small-to-medium-sized deciduous tree most commonly known as red sandalwood in English and Raktha chandana in Sanskrit and Honne in Kannada, belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is widely distributed in the tropical regions of the world, especially in India, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and China (Dhanabal et al., 2007) [5] . Its distribution in some parts of the vegetation in Tara hill of Kascki district in Nepal was reported by Poudel, 2003. ...
Rakta Chandana (Pterocarpus santalinus L.) is important tree medicinal plant grown in tropical region of the world and it is endemic to India. The inner bark when injured or cut or damaged, it oozes red colored 'santolin' dye. The IUCN listed this Rakta Chandana as an endangered species due to over exploitation. Natural regeneration is less due to low germination percent. Hence, the present study entitled "Effect of pre sowing seed treatment on seed germination and growth in Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. An Endangered medicinal plant which belongs to Fabaceae has been carried out at College of Horticulture, Mudigere with an aim to enhance the germination and seedling growth by different scarification methods. The per cent germination in P. santalinus is very less in control condition. Hence, this experiment was planned to treat the seeds which helps to break dormancy with acid scarification (KNO3, HCL, H2SO4) and chemical scarification (GA3, NAA, Cytokinin) and soaking of seeds in organic solutions (cow urine, cow dung slurry, hot water treatment). It was found that, the higher germination percentage (47.50), seedling length (32.45 cm), collar girth (3.24 mm) and seedling dry weight (6.57 g) was found in seed treatment with cow dung slurry while control showed poor germination and growth. The results clearly indicate that soaking P. santalinus seeds for 48 hours in cow dung slurry results in good germination and better seedling growth. This could be of great use for raising quality seedlings of P. santalinus.
... Red Sanders is a typical leguminous tree of tropical dry deciduous forests; it is being distributed in the Arcot and Chengalpattu districts of Tamil Nadu and also in Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa and West Bengal (Lahari, 1986). P. santalinus is a small to medium sized deciduous tree, with an extremely hard, dark purple heart-wood with a bitter flavor (Dhanabal et al., 2007) [5] . The bark is blackish brown, 1-1.5 cm thick. ...
... Red Sanders is a typical leguminous tree of tropical dry deciduous forests; it is being distributed in the Arcot and Chengalpattu districts of Tamil Nadu and also in Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa and West Bengal (Lahari, 1986). P. santalinus is a small to medium sized deciduous tree, with an extremely hard, dark purple heart-wood with a bitter flavor (Dhanabal et al., 2007) [5] . The bark is blackish brown, 1-1.5 cm thick. ...
Enhancement of seed germination rate and seedling vigour index in red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus (Linn. F.)): An endangered tree medicinal plant through different pre-sowing seed treatments Thanuja PC, Sadashiv Nadukeri and Shashikala S Kolakar Abstract Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus (Linn. F.)) is an important tree species belongs to family Fabaceae. It is commonly known as Rakta Chandana and Lal chandan. It is a medium sized deciduous tree with clear trunk. This tree is good source of dye and heart wood is used to treat skin diseases, bone fracture, leprosy, spider poisoning, ulcers, general debility etc. It is mainly propagated sexually through seeds but the problem in seed germination is due to hard seed coat which hinders the seed germination. Hence, the present study was carried out with an aim to find out the best seed treatment for maximum germination in P. Santalinus at College of Horticulture, Mudigere during the year 2017-18. Seeds were treated with different treatment such as growth regulators (GA3, NAA, Cytokinine), acid scarification (KNO3, HCl, H2SO4) and organics (hot water, cow urine, cow dung slurry). Among all the treatments seeds treated with 1:1 ratio of cow dung slurry recorded the early germination (11.50 days), days to final germination (45.30 days), maximum germination percentage (47.50%), Final mean germination (1.05), germination value (4.97) and seedling vigour index I (1542.05), seedling vigour index II (312.10) and germination speed (0.62).
... Red Sanders is a typical leguminous tree of tropical dry deciduous forests; it is being distributed in the Arcot and Chengalpattu districts of Tamil Nadu and also in Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa and West Bengal (Lahari, 1986). P. santalinus is a small to medium sized deciduous tree, with an extremely hard, dark purple heart-wood with a bitter flavor (Dhanabal et al., 2007) [5] . The bark is blackish brown, 1-1.5 cm thick. ...
... Red Sanders is a typical leguminous tree of tropical dry deciduous forests; it is being distributed in the Arcot and Chengalpattu districts of Tamil Nadu and also in Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa and West Bengal (Lahari, 1986). P. santalinus is a small to medium sized deciduous tree, with an extremely hard, dark purple heart-wood with a bitter flavor (Dhanabal et al., 2007) [5] . The bark is blackish brown, 1-1.5 cm thick. ...
Enhancement of seed germination rate and seedling vigour index in red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus (Linn. F.)): An endangered tree medicinal plant through different pre-sowing seed treatments Thanuja PC, Sadashiv Nadukeri and Shashikala S Kolakar Abstract Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus (Linn. F.)) is an important tree species belongs to family Fabaceae. It is commonly known as Rakta Chandana and Lal chandan. It is a medium sized deciduous tree with clear trunk. This tree is good source of dye and heart wood is used to treat skin diseases, bone fracture, leprosy, spider poisoning, ulcers, general debility etc. It is mainly propagated sexually through seeds but the problem in seed germination is due to hard seed coat which hinders the seed germination. Hence, the present study was carried out with an aim to find out the best seed treatment for maximum germination in P. Santalinus at College of Horticulture, Mudigere during the year 2017-18. Seeds were treated with different treatment such as growth regulators (GA3, NAA, Cytokinine), acid scarification (KNO3, HCl, H2SO4) and organics (hot water, cow urine, cow dung slurry). Among all the treatments seeds treated with 1:1 ratio of cow dung slurry recorded the early germination (11.50 days), days to final germination (45.30 days), maximum germination percentage (47.50%), Final mean germination (1.05), germination value (4.97) and seedling vigour index I (1542.05), seedling vigour index II (312.10) and germination speed (0.62).
... Pterocarpus santalinus is a small-to-medium-sized deciduous tree most commonly known as red sandalwood in English and Raktha chandana in Sanskrit and Honne in Kannada, belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is widely distributed in the tropical regions of the world, especially in India, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and China (Dhanabal et al., 2007) [5] . Its distribution in some parts of the vegetation in Tara hill of Kascki district in Nepal was reported by Poudel, 2003. ...
... Pterocarpus santalinus is a small-to-medium-sized deciduous tree most commonly known as red sandalwood in English and Raktha chandana in Sanskrit and Honne in Kannada, belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is widely distributed in the tropical regions of the world, especially in India, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and China (Dhanabal et al., 2007) [5] . Its distribution in some parts of the vegetation in Tara hill of Kascki district in Nepal was reported by Poudel, 2003. ...
Rakta Chandana (Pterocarpus santalinus L.) is important tree medicinal plant grown in tropical region of the world and it is endemic to India. The inner bark when injured or cut or damaged, it oozes red colored 'santolin' dye. The IUCN listed this Rakta Chandana as an endangered species due to over exploitation. Natural regeneration is less due to low germination percent. Hence, the present study entitled "Effect of pre sowing seed treatment on seed germination and growth in Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. An Endangered medicinal plant which belongs to Fabaceae has been carried out at College of Horticulture, Mudigere with an aim to enhance the germination and seedling growth by different scarification methods. The per cent germination in P. santalinus is very less in control condition. Hence, this experiment was planned to treat the seeds which helps to break dormancy with acid scarification (KNO3, HCL, H2SO4) and chemical scarification (GA3, NAA, Cytokinin) and soaking of seeds in organic solutions (cow urine, cow dung slurry, hot water treatment). It was found that, the higher germination percentage (47.50), seedling length (32.45 cm), collar girth (3.24 mm) and seedling dry weight (6.57 g) was found in seed treatment with cow dung slurry while control showed poor germination and growth. The results clearly indicate that soaking P. santalinus seeds for 48 hours in cow dung slurry results in good germination and better seedling growth. This could be of great use for raising quality seedlings of P. santalinus.
... P. santalinus (Linn. f.), is a small to medium sized deciduous tree, with an extremely hard, dark purple heartwood with a bitter flavour belonging to Fabaceae family (Dhanabal et al. 2007). It is widely distributed in the tropical regions of the world (Rao and Raju 2002) especially in India, Sri Lanka, China and Taiwan (Rudd 1991). ...
... The chloroform extract of heartwood of P. santalinus normalized the serum levels of aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, total protein levels in Wistar albino rats induced with D-galactosamine liver intoxication. They showed the capacity of the extracts to regenerate hepatocytes in treated animals (Dhanabal et al. 2007). Male Wistar albino rats were treated with CCl 4 to intoxicate the liver. ...
Pterocarpus santalinus (Linn. f.) is a small to medium sized deciduous tree, which belongs to the family Fabaceae. It is widely distributed in the tropical regions of the world. The plant has significant importance in traditional medicine for its ethnomedicinal value. The plant is mainly used to cure the skin ailments, oral diseases, cough, pyrexia, diarrhoea, dysentery, hyper nervous activity and also used as a potent anti-hemorrhagic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective agent. Phytochemical investigations have revealed that P. santalinus contains triterpenes, flavones, coumarins, tannins, phenolic acids, polysterols and essential oils. The active constituents of P. santalinus include alpha and beta santalol, Cedrol, pterocarpol, isopterocarpol, santalin A, B, pterocarpin, cryptomeridiol and santalin. The plant can be investigated for pharmacological activities as it has high medicinal value. The review discusses the antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective activity of P. santalinus.
... P. santalinus Linn. f., belonging to family Fabaceae, is a small to medium sized deciduous tree, with an extremely hard, dark purple heart-wood with a bitter flavor [Dhanabal, 2007]. Bark is blackish brown, 1-1.5 cm thick and deeply cleft into rectangular plates by deep vertical and horizontal cracks (Fig. 1). ...
... The phytochemical investigation of the tested extract demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. Hence, the hepatoprotective activity of P. santalinus may be correlated to its components including alkaloid, triterpenoid, saponins, and flavonoidal constituentst [Baek et al., 1996; Metha et al.,1999; Tran et al., 2001; Vijayan et al., 2003; Xiong et al., 2003; Dhanabal et al., 2007]. Vinay Kumar et al. [2010] investigated the effect of bark of P. santalinus on blood glucose, plasma insulin, and serum lipids, and the activities of hepatic glucose metabolizing enzymes in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. ...
Pterocarpus santalinus Linn.f., commonly known as Red sanders, belongs to the family Fabaceae. It is endemic to India and considered globally endangered, with illegal harvest being a key threat. The plant is renowned for its characteristic timber of exquisite color, beauty, and superlative technical qualities. The red wood yields a natural dye santalin, which is used in coloring pharmaceutical preparations and foodstuffs. In the traditional system of medicine, the decoction prepared from the heartwood is attributed various medicinal properties. It has been used in inducing vomiting and treating eye diseases, mental aberrations, and ulcers. The heartwood of Red sanders is known to have antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, tonic, hemorrhage, dysentery, aphrodisiac, and diaphoretic activities. It has also been used as a cooling agent. Ethanol extract of stem bark was reported to possess anti-hyperglycaemic activity. The wood in combination with other drugs is also prescribed for snake bites and scorpion stings. Phytochemical investigations of aqueous and ethanol extracts of stem bark revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, saponins, glycosides, flavonoides, triterpenoides, sterols, and tannins. The heart wood
contains isoflavone glucosides and two anti-tumour lignans, viz., savinin and calocedrin. However, the species has remained unexplored for many pharmacological activities claimed. The present paper reviewed botany, uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of P. santalinus.
... The hepatic changes associated with the low and medium doses of both ethanol and ethyl acetate tuber extracts seem to be mild compared with the changes seen in the rats given the high (500 mg/kg bw) dose of the ethyl acetate extract. In a previous study on the protective and therapeutic effects of the Ptrocarpus santalinus on D-galactosamine hydrochloride-induced hepatic damage in rats, Dhanabal et al. (2007) reported nuclear pyknosis and intense cytoplasmic acidophilia in hepatocytes. Similar results have also been reported in liver of rats receiving Trifolium sp. ...
The present study was conducted to evaluate the histopathological effects of Maerua pseudopetalosa ethyl acetate and ethanol tuber extracts on the liver and heart of Wistar rats. The extracts were administered at 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight for one week. Daily oral dose of 500 mg/kg body weight of the ethanol extract lead to six spontaneous mortalities; three in the second day of dosing and the other three at day six. Liver sections of rats given the ethanolic extract at a concentration of 50 mg/kg body weight (bw) showed loss of hepatocyte nuclei, nuclear pyknosis and in some cells cytoplasmic acidophilia. Increasing the concentration to 250 mg/kg bw was associated with dilated blood vessels and hepatic sinusoids. Rats receiving the ethyl acetate extract at a concentration of 50 mg/kg bw exhibited variations in the size of hepatocyte nuclei and karyolysis in some cases while the 250 mg/kg bw dose caused only slight sinusoidal dilation. Cytoplasmic vacuolation and dilated sinusoids were seen in liver sections of rats giventhe 500 mg/kg bw dose of the ethyl acetate extract. The heart sections of rats treated with 50 mg/kg bw and 250 mg/kg bw of the ethanol extract showed almost normal appearances but pale staining and elongated muscle nuclei were observed in some sections. The heart sections of the rats treated with 50 mg/kg bw of the ethyl acetate extract showed separation of muscles; some myocytesexhibited slight fragmentation and others had deepeosinophilic staining. Separation of heart muscles and increased interstitial cells were seen in heart sections of rats treated with 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg bw, respectively.
... The presence of flavonoids entails that this plant leaves extracts may be a good antioxidant, free radical scavenger and anti-lipoperoxidant, leading to their hepato-protective property. Previous study revealed that the mechanism of action of this plant extract may be compared to that of silymarin (positive control) due to their considerable amount of flavonoid content present 21 . ...
Background: Anthocleista vogelii leaves extract is used traditionally in Nigeria for the treatment and management of various diseases but with very little or no scientific evidence. Herein, the ethnopharmacological potential of A. vogelii methanol extract in the treatment of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in albino rats was evaluated by determining different biochemical parameters in serum and tissues. Materials and Methods: The activities of serum liver enzymes like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), concentrations of protein (total protein, albumin and globulin), and Lipid profile (concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides) were evaluated using standard procedures. Results: The phytochemical screening of the methanol extract of A. vogelii revealed the presence of five (5) phytochemicals (tannin, saponin, flavonoid, phenol, alkaloid and fat) and absence of terpenoid and glycoside. A dose-dependent study was conducted and oral administration of A. vogelii methanol leaves extract at a dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight significantly (P<0.05) reduced the hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 on the serum enzymes, proteins and lipid profile. Conclusion: From the observations, it can be concluded that, the methanol leaves extract of A. vogelii stabilized the hepatic frame against the toxicity of CCl4 by protecting the cells of the liver.
... P. santalinus is a deciduous tree of moderate size having very hard dark purple heart-wood, and it is bitter in flavor (Dhanabal et al., 2007). Its bark thickness is 1-1.5 cm and intensely split into quadrangular plates by deep vertical and horizontal cracks and is blackish-brown in color. ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Pterocarpus santalinus, an ancient folk medicine, is endemic to the eastern ghats of south India, and the heartwood is prescribed since time immemorial for the mitigation of inflammatory disorders in traditional practice and ayurvedic system of medicines.
Aim of the study:
This review aims to provide collective pieces of information of the traditional uses, phytochemicals, and pharmacological facets of P. santalinus, with an intuition for promoting future research to explore its pharmaceutical potential as a therapeutic agent against modern maladies.
Material and methods:
Extensive literature search was performed to collate the data by using various electronic search engines. A network pharmacology-based approach is incorporated for validation of traditional claims orbiting around anti-inflammatory properties and directed its future exploration against obesity, ovarian inflammation, ovarian folliculogenesis, and inflammatory breast cancer.
Results:
In a nutshell, the present review encompasses the phytochemistry, pharmacology of this species intending to sensitize the scientific community for future research on this promising plant. Nearly 85 chemical constituents are reported from the plants wherein bark and leaves are enriched with the lupane and oleanane class of triterpene while sesquiterpenes and polyphenolic compounds are predominantly present in the heartwood of the plant. Although phytochemical investigations are being reported since the mid-twentieth century however there has been recent interest in the evaluation of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-viral, etc. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, a systematic phytochemical analysis and pharmacological exploration in close collaboration for establishing the therapeutic potential of the chemical constituents present in P. santalinus is recommended to substantiate the traditional claims for bringing it into the mainstream pharmaceutical and commercial utilization.
... Therefore, ALT, AST, and LDH enzymes are present at low concentrations in serum and increase in the blood due to the development of tissue damages, particularly hepatic tissues (Dixon, Hodson, & Kaiser, 1987;Mozhdeganloo, Jafari, Koohi, & Heidarpour, 2015). To confirm our result, many documents declare herbal medicines have been used to medicate liver diseases by their antioxidant properties such as scavenging free radicals, chelating metal ions, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, protecting the membrane permeability properties, and preventing liver glutathione depletion (Alqasoumi, Al-Howiriny, & Abdel-Kader, 2008;Banaee et al., 2011;Kumar et al., 2005;Palanisamy, Kannan, & Bhojraj, 2007;Premalakshmi & Thenmozhi, 2011). ...
In this study, the effect of oral administration of chaste tree fruit (CTF) extract was evaluated on growth performance, hematological indices, serum biochemical parameters, and the expression of growth and appetite-related genes in goldfish (Carassius auratus). The fry (N = 300; 2.40 ± 0.12 g) were randomly dispersed into 12 aquaria and fed with different levels of CTF extract (0 (control), 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) for 56 days. At the end of the trial, the highest body weight gain and the lowest feed conversion ratio were observed in the fish fed with 1.5% CTF extract (P < 0.05). The group fed with CTF extract at 1.5% showed the highest levels of red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum albumin (P < 0.05), while no significant changes were observed for mean corpuscular volume, mean hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration among all groups (P > 0.05). The levels of aspartate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase were decreased by increasing the supplementation levels of CTF extract and the lowest values were obtained in 1.5% CTF extract diet (P < 0.05). The expression of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, and ghrelin genes was significantly up-regulated in the fish fed with 1.5% CTF extract compared to other treatments (P < 0.05). Overall, the enrichment of goldfish diet with 1.5% CTF extract could interfere positively in the growth-related traits and hematological parameters.
... Keppler et al. (1974), suggested that the toxicity of D-GalN is mainly related to the depletion of uridine pools that are associated with limited ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein synthesis through a decrease in the cellular UTP concentration, thus altering hepatocellular functions. According to Palanisamy et al. (2007), rapid depletion of uridine diphosphate glucose appears to be the first biochemical lesion, followed by defects in glycoprotein synthesis which is secondary biochemical lesion. This leads to eventual damage of cellular membranes and ultimately to spotty liver cell necrosis. ...
The hepatoprotective effect of the leaf ethanolic extract of coded plant (Code No. 222 **) against D-Galactosamine induced hepatic injury in Wistar albino rats was evaluated in the present study. The animals were divided into different groups and treated with 222 leaf ethanolic extract at different doses (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) and Silymarin (100 mg/kg) for five days. Hepatotoxicity was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of D-Galactosamine (D-GalN) (400 mg/kg) 2 h after the drug treatments. D-GalN treated rats developed hepatic damage and it is indicated by the significant (P≤0.05) increase in serum hepatic enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and serum bilirubin (SB) levels. D-GalN toxicity also resulted in a significant (P≤0.05) increase in other serum biochemical parameter levels in toxin control group compared to the normal control. Pretreatment with coded plant 222 leaf ethanolic extract (125 mg/kg) caused significant (P≤0.05) reduction of increased serum enzymes and other biochemical parameters in D-GalN induced hepatotoxic animals. The reduced levels of hepatic enzymes and serum bilirubin levels exhibited by 222 (125 mg/kg) was comparable to the standard control Silymarin. The histopathological analysis also supported the hepatoprotective effect of the leaf extract. The results of the present study indicated that coded plant 222 leaf extract (125 mg/kg) can effectively protect against D-Galactosamine (D-GalN) induced liver damage in experimental animals.
... Reduction in the levels of AST and ALT towards their normal values is an indication of stabilization of plasma membranes as well as repair of hepatic tissue damage caused by Paracetamol. This effect is in agreement with the view that serum levels of the transaminases return to normal with healing of the hepatic parenchyma and regeneration of hepatocytes [24] . ...
Amritarishta (AMR), an ayurvedic preparation, is widely used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of pain & fever in the rural population. The hepatoprotective effect of AMR was investigated through Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity Model. It was administered at 2.5, 5, and 10 ml/kg dose of AMR to Sprague-Dawley rats. Obtained data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey posthoc analysis. In the paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity model, AMR exhibited a dose-dependent and statistically significant hepatoprotective effect upto 5ml/kg dose evident by its suppressive effect on elevation of different serum hepatic enzymes and lipid peroxidation of liver caused by chronic paracetamol overdose. However, the higher dose (10ml/kg) of AMR failed to be proved better hepatoprotective than that of 5ml/kg dose. AMR, at the dose of 5ml/kg, was able to inhibit serum AST, ALT, Bilirubin, ALP and liver lipid peroxidation was comparable to standard Silymarin at 100mg/kg dose, elicited suppressive activity of 70.1% (p<0.01), 80.72% (p<0.001), 78.57% (p<0.01), 89.55% (p<0.001) and 70.32% (p<0.01) respectively. The results suggest that AMR has good potential as a hepatoprotective agent.
... In the D-galactosamine induced acute hepatotoxic model pretreatment with methanolic extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum offered hepatoprotection as evidenced by the inhibition of the increase in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Total Bilirubin and Direct bilirubin levels. In addition, the absence of necrotic lesions in liver samples of the extract-treated group, suggests that the hepatoprotective action may be due to membrane stabilizing effects in hepatic cells 16 . Paracetamol is a common analgesic and antipyretic drug. ...
s Hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum seed was investigated against D-Galactosamine and paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in wistar albino rats. Silymarin was used as the reference standard at 50mg/kg orally. Rats were divided in 5 groups each containing 6 animals. Group-I and Group-II were administered saline and Group-III was administered Silymarin (50mg/kg). Group-IV (200 mg/kg b.w) and Group-V (400 mg/kg) were administered MEMUS. The degree of protection was determined by the estimation of biochemical parameter like Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphate (ALP), Bilirubin (Direct and Total). The 95% methanolic extract of fruit of Macrotyloma uniflorum (MEMUS) at the dose of (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg) produced a dose dependant reduction in biochemical parameters like SGPT, SGOT, ALP, Bilirubin (Direct & Total) as well as in morphological parameters in D-Galctosamine and paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The histopathological study further supported the hepatoprotective activity of the test extract. Maximum protection was seen at 400mg/kg MEMUS. t Macrotyloma uniflorum seed showed significant hepatoprotactive properties in wistar albino rats.
... The hepato-protective activity of P. santalinus may be correlated to its containing alkaloid, triterpenoid and flavonoidal constituents. P. santalinus protects the liver from severe damage caused by D-galN and may serve as a useful adjuvant in several clinical conditions associated with liver damage [12] . ...
Herbal medicines are often referred as phyto-medicines-mainly obtained from plant sources like wood, bark leaves, seeds, berries, roots, leaves or flowers for medicinal purposes. Red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus) wood a highly valued and medicinally important wood which is much in demand in domestic and international market, particularly China and Japan. Red sanders wood of best quality fetches an average price of Rs. 12,00,000/-per ton, but the non-grade wood obtains Rs. 8,00,000/-per ton as per the government rate. Red sanders have a localized distribution in dry and hilly areas of southern part of Andhra Pradesh and northern part of Tamil Nadu. The red dye obtained from the wood is used as colouring agent for textile, medicine and food. The heartwood can accumulate various elements and rare earth elements like strontium cadmium, zinc, copper and uranium. The wood has different uses in traditional and folklore medicines and is used for the treatment of diabetes, prickly heat, skin diseases, ulcers, eye diseases, inducing vomiting, mental aberrations, snake bites, scorpion stings and for various other ailments. The heartwood is known to have antihyperglycaemic activity, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, tonic, hemorrhage, dysentery, aphrodisiac, diaphoretic activities and cooling agent. This review discovers the phytochemical and pharmacological effects of the P. santalinus and compiled essential information will be helpful for further investigation. However, the species has remained unexplored for many pharmacological activities claimed. Thus, this paper reviewed about phytochemical and pharmacological/ biological activities.
... It is belongs to fabaceae and bija is native to India, Nepal and Sri lanka. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28] III. ...
... Cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity may be manifested by occurrence of inflammatory state or by direct toxic action of cadmium on liver cells [44]. The absence of necrotic lesions in liver of extract-treated animals suggests that the hepatoprotective action may be due to membrane stabilizing effects in hepatic cells [77]. These findings agree with those of Sree Ramamurthy and Srinivasan [78], where it was reported that the pre-treatment of rats with Tephrosia purpurea offered hepatoprotection via membrane stabilizing effect in hepatic cells. ...
The protective potentials of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) leaf extracts on cadmium-induced hepatic damage were investigated. Thirty five (35) female Wistar rats were completely randomized into 7 groups (A-G) of 5 rats each. Group A received 0.5 ml distilled water only; group B received 10 mg/kg body weight CdCl 2 ; group C received the standard drug, silymarin; groups D and E received 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of leaf extract of V. amygdalina (LEVA) respectively; while groups F and G received 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of squeezed leaf extract V. amygdalina (SLEVA) respectively. The animals in groups C-G were orally administered 10 mg/kg body weight CdCl 2 3 hours after the oral administration of silymarin or the extract for 10 days. There was a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the serum total protein and albumin concentrations in the animals intoxicated with cadmium when compared to the normal control group with the pre-administration of silymarin or Vernonia amygdalina leaf extracts. There were also significant reduction (p<0.05) in the superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione concentrations in the liver of intoxicated rats. The catalase activity and malondialdehyde concentrations in the liver of the intoxicated untreated rats were however, significantly increased (p<0.05) compared to the normal control group and the extract-treated groups. The results suggest that the processed Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract exhibited protective potentials against liver damage with the SLEVA having the highest potentials. This might be due to the antioxidant properties contained in the extract. It can therefore be concluded from the above results that processed Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract have protective effect against cadmium-induced hepatic damage in female albino rats.
... The high value has led to an increase in illegal logging of Pterocarpus, which results in a threat to wild Pterocarpus populations. Among the Pterocarpus genus, P. santalinus, which is primarily distributed in south India, is the most valuable species [7]. It is also the most commonly used wood species in the Chinese traditional furniture. ...
Pterocarpus santalinus and Pterocarpus tincorius are commonly used traded timber species of the genus Pterocarpus. P. santalinus has been listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). As a non-CITES species, P. tincorius is also indiscriminately labeled as P. santalinus due to the similar macroscopic and microscopic features with P. santalinus. In order to understand the molecular discrimination between these easily confused species, xylarium heartwoods of these two species were extracted by three different kinds of solvents and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Multivariate analyses were also applied for the selection of marker compounds that are distinctive between P. santalinus and P. tincorius. A total of twenty volatile compounds were detected and tentatively identified in three kinds of extracts, and these compounds included alcohols, stilbenoids, esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, miscellaneous, phenols, and flavonoids. GC-MS analyses also revealed that extraction solvents including ethanol and water (EW), ethyl acetate (EA), and benzene–ethanol (BE) gave the best chemotaxonomical discrimination in the chemical components and relative contents of the two Pterocarpus species. After chemometric analyses, EW displayed higher predictive accuracy (100%) than those of EA extract (83.33%) and BE extract (83.33%). Furthermore, spathulenol (17.58 min) and pterostilbene (23.65 min) were elucidated as the critical compounds for the separation of the EW extracts of P. santalinus and P. tinctorius. Thus, a protocol of GC-MS and multivariate analyses was developed to use for successfully distinguishing P. santalinus from P. tinctorius.
... Driven by huge economic benefits, illegal logging has resulted in a sharp decrease in Pterocarpus stocks in tropical forests. Pterocarpus santalinus (an accepted botanical name of species in the genus Ptero-carpus in The Plant List 2013) is the most valuable species of Pterocarpus in south India (Palanisamy et al. 2007). It is very heavy (specific gravity approx. ...
Pterocarpus santalinus , listed in CITES Appendix II, is an endangered timber species as a result of illegal harvesting due to its high value and commercial demand. The growing demand for P. santalinus and timbers with the morphologically similar Pterocarpus tinctorius has resulted in confusion as well as identification problems. Therefore, it is of vital importance to explore reliable ways to accurately discriminate between P. santalinus and P. tinctorius . In this study, the method of direct analysis in real time and fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (DART-FTICR-MS), combined with multivariate statistical analysis, was used to extract chemical information from xylarium wood specimens and to explore the feasibility of distinguishing these two species. Significant differences were observed in their DART-FTICR-MS spectra. Orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed the highest prediction, with an accuracy of 100%. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of authenticating wood types using DART-FTICR-MS coupled with multivariate statistical analysis.
... The roots, bark, and leaves of P. santalinus have been used in traditional Indian, Chinese, and Korean medicine as anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, tonic, antihemorrhagic, antidysenteric, antihyperglycemic, and diaphoretic agents [14]. Previous studies have shown that the extracts of P. santalinus exhibit antimicrobial [15], antioxidant [16], hepatoprotective [17], antidiabetic [18], gastroprotective [19], and wound healing effects [20] in in vivo models. Continuous triggering of inflammation and changes in macrophage functions induce AD [21]. ...
Pterocarpus santalinus has been traditionally used as a medicinal plant owing to its anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, tonic, antihyperglycemic, and diaphoretic properties. We hypothesized that P. santalinus might have therapeutic potential in alleviating allergy and atopic dermatitis. Thus, we investigated the inhibitory effects of P. santalinus extract against allergic responses and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like dorsal skin lesions using immunoglobulin E-sensitized rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 mast cells and NC/Nga mice. Degranulation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were conducted to measure degranulation, proinflammatory cytokine levels, and prostaglandin E2 concentrations in immunoglobulin E/antigen-sensitized RBL-2H3 mast cells. The therapeutic efficacy of P. santalinus extract in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis was evaluated through morphological, physiological, and immunological analysis. P. santalinus extract inhibited β-hexosaminidase and histamine release and reduced tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-4, and prostaglandin E2 secretion. Furthermore, P. santalinus extract suppressed atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions by regulating the serum levels of immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin G2a, and messenger ribonucleic acid expression of T helper cell 1- and T helper cell 2-related mediators in the skin lesions. Histopathological analyses showed a decrease in epidermal thickness and intradermal inflammatory cell infiltration. These results suggested that P. santalinus extract might have beneficial effects in treating allergic and atopic dermatitis-like skin disorders.
... It plays the role of maintenance and regulation of homeostasis of www.idosr.org the body system. Liver function tests are tests that are carried to critically evaluate function of the liver for example metabolism, storage, filtration and excretion [8]. AST is found in the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys brain and red blood cells.SerumAST level, serum ALT (alanine aminotransferase) levels and their ratio (AST/ALT ratio) are commonly measured clinically as biomarkers for liver health. ...
Various parts of Pterocarpus santalinoids are used by traditional medicine practitionersin Eastern Nigeria in management and treatment of several disorders such as heart and liver related diseases. This research was carried out to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of fresh leaves of Pterocarpus santalinoids on serum activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in albino rats. A total of twenty-five (25) adult malealbino rats were used in this study. They were randomly distributed into five groups (A, B, C, D and E), with each group contained five rats. Groups A, B, C and D were administered 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg body weight respectively of the extract for seven (7) consecutive days. Group E was used as control. There was a decrease in physical activities, the rate of feed and water intake and body weight of the animal in the test groups when compared with the control. AST and ALT activitiesin the animals given the extract (200-600mg/kg) were significantly lower (P<0.05) than the control group, while those of the group administered 800mg/kg were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control. This effect was found to be dose dependent. The difference between serum total protein concentrations in the tests groups and the control was not significant (P > 0.05). These results indicated that aqueous extract of fresh leaves Pterocarpus santalinoids may possess hepatoprotective potential, especially at doses not greater than 600mg/kg body weight. This may be responsible for the application of the leaves of Pterocarpus santalinoids in the management of liver related disorders.
... The protective effect of P. santalinus seed extract may be in part due to santalin A, B, the main constituents of P. santalinus. Hence, the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities of P. santalinus may be attributed to its components including alkaloid, triterpenoid, saponins and flavonoidal constituents (Metha et al., 1999;Tran et al., 2001;Vijayan et al., 2003;Xiong et al., 2003;Dhanabal et al., 2007). ...
In the present study, the ameliorative effect of an aqueous extract of Pterocarpus santalinus against coragen induced haematological changes, biochemical alterations and oxidative damage in Charles foster rats was undertaken. Coragen administration (1000 mg kg-1 body weight orally for 6 weeks) was associated with significant rise in serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, urea, uric acid and creatinine and enhanced lipid peroxidation which is evident by significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Furthermore, significant changes in the haematological indices (red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin percentage, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume of RBCs, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and white blood cell (WBC) count) were observed. Treatment with aqueous seed extract of P. santalinus (300 mg kg-1 body weight orally for 30 days) attenuated the oxidative stress and improved haematological as well as biochemical alterations evoked by Coragen. Thus, P. santalinus possesses ameliorative effect against coragen induced toxicity.
... Pterocapus santalinus Linn is a small to medium sized deciduous tree, with an extremely hard, dark purple heartwood with a bitter flavour. [16] Bark is blackish brown, 1-1. Linn. is very low due to several reasons. ...
Pterocarpus santalinus Linn. commonly known as Red Sandalwood belongs to the family Fabaceae. It is is used in India and other parts of the world, with illegal harvest being a key threat. The plant is renowned for its characteristic timber of exquisite color and beauty. The Red Sandalwood has natural dye i.e santalin, which is used as coloring agent in pharmaceutical preparations and foodstuffs. In the traditional system of medicine, the decoction from the heartwood is attributed various medicinal properties. It is used in ulcers, eye diseases, inducing vomiting and mental aberrations. The heartwood is known to have antihyperglycaemic activity, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, anthelmintic, tonic, hemorrhage, dysentery, aphrodisiac, diaphoretic activities and also used as a cooling agent. It has been reported that wood in combination with other drugs is prescribed for snake bites and scorpion stings. Phytochemical studies of this plant indicate that it contains substances such as alkaloids, phenols, saponins, glycosides, flavonoides, triterpenoides, sterols and tannins. In addition, heart wood contains isoflavone, glucosides and two antitumour lignans, viz., savinin and calocedrin. This review explores the phytochemical and pharmacological effects of the Pterocarpus santalinus Linn and compiles vital information that may assist researchers on what is known about this plant for further investigation. However, the species has remained unexplored for many pharmacological activities claimed. Hence, the present paper reviewed about phytochemical, pharmacological and medicinal uses of Pterocarpus santalinus Linn.
... Silymarin is a standardized hepatoprotective extract of Silybum marianum (Compositae) that reverses hepatotoxininduced alterations of biochemical parameters. It has been, for a long time, the most thoroughly investigated of all the hepatoprotective medicinal plants in preventing liver damage induced by carbontetrechloride, D-GalN and paracetamol in rat models [9]. Silymarin has been employed as a standard for comparison in our study. ...
Recently, a trend has developed towards employing certain herbal medicines to manage hepatotoxicity. The present study is that of an assessment of the efficacy of a herbal preparation of Salivin (HPS), a combination of the herbs of Saussurea amara (L.)DC., Salsola collina Pall., Achillea asiatica Serg. and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, in rabbit models, against CCl4-induced hepatic damage. In so doing, an extract of HPS (200 mg/kg body weight/day), along with reference control tablets of Carsil (Silymarin 35 mg) (250 mg/kg body weight/day) (which is known for its hepatoprotective effects) were administered, along with the standard diet.
The experimental group of rabbits received HPS orally for 28 days, which resulted in a decrease in blood enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase), compared to the control.
Evidenced by biochemical and histopathological studies, it is concluded that the polyherbal formulation HPS showed hepatoprotective activity against induced CCl4 hepatotoxicity in rabbits.
... It is widely distributed in the tropical regions of the world, especially in India, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and China (Navada and Hari, 2014). P. santalinus extract showed anti-microbial (Manjunatha, 2006a), antioxidant (Wu et al., 2011b), hepato-protective (Dhanabal et al., 2007), anti-diabetic (Kondeti et al., 2010), gastro-protective (Narayana et al., 2005 and wound healing mechanisms (Kumar, 2011). Also available literature demonstrated the presence of several phytocompounds in heartwood powder in particular santalin A, B and Y, pterocarpol, pter ocarptriol, isopterocarpalone, pterocarpodiolone, cryptomeridol and several non-specific compounds such as isoflavones, isoflavonoid glucosides, triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, β-sitosterol, lupeol, epicatechin, lignans and pterostilbeans (Cho et al., 2001;Kesari et al., 2004). ...
Alcohol consumption is the third leading cause of global deaths due to Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), accounting for 4.5% of total deaths. The present investigation aimed at forwarding P. san-talinus heartwood extract (PSE) as a potential therapeutic agent to alleviate alcohol -induced oxidative stress and tissue damage. In this study male albino Wistar rats were treated with 20% alcohol (5g/kg b.wt/day) and PSE (250mg/kg b.wt/day) for 60 days. Results showed that chronic alcohol administration significantly (P<0.05) in-creased lipid peroxides and nitric oxide (NOx) levels in heart and lung tissues, surprisingly these levels were brought back close to normal level by PSE administration to alcohol administered rats. Moreover, alcohol admi n- istration decreased the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), gluta- thione-s transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in heart and lung, which were significantly raised to normal level by the administration of PSE. Phytoextracts contain sev-eral active components acting on different potential molecular targets/sites at a time rendering protection and ameliorating alcoholic damage or toxicity and/or by reducing the burden of alcohol related diseases and risk. Fu r- thermore, alcohol induced tissue da mage mitigation by the PSE was confirmed by histopathological restoration in heart and lung. Multiple phytocompounds like santalins, lignans, lupeol, pterostilbenes present in PSE might have shown protection against alcohol-induced damage by exhibiting strong free radical scavenging activity and acting at different signalling mechanisms or modulating the factors involved in gene expression.
... This observation is in concordance with the findings revealed that Silymarin prevented all the changes observed in CCL4 hepatocirrhotic rats which could be attributed to both its antioxidant and membrane stabilizing action (38) or as result of membrane stabilization, neutralization of the free radical and immune modulation occurred in experimental animals (39). Concerning the effect of Silymarin in the present study, the obtained results agreed with what reported that treatment with Silymarin at 25 mg/kg body weight to Wistar albino rats after the induction of liver damage by D galactosamine, was able to normalize the serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, total protein levels (40). Also, Silymarin significantly reduced the liver toxicity in rats indicated by decline of the levels of AST, ALT and ALP activities in serum as compared to toxicated rats (41). ...
... In the D-galactosamine induced acute hepatotoxic model pretreatment with methanolic extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum offered hepatoprotection as evidenced by the inhibition of the increase in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Total Bilirubin and Direct bilirubin levels. In addition, the absence of necrotic lesions in liver samples of the extract-treated group, suggests that the hepatoprotective action may be due to membrane stabilizing effects in hepatic cells 16 . Paracetamol is a common analgesic and antipyretic drug. ...
Hepatoprotective activity of 95% methanolic extract was investigated against D-Galactosamine  and paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in wistar albino rats. Silymarin was used as the reference standard at 50mg/kg orally and it showed effect in both the hepatotoxicity models. Rats were divided in 5 groups each group contains 6 animals. The degree of protection was determined by the estimation of biochemical parameter like SGPT, SGOT, ALP, Bilirubin (Direct & Total). In histopathological study was also carried out.The 95% methanolic extract of fruit of Macrotyloma uniflorum (MEMUS) at the dose of (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg) produced a dose dependant  reduction in biochemical parameter like SGPT, SGOT, ALP, Bilirubin (Direct & Total) as well as in morphological parameters in D-Galctosamine and paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The histopathological study further supported the hepatoprotective activity of the test extract. Maximum protection was seen at 400mg/kg Macrotyloma uniflorum seed extract. The results of the present investigation indicated that Macrotyloma uniflorum seed has significant hepatoprotactive properties.
... In the D-galactosamine induced acute hepatotoxic model pretreatment with methanolic extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum offered hepatoprotection as evidenced by the inhibition of the increase in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Total Bilirubin and Direct bilirubin levels. In addition, the absence of necrotic lesions in liver samples of the extract-treated group, suggests that the hepatoprotective action may be due to membrane stabilizing effects in hepatic cells 16 . Paracetamol is a common analgesic and antipyretic drug. ...
Objective
To investigate hepatoprotective activity of the methanolic extract of Fagonia indica Burm. on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats.Methods
Animals in Group 1 served as vehicle control, Group 2 served as hepatotoxin (CCl4 2ml/kg, s.c) treated group, Group 3 served as standard (Silymarin 50mg/kg, p.o.) treated group. Group4 and 5 served as methanolic extract of Fagonia indica (MEFI) in different doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b.w., p.o). The degree of protection was determined by measuring levels of biochemical marker like SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Bilirubin (Total & Direct) and Cholesterol. The histopathological studies also show the hepatic protection of the test extracts.ResultsThe levels of the biochemical parameters such as SGPT, SGOT, ALP, Total bilirubin, Direct bilirubin and Cholesterol were significantly increased in CCl4 treated rats when compared with the normal group (P<0.05), but the MEFI (400 mg/kg, bw) treated rats showed maximum reduction of SGOT (114.83±1.51), SGPT (164.33±1.25), ALP (154.83±1.53), Total bilirubin (1.55±0.01), Direct bilirubin (0.65±0.009) and Cholesterol (193.00±1.06) in a significant manner. Histopathological studies also reveal the hepatoprotection property of MEFI in a dose dependent manner.Conclusions
These results suggest that MEFI in different doses showed significant hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity and this might be due to the presence of flavonoids and tannins. Further research is sought to explore the exact mechanism of action and phytoconstituents responsible for the pharmacological response.
... On day 14 D-Ga1N (400 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was administered to all the groups except group I animals. [8] Twenty four hours after D-Ga1N administration, blood was collected into centrifuge tubes under light ether anaesthesia by puncturing the retro-orbital plexus. The blood was allowed to clot and separated by centrifugation at 2500 rpm. ...
Santolina chamaecyparissus Linn. is used traditionally in Ayurvedic system of medicine in
India for the treatment of liver diseases, and as a liver tonic. Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of Santolina
chamaecyparissus Linn. whole plant was tested for its hepatoprotective effect against D-galactosamine induced
hepatic damage in rats at a dose of 250°mg/kg. Results: The substantially elevated levels of aspartate amino
transferase (ASAT), alanine amino transferase (ALAT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGL), total protein (TP) and albumin (TA) were restored
significantly (p<0.001) by the extract The hepatoprotective effect was comparable to that of standard silymarin.
Results of histopathological studies supported these findings. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the present study
that, the hydroalcoholic extract of Santolina chamaecyparissus Linn. has appreciable hepatoprotective potential.
... On day 14 D-Ga1N (400 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was administered to all the groups except group I animals. [8] Twenty four hours after D-Ga1N administration, blood was collected into centrifuge tubes under light ether anaesthesia by puncturing the retro-orbital plexus. The blood was allowed to clot and separated by centrifugation at 2500 rpm. ...
... In agreement, silymarin has been long used in the treatment for liver diseases because of this herbal medicine markedly restored liver enzyme activities due to its antioxidant properties scavenging free radicals and chelating metal ions, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, protecting the membrane permeability properties, and preventing liver glutathione depletion ( Valenzuela et al. 1989;Borsari et al. 2001;Ramadan et al. 2002;Pradeep et al. 2007;El-shitany et al. 2008;Shaarawy et al. 2009). Silymarin extracts were compared with other herbal extracts such as Careya arborea ( Kumar et al. 2005), Pterocarpus santalinus ( Palanisamy et al. 2007), Aloe vera, Clematis hirsute, Cucumis prophetarum ( Alqasoumi et al. 2008), and Hybanthus enneaspermus (Premalakshmi and Thenmozhi 2011). In these studies, silymarin has been used as a positive control in rats due to its hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects against liver injury induced by several xenobiotics such as intoxication by carbon tetrachloride or by D-galactosamine or paracetamol ingestion. ...
Silymarin, an extract from "milk thistle" (Silybum marianum) plant is traditionally used as herbal medicine. The present study was conducted to investigate the clinical effects and possible side effects of silymarin on biochemical blood parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fishes were treated with 0 (control), 100, 400, and 800 mg of silymarin per kg of food during 4 weeks. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), glucose, total protein, creatinine, triglyceride, cholesterol, urea, uric acid and liver cellular total antioxidant, and protein content were measured after 7, 14, and 28 days of silymarin treatment. The results showed that oral administration of silymarin in fish significantly reduced plasma glucose and cholesterol levels and relatively increased plasma total protein and globulin concentrations (P < 0.05). Increasing plasma albumin levels indicate the important role of albumin in drug transportation in circulatory system of fish. Silymarin also stabilized cellular membrane structure and regulated the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, CK, and LDH activity. In conclusion, on the basis of these results, oral administration of silymarin up to 400 mg per 1 kg of food has no side effect on blood biochemical and clinical parameters of fishes. However, oral administration of 800 mg/kg- of silymarin caused cytotoxicity and modifications in blood biochemical parameters of fish.
Medicinal active herbal plants and their phyto-constituents have proven for their chief role in promoting health care system. India has awide diversity of medicinal plants, local population as well as traditional healers used them in the treatment of many diseases. In recent time’s plants or their originated products used as raw food as well as medicine. Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) method used for analysis of Pterocarpus santalinus L. f leaves hydroalcoholic extract can be interesting tool for testing the presence of some active phytoconstituents present in it. In this research paper our aim mainly concerned with identification of some bioactive compounds from the Pterocarpus santalinus L. f. leaves hydro-alcoholic extract by GC-MS. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various compounds like.
The main antioxidant present in blueberries is pterostilbene, also known as trans-3, 5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxystilbene. Pterostilbene's antioxidant activity has been shown in several research in both in vitro and in vivo conditions, demonstrating both preventative and therapeutic advantages. Pterostilbene's antioxidant activity has been linked to improvements in diabetes, attenuation of vascular disease, anti-inflammation, neurological illness regulation, and anticarcinogenesis.
A wide array of biological activities and potential health benefits of P. santalinus have been reported including antioxidative, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory properties as well as protective effects on the liver, gastric mucosa and nervous systems. All these protective effects were attributed to bioactive compounds present in P. santalinus. The present chapter describes the pharmacological effects of P. santalinus in health and disease with an update.
Aim
The occurrence of acute renal failure (ARF) cases continues to increase every year. Some of the cases are due to nephrotoxic effect caused by overdose of antibiotic consumption or abuse of the drug, gentamicin. An antibiotic therapy that can be used to overcome in such a case is the pomegranate extracts. However, until now, studies using pomegranate for cases of ARF have not been done. This study aims to determine changes in body weight, the levels of total protein (TP), and the levels of serum uric acid (UA) as a result of the pomegranate extract consumption.
Materials and Methods
A total number of 32 rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into four groups randomly. One group was assigned as the control group (P0) and given intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline and 0.3% carboxy methyl cellulose sodium (CMC) Na; P1 was provided with 80 mg/kg bw/i.p. gentamicin and 0.3% CMC Na orally, P2 was supplied with 80 mg/kg bw/i.p. gentamicin and ellagic acid in 0.3% CMC Na, and P3 was given 80 mg/kg bw/i.p. gentamicin and 150 mg/kg bw pomegranate extract in 0.3% CMC Na. The provision of treatment was carried out in 8 days and followed by making the overthrow of body weight and blood sampling for the examination of study variables.
Results
The results taken by doing the analysis of variance method for the four treatment groups show that the control group (P0) has significant differences from P1, P2, and P3 (p<0.05), but there are no significant differences among the other three treatment groups. Meanwhile, the average values of serum UA levels among P1, P2, and P3 indicate significant differences.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the administration of pomegranate extracts in the treatment of nephrotoxicity toward rats is effective to maintain normal body weight, normal TP levels, and the UA blood serum of the rats. As this study is a preventive therapy, it needs further researches about the effective dose as a curative therapy, its level of effectiveness and its long-term side effects.
Pterocarpus santalinus, a traditional medicinal plant has shown protective mechanisms against various complications. The aim of the present study is to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of P. santalinus heartwood methanolic extract (PSE) against alcohol-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress leading to hepatotoxicity. In-vitro studies revealed that PSE possess strong DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. For in vivo studies male albino Wistar rats were treated with 20% alcohol (5g/kg b.wt/day) and PSE (250mg/kg b.wt/day) for 60days. Results showed that alcohol administration significantly altered plasma lipid profile with marked increase in the levels of plasma transaminases (ALT and AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and gamma glutamyl transferase (γGT). Moreover, lipid peroxides, nitric oxide (NOx) levels in plasma and liver were increased with increased iNOS protein expression in liver was noticed in alcohol administered rats and these levels were significantly brought back close to normal level by PSE administration except iNOS protein expression. Alcohol administration also decreased the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-s transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in liver, which were significantly enhanced by administration of PSE. The active compounds pterostilbene, lignan and lupeols present in PSE might have shown protection against alcohol-induced hepatic damage by possibly reducing the rate of lipid peroxidation, NOx levels and increasing the antioxidant defence mechanism in alcohol administered rats. Both biochemical and histopathological results in the alcohol-induced liver damage model emphasize beneficial action of PSE as a hepatoprotective agent.
Objective: The plant sphaeranthus amaranthoides Burm.f is used in the district thriunalveli in the treatment of various liver disorders. Methods: in the present study the ethanol extract from sphaeranthus amaranthoides was studied against the D-galactosamine hepatotoxicity. Results: significant hepatoprotective effect was obtained against liver damage induced by the D-galactosamine as evident from changed antioxidant enzymes like CAT, SOD, GPx, GST, GSH, G6PD and GR and a normal architecture of liver and mitochondria compared to toxin controls. Conclusions: the results indicate that ethanol extract of the sphaeranthus amaranthoides could be useful in preventing D-galatosamine induced liver injury.
Liver diseases constitute a global concern, and available medical treatments have limited efficacy. Herbal medicines have been used for treatment of aliments since ancient times, and some plant extracts and natural compounds find applications as hepatoprotective active principles, while others adversely induced liver toxicity used for treatment of diseases unrelated to liver. Indeed, the liver represents the key "metabolic factory" in the organism and, therefore the most exposed organ to xenobiotics, and may be modulated by any compound irrespective to the purpose of use. This chapter reviews the modulatory effect of African medicinal plants on liver. We identified 47 medicinal plants, with 36 and 11 plants exhibiting hepatoprotective and hepatotoxic effect, respectively. The action mechanisms involved in the hepatotoxicity/hepoprotection by the identified plants are not well elucidated, though modulation of antioxidant system is emphasized. More in-depth research studies are needed to clarify the pathways and molecules involved in their action, and to investigate other unstudied medicinal plants, in order to guarantee their safe use.
The ethanolic extract obtained from roots of Operculina turpethum (Convolvulaceae) were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity in rats by inducing liver damage by paracetamol. The ethanol extract at an oral dose of 200 mg/kg exhibited a significant protective effect by lowering serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. These biochemical observations were supplemented by histopathological examination of liver sections. Silymarin was used as positive control.
D-galactosamine is a hepatotoxic agent, which induces diffuse injury of liver tissue followed by the regeneration process. Our data showed a high increase of serum aminotransferases after D-galactosamine administration, which indicates a high extent of liver injury. When lipid emulsion was applied immediately after D-galactosamine, the increase of serum aminotransferases was greatly reduced. In addition, the decrease of the cytochrome c oxidase activity induced by D-galactosamine was not observed after lipid emulsion administration and the increase of total liver oxidative capacity in the regeneration period due to activated mitochondrial biogenesis was accelerated. All these findings indicate a protective effect of lipid emulsion administration against D-galactosamine toxicity.
The ethyl acetate extract and rhizome powder obtained from rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus (Cyperaceae) were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity in rats by inducing liver damage by thioacetamide (TAA). The ethyl acetate extract at an oral dose of 100 mg / kg exhibited a significant protective effect by lowering serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. These biochemical observations were supplemented by histopathological examination of liver sections.Sylimarin was used as positive control.
Methanolic and water extracts of the wood of Ptreocarpus marsupium Roxb. and leaves of Butea frondosa Koen. ex. Roxb. were tested for antihepatotoxic activity on albino rats intoxicated with CCI4. Liver weight, pentobarbitone sleep time and biochemical paramters were studied. Both the plants lowered the elevated levels of SGOT, SGPT and SALP indicating promising antihepatotoxic activity.
Effect of carbontetrachloride treatment on hepatic and brain antioxidant status in rats pretreated with aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), nirocil (a tablet made up of aqueous extract of P. amarus), phyllanthin (a bioactive lignan from P. amarus), and silymarin were studied. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were estimated to monitor the extent of hepatocellur damage. Tissue lipid peroxide, ascorbic acid and total protein levels were used as the markers for functional and antioxidant efficiency of liver and brain cells. Phyllanthin reversed the elevated plasma aminotransferase levels but did not affect hepatic antioxidant status. In all the paradigms tested for hepatoprotection, nirocil, Silymarin and aqueous extract (90 mg/kg) showed significant protection. There was a drastic impairment in the functional and antioxidant status of brain on treatment with carbontetrachloride. None of the drugs except silymarin showed good protection against carbontetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation in the brain, but all these produced a significant increase in the protein levels. All the drugs administered, augmented the ascorbate levels in liver and brain, with the aqueous extract of P. amarus clearly outdoing the others.
Ursolic acid isolated from the leaves of Eucalyptus hybrid E. tereticornis showed a dose dependent (5-20 mg/kg) hepatoprotective activity (21-100%) in rats against thioacetamide, galactosamine and carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. These hepatotoxins decreased the viability of hepatocytes as assessed by trypan blue exclusion and rate of oxygen uptake tests and decreased the volume of bile as well as the level of its contents. Pretreatment with ursolic acid increased the viability of rat hepatocytes significantly. A potent dose dependent anticholestatic activity was observed in conscious rat by noticing an increase in bile flow and its contents. Ursolic acid had comparable activity to that of silymarin.
Ethanol extract of Piper longum fruits and five different crude fractions, petroleum ether (40-60°), solvent ether, ethyl acetate, butanol and butanone were subjected to preliminary qualitative chemical investigations. The ethanolic extract and all other fractions were screened orally for hepatoprotective activity in adult Wistar rats. The ethanolic extract and butanol fraction have shown significant activity, lowering the serum enzymes glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase in rats treated with carbon tetrachloride when compared to control and Liv-52-treated rats.
The total alkaloid fraction of the methanol extract of leaves of Solanum pseudocapsicum was tested for its hepatoprotective activity against CCl 4 induced toxicity in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes, HepG2 cells and animal models. The total alkaloid fraction was able to normalise the levels of aspartate amino transferase (ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglycerides (TGL), total proteins, albumin, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin, which were altered due to CCl 4 intoxication in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes and also in animal models. The antihepatotoxic effect of the total alkaloid fraction was observed at very low concentrations (6–10µg/ml) and was found to be superior to that of the standard used. A dose dependent increase in the percentage viability was observed when CCl 4 exposed HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of the total alkaloid fraction. The highest percentage viability of HepG2 was observed at a concentration of 10µg/ml. Its in vivo hepatoprotective effect at 20 mg/kg body weight was comparable with that of the standard at 250mg/kg body weight. The total alkaloid fraction merits further investigation to identify the active principles responsible for the hepatoprotective properties. The results from the present investigation also indicate well correlation between the in vivo and in vitro studies.
The pharmacological effects of Boussingaultia gracilis var. pseudobaselloides was studied against carrageenaninduced paw oedema, CCI4 and D-galactosamine (D-GalN) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The water extracts of B. gracilis var. pseudobaselloides (leaf, stem, brood bud) were found to maintain significant antiinflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced oedema. The administration of the brood bud extract (300 mg/kg) was more potent than indomethacin (10 mg/kg).
Moreover, the water extracts of B. gracilis var. pseudobaselloides (leaf, stem, brood bud) significantly decreased the acute increase in serum GOT and GPT levels caused by CCI4 and D-GalN. Histological changes such as necrosis, fatty change, ballooning degeneration, inflammatory infiltration of lymphocytes and Kupffer cells around the central vein (CCI4-induced hepatotoxicity) and portal vein (D-GalN induced hepatotoxicity), were simultaneously improved by the treatment with B. gracilis var. pseudobaselloides (leaf, stem, brood bud).
Two new steroidal alkaloids named capsimine and isocapsicastrine were isolated from the root bark of Solanum capsicastrum. Their structures were elucidated by chemical degradation and spectral data as (22R, 25R)-22,26-epiminocholest-5-ene-3 beta, 16 alpha-diol and (22S,25S)-O(3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-22,26-epiminocholest-5-ene-3 beta-16 alpha-diol, respectively. Capsicastrine, capsicastrine acetate, isoteinemine acetate, and etioline exhibited strong activity against liver damage induced by CCl4.
The new steroidal alkaloid capsimine-3-O-beta-D-glucoside [1] was isolated from the root bark of Solanum capsicastrum, and carpesterol [2], 3 beta-(p-hydroxy)-benzoyloxy-22 alpha-hydroxy-4 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-stigmast-7-en-6-one [3], and a new steroidal glycoside named indioside A [4] were isolated from the fruit of Solanum indicum. Indioside A was characterized as 3 beta-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2), beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4), beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-]alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(-->2)]-beta-D- glucopyranosyl]-diosgenin. Khasianine, dihydrosolasodine, capsimine, and capsimine-3-O-beta-D-glucoside exhibited strong activity against liver damage induced by CCl4. Capsimine and narigenin exhibited significant cytotoxic effect against human PLC/PRF/5 and KB cells in vitro, and capsicastrine and etioline exhibited significant cytotoxicity against human PLC/PRF/5 cells in vitro.
The triterpene daturaolone was isolated for the first time from Solanum arundo Mattei. The structure has been elucidated by comparison of MS and 1H NMR spectra with the reported literature data, and was confirmed by 13C NMR. The compound proved its potency in reducing the harmful effects or in maintaining the normal hepatic physiological mechanisms in both acute and chronic hepato-toxic induced liver damage in rats.
This study was carried out to see the hepatobiliary clearance of 99m Tc-Mebrofenin radiopharmaceutical in D-galactosamine induced hepatic rats. Furthermore, protective effect of turmeric extract has been studied in these hepatitis rats. Hepatitis was induced with intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (400 mg/kg b. wt) in these rats. 1% turmeric extract was given along with their normal diet for 15 days. Turmeric extract treatment significantly increased the hepatic uptake of radioactivity and accelerated the excretion of 99m Tc-Mebrofenin as compared to control rats. (P < 0.001). In D-galactosamine administered rats, a significant delay was observed in 99m Tc-Mebrofenin excretion as compared to controls. However, D-galactosamine administered rats, pretreated with turmeric extract or concurrently treated with turmeric extract showed a near normal pattern of 99m Tc-Mebrofenin excretion. Hence, it can be suggested that turmeric extract may improve the liver function by detoxification.
The study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of P. guajava in acute experimental liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride, paracetamol or thioacetamide and chronic liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride. The effects observed were compared with a known hepatoprotective agent, silymarin. In the acute liver damage induced by different hepatotoxins, P. guajava leaf extracts (250 and 500mg/kg, po) significantly reduced the elevated serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. The higher dose of the extract (500 mg/kg, po) prevented the increase in liver weight when compared to hepatoxin treated control, while the lower dose was ineffective except in the paracetamol induced liver damage. In the chronic liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride, the higher dose (500 mg/kg, po) of P. guajava leaf extract was found to be more effective than the lower dose (250 mg/kg, po). Histological examination of the liver tissues supported the hepatoprotection. It is concluded that the aqueous extract of leaves of guava plant possesses good hepatoprotective activity.
Treatment of rats with paracetamol and CCl4 produced a significant increase in the levels of serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total and direct bilirubin. Rats pretreated with methanolic extract of roots of H. indicus (100-500 mg/kg body weight, po) exhibited rise in the levels of these enzymes but it was significantly less as compared to those treated with paracetamol or CCl4 alone. The results of methanolic extract of H. indicus were comparable with the standard hepatoprotective agent silymarin (100 mg/kg). Maximum hepatoprotective effect was found to be at the dose of 250 mg/kg body weight in case of CCl4 induced hepatic damage while 500 mg/kg body weight in case of paracetamol induced hepatic damage. The results suggest that methanolic extract of H. indicus roots possesses a potential antihepatotoxic activity.
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