No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
The Principles of Political Economy (Book 2)
... A impulsividade de compra tem uma história do qual à associa com imaturidade, primitivismo, tolice, defeitos da vontade , nível baixo de inteligência, desvio dos padrões sociais e até mesmo criminalidade (Von Böhm-Bawerk, 1959;Freud, 1911;Mill, 1973). Porém mais recentemente, este comportamento tem sido caracterizado como pensamento especioso (Ainslie, 1975). ...
... Esse efeito também pode ser porque nossa amostra possui um nível educacional considerável, não sendo associado a baixos níveis de inteligência e primitivismo, como já foi associado em pesquisas anteriores (e.g. Von Böhm-Bawerk, 1959;Mill, 1973). Assim, também foi possível compreender o que faz uma pessoa se tornar mais impulsiva que outras, e quais características influenciam. ...
Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar se o autocontrole dos gastos e a orientação a longo prazo influenciam a impulsividade de compra, e compreender as variáveis que podem alterar o comportamento dos indivíduos fazendo a impulsividade diminuir.
Método: Para entender como os indivíduos assumem o comportamento impulsivo na hora da compra, realizamos um questionário de pesquisa quantitativa para obter dados de como pensam e o que levam em consideração na hora de suas compras. Para a análise dos dados, utilizamos a modelagem de equações estruturais, por meio do software SmartPLS 2.0 M3.
Relevância: Entender quais elementos podem influenciar na compra compulsiva é importante, pois as motivações que levam o consumidor a tal comportamento ainda parecem ser pouco definidas. Desta forma, buscamos entender um pouco deste ato que transcendem as escolhas racionais e lógicas do ato da compra.
Resultados: O comportamento impulsivo é analisado de formas diferentes por diversos estudiosos, mas com relação a este estudo e obtido na literatura, os resultados indicam que as compras impulsivas ocorrem quando o indivíduo apresenta a falta de controle sobre seus gastos. Este resultado pode ser controlado se a pessoa obter orientação ao longo prazo, assim influenciando no autocontrole de gastos e diminuindo a impulsividade.
Contribuições Teóricas: Este estudo contribui para os estudos relacionados a impulsividade de compra de Rook & Fisher (1995), buscando inserir elementos como orientação a longo prazo e autocontrole dos gastos para entender o efeito da impulsividade e suas influências.
... Impulsive buying has a history associated with immaturity, primitivism, foolishness, defects of the will, low level of intelligence, deviation from social standards, and even criminality (Von Böhm-Bawerk, 1959;Freud, 1911;Mill, 1973). Although, this behavior has been more recently characterized as specious thinking (Ainslie, 1975). ...
... This effect may also be because our sample has a considerable level of education and is not associated with low levels of intelligence and primitivism, as impulsive buying has been associated with previous research (e.g. Von Böhm-Bawerk, 1959;Mill, 1973). Thus, it was also possible to understand what makes one person more impulsive than others, and what characteristics influences the behavior. ...
Objective: The aim of this study was to identify whether spending self-control and long-term orientation influence impulsive buying behavior, and also to understand the variables that may cause individuals to decrease impulsivity.Method: A quantitative survey was carried out to gather data regarding how individuals think and what they consider when buying in order to understand impulsive buying behavior at the time of purchase. Data were analyzed through structural equation modeling using the SmartPLS 2.0 M3 software.Relevance: It is important to understand which elements may influence impulsive buying behavior, as the motivation that causes consumers to behave impulsively seems to be still poorly defined. Thus, we seek to figure out a portion of this act that transcends the rational and logical choices in the act of purchase.Results: Impulsive buying behavior is analyzed in different ways by various scholars. The results of the present study indicate that impulsive purchases occur when the individual has lack of self-control over what he/she buys. This situation can be controlled if the person has a long-term guidance. This fact tends to influence spending self-control and consequently decreasing the levels of impulsiveness.Theoretical contributions: This study contributes to Rook Fisher's (1995) impulsive buying behavior studies, seeking to insert elements such as long-term orientation and spending self-control to better understand the effect of impulsivity and its causes.
... This is done through the provision of a space for self-realisation while also upholding freedom of enterprise and entrepreneurship, in accordance with the principles of liberty and equality. For this, we turn to classical liberals such as Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill, who, although advocating for economic freedom, recognised the need for state intervention, including in the field of education as its quality cannot be guaranteed by the market alone (Mill 2006, Smith 1776). Mill is particularly convincing when he writes that 'there are (…) things, of the worth of which the demand of market is by no means a test (…) and the want of which is least felt where the need is greatest'; 'this is peculiarly true of those things which are chiefly useful as tending to raise a character of human beings' (2006, p 947); so '(i)n the matter of education, the intervention of government is justifiable, because the case is not one in which the interest and judgement of the consumer are sufficient security for the goodness of the commodity' (2006, p 950). ...
... Like Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill was a strong believer in human equality and in the power of education. In his Principles of Political Economy (1848) he wrote: "Of all vulgar modes of escaping from the consideration of the effect of social and moral influences on the human mind, the most vulgar is that of attributing the diversities of conduct and character to inherent natural differences" (Mill, 1848(Mill, /1965. He also put much stronger emphasis than his predecessors on the equal intellectual capacity of women and men (Mill, 1869(Mill, /1984, a standpoint for which he was much derided by the reactionaries of his time (Robson, 1990). ...
... In the pre-industrial and industrial economy periods, when capital was mentioned, material assets such as land, labor and capital (money) specified by classical economists has came to mind (Smith, 1776;Mill, 1885). In the information economy period, the concept of capital has begun to include intangible factors as well as tangible assets. ...
The aim of this study is to synthesize the studies on the effect of social capital on economic growth with the method of meta-analysis. Social capital has an impact on economic development by influencing individuals, businesses, banks and the way they do business, and thus trade. In this study, the studies carried out in the years 2007-2021 are discussed. In order to be able to interpret the quantitative findings of the studies that have dealt with this subject together, studies made on academic databases were scanned, and the findings consisting of 36 studies meeting the determined criteria and having a total of 3,458 observations were synthesized through the meta-analysis method. Research findings of 36 different studies including sample size, standard error, and effect values were analyzed with the help of CMA (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis) program. As a result of the meta-analysis, the effect size was found to be moderate (Fisher Z=0.380). According to the results of the meta-analysis, the H1 was accepted and it was revealed that the social capital level of the countries affected the economic growth at a moderate level. Considering the lack of consensus in the studies in the literature and the difficulty of measuring social capital, it is thought that this general finding is very valuable in terms of the literature and will make an important contribution.
... 1.1.1. From the beginning to the clarification of the concept Laffont (1975, p. 607) attributes the paternity of the identification of external effects to Sidgwick H. (1887), who, according to him, was the first to have become aware of the limits posed by the said effects, in a decentralized economy. Indeed, the latter already understands "that there are utilities which, by their nature, cannot practically be appropriated by those who produce them"; he goes even further, by arguing that the system of natural freedom may not have the vocation to achieve the expected results, even in a society composed essentially of homo economicus, and this, for various reasons (p. ...
As pointed out, Harakat M. (2015), in seeking to elucidate the fiscal impact of such or such a measure on economic and social growth, through the evaluation of positive or negative distortions of the tax, it is necessary to take into account the social cost, the tax architecture of security and transparency, in order to satisfy the four maxims put forward by Smith A. (1776): Proportionality, Stability, Equity, Efficiency. For this, the State has, at the time of the introduction or the re-examination of an instrument of state action, the possibility of examining its appropriateness to know if it has the expected effect, if it is the most effective and the least expensive to achieve the objective fixed by the law or if, on the contrary, other instruments better marketed, would be more appropriate, in reference to the famous duality Equity-Efficiency.This article follows up on our previous work of immersing ourselves in the literature dealing with instruments for taxing the negative externalities of the exploitation of Big Data by Data-Driven-Business-Models, and proposes an overview of the theory of externalities by attempting to draw some lessons from environmental taxation, and then by presenting the various proposals for tax measures on Big Data, in order to prepare ourselves for a better approach to the framework for adopting a tax measure taxing the negative externalities of Big Data in Morocco, which is the subject of our doctoral thesis.
... Economists have been interested in studying the economic value of education. (Mill, 2020) considered education as a tool that helps instill values and habits related to how to exploit economic resources in individuals and uses education as a positive change tool for workers towards work, production, and consumption. Stroman, (1998) attempt is considered one of the earliest in this field, as he studied the economic value of education . ...
In the 1980s, a recognition of the growing significance of environmental sustainability saw a momentum of pressure to go beyond financial reporting to include non-financial reports, with a focus on corporate governance and sustainability matters (Larrinaga and Bebbington, 2021). That momentum stemmed from general references to sustainable development by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (1980), through to defined references in the Brundtland Report (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987), initiatives from the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC 2005). Further work by the GRI - Global Reporting Initiative (1999, 2016), and successive COP summits led to the establishment of the International Sustainability Standards Board (November 2021) by the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Foundation, linked to the International Accounting Standards Board. Currently, on a voluntary basis, many companies disclose sustainability initiatives and results, often based on the framework and methodology issued by the GRI. In some localities, aspects are now compulsory (e.g., France, Sweden, Brazil, South Africa, UK). The reporting scope itself has evolved from, initially, the three pillars of people, planet, profit, wider scopes. The three evolved into four: human, social, economic and environmental, and then into five: people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnerships. The challenge to organisations is to identify what needs to be measured and how, and to be reported upon. This working paper explores how an organisation’s internal management accounting function can provide a template for that, and to good effect. As a base it draws upon the UNDSD (United Nations Division for Sustainable Development, 2001) recommendations that environmental management accounting should focus on identification, collection, analysis and use of two types of information for internal decision making: physical information on the use, flows and destinies of energy, water and materials (including wastes), and monetary information on environment-related costs, earnings and savings. It builds on that base by identifying an examining what organisations are currently reporting upon, and evaluating the strengths an weakness of such reports.
... Still, economists of the time also warned not to use it indiscriminately but only if certain conditions are met. John Stuart Mill warned that protected industries need a projection of eventually becoming self-sustainable and competitive (Mill, 1848). Bastable (1891) added that the initial costs incurred by the protection need to be outweighed by the future benefits of the developed industry. ...
The Malaysian government initiated domestic automobile production in 1985, paired with hefty tariffs on imported vehicles to protect the growing industry, using the infant industry argument as underlying. To gain empirical knowledge on the effectiveness of the infant industry argument for the automobile industry, the cases of Japan, South Korea and Spain are briefly analysed. The findings suggest that the Malaysian government has failed to implement the infant industry type policies successfully. Additionally, the welfare cost of protecting the Malaysian vehicle industry is calculated using a Harberger triangle welfare loss analysis. The welfare loss is estimated for the year 2017 at MYR 11.3b (US$ 2.8 b). It is suggested that the benefits of keeping the protectionist measures are too small to justify the costs. To close the article, policy recommendations are presented to reduce the welfare loss by gradually opening the sector up to international competition.
... De uma parte, a Lei de Say, tal como expressa por David Ricardo, Jean-Baptiste Say e James Mill, entre outros, ressaltando a correspondência unívoca entre poupança e investimento, se consolidou após as Guerras Napoleônicas como princípio explicativo maior da capacidade das economias de mercado operarem de forma estável no âmbito de uma acumulação progressiva de capital (KATES, 1998, p. 21-101;BAUMOL, 1977). De outra, a recorrência dos episódios de colapso econômico e financeiro nas economias industriais, todavia, renovava o desafio aos economistas partidários dessa linhagem teórica de elucidarem tal fenômeno em termos compatíveis com a Lei de Say. 3 A resposta mais articulada da ortodoxia ao fenômeno das crises surgiu nos Principles of political economy, de John Stuart Mill (1965), em que os ciclos comerciais nasceriam não de falhas na demanda, mas da expectativa de eventos capazes de promover uma alta localizada de preços e fomentar, desse modo, uma ação especulativa de aprovisionamento de estoques por parte dos homens de negócios. A oferta adicional de crédito pelo sistema bancário acomodaria essa demanda extraordinária que, ao ampliar o poder de compra, produziria um avanço generalizado dos preços, induzindo outros indivíduos a se lançarem na corrente especulativa e reforçarem a busca por crédito. ...
O presente artigo resgata a contribuição de Dennis H. Robertson aoestudo dos ciclos econômicos. Após breve introdução, a segunda seção revisa asduas principais vertentes explicativas do fenômeno no início do século XX. Na seçãoseguinte, são delineados os aspectos gerais da análise robertsoniana sobre as flutuaçõeseconômicas com base em fatores reais, conforme sistematizados em sua obra inicial Astudy of industrial fluctuation, de 1915. Após, sua abordagem sobre o papel da moedae dos diferentes tipos de poupança no contexto dos ciclos é examinada. A integraçãoentre as análises real e monetária, desenvolvida por Robertson em Banking policy andthe price level, de 1926, é o objeto da quinta seção. Na penúltima seção, apresenta-sea crítica de Keynes aos conceitos de poupança forçada, de sobreinvestimento e doacelerador. Na conclusão, indicam-se os pontos de distanciamento teórico e práticosentre as visões de Robertson e Keynes sobre as flutuações econômicas.
... Second, working-class mothers are also found to "neglect their family duties in order to earn money wages" in manual work (p.165). Working-class fathers are found to bring their sons up to occupations in their own grade, rather than investing in education for the most advantageous occupation available, although Marshall accepts that there was already far more mobility between grades than when J.S. Mill commented on the difficulties besetting a father who wants to bring up his son to an occupation different to his own (p.181, also Mill [1848] 1965, II, xiv.2). ...
Marshall's economics of the family has received little attention, yet it promises to provide a new perspective on his account of the relationship between economics and ethics. Two uses of the term 'ethics' are found in Marshall's household economics. The first assigns the term to altruistic preference for the well-being of other family members, and this is associated with a 'descriptive' economics, broadened to include preferences that are both self-interested and ethical. The second use of ethics, however, is identified with a concept of social or collective good as an index of 'higher faculties'. This second notion, which reflects the continued influence of a youthful interest in Hegel's Philosophy of History, is associated with an evaluative economics. It involves ascribing to families the moral role of cultivating labour productivity in view of more widespread faculty development. To this ideal Marshall ascribes a substantive content, which permits him to assess empirical patterns of family formation, resource production, educational investment and bequest. The explanation of how Marshall's social ethics informs his economic evaluations constitutes a departure from the standard interpretation of Marshall's economics as pre-ethical or agnostic about the ethical value of preferences.
... 4 Mirrlees, 1982. 5 Edgeworth, 1897Sidgwick, 1883. 6 Mirrlees, 1986 to them. ...
Sir James Mirrlees, co‐recipient of the 1996 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, passed away in August 2018. This article outlines how his work has transformed economists’ understanding of their discipline – from the principles of tax design to the theory of contracts and beyond. By conceiving of policy questions in terms of information asymmetries between governments and taxpayers, Mirrlees demonstrated how to conduct convincing analysis of redistributive objectives together with incentive effects in the design of general tax systems and public policy more broadly. His ability to simplify complex problems in ways that reveal their tractable essence means that his work has yielded insights that have reverberated throughout the discipline. It has also proved highly fruitful for practical policy design.
... So, the mechanism "via decrease in prices" deals with a decreased demand and has to counterbalance the initial reduction of the aggregate purchasing power. As James S. Mill ([1848Mill ([ ] 1976 put it, "the increased demand for commodities by some consumers will be balanced by a cessation of demand on the part of others, namely, the labourers who were superseded by the improvement." In addition, this mechanism relies on Say's law and does not take into account that demand constraints might occur. ...
Studies show that public debt is mainly the result of imbalances in fiscal policy. One of the main reasons for the creation and increase of debt is the state budget deficit. The factor analysis of the trend of the RA government's debt/GDP indicator showed that the latter is quite vulnerable, because the economy of RA is highly dependent on the developments in the countries that are the main trading partners. In this context, the irregular or sharp devaluation of the Armenian dram, together with the deterioration of a number of economic indicators, can dramatically increase both the public debt/GDP ratio and require more money from the state budget for the payment of principal and interest on the public debt. In recent years, the RA government has tried to stimulate economic growth with the help of borrowed funds, as a result, the borrowed funds increased the state debt, but did not lead to significant economic growth. Definitely, Government of RA can reduce the imbalance by increasing state budget revenues, reducing expenditures, or both at the same time.
Why intellectuals don't like capitalism, why this is a bad thing, and what might be done about it. This is the Arabic translation of my book Mind vs. Money: The War Between Intellectuals and Capitalism
Despite all kinds of environmental goals and programmes, there has been a severe overshooting of the planet's ecological boundaries. The paper investigates various conceptual barriers contributing to the lack of ecological sustainability. The concepts discussed are weak sustainability, eco‐efficiency, ecological modernization, and neoliberalism. This paper's empirical field comprises the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and what preceded them. It is about the report Our Common Future, the green economy, ecological modernization and the Millennium Development Goals. Even with partially positive effects, these programmes have not fulfilled their promises. The various conceptual barriers are recognizable in these programmes; they are exponents of an unshaken belief in efficient markets and conventional economic growth. This appears to be the overriding issue as economic growth in terms of GDP does not respect ecological boundaries, so that ecological sustainability comes closer to being realized. Neoliberalism—coupled with the power of the World Bank and the IMF and their long maintained “market fundamentalism”—has produced unsatisfactory outcomes in the social and ecological domains. The various crises during the last decades have caused governments to expand their roles, but every time this happened under the promise of a speedy return to normal, that is, small government and austerity. Ecological sustainability requires strong governmental roles. This paper does not provide a complete path towards ecological sustainability but discusses three possible conceptual foundations for it: steady‐state economics, eco‐development, and post‐growth economics.
Introduction. The article considers the theoretical foundations of the essence of external public debt based on the combination of the plurality of its ontological interpretations with other categories of public finance. The content of the concept of external public debt from the standpoint of its understanding as an economic phenomenon, economic category, an instrument of macroeconomic policy and financial burden for future generations is considered. The main approaches and tools of external public debt management are described. The aim is to build a fundamental theoretical construct of the study of external public debt in terms of substantiating its ontological and epistemological interpretations based on the study of relationships with other categories of public finance and the need to create a basis for effective policy of external debt management. Method (methodology). The article uses methods of empirical and retrospective analysis of world and domestic economic thought in order to identify the fundamental foundations of external public debt; methods of generalization and comparison of scientific approaches to determining the logo of external public debt; a systematic approach to justify the relationship and interdependence of external public debt and other categories of public finance. Results. The article formulates the logos of external public debt as a theoretical and philosophical construct of expressing external public debt not only as a unity of components, but a combination of multiple ontological interpretations with other categories of public finance, credit and international relations, national interests and comprehensive orderly reflection of their relationships for the level of confidence and cyclicality in the economy. Such ontological interpretations of external public debt as economic phenomenon, economic category, macroeconomic policy instrument, factor of influence on other categories of public finances, national income and economic processes, object of management are singled out. The conceptual principles of external public debt management are determined.
Resumo A influência do marxismo sobre a história social britânica teve, entre seus muitos frutos, o desenvolvimento de valiosas reflexões sobre a dominação de classe durante a Revolução Industrial. As questões mais relevantes sobre esse tema, contudo, perderam espaço na historiografia, conforme novos paradigmas desprestigiaram o emprego das referências e modelos macro-históricos de orientação marxista, que possibilitavam conceber a industrialização em sua dimensão de projeto de dominação. O presente artigo se divide em duas partes. Na primeira, argumenta que o abandono do quadro teórico-metodológico marxista explica a razão pela qual parte influente da história social perdeu a capacidade de abordar satisfatoriamente esse objeto. Na segunda, propõe um novo olhar sobre a intelectualidade orgânica da burguesia inglesa como forma de retomar e avançar os estudos sobre a dominação de classe nessa conjuntura. Palavras-chave: Revolução Industrial, dominação de classe, burguesia, marxismo, capitalismo, liberalismo, história da Inglaterra.
The current complex crisis situation in the world presents the scientific community with the task of developing theoretical and methodological provisions and models that are adequate to describe natural systems, while being sufficiently applicable to assess socio-economic processes. The article attempts to analysis of factors of the environmental component of the quality of life of the population. For more than a hundred years, physical laws and analogies have been used to analyze social and economic systems. An attempt to use the laws of nature in the preparation of solutions for the management of social and economic systems is made by the environmental economy. An analysis of the history of the formation and development of the ecological economy was carried out, as a result of which its new direction was revealed, based on a natural science approach and a systemic energy analysis of socio-economic systems. Consideration of the factors of quality of life is carried out from the point of view of the principle of steady non-equilibrium of E.S. Bauer and the natural science foundations of labor, set forth in the works of S.A. Podolinsky. The main hypothesis of the study, the theoretical and methodological foundations of the natural science approach and systemic energy analysis of socio-economic systems related to the study of the relationship between society and the natural environment, with the laws of the functioning of living systems (works of E.S. Bauer, V.I. Vernadsky, A.L. Chizhevsky, etc.). A system of parameters is proposed that allows solving important applied tasks of modeling the environmental component of quality of life in terms of natural science meters without using monetary measures. The selected parameters were modelled on the example of the federal districts of the Russian Federation with the analysis of the identified features and results. The results confirmed the possibility of applying the principles-criteria proposed in the work for the analysis of the development of socio-economic systems in interaction with the environment
The paper develops and analyses the impacts of SADC FTA on local infant industry using the case
of South Africa. The concept of local infant industry makes the core area of the discussion as the
researcher tries to find what can be done by member states to ensure that the SADC FTA becomes
more relevant to the local infant industry. It is in the understanding of the researcher that when the
SADC FTA was put into place there were little considerations, if any for the needs of the local
infant industry. The local infant industry when protected is competitive and experiences dynamic
learning effects from the external environment which will enable it to grow and compete globally.
With the coming of the Free Trade Area it brought more international players into member states`
domestic market. However the competitive foreign industry is mature and produces goods or
services that quickly substitute the local goods due to greater quality and lower prices which are
attributed to advanced technology used in the manufacturing and low operational costs from
economies of scale. It is therefore the responsibility of the government policy planners to ensure
that the local infant industry’s concerns are met through different ways which include production
subsides, tariffs or quotas without jeopardizing its membership to the regional organisation which
are pushing for openness in trade. This paper seeks to provide solutions on how best member states
can incorporate the local infant industry into trade policies of member states in conformity with
the current demands of SADC FTA which is fostering for one market. The economic and political
strength of South Africa in Southern Africa is undeniable. This paper will use the case of South
Africa’s local infant industry in the analyses of the impact of SADC FTA on this sector
Mill’s Liberty Principle aims to protect ‘social’ freedom, which is traditionally understood as negative freedom. I argue that Mill’s conception of social freedom does not comfortably fit even a moralized conception of negative freedom, and that individuality, an ideal fundamental to On Liberty, is a robustly positive type of freedom. This raises the question of whether protecting social freedom involves an egalitarian, progressive (in the contemporary sense) state that ambitiously strives to create the social conditions of individuality. I consider the case for an affirmative answer to that question, then argue that the ideal of individuality itself blocks interventions that some contemporary egalitarian, progressive liberals consider at least consistent with the Liberty Principle. These include autonomy-enhancing paternalism, and outright prohibition of as opposed to time, place, and manner regulation of the expression of some opinions that adversely affect protected minorities. Though not libertarian, the Liberty Principle is not an expression of this type of egalitarian liberalism, as evidenced inter alia by Mill’s emphatic rejection of state control of education, and his categorical case against prohibiting the expression of even the most extreme and insidious opinions.
Observing the cyclical nature of economics and politics, popular in the early 20th century, is regaining popularity. We consider the cyclic pattern of the political process in the post-Soviet Republic of Georgia, focusing our attention on the gradual change in dynamics and the specific pattern of political cyclicity in a transitional society. The main finding is that at the early stage of transition the cycle is more uneven and tends to reveal itself in civil unrest and is not coupled with electoral cyclicity, even if unrest may sometimes be prompted by an electoral event (as in the case of the Rose Revolution of 2003). We argue that in hybrid regimes like Georgia the nature of the political cycle subsequently changes with the gradual consolidation of democracy and strengthening of democratic institutions, while civil unrest is replaced by evolutionary rather than revolutionary processes.
The ongoing controversy about sweatshop labor has mainly focused on economic, on the one, and ethical aspects, on the other side. While proponents of sweatshop labor have argued that low wages would attract foreign investments, would create new workplace opportunities and thus improve economic welfare in less-developed countries, opponents of sweatshop labor argue that such treatment of laborers would violate their dignity, and they prompt western buyers to stop this kind of exploitation. However, the arguments in this debate are not new. As we will show, they can be traced back to the early “sweatshop” debate between social reformers and classical liberals in the 19th century. Interestingly, the 19th century debate identified sweatshop labor not as an industrial system but as a social phenomenon which becomes more likely when several social preconditions are fulfilled. It will be shown that the social preconditions identified in this debate determine working conditions till today and can be used to identify industries were sweatshop labor is more likely than in others—even in western countries.
When the efficiency losses or gains as a result of an ad valorem import tariff are accounted for, the exisiting literature compares the equilibrium states before and after the tariff. However, after the imposition of an ad valorem tariff, the cost of the foreign producer to sell in the domestic market jumps upwards by the extent of the ad valorem tariff. This affects the quantity of imports, and the market is no longer in the initial equilibrium. The market then adjusts and after some efficiency loss, a new equilibrium state is arrived at. The mechanism of price adjustment has a basis of lack of coordination among buyers and sellers at the exisiting prices. The economic efficiency loss when the market is out of equilibrium is not taken into consideration in the literature, while deriving an optimal ad valorem tariff rate. In this article, an optimal ad valorem tariff schedule has been derived. From optimality, it should be construed that the economic efficiency losses get minimised when the market is adjusting and also during the equilibrium. A revenue constraint has to be met in addition.
Roy Harrod thought that his work contributed to affecting a second revolution in economic theory consisting in the substitution of a dynamic theoretical system in place of a static one. He believed that economics could and should be separated into two branches statics and dynamics and that this dichotomy should be the analogue to one existing in classical mechanics. For Harrod, statics and dynamics were a part and parcel of classical economics. With the advent of the Marginalist Revolution in the late nineteenth century, dynamics was excluded from the corpus of economic theory. From then onward, economic theory dedicated its efforts to complete and perfect the static method. The dominance of statics over dynamics also permeated the intertemporal equilibrium approach to economics epitomized in the works of Hayek and Hicks. The Keynesian Revolution did not represent a break with the previous theories. It rather completed and perfected the principles of economic statics and in particular the macro-statics theoretical edifice.
Individualism and individualization processes uniquely characterize the birth and development of modernity (Burckhardt; Horkheimer; Taylor). The literature on this topic is endless, even though the impression persists of profound and significant uncertainties concerning the category of individualism. A rapid look at some of the authors who have analyzed the features of modern individualism shows the non-episodic character of the discontent about it. In 1904–1905, Weber observed the difficulty of a univocal definition of “the term ‘individualism’,” which “embraces the utmost heterogeneity of meanings.” In 1930, Dewey manifested his preoccupation with reference to the old category, emphasizing its inadequacy for the solution of the current problems, since it had produced a true “perversion of the whole ideal of individualism” (Dewey). In 1945, Hayek showed his bewilderment about the astonishing “confusion about the meaning of individualism” a category “abused and … misunderstood,” “distorted … into an unrecognizable caricature” by its critics and its followers. More recently, Lukes recalls the difficulty of disentangling the “rich semantic history” of individualism, while Elliot and Ch. Lemert focus on the complexity of the “many selves,” making univocal meanings problematic. Obviously, in this paper we cannot give responses to the vast array of questions linked to the analysis of individualism. Our limited purpose is to go back to a crucial moment in the reflection on individualism, where a strong divergence between two models of individualism arose: Smith’s “historically oriented” inquiry and Mill’s aprioristic analysis. As a result, we will reflect on the following aspects: (1) the rich inquiry into modern individualism carried on by A. Smith, in the context of the Enlightenment; (2) Smith’s attempt to problematically connect modern individualism and the original features of “commercial society”; (3) the approach of J. Stuart Mill, who departs from the Smithian historical analysis, through the definition of “homo oeconomicus,” and moves into a naturalistic economic space.
This article explores elements of apologetics in conventional economics. It argues that much of the latter is apologetics in the form of the ideology or utopia of laissez-faire, and many of its representatives are apologists of the latter. The article first examines instances of unconditional laissez-faire apologetics and extreme apologists. Then it presents cases of qualified laissez-faire apologetics and moderate apologists. Lastly, it identifies some examples of laissez-faire non- and anti-apologetics and critics expressing discontent with apologetic economics. The article aims to contribute to a fuller understanding of the relationship between economics and social science overall and ideology, politics, and related non-scientific elements.
La communauté scientifique s’accorde sur la responsabilité de l’homme dans les menaces actuelles pesant sur la biodiversité. La forte érosion de la biodiversité mondiale pointe les limites biophysiques de renouvellement du capital naturel (espèces, paysages, services écosystémiques…). Postulant que la durabilité d’un système économique passe par le maintien du stock de capital naturel, Costanza et Daly ont introduit les concepts de « durabilité faible » et de « durabilité forte » pour caractériser les biens selon leur niveau de substituabilité (dans le cadre de la durabilité forte, le capital naturel devient non substituable). A leur suite, afin d’adapter le concept de durabilité forte aux problématiques de développement et d’aménagement, Toman suggère en 1994 de distinguer les capitaux naturels critiques présentant des enjeux de préservation forts des capitaux naturels de moindre importance. Il propose d’appliquer une logique de durabilité forte aux premiers pour ne pas les laisser décroître en dessous de seuils donnés dits normes minimales de sauvegarde et, d’utiliser les seconds comme supports du développement, appliquant alors une logique de durabilité faible.Partant les cadres conceptuels de Costanza, Daly et Toman, ma thèse évalue la faisabilité et les arbitrages inhérents à la mise en œuvre de la durabilité forte dans une action publique de préservation de la biodiversité, en l’occurrence, la compensation écologique qui conditionne les opérations d’aménagement à compenser les pertes écologiques qu’ils engendrent. Mon objectif fut de me centrer sur une action publique ayant des assises spatiales afin de mettre en évidence les déterminants individuels permettant sa mise en œuvre et d’évaluer les seuils, notamment spatiaux, nécessitant des arbitrages entre enjeux de développement économique et conservation de la biodiversité.Dans un premier chapitre, je propose et applique empiriquement sur trois régions françaises, une méthode pluridisciplinaire (reprenant des éléments d’écologie) de catégorisation des milieux naturels en fonction de leur niveau de durabilité. La spatialisation empirique de mes catégories fait ressortir la place prédominante de l’agriculture et une forte variabilité des niveaux de durabilité selon la nature biophysique et anthropique des espaces. Dans le second chapitre, j’évalue, à partir des cadres de l’économie comportementale, l’acceptabilité de la compensation écologique par les agriculteurs. Je mets en évidence de fortes disparités dépendantes des types de production et de l’histoire personnelle des agriculteurs. Dans mon dernier chapitre, j’évalue empiriquement les contraintes spatiales inhérentes à l’atteinte d’une durabilité forte à partir d’un modèle théorique d’allocation de l’effort de compensation à l’échelle régionale. Un premier résultat de ma thèse est donc une définition opératoire de la nature ordinaire, adaptée à la mise en œuvre d’une action publique sur l’environnement (en l’occurrence le dispositif de compensation écologique). Je montre que, si l’on cantonne les aménagements à la nature ordinaire, l’objectif de durabilité forte devient atteignable, à condition que l’agriculture soit le pivot du dispositif. Mon second résultat met en lumière les comportements des agriculteurs eu égard aux politiques visant la préservation d’une biodiversité. Il montre, à rebours des résultats standard en économie comportementale, que les agriculteurs réagissent plus favorablement à une biodiversité moins spécifique et que les niveaux d’acceptabilité de la mesure sont hétérogènes selon leur type de production (bio vs conventionnel) et leur histoire personnelle (héritier agricole versus néo-agriculteur).
Moralism in bioethics and elsewhere means going beyond accepted moral principles, either by exaggerating good ethical concerns, by applying them to areas where they do not belong, or simply by assuming anything else than concrete physical or mental harm as normative guides. This paper explores the conceptual background of moralism especially in the consequentialist tradition, presents cases of allegedly bad moralism in the light of this exploration, introduces six approaches to justice, and argues that these approaches question our prevailing views on the goodness and badness of moralism in its various forms.
Materials are deeply connected with the environment, because they stem from raw materials extracted from the geosphere, rely on large amounts of energy and of water in their production stage, project emissions to air, water and soil when their ores (or minerals) are mined, when they are made in steel mills or cement kilns, including very significant amounts of greenhouse gases. They also contribute to emissions and energy consumption of the artifacts of which they are part, either consumption or investment goods. Their connection with the biosphere raises many issues, in terms of toxicology, ecotoxicology or biodiversity or simply of public health or in the working place. Materials, as an essential part of the anthroposphere, interact deeply with the anthroposphere itself but also with the biosphere, the geosphere, the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, thus with nature in a general way through mechanisms which can no longer simply be described at the margin, as resource depletion or as pollution. This raises issues related to the sustainability of materials in human activities, in which they are deeply immersed and entangled. The standard way of dealing with these environmental issues is to invoke sustainability and to explain that all actors are engaged in sustainable development, a morals or an ethics that points in which direction to go: all players in the materials field, industry, institutions and research, claim allegiance to sustainable development. At a more technical level, specific tools like Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are used extensively to measure the interaction of materials with the environment. This, however, is not enough to deal properly with the environmental issues of materials, because these issues are not marginal any longer: the anthroposphere has become so large with respect to the biosphere, the geosphere and the planet in general that environmental risk is now part of modern life, especially in connection with climate change and the loss of biodiversity. To go deeper in analyzing the connection of human activities with nature, it is therefore necessary to reach out to SSH (Social Science and Humanities) disciplines and particularly to environmental ethics. This is a prerequisite for materials scientists (and others) to act decisively in the future in the face of the danger that lies ahead of us. The present paper reviews the advances of environmental ethics, a fairly young discipline born in the 1970s, in as far as it can help all actors on the world anthropospheric theater choose their lines for the future in a more conscious and sophisticated way than simply claiming obedience to sustainability. We will review briefly intellectual forerunners of the discipline like Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Henri David Thoreau, Rachel Carson or Paul Ehrlich. This will help flesh out well-known concepts like the precautionary principle or the “ polluter-pays ” principle, which are invoked in creating new materials or new processes to keep pollution and health issues under control, as part of the constraints of professional ethics but also of environmental law. It will be necessary to question to whom or to what the key concept of intrinsic value is attached: people, all living organisms or ecosystems, i.e. the environment in general, and thus to define anthropocentrism, biocentrism and ecocentrism. Environmental law and the ethics of sustainable development are still mainly anthropocentric while scientific ecology is more clearly ecocentric. To tackle the challenges of environmental issues as they are posed today and to avoid catastrophes, it might be necessary in the future for all social players and for people of the world of materials to follow the steps of environmental ethics and to move up from anthropocentrism to the broader vision of ecocentrism.
It has been argued that The Happiness of States by Simon Gray contains a precursor analysis of a Giffen good. That reading, however, produces a misleading account of the significance of Gray’s text within a teleological history of Giffen behaviour. After providing some new information for Gray’s biography, this article shows that he was one of the few nineteenth-century British political economists who argued that speculators did not necessarily play a beneficial role in food markets. It is also shown how Gray’s text has been read to install him as a pioneer of the twentieth-century Giffen good.
Despite the huge and obvious role of habits in human life, the topic remains little cultivated by economists. On the one hand, the development of economic theoretical approaches is slow; on the other hand, borrowings from related sciences are insignificant. We provide an overview of the current state of economic research on the topic of human habits. This scientific area remains fragmented and underdeveloped; habits are being mentioned in a big number of works, including the classical ones, but mainly in passing. The habits exposed in publications often happen to be too specific and in too many cases the research does not go beyond stating the existence of a habit itself and the nature of its infiuence on the other elements of the environment or theory. Therefor we propose a classification of economic concepts of habit, we trace the interpretation ambiguity of this notion, and we discuss the issue of formalizing and algorithmizing the habit concepts. The analysis pays special attention to the degree of investigation of the life cycle of habit: how it is formed, lasts and dies.
This paper critically examines two conceptualisations of ordoliberalism. In one, it is defined, together with neoliberalism, against nineteenth-century liberalism (in its social liberal and laissez-faire variants). This reading was common among ordoliberals themselves, and early neoliberals such as Friedrich von Hayek, as well as among critics, notably Michel Foucault. In another, ordoliberalism is contrasted to neoliberalism, with the latter presumed to be a species of laissez-faire economics. This reading is commonly accompanied by the supposition that ordoliberalism represents a 'Third Way' between capitalism and socialism, or between laissez-faire liberalism and state planning. The main body of this contribution presents a critical analysis of both positions, by way of analysis of ordoliberal texts and a history of the discourse of laissez-faire. Abstract: This paper critically examines two conceptualisations of ordoliberalism. In one, it is defined, together with neoliberalism, against nineteenth-century liberalism (in its social liberal and laissez-faire variants). This reading was common among ordoliberals themselves, and early neoliberals such as Friedrich von Hayek, as well as among critics, notably Michel Foucault. In another, ordoliberalism is contrasted to neoliberalism, with the latter presumed to be a species of laissez-faire economics. This reading is commonly accompanied by the supposition that ordoliberalism represents a 'Third Way' between capitalism and socialism, or between laissez-faire liberalism and state planning. The main body presents a critical analysis of both positions, by way of analysis of ordoliberal texts and a history of the discourse of laissez-faire.
Final draft.
The existing literature on optimal specific import tariff only compares the pre- and the post-tariff market equilibriums to account for the efficiency losses. However, when the government imposes a tariff, it affects the import quantity, hence pushing the market out of equilibrium. The supply and the demand of the commodity on which a tariff is imposed then adjust over time to bring the new equilibrium. This article develops a dynamic model and derives an optimal specific import tariff path minimizing the efficiency losses during the adjustment process as well as the post-tariff equilibrium subject to a tariff revenue constraint.
This paper reviews the debate between William Thompson and John Stuart Mill that happened at the London Co-operative Society in 1825 over the advantages of cooperation as against free competition. The general context of the controversy is provided by some historical background on British debating tradition within the working people. Next, the philosophical doctrines of Jeremy Bentham and Robert Owen are outlined as the main forces of social change in the 1820s, both of which would collide during the faceoff at the Co-operative Society. Following that, we examine William Thompson’s ideas on income distribution and the moral evils of competition. Lastly, we present John Mill’s approach to these same issues, showing that his basic conception of individual liberty did not change throughout his life, despite his late agreement with the economic benefits of cooperation. The final remarks stress the originality of the theoretical elements put forth in the debate.
The aim of this paper is a review of determination of value or price from genesis to evolution through effects of the consumer's consumption, utility and preference "Demand curve analyses" and the cost of production "Supply curve analyses" in the perfect competition market's condition in short term and long run (without considering of the tax impact and imperfect information), for finding role of each, on the market price and amount of production and try to achieve answer of these principal questions that each one of Value in Exchange or Value in Use, Market Price or Natural Price and Labor Value or Subjective Value introduce of the commodity's real value.
En este documento se ofrece una reflexión sobre las formas en que la economía ecológica, en sus diversas manifestaciones, ha abordado la crisis socioambiental en curso, y a la vez plantea los límites de esa heterogénea disciplina a través de un análisis fundamentado en el concepto del metabolismo social, apoyado por un acercamiento de los "Cuatro Baratos" que recientemente trajera Jason Moore a la discusión de los efectos del capitalismo para el entorno natural. ABSTRACT This paper offers some reflections on the ways in which ecological economics, in its various manifestations, approaches the ongoing ecological crisis. At the same time, it discusses the limits of that heterogeneous discipline by means of an analysis based on the concept of social metabolism that makes use of Jason Moore´s recent theorizations on the effects of capitalism on the environment.
Menschen kaufen oftmals Markenprodukte, weil diese für sie eine besondere Bedeutung oder einen spezifischen Sinn haben. Daher stellt die Frage: Ist die Bedeutung einer Marke das Resultat der Unternehmenskommunikati-on oder prägen die Konsumenten den Sinn einer Marke? In diesem Beitrag werden die Begriffe Bedeutung und Sinn in einem theoretischen Rahmen hergeleitet und auf die Konsumsoziologie übertragen. Im Zusammenhang damit wird auch die Frage nach der Macht strategischer Kommunikationen für die Entstehung von Bedeutungen und Sinnzuweisungen untersucht. Dieser Beitrag kommt zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass die Konzepte Sinn und Bedeutung nicht nur für die Markenführung, sondern ebenso für die Konsumsoziologie und darüber hinaus für eine praxeologische Kommunikationstheorie grundlegend sind: Sinn initiiert und generiert Bedeutungen, Bedeu-tungen konstruieren und legitimieren Sinn. Bedeutung ohne Sinn ist gehaltlos, Sinn ohne Bedeutung belanglos.
Human beings have used technology to improve their efficiency throughout history. We continue to do so today, but we are no longer only using technology to perform physical tasks. Today, we make computers that are smart enough to challenge, and even surpass, us in many areas. Artificial intelligence—embodied or not—now drive our cars, trade stocks, socialise with our children, keep the elderly company and the lonely warm. At the same time, we use technology to gather vast amounts of data on ourselves. This, in turn, we use to train intelligent computers that ease and customise ever more of our lives. The change that occurs in our relations to other people, and computers, change both how we act and how we are. What sort of challenges does this development pose for human beings? I argue that we are seeing an emerging challenge to the concept of what it means to be human, as (a) we struggle to define what makes us special and try to come to terms with being surpassed in various ways by computers, and (b) the way we use and interact with technology changes us in ways we do not yet fully understand.
In this paper we propose a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for supporting the definition of a personal income tax reform. As a case study, we apply this methodology to the Italian income tax, and consider a recently implemented tax cut. Our optimization algorithm can determine a set of tax structures that maximize the redistributive effect of the tax while minimizing its inefficiency—considering for the former the Reynolds–Smolensky index and for the latter the weighted average of taxpayers’ effective marginal tax rates. The approach also takes into account two additional factors: the tax has to guarantee a specific revenue and to minimize the share of losing taxpayers with respect to the pre-reform situation. Experimental results demonstrate that the methodology we employ can support the policymaker’s decisions in complex, real-world situations.
Islamic Macroeconomics proposes an Islamic model that offers significant prospects for economic growth and durable macroeconomic stability, and which is immune to the defects of the economic models prevailing both in developed and developing countries. An Islamic model advocates a limited government confined to its natural duties of defence, justice, education, health, infrastructure, regulation, and welfare of the vulnerable population. It prohibits interest-based debt and money, and requires full liberalization of all markets including labor, financial, commodity, trade, and foreign exchange markets. The government should be Sharia-compliant in its taxation power and regulatory intervention; it ought to reduce unproductive spending in favor of productive spending. This book is essential reading for students and academics of Islamic economics and finance, economists, practitioners, and researchers.
[p. 93] Resumen: Si se considera el objeto de El capital como el desarrollo de las categorías económicas, entonces puede aprehenderse su construcción como la sucesión de diversos niveles teóricos. Bajo esta perspectiva, se pretende mostrar que esta sucesión no se completó para el nivel alcanzado en El Capital y que el paso a las categorías fundamentales de una económica Ökonomik/ keynesiano-monetaria es posible.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.