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Assessment of stresses in the cervical spine caused by posture and position of the head
Abstract
Preamble. Billions of people are using cell phone devices on the planet, essentially in poor posture. The purpose of this study is to assess the forces incrementally seen by the cervical spine as the head is tilted forward, into worsening posture. This data is also necessary for cervical spine surgeons to understand in the reconstruction of the neck.
Supplementary resource (1)
... Fortunately, clinical practice has shown that early abnormal cervical curvature can be corrected through cervical spine posture monitoring and therapeutic intervention, with the process being more effective the earlier it begins [14][15][16] . However, current efforts to address this issue typically rely on either 1) expensive motion capture systems in a laboratory setting or 2) rigid and discrete devices that trigger audio-visual feedback on a smartphone or computer, which may not be practical or convenient for users to monitor and prevent cervical curvature abnormalities [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] . ...
... Fortunately, clinical practice has shown that early abnormal cervical curvature can be corrected through cervical spine posture monitoring and therapeutic intervention, with the process being more effective the earlier it begins [14][15][16] . However, current efforts to address this issue typically rely on either 1) expensive motion capture systems in a laboratory setting or 2) rigid and discrete devices that trigger audio-visual feedback on a smartphone or computer, which may not be practical or convenient for users to monitor and prevent cervical curvature abnormalities [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] . ...
... According to a medical assessment of the stresses on the cervical spine caused by posture and head position 16 , the most efficient position for the neck is when the ears are aligned with the shoulders. Such proper alignment can reduce spinal stress on the neck. ...
Cervical spondylosis is a common disease that is often caused by long-term abnormal cervical curvature due to activities such as reading books and using computers or smartphones. This paper explores building an untethered and skin-integrated device in an e-skin form factor to monitor and haptically correct neck posture. The proposed design features a multilayered structure that integrates all flexible electronic circuits and components into a compact skin space while being untethered and skin conformal. An accelerometer in the e-skin attaches to the neck for posture sensing, while four vibration actuators closely touch the neck skin to provide localized vibrotactile stimuli that encode four-direction correction cues of neck flexion $$\pm \alpha$$ ± α and lateral bending $$\pm \beta$$ ± β . To ensure the reliability of posture sensing and vibrotactile rendering during neck movement, it is necessary to prevent the e-skin device from shifting position. Thus, a hollow structure-based method is implemented for stably attaching the e-skin to the neck skin. Experiments validated the e-skin device’s sensing precision, skin-conformal compliance, stickiness, stability and effectiveness during the motion of neck postures, including its discrimination of localized four-direction vibrotactile cues. A user study verified the device’s performance for sensing and correcting different abnormal neck postures during activities such as using smartphones, reading books, and processing computer files. The proposed e-skin device may create opportunities for more convenient cervical spondylosis prevention and rehabilitation.
... Text neck is proposed to be one of the causes of neck pain [1,2]. The term text neck emerged in 2008, after a chiropractor reported observing a teenager with neck complaints and bad posture while texting on her cell phone [3]. ...
... Studies had shown that individuals have a more forward head posture when viewing a smartphone screen, compared to neutral standing [4,5]. Having a forward head posture has been associated with an increased mechanical load on joints and ligaments of the cervical spine, which could boost the demand on the posterior neck muscles by the increased gravitational moment [2]. Some argued that these biomechanical changes can lead to repetitive stress injury and neck pain [2,6]. ...
... Having a forward head posture has been associated with an increased mechanical load on joints and ligaments of the cervical spine, which could boost the demand on the posterior neck muscles by the increased gravitational moment [2]. Some argued that these biomechanical changes can lead to repetitive stress injury and neck pain [2,6]. ...
Background
Text neck is regarded as a global epidemic. Yet, there is a lack of consensus concerning the definitions of text neck which challenges researchers and clinicians alike.
Purpose
To investigate how text neck is defined in peer-reviewed articles.
Methods
We conducted a scoping review to identify all articles using the terms “text neck” or “tech neck.” Embase, Medline, CINAHL, PubMed and Web of Science were searched from inception to 30 April 2022. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMAScR) guidelines. No limitation was applied for language or study design. Data extraction included study characteristics and the primary outcome relating to text neck definitions.
Results
Forty-one articles were included. Text neck definitions varied across studies. The most frequent components of definitions were grouped into five basis for definition: Posture (n = 38; 92.7%), with qualifying adjectives meaning incorrect posture (n = 23; 56.1%) and posture without a qualifying adjective (n = 15; 36.6%); Overuse (n = 26; 63.4%); Mechanical stress or tensions (n = 17; 41.4%); Musculoskeletal symptoms (n = 15; 36.6%) and; Tissue damage (n = 7; 17.1%).
Conclusion
This study showed that posture is the defining characteristic of text neck in the academic literature. For research purposes, it seems that text neck is a habit of texting on the smartphone in a flexed neck position. Since there is no scientific evidence linking text neck with neck pain regardless of the definition used, adjectives like inappropriate or incorrect should be avoided when intended to qualify posture.
... Multiple mechanisms have been discussed by which cell phone use causes MSK symptoms; simply, it starts with spending large portions of the day with the neck flexed looking down at these devices, often for hours at a time. This leads to altered posture of the spine, which in turn affects the surrounding muscles and ligaments, leading to weakness of the deep muscles of the spine and structural changes in the ligaments, putting more pressure on the erector spinae muscles to maintain stability of the spine and counteract those changes, leading to more strain and eventually fatigue, and the end results are pain and instability of the spine, putting it at risk of degenerative changes and disk herniation in the future [3,4,[15][16][17][18][20][21][22][23][24][25]36,37,39,[50][51][52][53][54][55]. The electromagnetic effect, obesity resulting from a sedentary lifestyle, and the added load of a backpack on children are other factors that also play a role in the worsening of the musculoskeletal symptoms [1,26,49,55,56]. ...
... The weight of the head and thereby the load exerted on the cervical spine increase with increasing flexion angles. The weight of the head ranges from 10 to 12 lbs at neutral to 27 lbs at 15 degrees, 40 lbs at 30 degrees, 49 lbs at 45 degrees, and 60 lbs at 60 degrees [17,53]. In examining the effect of a work environment that requires the use of cell phones on 40 young individuals, two-thirds developed neck and upper back pain that was described as aching after 30 min of cell phone use with a flexed neck [19]. ...
... The longer the time spent on a cell phone and the greater the flexion angle, the greater the likelihood of experiencing neck pain [25]. Children and adolescents spend about 5-7 h a day with their neck in a flexed forward position while using their cell phone, which is about 1825 to 2555 h a year [1,53]. The long hours spent on handheld devices correlate with a sedentary lifestyle and lack of physical activity, which has been linked to an increased susceptibility to having musculoskeletal symptoms. ...
Technology is an essential part of our lives. Nowadays, it is almost impossible to leave the house without a cell phone. Despite the wide range of benefits of cell phones and handheld electronic devices, this evolution of technology has not come without a price. The pandemic of cell phone use among children and young adolescents has led to the emergence of a set of musculoskeletal (MSK) symptoms that have not been seen before in this age group. These symptoms can range from neck and shoulder discomfort to pain, peripheral neurological symptoms of the upper extremity, and long-term complications such as disk prolapse and degenerative disk disease of the cervical spine. This clinical presentation is known as “text neck syndrome.” In addition to MSK symptoms, text neck syndrome could also include eye and ear symptoms, psychological problems, peripheral neurological symptoms, and poor academic performance. Multiple mechanisms have been discussed by which cell phone use causes MSK symptoms. Maladaptive postures, a decrease in physical activity leading to obesity, and the direct effect of electromagnetic radiation are some of the mechanisms by which long-term use of cell phones leads to the clinical presentation of text neck syndrome and its long-term consequences. The purpose of this article is to review the literature, discuss the epidemiology of cell phone use and MSK symptoms associated with its use in children and adolescents, describe its clinical presentation, explain the pathophysiology behind it, and provide preventative guidelines that can be used by this age group to allow for the continued use of these electronics without harmful effects on their posture and long-term health.
... In the past several years, numerous studies have reported a positive correlation between musculoskeletal pain and smartphone use [3][4][5][6][7]. The current daily usage of handheld devices by adolescents is estimated to be 5-7 h [8], which has led to a growing concern about the screen time's impact on the stress applied to the neck and cervical spine. While children and adolescents are significant users of handheld devices, they lack awareness of the potential long-term dangers of poor posture. ...
... This study's findings also question a reference heavily cited when supporting theories on the negative long-term effect of smartphone use on the cervical spine and text neck syndrome. A frequently referenced study by Hansraj et al. [8] calculated the combined force exerted onto the neck's muscles, ligaments, and tendons at various flexion angles. The study incorporated realistic values of the head and neck into a simulation program while using the C7 vertebra as the lowest point of measurement. ...
... The study incorporated realistic values of the head and neck into a simulation program while using the C7 vertebra as the lowest point of measurement. At neutral position when no flexion was present, the estimated weight experienced by the neck was 5 kg [8]. At 30 • flexion, the force drastically increased to 18 kg, 22 kg at 45 • , and 27 kg at 60 • . ...
Background: Frequent use of mobile devices has a known association with musculoskeletal neck pain. This study sought out to localize the region with greatest flexion in the cervical spine and explored the role of symmetry in maintaining the pose during texting. Methods: Three inertial measuring units (IMUs) superficially attached along the cervical spine divided the cervical spine into two measurable segments. Twenty-five subjects participated in the study and performed three tasks when using smartphones: sitting, standing, and walking. Data from each IMU were used to calculate the flexion of cervical divided into two segments: craniocervical junction (C0–C1) and subaxial (C1–C7). Results: The greatest flexion by far occurred at C0–C1. While sitting, standing, and walking, the mean flexion angles were 33.33 ± 13.56°, 27.50 ± 14.05°, and 32.03 ± 10.03° for the C0–C1 joint and −3.30 ± 10.10°, 2.50 ± 9.99°, and −1.05 ± 11.88° for the C2–C7 segment, respectively. There is a noticeable pattern of yaw movement of the head, with a slow rotation toward symmetry and a fast corrective movement toward the smartphone held in one hand. Conclusions: This study identified the region of greatest contribution toward forward flexion along the cervical parameters during various tasks involving smartphone use. With each task, the greatest contributor to head flexion was the C0–C1 joint. There is involuntary rotation of the cervical spine toward symmetry when texting.
... 3 Text Neck Syndrome (TNS) is categorized as phone use for three or more hours a day, involving three out of six text neck syndrome symptoms (neck pain, upper back pain, shoulder pain, headache, insomnia, tingling, numbness in hands) and the smartphone used with a neck flexion at or greater than 15 degrees. 4,5 Prolonged electronic device use in young people with neck pain leads to impaired cervical proprioception, resulting in greater neck joint positioning errors. 6 Muscles and ligaments of the neck lengthen when trophic changes occur due to adaptation and this affects the proprioception of the neck structures. ...
... The compressive force on the neck tissue increases as the neck flexes, and the number of hours spent using a smartphone each day is also related to the severity of musculoskeletal impairments. 4 Previous studies with homogeneous results showed that, in contrast to the control group, individuals with "text neck" had impaired dynamic balance and higher levels of proprioceptive inaccuracy when bending the neck forward. This finding could be associated with both neck pain and the duration of electronic device use. ...
Background: Text neck syndrome can cause cervical degeneration in addition to other developmental, musculoskeletal, and social complications. The aim of the current study is to examine the association between smartphone usage patterns and demographics with cervical spine joint proprioception in adults with text neck syndrome (TNS). Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was chosen to investigate the association between sociodemographic and smartphone usage patterns with cervical joint proprioception. A validated smartphone usage pattern questionnaire was administered to 125 participants who used smartphones for more than three hours a day and suffered from TNS, and all samples underwent cervical proprioception testing. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and independent t-tests. Results: The result shows that there was a significant association between gender, education, BMI, phone usage hours and cervical proprioception (p<0.05). However, no significant association was found with smartphone usage pattern and cervical proprioception. Conclusions: It is concluded that smartphone use can negatively impact cervical proprioception. Smartphone users are advised to be aware of these potential health risks and take steps to reduce them to achieve better health and well-being.
... The normal C-shaped lordotic curve is seen from the side. The curve of the cervical spine is measured using a variety of procedures, the most frequent of which is the measuring of Cobb angle, which defines angles among 20° and 60° are considered normal cervical curvature [6]. ...
... In the current study, we are not only measuring the improvement of neck pain by VAS like most of the studies, but also for our known knowledge; it was the first time to use Cobb angle measured by X-ray to evaluate the improvement of the cervical curvature after treatment of LLLT, US, and exercise, so we have to demonstrate the cause of straight or text neck syndrome; the results approve that the cervical flexion angle affects the muscle fatigue of right upper trapezius muscle and left upper trapezius muscle. Healthy cervical spine has a forward convex C curve [6]. That causes the anterior compartment muscles of the neck much less flexible, and it may overstretch additional muscles like the levator scapulae and sternocleidomastoid, limiting motion. ...
The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT), ultrasound therapy (US), and strengthening and stretching exercise in children diagnosed with cervical straightening caused by long-term use of electronic devices. A total of 60 patients from 12 to 18 years of both gender diagnosed with straight neck syndrome which is losing the normal C shape of cervical vertebrae. Patients were randomized into three groups. In group A, patients received LLLT plus exercise, while in group B, they received US plus exercise, and group C received exercise. In group A and B, Cobb angle and VAS showed a significant improvement (more significant in group A) with P < 0.001, while in group C P = 0.006. LLLT, US, and exercise improved the cervical straight curve, and reduced pain with maximum effect was done by LLLT.
... The head's own mass of 4.5 to 5.4 kg increases when the cervical spine is in flexion so that the acting torque generates a load of up to 22.2 kg. [7]. In addition, mobile device use is related to a 1-week prevalence rate of 17.3 to 67.8% for musculoskeletal complaints in the neck [8]. ...
... Significantly increased VP-flexion and kyphosis angles were shown compared to the control condition GN. This has already been shown for the parameter VP-flexion, and the present results are in line with current studies [6,7]. ...
Prolonged gaze at a smartphone is characterized by pronounced flexion of the cervical spine and is associated with health risks. In addition, it is suspected that smartphone distraction could lead to gait changes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect smartphone-associated postural changes at thoracic and lumbar levels as well as gait changes. Spinal analysis was performed prospectively in 21 healthy men using the DIERS 4Dmotion®Lab in a controlled crossover design to evaluate posture-associated parameters while standing and walking. The examination sequence provided three randomized gaze directions: GN = Gaze Neutral; S1H = Smartphone one-handed; S2H = Smartphone two-handed. Results reveal a higher vertebra prominens (VP)-flexion in S1H (23.8° ± 6.9°; p ≤ 0.001) and S2H (22.4° ± 4.7°; p ≤ 0.001) compared to GN (17.6° ± 3.8°). Kyphosis angles were also different with higher values observed in S1H (58.8° ± 5.8°; p ≤ 0.001) and S2H (61.6° ± 4.9°; p ≤ 0.001) compared to GN (49.1° ± 4.6°). During walking, similar results were observed in kyphosis angles. No differences were observed in gait during smartphone use (p = 0.180–0.883). The study revealed a significantly increased inclination of the lower cervical and thoracic spine during smartphone use. However, the inclination was larger during S2H. Standing or walking conditions did not affect the measurement outcomes. Long-term smartphone use associated with a larger inclination of the cervical and thoracic spine might result in increased pressure and shear forces acting on vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, and muscles, which potentially increases the risk of spinal pain and disease.
... We would like to state that the weight of an adult human head is approximately 5.44 kg (12 lbs.) when aligned on top of the spine. The weight of the head will increase by 4.54 kg (10 lbs.) for every 2.54 cm (1 inch) displacement forward in the sagittal plane away from its center of gravity [50]. ...
... Therefore, an apparently insignificant small forward displacement of 7-8 cm (3 inches) during dental practice increases the head weight to 18 kg (40 lbs). The head weight further increases from 18 kg when flexed at 30 degrees up to 27 kg when protruded 60 degrees [50], with a consequent strong load weight on the cervical region and neck muscles obliged to isometrically restrain tens of kilograms against the unrelenting force of gravity. This increases tremendously the level of stress on both the lower cervical and upper thoracic spine as the upper back and neck muscles must work much harder to stabilize and support the head. ...
Extensive literature reports an increase in physical disorders (pain, pathologies, dysfunctions) and mental malaise/uneasiness (stress, burnout) affecting dental professionals in relation to fast and pressing rhythms of work, long working hours, increasingly demanding patients, ever-evolving technologies, etc. This project has been conceived to bring the science of yoga around the world to dental professionals as a preventive (occupational) medicine and to provide knowledge and means for self-care. Yoga is a concentrative self-discipline of the mind, senses, and physical body, that requires regular daily exercise (or meditation), attention, intention, and disciplined action. M&M: The study aimed to design a Yoga protocol specifically devised for dental professionals (dentists, dental hygienists, and dental assistants) including positions (āsana) to be practiced/used in the dental office. The protocol is targeted for the upper body, namely neck, upper back, chest, shoulder girdle, and wrists, being areas greatly affected by work-related musculoskeletal disorders. This paper represents a yoga-based guideline for the self-cure of musculoskeletal disorders among dental professionals. Results: The protocol includes both sitting (Upavistha position) and standing (Utthana or Sama position) āsana, with twisting (Parivrtta), side bending (Parsva), flexion and forward bending (Pashima), and extension and arching (Purva) āsana to mobilize and decompress, and to provide nourishment and oxygen to the musculo-articular system. The paper delivers different concepts and theories developed and deepened by the authors and introduces and spreads yoga as a medical science among dental professionals for the prevention and treatment of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. We articulate notions ranging from stretching out using the vinyāsa method (breath-driven movement) and inward-focused attention to contemplative/concentrative science, interoceptive attention, self-awareness, the mind–body connection, and receptive attitude. The theory of “muscles are bone ties” is coined and delivered with regard to tensegrity musculoskeletal fascial structures connecting, pulling together, and nearing the bone segments where they are anchored. The paper describes over 60 āsana envisaged to be performed on dental stools or using the walls of a dental office or a dental unit chair. A detailed guideline on the work-related disorders that can find relief with the protocol is provided, including the description of breath control for the practice of āsana in vinyāsa. The foundations of the technique reside in the Iyengar Yoga method and Parināma Yoga method. Conclusions: This paper represents a guideline for self-cure in the prevention or treatment of musculoskeletal disorders affecting dental professionals. Yoga is a powerful concentrative self-discipline able to provide physical and mental well-being, representing great help and support in daily life and business for dental professionals. Yógāsana restores retracted and stiff muscles, giving relief to the strained and tired limbs of dental professionals. Yoga is not intended for flexible or physically performing persons but for people who decide to take care of themselves. The practice of specific āsana represents a powerful tool for the prevention or treatment of MSDs related to poor posture, forward head, chronic neck tension (and related headache), depressed chest, compressive disorders on wrists and shoulders as carpal tunnel, impingement syndromes, outlet syndrome, subacromial pain syndrome and spinal disc pathologies. Yoga, as an integrative science in medicine and public health, represents a powerful tool for the prevention and treatment of occupational musculoskeletal disorders and an extraordinary path for the self-care of dental professionals, sitting job workers, and healthcare providers suffering from occupational biomechanical stresses and awkward postures.
... Furthermore, Hansraj (2014) stated that cervical spine pressure increases during prolonged neck declination while looking at a smartphone screen. The cervical spine connects the spinal cord to the brain, carrying signals to the rest of the body that can be dangerous when the pressure is too high [3]. ...
... Increased working time will also increase the risk of muscle and skeletal disorders in certain body parts caused by poor posture when using gadgets and laptops [3,4]. Therefore, this study aims to identify the risk factors related to musculoskeletal symptoms using gadgets during WFH due to the COVID-19 pandemic. ...
Background:
Online teaching and learning extend the duration of using gadgets such as mobile phones and tablets. Prolonged usage of these gadgets in a static position can lead to musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, this study aims to identify the risk factors related to musculoskeletal symptoms while using gadgets during Work From Home (WFH) due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Method:
A cross-sectional survey with online-based questionnaires was collected from the University of Indonesia consisting of lecturers, students, and managerial staff. The minimum number of respondents was 1080 and was defined by stratified random sampling. Furthermore, the dependent variable was musculoskeletal symptoms while the independent were age, gender, job position, duration, activity when using gadgets, and how to hold them.
Result:
Most of the respondents had mobile phones but, only 16% had tablets. Furthermore, about 56.7% have used a mobile phone for more than 10 years while about 89.7% have used a tablet for less than 10 years. Multivariate analysis found factors that were significantly associated with musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) symptoms while using a mobile phone, such as age, gender, web browsing activity, work, or college activities. These activities include doing assignments and holding the phone with two hands with two thumbs actively operating.
Conclusion:
The factors that were significantly associated with MSD symptoms when using tablets were gender, academic position, social media activity, and placing the tablet on a table with two actively working index fingers.
... as it tilts forward, the force of neck increases to 27pounds at 15degrees, 40 pounds at 30degrees, 49pounds at 45 degrees, and 60pounds at 60degrees. [16] Hence, constant pressure on cervical spine joints due to forward head posture [29], sends disturbed signals to the brain leading to balance problems and altered neck proprioception. [2,3,22] Cervical proprioception contributes to correct head position and trunk orientation in space [5], and balance control. ...
... In particular, the changes in NF and HF that occur during smartphone use have undergone thorough investigation in the literature [3][4][5]. A larger NF is generally associated with heightened strain on the cervical spine [6], consequently escalating the risk of neck and shoulder injuries [7]. For those who frequently use smartphones, the prevalent condition recognized as text-neck syndrome has been observed [3,8]. ...
The habit of using smartphones while walking has become widespread among modern individuals, particularly when pedestrians are in a hurry. However, there has been little exploration into the differences between standing and walking at various speeds in terms of smartphone use. In this study, we examined 60 young participants (30 men and 30 women) who engaged in smartphone tasks such as one-handed browsing or two-handed texting while standing, walking slowly, and walking normally. The measured variables included neck flexion (NF), head flexion (HF), gaze angle (GA), and viewing distance (VD). The study findings indicate that using smartphones while walking may cause a more pronounced kyphotic curve in the cervical spine compared to when standing, leading to increased strain in the neck region. The heightened neck load can be attributed to the concurrent dynamic nature of both walking and smartphone usage. Moreover, two-handed texting had a more detrimental impact on NF, HF, and GA when contrasted with one-handed browsing. The interplay among hand operation, posture, and maintaining arm position displayed an uncertain correlation with VD. While women typically exhibited smaller NF, HF, and GA than men, it is important to explore whether their shorter VD might contribute to increased eyestrain.
... It has been pointed out that significant fatigue of UT and CES muscles was noticed after 20-30 minutes of smartphone use (Kim and Koo, 2020). An adult's neck can typically lift about 10 to 12 pounds of force in the neutral position (Hansraj, 2014). Another issue that is worth noting is that children's heads are larger compared to adults according to their body size. ...
The aim of this study is to review the existing literature on the musculoskeletal system symptoms associated with digital gaming. Literature related to the subject was searched in Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, Proquest, Google Scholar, and Sport Discuss databases. Articles published from 2010 to 2022 were scanned using keywords describing digital gaming-related postural disturbances, and musculoskeletal system exposure (pain, muscle activity). The articles were independently scanned by three authors, the relevant data were extracted, and the methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated. A total of 1252 articles were scanned for eligibility. Eleven articles are included in the study. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis studies were not included in our study. A wide range of prevalence rates of musculoskeletal complaints in different body regions has been reported, with the highest prevalence commonly found in neck complaints. This review has only found some evidence showing that a neck flexion posture as well as the frequency of digital gaming are associated with musculoskeletal disorders and pain, postural disorders among users of digital devices. The findings were presented and discussed in relation to the effects of digital games on posture and the musculoskeletal system. There is limited evidence that digital gaming and its various aspects (occupancy and properties) are associated with musculoskeletal system symptoms and exposures. Therefore, it is considered that evidence-based guidelines should be presented by experts for the wise use of digital games.
... It has been pointed out that significant fatigue of UT and CES muscles was noticed after 20-30 minutes of smartphone use (Kim and Koo, 2020). An adult's neck can typically lift about 10 to 12 pounds of force in the neutral position (Hansraj, 2014). Another issue that is worth noting is that children's heads are larger compared to adults according to their body size. ...
The aim of this study is to review the existing literature on the musculoskeletal system symptoms associated with digital gaming. Literature related to the subject was searched in Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, Proquest, Google Scholar, and Sport Discuss databases. Articles published from 2010 to 2022 were scanned using keywords describing digital gaming-related postural disturbances, and musculoskeletal system exposure (pain, muscle activity). The articles were independently scanned by three authors, the relevant data were extracted, and the methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated. A total of 1252 articles were scanned for eligibility. Eleven articles are included in the study. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis studies were not included in our study. A wide range of prevalence rates of musculoskeletal complaints in different body regions has been reported, with the highest prevalence commonly found in neck complaints. This review has only found some evidence showing that a neck flexion posture as well as the frequency of digital gaming are associated with musculoskeletal disorders and pain, postural disorders among users of digital devices. The findings were presented and discussed in relation to the effects of digital games on posture and the musculoskeletal system. There is limited evidence that digital gaming and its various aspects (occupancy and properties) are associated with musculoskeletal system symptoms and exposures. Therefore, it is considered that evidence-based guidelines should be presented by experts for the wise use of digital games.
... Our finding is consistent with the bulk of the literatures investigated the CVA reported that Adolescents who used their smartphones for a longer period of time had greater FHP than those who used them for a shorter period of time [12, 13,14].Further studies explained that the load on the cervical spine increases dramatically when the head flexion increases [15], and Head forward flexion of varying degrees puts pressure on the cervical spine, which affect the natural curve and surrounding structure of the cervical angle. [16,17,18] The findings of this study are consistent with the results of [19]whoreported that the severity of the symptoms in the upper extremity is significantly associated with time for daily using of smartphones, and revealed that an increased duration of use of smartphones increase its negative effects due to faulty posture, pain and muscle fatigue. ...
Background: Smartphones have been the most popular electronic devices, especially among the young population. Smartphones are used for multi-purposes including communication, music, media, internet access, games, some applications, and professional fields. Using the smartphone frequently forces the users to adopt an awkward posture leading to an increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders and pain. Purpose: To determine the effect of smartphone use on Craniovertebral angle (CVA) and the level of upper limb function. Materials and Methods: Sixty adolescents of both sexes were enrolled in this study, their ages ranged from 14 to 18 years. They were assigned into two groups of equal numbers; Group (A) using smartphone less than 4 hours/day and group (B) using smartphone more than 4 hours per/day. The kinovea software program was used to detect the craniovertebral angle and the Quick-DASH questionnaire was used to measure the level of function of upper extremity. Result: The study findings, revealed a statistically significant differences in all measured variables of groups A and B (p < .05). High significant difference was observed in group B when comparing the findings of groups, A and B (p < .05). Conclusion: the overuse of smartphones has a negative effect on craniovertebral angle, and level of the upper extremities function.
... Other investigations have demonstrated that the excessive use of cell phone can result in deficiencies such as rounded shoulders and forward head posture [12,13] . The angled weight of the head decreases as the neck bending degree increases, and the head weight reaches about 28 kg with the flexion of 60° [14] . The aim of the present investigation was therefore to evaluate changes in cervical posture and range of motion (ROM) based on the length of using the smartphone. ...
Purpose: This study aimed to examine changes in the range of motion (ROM) and cervical posture depending on the duration of using smartphone in sedentary asymptomatic adults. Subjects and Methods: The participants were randomly assigned into 2 groups: group A (those using smartphones for less than 4 h/day, n=200) and group B (those using smartphones for more than 4 h/day, n=200). The cervical posture was determined by measuring the craniovertebral angle (CVA) of all participants using the photographic method. Cervical flexion, extension, rotation (left and right), and side bending (left and right) range of motion (ROM) were measured by using an electromagnetic tracking device (MTD) mounted on a custom headpiece. Results: Significant differences were noted for cervical CVA and ROM between the groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The long-term effect of the smartphone overuse could negatively affect cervical posture and range of motion.
... The cervical spine consists of the seven first vertebrae of the spine and plays an important role in daily life because it supports the head, surrounds and protects the spinal cord, and is responsible for a wide range of head and neck motions [1]. Different factors such as the adoption of sedentary life (reduced physical activity) and poor ergonomic conditions (inadequate posture using electronic devices, repetitive and hurried movements, long static and sitting positions, poor sleep quality, etc.), in conjunction with different individual (age, sex, musculoskeletal pain history, etc.) and psychosocial (stress, anxiety, depression, etc.) factors, may affect the prevalence of cervical pain in the adult population [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], although future studies are needed to strengthen these findings. Cervical pain is now one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders (prevalence ranges from 17% to 75%) [4,6,[12][13][14][15], with detrimental effects not only for the individual itself, but also for the society and economy in general. ...
The functional capacity of the cervical spine plays a central role in healthy living. The aim of this study was to examine the sex-related effect on cervical strength, range of motion (ROM), and the musculoskeletal pain profile in young physically active individuals. A total of 30 males and 30 females (21.53 ± 1.15 years old), without injury or chronic pain at the cervical joint, participated in the study. ROM (forward flexion, extension, lateral flexion-rotation), maximal isometric strength (forward flexion, extension, lateral flexion), and musculoskeletal pain were assessed using an electronic goniometer, a handheld dynamometer, and the Nordic questionnaire, respectively. The results revealed that: (a) females had higher ROM during extension and lateral flexion than males (p < 0.05); (b) males had higher absolute strength than females in all movement directions, and higher relative strength/body mass (at forward flexion) and flexion/extension ratio (p < 0.05); (c) ROM and strength were not significantly different between right and left sides (p > 0.05); (d) a large proportion (43.3%) of the participants had cervical pain; and (e) cervical strength showed a significant small negative correlation with pains (p < 0.05; r = −0.225 to −0.345). In conclusion, the derived reference values may be used by health and fitness professionals to extensively evaluate the cervical spine and to design specific exercise programs for injury prevention and rehabilitation.
... In general, the higher the degree of NF, the higher is the strain on the cervical spine (Hansraj 2014). Some researchers have proposed NF-related recommendations to alleviate the discomfort associated with smartphone use. ...
This study recruited 30 young participants (15 men and 15 women) to examine the smartphone usage patterns in three postures (standing, supported sitting, and unsupported sitting) and at five head angle (HA) positions (0-40 deg). Cervical erector spinae (CES) and upper trapezius (UTZ) muscle activity, neck flexion (NF), gaze angle (GA), viewing distance (VD), and discomfort scores were collected. Results showed that HA and posture almost affected all responses, while CES muscle activity, NF, and VD differed between sexes. Strain in the neck and shoulder region increased with HA increase. Particularly, when the HA exceeded 20 deg, the discomfort scores considerably increased.
Unsupported sitting should be avoided during smartphone use because of relatively poor responses in all variables. However, both standing and supported sitting have their respective benefits. Sex-related differences were typically observed in the standing position, with women tending to have lower NF but higher CES muscle activity compared with men.
... The cervical spine consists of the seven first vertebrae of the spine and plays an important role in daily life because it supports the head, surrounds and protects the spinal cord, and is responsible for a wide range of head and neck motions [1]. Different factors such as the adoption of sedentary life (reduced physical activity), the poor ergonomic conditions (inadequate posture using electronic devices, repetitive and hurried movements, long static and sitting positions, poor sleep quality, etc.), in conjunction with different individual (age, sex, musculoskeletal pain history, etc.) and psychosocial factors (stress, anxiety, depression, etc.), may affect the prevalence of cervical pain in the adult population [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]; although, future studies are needed to strengthen these findings. Nowadays, cervical pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders (prevalence ranged: from 17% to 75%) [4,6,[12][13][14][15] with detrimental effects not only for the individual itself but also for the society and economy in general. ...
The functional capacity of the cervical spine plays a central role in healthy living. This study evaluated and created a comprehensive strength, range of motion (ROM), and musculoskeletal pain profile of the cervical spine in young adults. 60 physically active individuals (30 males/30 females; 19-24 year-old) participated in the study. Cervical ROM (forward flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation), maximal isometric strength (forward flexion, extension, lateral flexion), and musculoskeletal pains were assessed using an electronic goniometer, a handheld dynamometer, and the Nordic questionnaire, respectively. Data analysis revealed that: a) fe-males had higher ROM values, during extension and lateral flexion, than males (p<0.05), b) males had higher absolute strength values than females in all movement directions, higher rela-tive strength values/body mass (at forward flexion) and flexion/extension ratio values (p<0.05), c) ROM and strength values were not significantly different between right-left sides (p>0.05), d) a great proportion (43.3%) of the participants had cervical pains (no sex-related differences) and e) cervical strength showed significant small negative correlation with pains (p<0.05; r=-0.225 to -0.345). The reference values created may be used by health and fitness professionals to exten-sively evaluate the cervical spine and to design specific exercise programs for injury prevention and rehabilitation.
... The PCF system was designed for integration into common computer setups for real computer workers. The system con- were provided by setting the criterion to 15°, which has been reported to double the load on the neck in a previous study [37]. ...
... at 30 o and 60 lbs. at 60 o [1]. ...
p>Smartphones are extensively used for communication, business, study, entertainment, and other purposes in everyone's daily life. Unfortunately, using the smartphone for prolonged periods causes several problems. The development of a complicated cluster of clinical symptoms known as "text neck syndrome" may be linked to the improper usage of personal devices, especially mobile phones. In addition, typical postures while using mobile phone devices can cause musculoskeletal problems. Various technologies are being considered to keep track of health and identify problems unobtrusively. This paper employs software-defined radio (SDR) based RF sensing and machine learning (ML) algorithms to develop a testbed for detecting text neck syndrome and classifying healthy and unhealthy postures. Specifically, fine-grained orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) samples are leveraged for channel state information (CSI) acquisition for detecting neck tilt angles while using the mobile phone. For classification purposes, the ML algorithms are used, and their performance in terms of prediction time, training time, and accuracy is assessed. The performance evaluation results of the testbed validated that this platform can faithfully detect and classify healthy and unhealthy postures with maximum accuracy of 99.9% with fine kth-nearest neighbors (KNN). The developed testbed has a considerable clinical impact on improving human health.</p
... at 30 o and 60 lbs. at 60 o [1]. ...
p>Smartphones are extensively used for communication, business, study, entertainment, and other purposes in everyone's daily life. Unfortunately, using the smartphone for prolonged periods causes several problems. The development of a complicated cluster of clinical symptoms known as "text neck syndrome" may be linked to the improper usage of personal devices, especially mobile phones. In addition, typical postures while using mobile phone devices can cause musculoskeletal problems. Various technologies are being considered to keep track of health and identify problems unobtrusively. This paper employs software-defined radio (SDR) based RF sensing and machine learning (ML) algorithms to develop a testbed for detecting text neck syndrome and classifying healthy and unhealthy postures. Specifically, fine-grained orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) samples are leveraged for channel state information (CSI) acquisition for detecting neck tilt angles while using the mobile phone. For classification purposes, the ML algorithms are used, and their performance in terms of prediction time, training time, and accuracy is assessed. The performance evaluation results of the testbed validated that this platform can faithfully detect and classify healthy and unhealthy postures with maximum accuracy of 99.9% with fine kth-nearest neighbors (KNN). The developed testbed has a considerable clinical impact on improving human health.</p
... Each skeleton model converted into a CAD model was transferred to Ansys Discovery Live software, and the skull and mandible were grouped as a single part. The mass of the head model was defined as 5 kg [21], and gravitational acceleration was applied as 9.81 m/s 2 . For the boundary condition, the first thoracic vertebra (T1), selected at all surfaces, was defined as fixed support, and the intervertebral contact type, by default, was described as bonded. ...
Aim: This study aims to investigate the impact of von Mises stress distribution on the cervical spine and soft tissue of the neck at different flexion angles of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°. Materials and Methods: Finite element analysis of the neck's cervical spine and soft tissue was performed separately in Ansys Discovery Live software, a possible approach for simulating the mechanical behavior of the neck. Three-dimensional (3D) models were created in 3D Max software and static structural analyses of soft tissues were performed in ANSYS by using the Finite Element Method. The maximum stress distributions of the cervical spine in cervical vertebra bodies at different flexion angles were analyzed at the lowest and highest stress values of 0° and 30°, respectively. For the intervertebral contact surfaces, the lowest and highest stress values were determined at 0° and 45°, respectively. Results: The value of stress showed a linear increase with increasing flexion angles in the soft tissue of the neck. The observation that the stress values obtained at different flexion angles were arbitrarily in either positive or negative directions when compared to the upright posture suggests that the effect of neck flexion on stress distribution in the cervical spine is complex and multifactorial. The change in stress values in the soft tissue of the neck was always positive and linear with increasing flexion angles. Conclusion: People who work with technological devices are prone to a musculoskeletal disorder associated with forward flexion of the neck, and individuals are encouraged to adopt a neck flexion angle between 0° and 15°. This finding could help guide the development of strategies to reduce the risk of neck injury or damage in different postures.
... The major cause of health issues secondary to prolonged use of smart phones and gadgets are because of neck position due to prolonged declination. Kennith H reported in one of the studies while the standard weight applied on the spinal cord is normally 10 -12 lbs., when the Cervical Spine is collinear with the spinal cord it rises steeply to 60 lbs., when the user's neck is declined at 60 degrees from the body's longitudinal axis [12]. Author used Accelerometer device to ascertain the bend in neck and resulting changes in the pressure [13]. ...
In today's world of advancements, nearly 84% of people face neck and back pain at some point in their lives, of which 90% is attributed to bad posture. This leads to cervical and lumbar spondylosis, kyphoscoliosis and paraspinal muscle spasm. Poor posture can also lead to more pain along with the degradation of the tissues surrounding our joints. To tackle this health issue, we have developed a novel solution in the form of an AI-enabled smart wearable device that enables one to correct their posture at any time of the day by alerting them about their incorrect posture through haptic vibrations. "ERGON" uses flex sensors, a Bluetooth HC-O5 module, an Arduino Nano and a vibrator module to create a life style improvement habit making device. The device will be inserted into a cotton sleeve which will be strapped onto the body with the sensor on the spinal region. "ERGON" is affordable, almost one-third of the cost of similar devices sold in market, light weight and small that can be worn comfortably under clothes. It is worthwhile to mention that ERGON has undergone multiple rounds of prototype refinement where the initial version using infrared sensors to the improved current version of ERGON which uses flex sensors, which changes its readings on being bent. The market viability and customer acceptance of the product was corroborated through need identification surveys where 71% of people replied that they face back and neck problems in their day-to-day life, and that this product will be highly beneficial for them. Additionally, our application allows the user to go through weekly posture progress reports, notifications and free training links and videos helping them gain good postural integrity.
... There is evidence that, compared to neutral standing, subjects display a more forward head posture when viewing a mobile phone screen [8,9]. A forward head posture may increase the mechanical load on joints and ligaments of the cervical spine and may boost the demand on the posterior neck musculature by the increased gravitational movement [10,11]. ...
... Neck pain is a complex and rising public health problem in modern societies 1,2,3 . Pain might originate from any structure of the neck, such as muscles, intervertebral discs, ligaments, facet joints, dura, and nerve roots 4 . ...
A pre-experimental study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding text neck syndrome among college students in selected colleges at Sangli District. The objectives of the study were to assess the existing knowledge regarding text neck syndrome, to assess the knowledge after planned teaching program regarding text neck syndrome and to find out the comparison between pre and post-test knowledge score regarding text neck syndrome. This study is conceptual on newly coined medical term 'TEXT NECK SYNDROME' The study was conducted at Kasturba Walchand Jr. College in Sangli. Among 120 students were selected by Non probability convenient Sampling technique. The pre-test level of knowledge was assessed using structured knowledge questionnaire and planned teaching programme was given. Post-test was conducted after 7 days. The result showed that the mean post-test knowledge score 11.7 with SD 3.5 was significantly higher than the pre-test mean score 6.8 with SD 4.1. Since the calculated 't' value-9.79 which was greater than the table value (2.00) with degree of freedom 59 at p<0.05 level of significance. Hence the study revealed that structured teaching programme on text neck syndrome was effective in improving the knowledge of college students.
... Using a smartphone is associated with a slouched posture, forwards head posture and rounded shoulders in students, all of which may put strain on the cervical and lumbar spines and their ligaments (Bonney and Corlett, 2002;Janwantanakul et al., 2012). The flexed head increased the burden on cervical spines which may cause loss of curvature and accelerates the deterioration of ligaments (Hansraj, 2014). ...
... When surgeons flexed the neck 30 degrees beyond neutral the weight imparted to the cervical vertebrae increased 4 times. 40 Surgeons positioned the exoscope at any angle necessary but still allowed themselves in the comfort, upright, neutral posture through 4K 3D monitors, which may ultimately help reduce surgical errors and times. Despite several guidelines for improving ergonomics in health care, there are still large gaps in the knowledge and practice of ergonomic principles in surgical settings. ...
Objective:
The risk of musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs) increases over years of practice which may lead to career-ending among surgeons. Exoscopes represent a new generation of imaging systems that help surgeons operate in a more comfortable posture. This article aimed to assess advantages and limitations, especially ergonomics with a 3D exoscope in lumbar spine microsurgery versus an operating microscope (OM) to reduce MSIs.
Methods:
From March 2018 to May 2020, 90 patients with lumbar disc herniation undergoing a single-level minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) procedure were included. Forty-seven patients were operated with the assistance of the exoscope and 43 patients were operated with the assistance of the OM. Clinical data, magnification, and illumination were evaluated. In particular, the ergonomics of surgeons was evaluated by a questionnaire (subjective) and a rapid entire body assessment (REBA; objective).
Results:
The postoperative outcomes were reasonably well balanced between the two groups. The handling of the exoscope was comparable to that of the OM. The depth perception, image quality, and illumination of the exoscope were inferior to those of the OM in MIS-TLIF with long and deep approaches. The educational and training function of the exoscope was superior to that of the OM. Importantly, surgeons rated the ergonomics of the exoscope as very high on the questionnaire and the REBA to the OM (P = 0.017).
Conclusions:
This study showed that the exoscope was a safe and effective alternative to the OM for assisting the MIS-TLIF procedure with the unique advantage of ergonomics to reduce musculoskeletal injuries.
... Truly, online education dramatically reduces the usual mobility of teachers and students which affects not only their wellbeing but also attention span. The term "text neck" or "techno neck" had been around for a few years before the pandemic and was coined by New York spine surgeon Kenneth Hansraj to refer to the increase in neck and upper back pain due to the increased use of technology (Hansraj, 2014). In online classes, this forward head posture stands out even more. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic that was initially believed to be a health crisis not only encouraged most organizations to revisit and readjust their working mode and style but also brought drastic changes into the work of educational institutions. The onset of pandemic paved ways for modern technologies and classroom routines to make language teaching compliant with certain preventive measures. Preliminary research into the successes and failures earned throughout online teaching in Armenia may provide a solid background for identifying which language teaching practices that started during COVID-19 would be retained or dismissed. The paper looks into some instructional changes that might impact the planning and delivery of in-person lessons after the retreat of the pandemic.
... Musculoskeletal pain especially neck pain is a public health condition in modern time. [9,10] Several other factors can lead to neck pain such as neoplastic disease, inflammatory conditions, infectious conditions and congenital problems. Growing evidence reports that persistent neck pain in young age leads to chronic pain in adults. ...
Background:
Adolescent smartphone users have developed a variety of musculoskeletal conditions due to their use of smartphones. ELDOA (Elongation longitudinaux avec decoaption osteo-articulaire) is based on maximizing facial and spinal stretching by assuming specific posture for 1 minute and post facilitation stretching is also a type of muscle energy technique that is used for chronically shortened or tight muscles. This aimed to compare the effects of post-facilitation stretching technique and ELDOA on neck pain and functional disability in mobile users experiencing Text neck syndrome during COVID-19.
Methods:
This single-blinded randomized control trial with a parallel group design was conducted at the Department of Physiotherapy Safi Hospital (Faisalabad, Pakistan) from September 2021 to April 2022. Forty smartphone users between the ages of 18 and 35 who had a Neck Disability Index score of >10 due to neck pain without unilateral arm symptoms participated in the study. Of the 40 participants, twenty were randomly assigned to the ELDOA group and twenty were assigned to the post facilitation stretching group, and each group received 3 weekly sessions of treatment for 6 weeks. The Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) were used to measure pain intensity, functional disability, and smartphone addiction at baseline and after 18 sessions of treatment. SPSS version 22 was used to enter and analyze the data. To find comparisons between groups an independent sample t test was used, and a paired sample t test was used to find the difference within each group.
Results:
Post-treatment values showed statistically significant difference between groups. ELDOA group showed greater improvement in pain (P < .03) with 95% CI [-1.33, -0.068] and functional disability (P < .05) with 95% CI [-4.44, 0.143] at 6th week. There was no statistically significant difference (P = .35) with 95% CI [-28.6, 10.4] between the two groups regarding smartphone addiction. The NPRS, NDI, SAS scores were significantly different within each group with P < .05.
Conclusion:
The study concluded that ELDOA method and post-facilitation stretching both were effective in treating neck pain and functional disability. However, ELDOA method was superior to post-facilitation stretching effects on neck pain and functional disability among patients with text neck syndrome.
... To illustrate, the differences of left and right neck VAS between at the baseline and at 40 minutes were 0.738 and 0.850 respectively. These were lower than 1.700 (the minimal clinically important difference of VAS) [39]. ...
Background:
Although young adults regularly perform tablet writing, biomechanics during the tablet writing with different tilt angles has not been studied. The objective of this study was to compare posture, muscle activity, and discomfort at the neck and shoulder between tablet writing with 0° (horizontal) and 30° tablet tilt angles over 40 minutes in healthy young adults.
Methods:
Twenty participants wrote continuously for 40 minutes on a tablet with both tilt angles in a randomized order. Between conditions, there was a 5-minute activity break. Differences in neck and shoulder posture, muscle activity, and discomfort between both tablet tilt angles and changes in the outcomes every 10 minutes over 40 minutes were investigated.
Results:
With the tilted tablet, there were lower neck flexion (Z = -4.637, P<0.001), lower shoulder extension (Z = -3.734, P<0.001), and lower neck Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (left; Z = -4.699, P<0.001 and right; Z = -3.874, P<0.001) as compared to the no tilt condition. However, the right upper trapezius muscle activity was higher in the tilted condition as compared to the no tilt one. Over 40 minutes, the neck VAS (left; χ2(4) = 30.235, P<0.001 and right; χ2(4) = 32.560, P<0.001) and heart rate variability (χ2(4) = 12.906, P = 0.012) showed notable increases after 20 minutes compared to baseline.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, adjusting the tablet tilt to 30° and limiting time spent to 20 minutes are recommended for young adults during the tablet writing to prevent neck problems.
... Third, the head is almost perpendicular and above normal [16]. According to the weight of the head, if the head has a shift of 0.5 cm can affect the cervical, which it means more weight of head during running and extra weight to carry [17]. As shown in Figure 5, the maximum difference between the three modes is 3 seconds, and this is very important for professional competition running. ...
The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of the movements and the turns of the athletes' heads while they run. The way of holding a head is different for athletes in various sports. Moreover, this paper analyzes the effects of head movements on the sport records. One of the factors influencing the runners' wins is the way they hold and move their heads whether he is a marathoner, a sprinter, or an athlete whose running is the main factor of his win. The environmental factors such as obstacles and visual signs can make a runner turn his head that can be challenging for his ideal position. As a result, it can also affect his final record. This article studies the effects of the athlete's head positions in two sport fields, and it compares the athletes' different records with each other through the image processing and software development in Android app.
... According to Hansraj, as the weight of the head is shifted anteriorly in the forward head posture, not only the craniovertebral angle worsens/is affected, but it also changes and can be seen in the gaze angle, dropping below the horizontal linewhich is considered to represent a level of comfort. Our study has identified significant results when correlating parameters such as the CVA, gaze angle, and head-neck flexion angle [29]. ...
Background
Prolonged computer use and poor ergonomics among IT professionals are considered risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders. This research aims to analyze the degree of forward head posture and workplace ergonomics in young IT professionals to assess the risk for a neck disability.
Methods
A prospective study was carried out by assessing the sitting posture at work, neck disability in the cervical region, quality of life, physical activity, and ergonomics of the workspace in 73 young IT professionals (32.56±5.46 years).
Results
The score for the cervical functional disability index (NDI) showed a mild neck disability (8.19±7.51). The craniovertebral angle has an average value of 32.01±11.46, corresponding to a light forward head posture, and it positively correlated with age and work experience and negatively correlated with ROSA (r=0.24, p<0.05). The NDI positively correlated with physical activity (r =00.32 p<0.05) and with ROSA (r= 0.24, p<0.05).
Conclusions
In IT professionals, neck disability is associated with the lack of workspace ergonomics and the amount of physical activity. Forward head posture correlated with age, work experience, and poor workspace ergonomics. According to our findings, there are real concerns about the influence of head posture and workplace ergonomics on health among IT professionals. We consider that it is necessary to adopt preventive measures to address neck disability and improve workspace ergonomics.
... Loss of the natural curve of the spine leads to degeneration, early wear, ruptures and possible surgery. [16] Psycho-social disorders Kimberly Eddleston and Jay Mulki did a survey of 299 employees and showed that women find it harder to get off work when working from home, being more stressed than men and having more problems integrating work into the family. [17] Gimenez-Nadal and his colleagues conducted a survey of 2,471 employees in 2020 and showed that men who worked from home had significantly lower levels of stress, pain and fatigue than those who went to work (commuters), and the teleworker women reported higher levels of happiness compared to the commuter women. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic forced a large number of people into telework. The change of working conditions was not done with the help of specialists or with the support from employers, resulting in improvisations that had negative consequences for employee health. The survey conducted by the Bureau of Social Research at the end of 2020 measured the impact of work from home on various health problems and body organs. The results clearly show a deterioration of the bones, muscles and joints, the mental system, the stomach, the eyes and the heart for an important segment of the employees. The most vulnerable people were those aged 40-60, PhD graduates, domiciled in medium and small cities, employed by the state in areas that had the greatest difficulties in adapting to digitization and working on online platforms: culture, education, public administration. As experts say that working from home will continue in the coming years even after the pandemic disappears, the deterioration of employees' health will intensify.
... Other investigations have demonstrated that the excessive use of cell phone can result in deficiencies such as rounded shoulders and forward head posture [12,13] . The angled weight of the head decreases as the neck bending degree increases, and the head weight reaches about 28 kg with the flexion of 60° [14] . The aim of the present investigation was therefore to evaluate changes in cervical posture and range of motion (ROM) based on the length of using the smartphone. ...
... Untersuchungen zeigen, dass über 90 Prozent der Handy-Besitzer diese Position einnehmen(Hansraj 2014). Eine nicht repräsentative Studie unter Universitätsangehörigen in Ontario ergab, dass 84 Prozent der 140 Studienteilnehmer nach der ausgiebigen Nutzung ihrer Smartphones über Schmerzen klagten (vgl.Berolo et al. 2011). ...
Inhaltlich beschäftigt sich die Arbeit, die im Rahmen des Promotionsstudiengangs Kunst und Gestaltung an der Bauhaus-Universität entstand, mit der Erforschung sozio-interaktiver Potentiale der Videotelefonie im Kontext von Nähe und Verbundenheit mit Fokus auf Eigenbild, Embodiment sowie den Rederechtswechsel. Die Videotelefonie als Kommunikationsform hat sich – und darauf deuten die Erfahrungen der Co- vid-19-Pandemie hin – im lebensweltlichen Alltag der Menschen etabliert und wird dort in naher Zukunft nicht mehr wegzudenken sein. Auf Basis ihrer Möglichkeiten und Errungenschaften ist es inzwischen Realität und Lebenswirklichkeit, dass die Kommunikation sowohl im privaten als auch im geschäftlichen Kontext mittels verschiedenster Kanäle stattfindet. Der Videotelefonie kommt hierbei als solche nicht nur eine tragende Funktion, sondern auch eine herausragende Rolle bei der vermeintlichen Reproduktion der Face-to-Face-Kommunikation im digitalen Raum zu und wird wie selbstverständlich zum zwischenmenschlichen Austausch genutzt. Just an diesem Punkt knüpft die Forschungsarbeit an. Zentral stand dabei das Vorhaben einer dezidierte Untersuchung des Forschungsgegenstandes Videotelefonie, sowohl aus Kultur- als auch Technikhistorischer, aber auch Medien-, Wahrnehmungs- wie Kommunikations- theoretischer Perspektive, indem analytische und phänosemiotische Perspektiven miteinander in Beziehung gesetzt werden (z.B. Wahrnehmungsbedingungen, Interaktionsmerkmale, realisierte Kommunikationsprozesse etc.). Damit verbundenes, wünschenswertes Ziel war es, eine möglichst zeitgemäße wie relevante Forschungsfrage zu adressieren, die neben den kulturellen Technisierungs- und Mediatisierungstendenzen in institutionellen und privaten Milieus ebenfalls eine conditio sine qua non der pandemischen (Massen-)Kommunikation entwirft. Die Arbeit ist damit vor allem im Bereich des Produkt- und Interactiondesigns zu verorten. Darüber hinaus hatte sie das Ziel der Darlegung und Begründung der Videotelefonie als eigenständige Kommunikationsform, welche durch eigene, kommunikative Besonderheiten, die sich in ihrer jeweiligen Ingebrauchnahme sowie durch spezielle Wahrnehmungsbedingungen äußern, und die die Videotelefonie als »Rederechtswechselmedium« avant la lettre konsolidieren, gekennzeichnet ist. Dabei sollte der Beweis erbracht werden, dass die Videotelefonie nicht als Schwundstufe einer Kommunikation Face-to-Face, sondern als ein eigenständiges Mediatisierungs- und Kommunikationsereignis zu verstehen sei. Und eben nicht als eine beliebige – sich linear vom Telefon ausgehende – entwickelte Form der audio-visuellen Fernkommunikation darstellt, sondern die gestalterische (Bewegtbild-)Technizität ein eigenständiges Funktionsmaß offeriert, welches wiederum ein innovatives Kommunikationsmilieu im Kontext einer Rederechtswechsel-Medialität stabilisiert.
Background
Sitting for long periods of time and lack of physical activity in young adults can cause postural deterioration leading to rapid onset of fatigue and increase the risk of back pain. We were interested in whether there are gender differences in spinal curvature among university students with a predominantly sedentary lifestyle.
Methods
20 sedentary female (age 20 ± 0.73 years) and 39 sedentary male university students (age 20 ± 1.08 years) participated in this study. Their thoracic and lumbar curvatures were assessed while standing and sitting using a Spinal Mouse.
Results
In standing, 80.0% of the females and 69.2% of the males had a neutral position of the thoracic spine (33.25° and 35.33°, respectively). However, more males, 30.8%, than females, 10.0%, had hyperkyphosis (54.27° and 47.0°, respectively). Hypokyphosis was found in 10.0% of the females (18.50°) and none in the males. Similarly, 90.0% of the females and 97.4% of the males had neutral position of the lumbar spine (-33.11° and -29.76°, respectively). Increased hyperlordosis was found in 10.0% of the females and 2.6% of the males (-41.0° and -50.0°, respectively). Hypolordosis was not detected in either females or males. In sitting, on the other hand, 70.0% of the females and only 33.3% of the males had a neutral position of the thoracic spine (30.20° and 30.62°, respectively). Increased hyperkyphosis was found in 46.2% of the males (59.76°) and none of the females. 30.0% of the females and 23.1% of the males had light hypokyphosis (47.50° and 46.67°, respectively). Similarly, 70.0% of the females and only 38.5% of the males had a neutral position of the lumbar spine (7.0° and 6.6°, respectively). 35.9% of the males and only 5.0% of the females had a light hypokyphosis (16.14° and 16.0°, respectively). Slightly increased hyperkyphosis was identified in 25.6% of the males and 25.0% of the females (23.9° and 22.5°, respectively).
Conclusion
There are significant gender differences in spinal curvature. While in the thoracic spine it was to the detriment of the males when both standing and sitting, in the lumbar spine it is related to the females only when standing. It is therefore necessary to eliminate these spinal deviations in young adults induced by prolonged sitting during university courses by appropriate recovery modalities.
Perubahan fisiologis tubuh secara alami terjadi pada usia lanjut dengan berbagai permasalahan kesehatan, salah satunya adalah perubahan postur tubuh dengan posisi kepala berada di depan bahu dan tidak sejajarnya acromion dengan meatus auditori eksternal atau disebut dengan Forward Head Posture (FHP). Semakin bertambahnya usia mempengaruhi tingkat keparahan FHP yang berdampak pada risiko jatuh yang semakin tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara forward head posture dengan risiko jatuh pada lansia di Kelurahan Untia Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross secrional dengan jumlah sampel 67 lansia yang berusia 60 tahun keatas. Pengumpulan data didapatkan secara langsung dengan cara pengambilan data primer melalui pengukuran forward head posture dengan alat ukur craniovertebral angel (CVA) dan risiko jatuh menggunakan Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT). Hasil penelitian pada analisis bivariat menunjukkan terdapat hubungan positif (searah) antara variabel forward head posture dengan risiko jatuh dengan tingkat korelasi yang kuat (p <0,05 dan nilai r = 0,647). Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan anatara forward head posture dengan risiko jatuh pada lanjut usia di Kelurahan Untia Kota Makassar. Kata kunci: Lansia; forward head posture; risiko jatuh
Introduction: Text Neck Syndrome occurs due to sustained Forward Head Posture (FHP) when smartphones are used constantly without any breaks for more than five hours and with improper posture. Long-term untreated text neck can cause inflammation of the neck’s ligaments, muscles, and nerves, leading to chronic arthritic changes. Literature provides studies evaluating the effects of physical or manual therapy, but there is a lack of studies investigating the effects of Instrument-assisted Soft Tissue Mobilisation (IASTM) treatment in individuals with text neck syndrome. Aim: To determine the added effect of IASTM on text neck syndrome. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted at Department of Physiotherapy, Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Physiotherapy, Pune, Maharashtra, India, from August 2022 to December 2022. A total of 22 subjects, with a mean age of 21.58±1.18 years, participated in the study. The subjects were then divided into two treatment groups (n=11 each). The experimental group (Group-A) received stretching, strengthening exercises with IASTM, while the control group (Group-B) received only conventional physical therapy (stretching and strengthening). The treatment was delivered for a twoweek period. The data were analysed using MedCalc statistical software version 20.210. Significance was set at a p-value less than 0.05. For within-group analysis, Wilcoxon’s signed-rank or paired t-test was used depending on the normality distribution, and for between-group comparisons, Mann-Whitney tests were used for skewed variables. Results: The pain severity (p-value=0.0063) and neck disability (p-value=0.0008) were significantly lower in the IASTM group than the control group. Additionally, the Craniovertebral Angle (CVA) (p-value=0.0001) significantly increased with IASTM (Group-A) compared to the control group. Conclusion: The study concluded that IASTM and conventional therapy are individually effective in improving pain, disability, and FHP in text neck syndrome. However, adding IASTM to routine physical therapy showed statistically more significant results compared to physical therapy alone in reducing neck pain, disability, and FHP.
ABSTRACT
Background: Nowadays, the mobile phone is the most popular and widely used device for various daily activities.
Text neck used to describe neck discomfort and injury of upper back muscle which is caused by the frequent forward
bending of neck at various angles, while staring down at a mobile phone. This should consider as “pain of the modern
era” since it is caused by modern-era gadgets. The text neck syndrome is a growing health concern and has the
potential to affect millions of people all over the world. The objectives of the study were to assess the burden of text
neck syndrome and to find out the effect of neck disability on daily activities.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among adults aged between 18-50 years from the general population
using neck disability index questionnaire to gather information on how neck pain affected one’s ability to function in
everyday life.
Results: Out of 691 responses, 95.8% were the mobile phone uses and 36.2% were on mobile phone for 5-7 hours per
day. 27.4% were experiencing the mild neck pain. 45.6% of respondents reported mild text neck disability, 14.5%
reported moderate, 3% reported severe and 0.4% reported complete text neck disability, and 36.5% did not suffer text
neck disability.
Conclusions: A person’s life is incomplete without mobile phones, so that timely interpretation and interventions
along with good knowledge about postural correction will be the key entities to deal with text neck syndrome.
Keywords: Neck Disability, Neck pain, Pain of modern era, Smart phones, Text neck
Introduction: Neck pain is a very complex and important public health problem in our modern societies. Any structure of the neck, such as intervertebral discs, ligaments, muscles, facet joints, and nerve roots, can represent the source of pain. In epidemiological studies evaluating the general population, the one-year incidence of neck pain can be as high as 40%. Because of the tendency for neck pain to become a chronic problem, it is important to identify risk factors that could promote prevention and early diagnosis.
Methods: The paper is a non-experimental (qualitative) research or a scientific literature review. For the purposes of this work, a search was conducted of the relevant databases Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Med-Line. The listed databases were searched using the keywords "neck pain", "frequency of neck pain", "risk factors", "children and adolescents".
Results: The results include a presentation and analysis of thirteen published scientific articles in the period 2014-2020. The studies used for this paper were published in Sweden, and Australia.
Conclusion: By reviewing the scientific literature, it can be concluded that there is an increased frequency of risk factors for neck pain in children and adolescents. The most common risk factors are female gender, flexed head position, use of mobile and other devices, insufficient physical activity, ergonomic factors, psychological and social factors.
Key words: neck pain, risk factors, children, and adolescents
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of three different intervention strategies, postural education (PE) and two corrective exercise programs (CEPs), on the craniovertebral angle (CVA) in young adults with forward head posture (FHP). A prospective four-arm parallel randomized controlled trial with repeated measures was performed. Seventy-nine healthy young adults (55 women, 24 men; mean age: 20.08 ± 2.19 years) with FHP were randomized into four groups: PE group, self-myofascial release + stretching group (SMRS), self-myofascial release + stretching + strengthening group (SMRSS), and a control group (CG). Participant CVA (°) was assessed before and after a 4-week intervention. Seventy-two participants completed the trial. Mean difference comparisons of within-group change in mean CVA revealed an increase in the PE (MD = 3.1, p < .01), SMRS (MD = 3.8, p < .01), and SMRSS (MD = 4.4, p < .01) groups. Mean difference comparison of between-group change in mean CVA supported greater CVA change in the SMRS and SMRSS groups compared to the CG (F(3, 68) = 5.26, p < .01, η2 = .188). All three interventions appear to be effective techniques for improving FHP in young adults, however CEPs may provide superior outcomes than PE alone. A 4-week CEP consisting of self-myofascial release + stretching may yield similar CVA enhancements as a CEP consisting of self-myofascial release + stretching + strengthening. Study findings can assist fitness professionals in designing evidence-based FHP intervention programs for young adults.
Headaches in children and adolescents are an actual problem of modern medicine. In most cases, headaches are regarded as a manifestation of vertebrogenic or cerebrovascular pathology, or as a manifestation of autonomic dystonia syndrome which leads to an erroneous diagnosis and treatment. The review considers the factors of occurrence and chronicity of primary headaches (hypodynamia, postural disorders, magnesium and vitamin D deficiency, anxiety and depression, central sensitization, alexithymia), methods for their diagnosis and treatment.
Background
The treatment of Chiari malformations generally consists of posterior fossa decompression. C1 laminectomy is required in selected cases. However, cases of iatrogenic anterior arch fractures at C1 without high-energy trauma have been reported. Developing theoretical models of atlas C1 bones that have undergone a laminectomy can help researchers identify the regions where fractures may occur as a result of sudden loads.Methods
In this study, we created a detailed three-dimensional solid finite element model of the human atlas bone (C1) using geometric data. The loadings of the laminectomy dimension were evaluated on the basis of three groups. Group I comprised atlas bones that had not undergone a laminectomy. For Group II, the lateral border of the laminectomy was determined as the projection of the lateral mass medial border on the lamina. For Group III, the bilateral sulcus arteriosus was determined as the border for the lateral border of the laminectomy. The analysis results, which are in good agreement with those of previous reports, showed high concentrations of localized stress in the anterior and posterior arches of the atlas bone.ResultsThe analysis results showed that the stress increased in the laminectomy models. The maximum stress observed was consistent with the clinical observations of fracture sites in previous studies.Conclusion
In the treatment of patients with Chiari malformations, C1 laminectomy is often required. The width of this laminectomy can lead to iatrogenic anterior arch fractures. This is the first study to evaluate C1 laminectomy width using finite element modeling.
Background:
There is a high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and stress levels in university students in the health area. The current study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of pain in the cervical region, lumbar spine, and upper and lower limbs in university students in the final year of physiotherapy; and to determine the correlation between smartphone overuse, stress level, and musculoskeletal pain.
Methods:
This is observational cross-sectional study. Students completed an online questionnaire containing sociodemographic information, the Neck Disability Index (NDI), Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), Smartphone Addiction Scale Short-version (SAS-SV), Job Stress Scale, and Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODI). The Biserial-point correlation test and Spearman correlationvtest was performed.
Results:
In total, 42 university students participated in the study. The results indicate a high prevalence of students with cervical pain (83.3%), lumbar pain (76.2%), shoulder (57.1%) and wrist (52.4%). Correlations were found in the comparison of the SAS-SV versus NDI (p < 0.001, R = 0.517) and neck pain (p = 0.020, R = 0.378). The stress scale versus pain in the upper back (p = 0.008, R = 0.348), elbow (p = 0.047, R = 0.347), wrist (p = 0.021, R = 0.406), and knee (p = 0.028, R = 0.323), pain in the wrist versus high scores in the SAS-SV (p = 0.021, R = 0.367), and also hours spent using the smartphone versus pain in the hip (total time: p = 0.003, R = 446; work: p = 0.041, R = 0.345; recreation: p = 0.045, R = 0.308).
Conclusion:
There is a high prevalence of pain in the cervical and lumbar regions in university students in the final year of Physiotherapy. A correlation was found between neck disability, neck and upper back pain and overuse of the smartphone and stress.
Background: Neck pain is a public health issue and the world's fourth-biggest cause of disability. Office workers are more affected by poor posture and different weight loads on the neck leading to the development of neck pain. FixaSpine is a wearable device allowing proper sitting or standing posture when using the computer. McKenzie exercises are inter alia used for decreasing neck pain, there are no studies on the combination of FixaSpine and McKenzie exercises. Objective: to evaluate the change in perceived neck pain before and after the combination of training with FixaSpine and performing McKenzie exercises among office workers in comparison to postural text reminders. Materials and methodology: a pre-post-interventional pilot study was carried out in Southern Sweden with 39 participants. The intervention group received training with FixaSpine and McKenzie exercises and the control group received postural text reminders for the duration of four weeks. The participants performed five days a week during working hours. The data was collected by Neck Pain and Disability Scale. Paired samples t-test and independent t-test were used for analysis. Results: a total of 39 participants (intervention group (n = 25) and control group (n = 14)) were included in the study. The intervention group showed a statistically significant difference in neck pain (p = 0.000) and in the control group, there was no significant difference in neck pain (p = 0.57). There was a significant difference in post-total NPDS scores across the groups (p = 0.002). The magnitude of the mean differences was very large (mean difference =-26.21, 95 % confidence interval:-42.12 to-10.3; Glass'delta = 1.23). Conclusion: There was a significant decrease in perceived neck pain measured before and after an intervention by a combination of training with FixaSpine and performing McKenzie exercises among office workers in comparison to postural text reminders. Further research is needed involving control groups (FixaSpine /McKenzie exercises).
Background:
Smartphones cause physiological problems due to inappropriate postures and extensive usage. India, being the second leading country with the highest number of smartphone users (492 million in 2021), has witnessed a significant rise in smartphone-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD).
Objective:
This study compared the effects of 60-min smartphone gameplay on head flexion angle, muscle activity, and loads at C7 on Indian adolescents.
Methods:
A subjective assessment was conducted on 1659 participants, of which, 40 young male adults aged between 20-28 years performed the experimental trial. Muscle (Sternocleidomastoid) activity, head flexion angle, and load acting at the neck (C7) were analyzed through postural assessment, pre-and post-subjective analysis.
Results:
Participants maintained an average of 28.46°±4.04° head flexion angle for more than 43 min (71%) in an hour while performing the task. The muscle activity increased to 23% (p < 0.001) of MVC at the end of the task compared to the beginning.
Conclusion:
The results indicated a significant increase in muscle activity (1.61 times), spinal loads (4.6 times) and subjective discomfort (2.9 times) after prolonged smartphone usage. It is evident that various aspects (duration, posture, content) play a vital role in smartphone-related MSD and there is a potential risk of cervical spine problems. The increased loads reduce muscle stiffness and increase intervertebral disc pressure.
El excesivo uso de los teléfonos móviles de acuerdo a la Organización mundial de la Salud, puede ocasionar problemas a la salud debido al uso inmoderado y compulsivo del Smartphone, resultando un incremento de gastos mensuales en datos y planes telefónicos creándose una adicción para los consumidores, dándose trastornos físicos y psicológicos. El objetivo de la presente investigación es determinar el nivel de riesgo ergonómico debido al uso frecuente del teléfono móvil en los funcionarios públicos que realizan actividades administrativas en el Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal del cantón Gonzalo Pizarro. La sobrecarga de información en los teléfonos celulares debido a los grupos de redes sociales donde se comunica al personal acerca de noticias de gobierno municipal, los grupos de trabajo de WhatsApp donde se envía y recibe mensaje, documentos, videos y otros, incrementa la frecuencia en la utilización del equipo, lo cual conlleva a malas posturas.
Objective: Cervicogenic dizziness is currently excluded from diagnosis because of the insufficient understanding of the causes underlying this condition. To solve this problem, it is necessary to understand the cause of cervicogenic dizziness.
Methods: Literature research in PubMed and google scholar.
Results: The total number of included studies was 59.
Conclusion: Cervicogenic dizziness is a topic of debate. Among patients with dizziness, some patients frequently complain of lightheadedness, headache, and pain along with dizziness rather than true vertigo. Many clinicians mention that representative symptoms of cervicogenic dizziness are difficult to identify because these symptoms may be caused by other diseases. This study explained the causes of cervicogenic dizziness by dividing them into three categories (neuro-vascular problem, spine disease and soft tissue problems caused by with or without trauma) and six factors (sympathetic dysfunction, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, cervical degenerative disease, rheumatoid arthritis, accidents with trauma, and abnormal posture without trauma).
Power Poser-Game Changers TIME content.time
- A Cuddy
Cuddy A. Power Poser-Game Changers
TIME content.time.com/.../ 0,28804,
2091589_ 2092033_2109441,00.html.
How to soothe a sore neck. The essentials are icing and heat, gentle therapeutic exercise, and good posture
- Harvard Editorial Board
Harvard Editorial Board: How to soothe a
sore neck. The essentials are icing and heat,
gentle therapeutic exercise, and good posture.