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Assessment of stresses in the cervical spine caused by posture and position of the head
Abstract
Preamble. Billions of people are using cell phone devices on the planet, essentially in poor posture. The purpose of this study is to assess the forces incrementally seen by the cervical spine as the head is tilted forward, into worsening posture. This data is also necessary for cervical spine surgeons to understand in the reconstruction of the neck.
Supplementary resource (1)
... Until now, many researchers have conducted studies to determine the prevalence of neck pain associated with smartphone use [7]. The effects of smartphone use on the musculoskeletal system have been reported, although studies on smartphone usage posture and its effect on changes in the neck flexion angle over time are insufficient [8]. There is an increasing incidence of neck pain in different age groups. ...
... Text neck most commonly causes neck pain and soreness. In addition, looking down at smartphones too much can lead to upper back pain, shoulder pain, and tightness ranging from chronic, continuous pain to sharp and severe muscle spasms [8], [12], [14], [29]. ...
... This kind of excessive neck flexion can cause deformation of the normal neck bone into a C shape and fatigue on the neck and muscles around the shoulders [29]. Students should be advised to avoid continuous use of smartphones for long periods, correct neck posture while using, take frequent short breaks, and use voice-to-text software programs [8]. ...
Background: The daily use of smartphone devices is increasing worldwide. It can affect personal relationships mental and physical health state. Neck Pain take a great deal on daily health care practice. Neck pain is considered a fourth leading cause of disability. Aim: To investigate the relationship between addiction to smartphone usage and self-reported neck pain, and to assess the predictive factors of the smartphone addiction among university students to better understand this relationship. Objective : To evaluate the association of neck pain with smartphone use and their usage duration among students of Mosul University , and correlate its use with neck pain. Method: The study examined 164 healthy students of nursing college in Mosul University by random table sampling, in the age group of 20-25 years. They were given self-administered, pre-tested questionnaire which include various mental and physical health symptoms related to smart phone usage and fill a questionnaires of Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), Neck Disability Index (NDI). Spearman correlation coefficient was used to correlate between the SAS and NDI. Result: Most of students (61.2%) are regular users of smartphones.47.6%had no neck pain, There is an association between SAS&NDI in male students, and there is high association of type of device use& NDI with female gender. Conclusions: The excessive use of smart phones has health related problems, more specifically in neck region. The smart phone users complain from neck pain (Text neck), more clearly related to the duration of use of smart phones.
... it is estimated that children and young people spend an average of five to seven hours a day with their head tilted forwards using their smartphones and an average of 1,825 to 2,555 hours per year. The cumulative effects of this exposure have been found to produce alarmingly excessive strain on the cervical spine area [4]. one of the symptoms of overloading the cervical spine is musculoskeletal pain, mainly in its upper part, which is known as upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain (UQMP) [5,6]. ...
... inappropriate posture while using laptops and especially smartphones may be associated with the development of a complex set of clinical symptoms commonly referred to as 'text neck' [14], with neck pain being the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide [15]. The forward position of the head causes a mechanical load on the joints and ligaments of the cervical spine due to the increased gravitational moment [4,16]. Furthermore, frequent forward bending of the head affects the magnitude of cervical lordosis and affects passive and active elements of the musculoskeletal system, causing changes in posture and increased pain in the neck and related areas [17,18). ...
... To date, there are few experimental studies on the differences in body posture in young adults without pain symptoms, with only a few on the cervical spine [4]. Therefore, this study aimed to determine changes in the position of the trunk and the shape of the anteroposterior curvatures of the spine by computer photogrammetry in healthy young adults using a smartphone in a symmetrical manner, with two hands and both thumbs. ...
Introduction
A cascade of biomechanical changes occurs with postural deviations. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the trunk position and spine shape during smartphone use.
Methods
Body posture was tested by the photogrammetric method in habitual standing position and while using smartphones in 39 healthy subjects of both sexes.
Results
While using smartphones, the trunk was shifted backwards (F(1.37) = 166.19, p = 0.0000), and the angle of the cervical spine increased in both sexes (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the depth of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis increased (p < 0.001), though only in the female group, but there were no differences in cervical load between groups (p > 0.05).
Conclusions
Using a smartphone caused backward displacement of the upper torso in both sexes. It was also found that using a smartphone increased the depth of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis in females, which should be interpreted as a compensatory mechanism.
... Existing studies suggest a correlation between internet usage habits and musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS), with higher levels of pathological internet use linked to increased reporting of MSS, especially in the cervical, shoulder, lumbar, and waist regions (7). The repetitive stress and strain associated with extensive gaming sessions can result in musculoskeletal disorders, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis, and "text neck," a condition arising from sustained head-forward postures while looking down at screens (13). Prolonged and improper use of digital devices can lead to chronic pain and discomfort in various body parts, including the neck, shoulders, upper back, and arms (12). ...
... The phenomenon of "text neck," characterized by forward head posture, is increasingly recognized as a significant health issue among mobile phone users of all ages. This condition, caused by the cumulative effects of repetitive stress from looking down at mobile screens, exemplifies the broader musculoskeletal impact of digital device usage (13). Recent studies highlight the potential for digital gaming to exacerbate musculoskeletal discomfort, particularly when associated with poor ergonomics and prolonged usage. ...
Background: The increasing prevalence of internet gaming among university students raises concerns about associated musculoskeletal complaints due to prolonged device usage and poor posture.Objective: To assess the relationship between internet gaming disorder severity and musculoskeletal symptoms among university students.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 380 university students aged 18-25 years, selected through purposive sampling. Participants completed the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF) and Modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (mNMQ). Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 25 with chi-square tests to determine associations between gaming disorder severity and musculoskeletal complaints.Results: Among participants, 39.2% had low, 46.3% moderate, 13.9% high, and 0.5% very high internet gaming disorder severity. Musculoskeletal symptoms were reported in the neck (46.6%), shoulders (28.9%), wrists/hands (28.9%), and lower back (31.8%). Significant associations were found between gaming severity and musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck (p=0.00), shoulders (p=0.00), wrists (p=0.000), and lower back (p=0.015).Conclusion: A significant relationship exists between internet gaming disorder severity and musculoskeletal symptoms among university students, emphasizing the need for ergonomic interventions and awareness programs.
... Work-related upper extremity disorders and musculoskeletal disorders are more commonly seen in females than males in detail mechanism increased force work or bad ergonomic conditions, cognitive factors increased electromyographic activity of muscle and directly related with musculoskeletal disorders [1,2]. ...
... A total number of 240 participants including 190 (70%) Females and 50 (16%) however 33 (12%) were not affected by FHP with a mean and SD value of (1.24± .429). Whereas A study was conducted among young adults to see the prevalence of Forward head posture (FHP) They highlighted in their study that 60.0% of women and 40.0% of men are affected by Forward Head posture [2]. With this study, we shed light on the perspective that long exposure to electronic gadgets can be a possible cause of forward head posture in adults. ...
Background and Objectives: Our study aims to discover the relationship between forward head posture and to see the impact of increased levels of stress on performing activities of daily living. Material & Methods: 273 participants from Suresh Gyan Vihar University aged 20-45 years were included in this study using a convenient sampling method for data collection Three Outcome measures were used the ON protractor Smartphone Application to determine craniovertebral angle, Perceived stress scale for stress level and Northwick pain rating questionnaire for activities of daily living. Result: In this present study we have found that 86% of young adults both females and males are affected by forward positions working more than 3 hours on electronic gadgets or continuously working in a posture Our analysis shows a significant relationship between forward head posture and perceived stress with a p-value of (P 0.001). Conclusion: Our study confirms the relationship of Forward head posture with perceived stress and activity of daily living by promoting postural awareness we can prevent further postural deformities and improve their quality of life.
... Forward head posture (FHP) is characterized by the positioning of the head in front of a vertical line passing through the body's center of gravity (COG). Studies by Hansraj [5] underscore the significant impact of neck flexion on head weight. Their research findings reveal a compelling relationship between neck flexion and increased head weight. ...
... In their investigations, it was observed that as the neck flexes forward, the effective weight experienced by the cervical spine substantially escalates. Specifically, at a 60-degree head flexion angle, the effective weight borne by the cervical spine was estimated to reach approximately 28 kg [5]. This increased head weight, caused by greater neck flexion, imposes considerable stress on the cervical spine and surrounding structures, potentially contributing to the development of musculoskeletal issues associated with prolonged FHP [6]. ...
Objective:
To assess postural stability, specifically center of body sway during single-leg standing balance, among individuals with and without forward head posture (FHP) during smartphone use.
Methods:
The research recruited 53 healthy smartphone users, aged 18-25, and categorized them into FHP group comprising 26 subjects and the normal (control) group with 27 subjects. Participants were assigned the task of maintaining balance while engaged in smartphone typing during single-leg standing. The experiment involved four specific conditions according to neck posture and stable of surface. The study meticulously quantified body center of pressure (COP) sway amplitudes using the Nintendo Wii Balance Board.
Results:
The research revealed that individuals with FHP exhibited significantly greater body sway compared to the control group when using smartphones. Notably, distinct variations were observed in path length sway, anteroposterior (AP), and mediolateral (ML) sway amplitude, particularly evident when maintaining flexed neck positions on a soft surface while engaged with smartphones.
Conclusion:
These findings strongly suggest that individuals with FHP encounter deteriorated postural stability during smartphone use, particularly in challenging head positions.
... Better performance 1 (FHP) caused by the use of a microscope is a key contributor to neck-related MSDs [7]. It has been shown that for every 2.5 cm that the head is held forward in poor posture, an additional 4.5 kg of weight is felt on the cervical spine [16]. Since the average head weighs between 4.5 and 5.5 kg, this means that even 2.5 cm of FHP may double the load on the cervical spine [16]. ...
... It has been shown that for every 2.5 cm that the head is held forward in poor posture, an additional 4.5 kg of weight is felt on the cervical spine [16]. Since the average head weighs between 4.5 and 5.5 kg, this means that even 2.5 cm of FHP may double the load on the cervical spine [16]. A systematic review of the relationship between FHP and neck pain revealed that neck pain measures in adults were significantly correlated with FHP, with those experiencing neck pain showing increased FHP compared to asymptomatic individuals [17]. ...
Purpose
Occupational musculoskeletal disorders are prevalent in ophthalmic surgeons and can impact surgeons’ well-being and productivity. Heads-up displays may reduce ergonomic stress compared to conventional microscopes. This cross-sectional, non-interventional study compared ergonomic experience between heads-up display and conventional ocular microscopes.
Methods
The study protocol was approved by the independent ethics committee and nonprofit organization MINS Institutional Review Board. An online questionnaire was distributed to a sample of ophthalmic surgeons in Japan with experience operating with heads-up display. The questionnaire captured surgeon-specific variables, the standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, and custom questions to compare heads-up display and conventional microscope and understand long-term impacts of musculoskeletal disorders.
Results
Analysis was conducted on responses from 67 surgeons with a mean 25 years of practice and 2.7 years using heads-up display. Many surgeons agreed or strongly agreed that heads-up display reduced the severity (40%) and frequency (40%) of pain and discomfort, improved posture (61%), and improved overall comfort (61%). Of respondents who experienced asthenopia (n = 59) or pain/discomfort during operation (n = 61), 54% reported improvement in asthenopia and 72% reported feeling less pain/discomfort since using heads-up display. Overall, 69% reported preference for heads-up display.
Conclusion
This study provides novel data on musculoskeletal disorders and the long-term impacts of ergonomic strain reported by ophthalmologists building on existing literature demonstrating ergonomic and other advantages of heads-up display. Future studies with objective ergonomic assessment are warranted to validate these findings.
... Additionally, another study found that none of the samples investigated had sufficient sleep quality (25). Studies conducted among students and general communities have reported similar findings, as indicated (5,21). Healthcare staff also experience a high prevalence of CVS symptoms, with rates exceeding 46% despite variations in exposure hours and job categories. ...
... Furthermore, with the growing use of electronic devices, the incidence of these issues will probably continue to increase. Numerous studies have investigated the potential impact of monitor usage on CVS symptoms (21,25,(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32). ...
... Spinal discomfort is reduced when correctly positioned. It is the most powerful spine position [10]. ...
... For instance, at a 15-degree forward bend, the neck forces rise to 27 pounds, increasing to 40 pounds at 30 degrees, 49 pounds at 45 degrees, and reaching 60 pounds at a 60-degree forward bend. The prediction model for a 90-degree forward bend was not accurate [5,10]. ...
Background: Young adults today have grown up with mobile phones as an integral part of their lives. Smartphones are increasingly central to our daily routines, serving as tools for tasks both at work and home. However, excessive smartphone use can adversely affect the neck and shoulder regions by altering their biomechanics, leading to pain and discomfort—a phenomenon now recognized as "TEXT NECK." The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence rate and assess key physical variables crucial to the biomechanics of the cervical region. Methods: A total of 428 participants were selected from various colleges, and both the Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPAD) and the Text Neck Questionnaire (TNQ) were completed by all participants. The TNQ was validated by comparing scores with those of the NPAD, and participants with a TNQ score of 15 or higher were identified for further analysis of physical parameters. Results: The prevalence rates for neck pain, shoulder pain, continuous mobile phone use, and usage exceeding 4 hours per day among college students were 29.4%, 24.3%, 68.9%, and 49.5%, respectively. Sleep quality and neck discomfort were also impacted in the 428 participants. Following TNQ scoring, 35 participants with higher scores were selected, and their range of motion (ROM), endurance, and postural angles were compared with and without phone usage. Conclusion: Significantly different results were observed in ROM, postural angles, and cervical muscle endurance. The prevalence of Text Neck among the 428 college students was 29.2%, with 80% of those having scores between 15 and 20, indicating a high prevalence among 35 participants. Physical parameters, such as ROM, endurance, and postural angles, were altered in these 35 participants, correlating with a higher rate of neck pain.
... There is no consensus in current research on the correct way to implement the cradle hold during breastfeeding; so, based on the conventional breastfeeding position of the mother sitting upright, head bowed, thoracic flexion, and cradling the baby, this article refers to research performed on mobile phone use where the head is leaning forward while seated in order to express the range of joint movement that is used to warn users. Using the craniovertebral angle (CVA) between C7 and the ear [25], head tilts that exceed 30 degrees are identified in [26] as substantially increasing the level of cervical spine stress. ...
The position that a woman adopts during breastfeeding is important for both infant and maternal health; however, many women experience musculoskeletal pain due to poor posture during breastfeeding, which is a known factor in low exclusive breastfeeding rates. Posture monitoring is an effective intervention, but existing wearable devices do not consider the ergonomics of nursing mothers and breastfeeding scenarios. In this study, nursing underwear was developed with posture monitoring and a real-time feedback system using accelerometers and flexible bending sensors targeting the neck and upper thoracic spine. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 Chinese mothers to identify key challenges and inform the design. After designing and producing the prototype, wear trials were conducted with two participants who tested both the prototype and a commercial sample while holding a 4 kg baby doll. Video recordings and questionnaires were used to assess the underwear’s effectiveness. The results showed improvements in postural alignment and an increase in the frequency and duration of relaxation periods. Participants reported that the prototype surpassed the commercial sample in functionality, comfort, and aesthetics. These findings are significant for postpartum health and provide guidelines for future smart nursing garment development.
... An adult head weights 10 to 12 pounds in the neutral position. As the head tilts forward, the forces seen by the neck surge progressively up to 60 pounds at 60° (29). With the neck flexed, the maximum load the neck can handle drops drastically (25-50%) (30,31). ...
Ligamentous cervical instability, especially ligamentous upper cervical instability, can be the missing structural cause and/or co-morbidity for many chronic disabling brain and systemic body symptoms and diagnoses. Due to the forward head-facedown lifestyle from excessive computer and cell phone usage, the posterior ligament complex of the cervical spine undergoes a slow stretch termed “creep” which can, over time, lead to cervical instability and a breakdown of the cervical curve. As this degenerative process continues, the cervical curve straightens and ultimately becomes kyphotic, a process called cervical dysstructure; simultaneously, the atlas (C1) moves forward, both of which can lead to encroachment of the structures in the carotid sheath, especially the internal jugular veins and vagus nerves. This obstruction of fluid flow can account for many brain diseases, and compression and stretch of the vagus nerve for body diseases, including dysautonomia. This article describes the consequences of impaired fluid flow into and out of the brain, especially venous flow through the internal jugular veins, leading to intracranial hypertension (formerly called pseudotumor cerebri). Cervical structural, internal jugular vein, and optic nerve sheath measurements are presented from a retrospective chart review of 227 consecutive patients with no obvious cause for 1 of 8 specific brain or mental health symptoms—anxiety, brain fog, concentration difficulty, depression/hopelessness, headaches, obsessive thoughts, panic attacks, and rumination on traumatic events. A case example is given to demonstrate how cervical structural treatments can open up internal jugular veins and improve a patient’s chronic symptoms.
... The forward head bending position significantly increases the load on the cervical spine. This greater tension can potentially lead to premature wear and degeneration, and may lead to the need for surgery in the future [21]. This is supported by research showing that the risk factors for neck pain include poor posture and smartphone use [22][23][24]. ...
... The study's observations led to the conclusion that, to varied degrees, bending the head forward causes the spine to noticeably increase in weight. This results in the loss of the spine's natural curvature, which significantly raises the stress on the cervical spine (Hansraj, 2014). ...
... In addition, AR can produce serious mental and psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety(18). Moreover, anxiety may exacerbate the symptoms of AR by elevating sympathetic nervous system activity, which is thought to enhance the in ammatory response to allergens, thus intensifying AR symptoms (15,19). ...
Introduction: Forward head posture is a common postural issue across all age groups, often linked to the overuse of electronic devices such as computers, smartphones, and tablets, leading to poor posture in children. Allergic rhinitis is also prevalent in children, but its effects on musculoskeletal and psychological health are not well understood. Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship between allergic rhinitis, forward head posture, and anxiety levels in Iranian children aged 7-12 years. Materials and Methods: Fifty children aged 7-12 were recruited from the Allergy-Infection Clinic at Bandar Abbas Children's Hospital. The participants were divided into two groups: 25 healthy children and 25 children diagnosed with allergic rhinitis. Anxiety levels were assessed using the Spence Anxiety Scale, while forward head posture was measured by analyzing photographs of the children’s body profiles using AutoCAD software. Results: Of the total participants, 24 children (46%) exhibited a forward head posture, defined as a craniovertebral angle of less than 48 degrees. Among these, 14 (56%) were in the allergic rhinitis group and 10 (40%) were in the healthy group. However, there was no statistically significant association between allergic rhinitis, forward head posture, and anxiety based on age, gender, or duration of nasal allergy. Conclusion: The study found no significant relationship between allergic rhinitis, forward head posture, and anxiety. The findings highlight the need for increased awareness of proper posture, particularly in relation to the use of electronic devices, and the importance of evaluating postural disorders in children.
... Neck pain is a great personal burden and the fourth highest cause of disability [1]. Neck pain may arise from the continual stress from forward bending and/or abnormal positioning for prolonged periods [2][3][4][5], resulting in chronic neck pain via maladaptive motor control strategies/kinematics, and/or plasticity, if left untreated [6,7]. The persistence, worsening, or recurrence of neck pain may be due to processing of altered proprioceptive input within the central nervous system for sensorimotor integration, multimodal integration, and motor control [8][9][10]. ...
Background/Objectives: Sensorimotor dysfunction is often reported in individuals experiencing neck pain, irrespective of severity and chronicity. The treatment of neck dysfunction has been found to positively impact sensorimotor integration (SMI), thereby improving sensorimotor function. However, no patient-reported outcome measure has been validated for discrimination between healthy individuals and neck pain patients with disordered SMI, nor has there been documentation of positive change in SMI following neck pain treatment.The purpose of this study was to administer the Sensory-Motor Dysfunction Questionnaire (SMD-Q), for the purposes of: (1) known-group validity between individuals without and with chronic neck pain (CNP) or subclinical neck pain (SCNP); (2) assess the questionnaire’s capacity to quantify changes in altered SMI following a tailored treatment plan. Methods: Part 1—Known Group Validity: The SMD-Q was administered to 30 neck pain (13 with CNP, and 17 with SCNP), and 30 healthy participants. Part 2—Sensitivity to Change: The SMD-Q was re-administered to neck pain participants following their tailored treatment plans (SCNP—8-weeks and CNP—12 weeks). Results: The SMD-Q can discriminate between healthy and neck pain participants (p ≤ 0.001), and may be sensitive to showing treatment effects (ηp2 = 0.162; large effect size (ES)), but the sample size was too small to determine if it can discriminate treatment effects between groups (ηp2 = 0.070; medium ES). Conclusions: Differing degrees of disordered SMI can be discriminated by the SMD-Q, but further research is needed to determine its sensitivity to treatment.
... The threshold set for "slouching" in our study was 30 degrees from the neutral spinal axis. Studies done with the head positioned at 30 degrees anteriorly beyond neutral position found that there is a fourfold increase in weight observed in the cervical spine, which equates to a relative risk of 2 for development of neck pain [17,18]. The device was re-calibrated prior to each case, with the surgeon standing at a neutral upright position as a baseline. ...
Background
Robotic-assisted technology has become an increasingly utilized adjunct within the realm of primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Previous studies have shown that robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (raTKA) offers potential advantages of enhanced bony preparation and optimal implant alignment with equivalent long-term patient outcomes and component longevity in comparison to conventional TKA (cTKA). Furthermore, recent studies have identified the additional benefit of decreased surgeon physiologic stress with the use of raTKA. The purpose of this study was to compare differences in surgeon posture between primary raTKA and cTKA.
Materials and Methods
We prospectively evaluated 103 consecutive primary TKA cases (48 raTKAs, 55 cTKAs) performed by three high-volume, fellowship-trained arthroplasty surgeons. Throughout each case, surgeons wore a posture-tracking device to evaluate time spent slouching. The threshold for slouching was set to 30 degrees of flexion from a neutral spinal axis. Demographic and operative factors were collected. Two tailed tests and multivariate analysis were used to assess for differences between groups.
Results
After controlling for individual surgeon differences in posture, we found a decrease in percentage and duration of time spent slouching in raTKA cases compared to cTKA cases (42.4 vs 72.5%, P < 0.001, 35.4 vs 54.7 min, P = 0.037). On average, use of the robot decreased surgeon slouching time by 19.3 min (26.6%, p < 0.001). Patient factors such as increased age and ASA 2 were also associated with favorable effects on posture (p < 0.001).
Conclusions
Surgeons performing primary raTKA cases spend significantly less case time and case percentage in a slouched posture compared to conventional primary TKA cases. This suggests potential for ergonomic benefit of robotic-assisted technology in primary TKA. Further research is needed to determine the long-term effects of posture on surgeon pain and career longevity.
... En el presente estudio un 69,3 % de los jóvenes utilizaban el dispositivo móvil por un tiempo de más de 3 horas al día, así como Hansraj mencionó que en promedio las personas usaban su dispositivo móvil de 2 a 4 horas (12). Se determinó que un tiempo de más de 3 horas en el dispositivo móvil está asociado con padecer el síndrome de "text neck", este resultado corresponde con Lee quien mencionó que la flexión cervical se vio afectada por la duración del uso del teléfono móvil (p <0,05) lo cual causa diversas alteraciones en la musculatura cervical (11). ...
Introducción. El síndrome de “text neck” es una lesión causada por esfuerzos repetidos de los músculos cervicales. El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia del síndrome y su asociación con el grado de flexión cervical y el tiempo de uso de dispositivo móvil en jóvenes universitarios. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal analítico realizado en 140 jóvenes entre 18 a 35 años de edad, seleccionados por muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se les realizó la medición del grado de flexión cervical por fotogrametría en el software de análisis postural (SAPO) mientras simultáneamente llenaban un cuestionario digital del cual se obtuvo datos sociodemográficos, horas de uso del dispositivo móvil y sintomatología. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y un análisis inferencial realizando la prueba chi-cuadrado en el programa SPSS versión 22.0. Resultados. El 66,4 % presentó este síndrome, 69,3 % utilizaban el dispositivo móvil por más de 3 horas al día, 5,7 % mantuvo un ángulo <15 grados, el intervalo de angulación cervical más frecuente fue de 21,8 a 37,6 grados, el síndrome de “text neck” se asoció significativamente con horas de uso del dispositivo móvil (p=0,011), los jóvenes que utilizan su dispositivo móvil por más de 3 horas tienen 2 veces más probabilidad de padecer el síndrome “text neck”. Conclusión. La prevalencia del síndrome “text neck” es de 66,4 %. Mantener una postura por más de 3 horas aumenta la probabilidad de padecer el síndrome de text neck, es importante cambiar de postura al manejar un dispositivo móvil por un por tiempo prolongado.
... Furthermore, studies have shown that the weight exerted on the spine increases drastically when the head is bent forward due to FHP, where ∼49 lbs of weight is exerted on the spine due to the forward 45 • head bend, which was indicated in a person in [7]. Therefore, the habitualization of bad posture adversely affects the spine, and it is also highly associated with round shoulders, thoracic kyphosis, and turtle neck [8]. ...
Forward head posture (FHP) has become a prevailing health issue in modern society as people spend more time on computers and smartphones. FHP is a posture where the head is forward and the anterior and posterior curvatures of the lower cervical and upper thoracic spines are both, respectively, exaggerated. FHP is often associated with neck pain, bad static balance, and hunched shoulders or back. To prevent this, consciously maintaining good posture is important. Therefore, in this study, we propose a system that gives users real-time, accurate information about their neck posture, and it also encourages them to maintain a good posture. This inexpensive system utilizes a single inertial measurement unit sensor and a Raspberry Pi system to detect the changes in state that can progress to an FHP. It retrieves data from the sensor attached to the user’s cervical spine to indicate their real-time posture. In a real-world office environment experiment with ten male participants, the system accurately detected the transition to the FHP state for more than 10 s, with a delay of less than 0.5 s, and it also provided personalized feedback to encourage them to maintain good posture. All ten participants recognized that their average craniovertebral angle had to be increased after receiving visual alerts regarding their poor postures in real time. The results indicate that the system has potential for widespread applications.
... The results of the investigation demonstrated that there is a significant increase in weight on the spine with different degrees of head flexion. Significantly additional stress is placed on the cervical spine as a result of the loss of the spine's natural curve (37). ...
Introduction
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are rapidly rising in Saudi Arabia, reaching levels similar to those in the Western world. Hence, we aimed to assess the prevalence of neck, shoulder, and lower back pains (musculoskeletal pain, MSP) among students at King Khalid University in Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted at King Khalid University in Abha, Saudi Arabia, from March 2023 to August 2023. Inclusion criteria were: university students aged 18 years and older of both sexes who agreed to participate in the study. The modified Nordic questionnaire was used, which comprised three parts.
Results
Out of 536 respondents, 337 were women and 199 were men. The average body mass index (BMI) of the study population was 25.3 ± 4.01. In total, 223 (41.60%) had a history of MSDs. Only 232 (43.28%) of the population did regular exercise. According to multiple logistic regression analysis, factors associated with MSDs are mobile device use (with both hands) with a large neck tilt below the horizon line position (OR = 2.276, CI 1.178–4.397, p = 0.014), family history of trauma (OR = 5.450, 95% CI 3.371–8.811, p = 0.000), family history of MSDs (OR = 4.241, 95% CI 2.296–7.835, p = 0.000), coffee consumption (OR = 1.967, CI 1.281–3.020, p = 0.002), and time spent on electronic devices: 1–3 h (OR = 0.252, 95% CI 0.124–0.511, p = 0.0001), 4–6 h (OR = 0.455, 95% CI 0.237–0.873, p = 0.018), and 6–9 h (OR = 0.348, 95% CI 0.184–0.660, p = 0.001).
Conclusion
The present study concludes that MSP among university students is high. A history of trauma, a family history of MSDs, the hand and neck position when using electronic devices, the amount of time spent using them, and regular exercise are risk factors that are strongly associated with MSP. There is strong evidence to suggest that increasing physical activity plays a significant role in enhancing the functionality of the musculoskeletal (MSK) system and alleviating pain. It is recommended that universities implement educational programs to raise awareness and health screenings about the impact of device usage on MSK health and the benefits of regular exercise.
... As the use of technological devices increases, there is an associated increase in neck dysfunction (Berolo et al. 2011;Green 2008;Kim 2015) and increased stress on the cervical spine due to prolonged neck flexion (Bababekova et al. 2011;Grimmer et al. 2006;Hakala et al. 2002;Hansraj 2014;Kim 2015). This may give rise to maladaptive strategies within the neck musculature, initiating a cycle of neck fatigue and pain. ...
Individuals with subclinical neck pain (SCNP) exhibit altered cerebellar processing, likely due to disordered sensorimotor integration of inaccurate proprioceptive input. This association between proprioceptive feedback and SMI has been captured in cervico-ocular reflex (COR) differences where SCNP showed higher gain than healthy participants. Previous neurophysiological research demonstrated improved cerebellar processing in SCNP participants following a single treatment session, but it is unknown whether these neurophysiological changes transfer to cerebellar function. In a parallel group, randomized control trial conducted at Ontario Tech University, 27 right-hand dominant SCNP participants were allocated to the 8-week chiropractic care (n = 15; 7M & 8 F) or 8-week control (n = 12; 6M & 6 F) group. COR gain (ratio of eye movement to trunk movement) was assessed using an eye-tracking device at baseline and at post 8-weeks (treatment vs. no treatment). COR gain (10 trials): participants gazed at a circular target that disappeared after 3 s, while a motorized chair rotated their trunk at a frequency of 0.04 Hz, with an amplitude of 5º, for 2 minutes. A 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA was performed. COR gain was significantly reduced following 8-weeks of chiropractic care compared to the SCNP control (8-weeks of no treatment) group (p = 0.012, ηp² = 0.237). The decrease in COR gain following treatment is likely due to normalized proprioceptive feedback from the neck, enabling improved processing and integration within the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum.
... A study shows that when the neck is pushed forward along with neck flexion, it increases load borne by cervical spinal segments. At a 15° angle position, it bears a load of approximately 12 kg; at a 30° angle it increases to around 18 kg; at a 45° angle it becomes about 22 kg, and so forth [9]. Prolonged forward head posture (FHP) can result in injuries to the muscles, tendons, structures, and ligaments of the cervical and lumbar spine. ...
The human cervical spine, with its complex structure, is designed to serve unique biomechanical functions. In addition to providing support and protection for the skull, the cervical spine also acts as a shock absorber for brain structures. Mechanically, it transfers weight and facilitates head flexion movements. To effectively carry out its function, proper alignment of the head’s posture with the body’s vertical center of gravity is necessary to minimize pressure and tension on spinal muscles. When continuous activities involving head restraint or forward bending cause an anterior translation of the head over extended periods of time, it can lead to a condition known as forward head posture (FHP). Prolonged FHP can result in injuries to muscles, tendons, and ligaments within both the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine, resulting in various health issues such as neck pain, shoulder pain or discomfort in the upper thoracic scapular segment. The aim of this study was to determine the impact, causes, and management strategies that can be implemented when forward posture occurs in individuals. The data used for this research were obtained from accredited journals such as Mendeley and PubMed. Articles were searched based on keywords related to forward head posture and then filtered according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Ten out of 140 articles were selected as primary sources for this study. The results indicate that one significant impact of forward head posture is acute neck pain, which primarily affects an individual’s balance negatively. Known causes of forward head posture include engaging in work that involves repetitive bending or maintaining a static position where one leans their neck forwards continuously over prolonged periods. Finally, the recommended management approach when dealing with forward head posture is treatment through exercise therapy, such as Chin tuck exercise, McKenzie Neck Exercise, and Forward Head Posture Exercise.
... The increasing prevalence of technology in contemporary life has led to the rise in worry for this syndrome as a new health issue 3 . When the head is flexed forward, the weight on the spine is greatly raised, the effects and quantity of weight are then gradually and strongly amplified by adjusting the degrees 6 . Repeatedly bending the neck forward can alter the curvature of the cervical spine, affect supporting ligaments, tendons and muscles and even cause changes in bone structure. ...
Introduction: A number of musculoskeletal disorders have been associated with teenage smartphone use. As a result of bringing the head forward and out of its natural alignment with the spine and neck, the most obvious form of bad posture is forward head posture (FHP). ELDOA helps in maximizing facial and spinal stretching by adopting a particular position for one minute whereas Kendall exercises are highly specific, targeting particular muscle groups and joint movements by enhancing their existing mobility and function. Objective: The objective of this research is to determine if the ELDOA and Kendall exercises alleviate symptoms of text neck syndrome in a 23-year-old male patient by examining changes in posture, discomfort, and functional impairment. Materials and methods: In order to gauge functional impairment, discomfort, and posture, a smartphone app was used (NDI). ELDOA and Kendall exercise was given to subjects for 5 weeks, 3 sessional per week each with 10 repetitions and 3 sets. Results: Following the intervention after 5 weeks, there was an increase of 7-8 degrees of CV angle after the treatment compared to its pre-test value whereas pain and functional disability showed improvement from moderate disability to mild disability in NDI scale. Conclusion: Research on people suffering with text neck syndrome has shown that the ELDOA and Kendall exercises may help with posture, discomfort, and functional impairment. Key words: Cranio-vertebral angle, ELDOA, Forward head posture (FHP), Kendall exercise, Text neck syndrome.
... CVA was measured by gauging the angle between the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra and a horizontal line projected through the tragus, with angles < 50° indicating FHP [14]. ...
... HGS is significantly lower in flexed, extended, side-bent, or rotated head positions compared to that in neutral positions [48]. Furthermore, non-ergonomic neck postures and the subsequently increased neck muscle tension may provoke cervical nerve root compression, as well as neck pain and headaches [49]. Nerve root irritation in the cervical spine between C5 and C6 may be caused by prolonged and repetitive neck flexion, and this may cause neck pain and potential neurological symptoms along the median nerve [50]. ...
The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of post-isometric relaxation (PIR) compared to self-stretching (SS) in working-age individuals with chronic non-specific neck pain. A parallel-group study was conducted with 50 patients who were randomized to either the self-stretching (SS, n = 25) or post-isometric relaxation (PIR, n = 25) group and received interventions three times a week for four weeks. In addition to these interventions, all patients were prescribed transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Outcome measures were neck pain, the neck disability index (NDI), hand grip strength (HGS), and cervical spine range of motion (ROM). Data were collected at baseline and after four weeks of outpatient rehabilitation. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine within-group differences, and an independent t-test compared between-group differences. There were no significant differences between the groups at baseline in neck pain intensity. Following both interventions, pain intensity and functional disability decreased, cervical spine ROM increased, and HGS improved (p < 0.05). Between-group analysis showed that participants in the PIR group achieved lower pain intensity (p = 0.032, Cohen’s d = 0.81), greater neck extension ROM (p = 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.96), and lower neck disability index (p = 0.004, Cohen’s d = 0.85) compared to the SS group. In conclusion, both PIR and SS interventions effectively reduced neck pain, increased range of motion, and decreased the neck disability index in working-age individuals. Neither technique showed superiority in increasing neck ROM and HGS. However, PIR was superior to SS in reducing neck pain and NDI, indicating potential benefits from integrating these interventions during treatment sessions.
... Beberapa penelitian mengatakan dampak yang terjadi pada pengguna smartphone terhadap manusia. Salah satunya adanya nyeri pada leher yang diakibatkan dari postur yang buruk saat menggunakan smartphone, dalam hal ini smartphone (Hansraj, 2014). Nyeri pada sekitar leher sangat berresiko dan banyak dijumpai anak muda, salah satunya yaitu pada mahasiswa. ...
Forward Head Posture adalah salah satu jenis kelainan pada postural paling umum, dan umumnya digambarkan posisi anterior dari kepala dalam kaitannya dengan garis vertikal dari pusat gravitasi tubuh. Keseimbangan dinamis merupakan kemampuan dalam mempertahankan posisi tubuh dimana COG (center of gravity) terus berubah atau kemampuan untuk mempertahankan keseimbangan ketika bergerak pada landasan yang bergerak (dinamic standing) yang menempatkan tubuh ke dalam kondisi yang tidak stabil. Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah jenis penelitian korelasi dengan pengambilan sampel dilakukan menggunakan teknik sampling purposive dengan kriteria insklusi mahasiswi perempuan usia 20-24 tahun, mempunyai forward head posture. Selanjutnya dari hasil penelitian dilakukan analisis deskrptif dengan uji linearitas menggunakan anova, didapatkan dari kedua variabel berdistribusi normal dengan nilai signifikan sebesar 0,000 dan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0.899. Hal ini terdapat korelasi negatif yang sangat kuat antara forward head posture dan keseimbangan dinamis pada mahasiswi Universitas Dhyana Pura. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa semakin tinggi nilai forward head test maka nilai maka nilai four square step test semakin rendah.
... The approximate degree of the axis of cervical spine during crown preparation can be estimated to be 60° without the use of any visual aid, 45° when using a loupe, and 15° when using a microscope. Assuming the head is approximately 5 kg at neutral position, these positions exert forces of 27.2 kg, 22.2 kg, and 12.2 kg to the cervical spine, respectively 24 . Therefore, to prevent neck pain, implementing additional strategies like stretching and scheduling regular breaks may be beneficial. ...
Although there is consensus among dentists that visual aids not only improve vision but also help improve posture, evidence is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of visual aids (loupe and microscope) on the muscle workload of dentists during crown preparation on dentiform first molars in each quadrant of a phantom head, considering dentists’ muscles, patients’ tooth positions and surfaces. Six right-handed dentists from a single tertiary hospital participated. Surface electromyography device recorded the muscle workload of the bilateral upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, cervical erector spinae, and anterior deltoid during crown preparation. The results showed significantly lower workload in all examined muscles when using a microscope compared to the naked eye (p < 0.05), whereas the loupe showed reduced workload in some specific muscles. The muscle with the highest workload for all visual aids was the cervical erector spinae, followed by the upper trapezius. When analyzed by tooth surface, while the loupe did not significantly reduce overall workload compared to the naked eye for each surface, the microscope significantly reduced workload for most surfaces (p < 0.05). Therefore, during crown preparation, the workload of the studied muscles can successfully be reduced with the use of a loupe or microscope.
... It is estimated that this load reaches 13.61 kg at 30 degrees. Children, in particular, are at greater risk because their head weight is higher than their body [22]. In a study by Samir et al. (2019), it was reported that there was a significant difference between volunteers using SP for less than 4 h/day and those using SP for more than 4 h/day with respect to neck extension, lateral flexion, and rotation movements [23]. ...
... This study reported reduced postoperative discomfort with the use of 3D HUDS, compared to conventional microscopes. The load on the cervical spine increases progressively with the degree of exion; tilting the neck forward by 15 degrees increases the load by 2.5 times relative to a neutral position 42 . For ophthalmologists who suffer from leaning forward and forward head posture when using conventional microscopes, 3D HUDS is expected to provide a greater bene t. ...
The three-dimensional heads-up display system (3D HUDS) is increasingly utilized by ophthalmologists and suggested to offer ergonomic benefits compared to conventional operating microscopes. We aimed to quantitatively assess the surgeon’s neck angle and musculoskeletal discomfort during cataract surgery using commercially available 3D HUDS and conventional microscope. In this single-center comparative observational study, the surgeon conducted routine phacoemulsification surgeries using Artevo® 800 and Opmi Lumera® 700 (both from Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). The surgeon’s intraoperative neck angle was measured using the Cervical Range of Motion device. Postoperative musculoskeletal discomfort was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score after each surgery. A total of 80 cataract surgeries were analyzed, with 40 using Artevo® 800 and 40 using Opmi Lumera® 700. The neck angle was extended when using Artevo® 800 and flexed when using Opmi Lumera® 700 during continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC), phacoemulsification, and intraocular lens (IOL) placement (-8.18 ± 2.85° vs. 8.27 ± 2.93° in CCC, -7.83 ± 3.30° vs. 8.87 ± 2.83° in phacoemulsification, -7.43 ± 3.80° vs. 7.67 ± 3.73° in IOL placement, respectively; all p < 0.001). The VAS score was significantly lower in surgeries performed with Artevo® 800 (1.27 ± 0.55 vs. 1.73 ± 0.64, p < 0.001). The findings suggest that 3D HUDS help reduce neck flexion and lower work-related musculoskeletal discomfort through ergonomic improvements.
... Working distance is defined as the distance from the eyes to the work area [6,7]. The most common problem that Dr. Bethany Valachi encounters with her clients is that the distance is often measured too short, which results in excessive neck flexion or hunching [8]. ...
... (9) Subjecting the cervical spine to different degrees of forward flexion imposes considerable stress on it, potentially resulting in early wear and tear, degeneration. (15) The user's static motion decreases blood circulation, stops nutrients from reaching muscles, and causes mild weariness and soreness. Previous cross-sectional research studies have shown that device usage patterns, such as length, break frequency, and activity categories, have an impact on symptoms. ...
Background: Screen use time has been on the rise among the students, which has detrimental effects on their
health. One of the most frequent complaints from users is neck pain that predisposes individuals to functional
limitations and persistent pain, which may result in poor academic performance.
Objective: To determine the frequency and severity of neck pain among undergraduate students using screen
devices.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Bashir Institute of Health Sciences from June to
October 2022. A sample of 80 students was selected using the non-probability convenient sampling technique to
evaluate the relationship between screen device usage and neck pain. The participants were the undergraduate
students, both male and female with age ranging from 18 to 25 years. Data was collected using a self-structured
questionnaire and Numeric Pain Rating Scale and was analyzed by SPSS version 25.
Results: The findings showed that a substantial proportion of participants, specifically 71 (88.75%) reported
experiencing neck pain at least once during or after device use. Moreover, the frequency of neck pain was found
to be 73.8% annually, 43.8% within the last month, and 22.5% at the time of assessment. Moderate pain intensity
was reported by 41 (51.3%) participants, while 22 (27.5%) reported mild pain on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale.
Conclusion: The study concluded that neck pain is frequently reported in students using screen devices with the
majority having moderate level of pain severity.
Key words: Musculoskeletal Pain, Neck Pain, Students, Undergraduate.
... Consequently, cervical disc degenerations, kyphotic cervical stenosis, cord tension, and radicular symptoms has becoming more common nowadays. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22]25] Therefore, such deviations from the normal curvature, i.e. a loss in lordosis or the emergence of cervical kyphosis, have been commonly linked to pain and eventually disability in patients. [19][20][21][22][23] In this study, we explored the possible anatomical cervical changes in younger generations due to prolonged usage of electronic devices (e.g. ...
Background and Aim: We sought to explore whether or not this excessive use of smart technology may be associated with a generational change in the cervical spine over time. Methods and Results: All those patients who underwent cervical spine MRI aged 15 to 30 years over the years June 2007 to 2008 and June 2017 to 2018 were considered for evaluation. Each patient had measurement of their Cobb angle and a modified Pfirrmann grade. 217 patients - 83 (2007-2008) and 134 (2017-2018) were evaluated. There was no difference in cervical alignment over time, but males tended to have a greater lordosis(p<0.001). Using the modified Pfirrmann grading system a difference over time was noted most noticeable at C2/3 (p=0.004); C3/4 (p=0.019 and C7/8 (p=0.003). Conclusion: There was no change in the structural integrity of the cervical spine between the two groups over time. A worsening degenerative disease without a structural change was observed, an effect was more apparent in the males.
... An increase in neck muscle stiffness can lead to muscle dysfunction and excess strain on the cervical spine [38]. According to some studies [39][40], micro-damage on suboccipital muscles is induced when excessive weight from FHP accumulates. Uthaikhup et al. [41] reported that structural changes in muscles may be associated with changes in fiber type, functional impairment (reduced strength and endurance), and altered postural and balance control. ...
Objective
Muscle dysfunction caused by repetitive work or strain in the neck region can interfere muscle responses. Muscle dysfunction can be an important factor in causing cervical spondylosis. However, there has been no research on how the biomechanical properties of the upper cervical spine change when the suboccipital muscle group experiences dysfunction. The objective of this study was to investigate the biomechanical evidence for cervical spondylosis by utilizing the finite element (FE) approach, thus and to provide guidance for clinicians performing acupoint therapy.
Methods
By varying the elastic modulus of the suboccipital muscle, the four FE models of C0-C3 motion segments were reconstructed under the conditions of normal muscle function and muscle dysfunction. For the two normal condition FE models, the elastic modulus for suboccipital muscles on both sides of the C0-C3 motion segments was equal and within the normal range In one muscle dysfunction FE model, the elastic modulus on both sides was equal and greater than 37 kPa, which represented muscle hypertonia; in the other, the elastic modulus of the left and right suboccipital muscles was different, indicating muscle imbalance. The biomechanical behavior of the lateral atlantoaxial joint (LAAJ), atlanto-odontoid joint (ADJ), and intervertebral disc (IVD) was analyzed by simulations, which were carried out under the six loadings of flexion, extension, left and right lateral bending, left and right axial rotation.
Results
Under flexion, the maximum stress in LAAJ with muscle imbalance was higher than that with normal muscle and hypertonia, while the maximum stress in IVD in the hypertonic model was higher than that in the normal and imbalance models. The maximum stress in ADJ was the largest under extension among all loadings for all models. Muscle imbalance and hypertonia did not cause overstress and stress distribution abnormalities in ADJ.
Conclusion
Muscle dysfunction increases the stress in LAAJ and in IVD, but it does not affect ADJ.
... The human head weighs about 10-12 pounds in a neutral position. As the head tilts forward while looking at the screen, the weight on the neck muscles is effectively increased [4,5]. This case study investigates how the integration of matrix rhythm therapy with conventional physiotherapy exercises proves effective in the management of text neck syndrome. ...
Text neck syndrome refers to the excessive use of electronic devices such as laptops, mobile phones, and so on, which causes prolonged and continued forward bending of the neck, leading to a strain in the muscle, causing muscle imbalance, and leading to poor posture. In this article, we focus on a case of a 22-year-old female who has a daily average screen time of around four to five hours, which leads to stress on cervical muscles that further develop into tightness and cause poor posture. She is managed with physiotherapy treatment that focuses on reducing pain and increasing the strength of the individual. The physiotherapy treatment focuses on the prevention of further damage to the cervical muscles and educating the individual to perform minimum forward bending by providing ergonomic advice, reducing pain, and improving range of motion.
... As a result of analyzing the factors related to pain, neck pain showed a tendency to increase with the extension of C0 and flexion of C7. Considering the fact that if the head is placed an inch or two further forward, the load on the cervical spine can be doubled or tripled [34], changes in C0 and C7 appearing in the FHP posture are thought to have affected the neck pain. However, this relationship was not clearly elucidated due to the small number of subjects. ...
This study investigates the effect of dynamic changes in monitor height and tilt on neck pain and posture of computer users. Using a wearable device, we aim to compare neck pain and spine angle between static and dynamic monitors. A spine angle tracking system using the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) was proposed, and the accuracy was validated. Eight office workers participated for five hours over two days, and each day used either a static monitor or a dynamic monitor that changed height and tilt every 30 min. The angles of C0, C7, L1, and S1 endplates were estimated using the proposed system. Changes in neck pain and spine angle with time were compared in static and dynamic monitors. The intraclass correlation coefficient confirmed a high concordance between the estimated and actual angles (p < 0.001). Rehabilitation Bioengineering Group (RBG) score increased less in the dynamic monitor compared to the static monitor (p = 0.003). Spinal curvatures are bent in the static monitor compared to the dynamic monitor. The estimated angles aligned well with X-ray measurements. A dynamic monitor that changes height and tilt at regular intervals may reduce neck pain increase and reduce bend forward posture compared to a static monitor.
... [6] A study done by Hansraj on stresses of the cervical spine caused by posture and position of the head suggested that while flexing the neck forward, the weight and the stress of the cervical spine increase tremendously. [7] Deviation from the natural cervical lordosis leads to A study done in Thailand by Namwongsa et al. reported that people who suffer from musculoskeletal disorders while using smartphones commonly have their lower back flexed, upper back flexed, wrist and hand in the flexed position, elbow in flexion, shoulders in protraction, and neck in flexion. [13] This study also found that the majority of students tend to use their smartphones at shoulder level, which tends to promote the flexed posture. ...
CONTEXT
Smartphones are a common gadget used by individuals in day-to-day life for various purposes. Especially in the lockdown period, the use of gadgets increased tremendously for the purpose of attending online classes. Inefficient use of smartphones by students for attending online classes may lead to several long-term musculoskeletal disorders.
AIMS
The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders with the use of smartphones during online classes.
SETTINGS AND DESIGN
Community setup, cross-sectional Study design.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The approval of the Institutional Ethical Committee was obtained. Informed consent was obtained from the participants and a self-made validated questionnaire was circulated to 202 students through online mode.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED
This was a descriptive data analysis.
RESULTS
Two hundred two students participated in the study with a mean age of 15.5 ± 2.58 years. The mean hours of use of smartphones for attending online classes were 4.81 h ± 2.18 h and the mean hours of use of smartphones for other purposes such as gaming and social media was 2.69 h ± 1.79 h. Neck pain showed the most prevalence among other joints which was supported by the finding that 34.74% of students complained of pain in the neck.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is common after smartphone use for online classes and was found to be in the neck, shoulder, upper back, and lower back.
The nature of the interrelationship between whole body posture and the quality of the dental occlusion has not yet to date been clearly documented within the dental or posture literature, as the findings of published studies within both fields have been scarce and inconclusive. The combined use of digital diagnostic occlusal and postural assessment technologies has not been widely employed in these research projects, which has mired both fields' ability to study, understand, and to clearly ascertain how posture and dental occlusion affect each other physiologically. As such, the specific aims of this chapter are to outline how posture and dental occlusion interrelate through the Stomatognathic System's afferent neural inputs into the central nervous system (CNS), which communicate important occlusal contact force distribution information, and equally as important, mandibular spatial positional information within the posture and balance regions of the brain. The concept that the dental occlusion is a Capteur for Posture (which in English means a sensor of posture health), is further explored with the inclusion of 3 differing clinical Posturo-Occlusal cases, diagnosed and treated with the combined use of both the T-Scan 9 computerized occlusal analysis technology, the MatScan/MobileMat foot pressure mapping technology, and Footmat Research software version 7.10. These presented clinical cases illustrate that improved right-to-left occlusal contact force balance, and improved center of force location within the dental arches, improves a number of measurable sway parameters. Together, the implementation of the T-Scan and the MatScan exquisitely demonstrate to the clinician the significance of the physiologic interrelationship between body posture and the dental occlusion. The presented cases emphasize there exists a whole-body concept that depends upon a variety of differing systems, whereby changes in the dental occlusion produce a phenomenon of bio-functional neuro-reprogramming for both the Stomatognathic System and the whole body. Lastly, disclusion time reduction (DTR) research is presented that clearly documents high-precision, digitally measured and corrected occlusal function markedly improved forward head posture (FHP). This important study strongly reinforces that the dental occlusion and the whole-body posture are intimately interrelated.
Background
The use of the 3D exoscope in cervicofacial reconstruction has demonstrated its effectiveness, yet few studies have compared its utility to that of the microscope.
Objective
To compare the reliability of microanastomoses performed with both tools, along with postoperative outcomes and user experience.
Patients and Methods
This was a retrospective single‐center study that included all cases of microanastomosed forearm or fibula free flap reconstructions performed between June 2019 and June 2022. For each procedure, microsurgical characteristics were collected and compared. The primary outcome measure was the reliability of anastomoses (lack of intraoperative events and absence of early surgical revisions). Secondary outcome measures pertained to postoperative evolution.
Results
Forty patients underwent microanastomosed flap reconstruction (20 forearm flaps, 20 fibula flaps) using either a microscope ( n = 10 in each group) or a 3D exoscope ( n = 10 in each group). Patient characteristics were comparable between the two groups. No significant difference was observed between the use of the microscope and the 3D exoscope in terms of anastomosis reliability; OR = 2.07 [0.09–130.88], p = 1. No differences were noted between the two groups in postoperative outcomes except for a shorter hospitalization period for patients undergoing forearm flap reconstruction with the exoscope compared to the microscope ( p = 0.03).
Conclusion
The use of the 3D exoscope appears to be an interesting alternative to the microscope in cervicofacial reconstruction due to similar microsurgical results, good ergonomics and significant pedagogical appeal.
Text neck syndrome, increasingly prevalent among the young due to prolonged use of handheld devices like Mobile Phones and Tablets, involves forward head flexion and is marked by symptoms such as neck pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. Untreated, it can lead to spinal curvature issues, early arthritis, disc compression, and nerve and muscle injuries. Ayurvedic texts liken it to Manyastambha (stiffness of neck), characterized by similar neck symptoms. Prevention is emphasized, with Ayurvedic management including avoiding causative factors, Abhyanga, RukshaSwedana, Nasya, GreevaBasti, internal medicines, and specific Yoga practices. These holistic approaches aim to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications, offering an alternative to conventional treatments.the objective of this study is to collect relevant information regarding the aetiology, pathophysiology, and treatment modalities of 'text neck syndrome.' And to co-relate and quote information regarding Manyastambha from AyurvedicSamhitas. Thorough analysis of Samhita commentaries and published articles. This research provides a thorough literature review of "text neck syndrome" along with its correlation with "Manyastambha"; its diagnostic and therapeutic measures. This can benefit many aspects in terms of reviewing, treating, and preventing this syndrome. INTRODUCTION The 21 st century is dominated by technological advances in many aspects, as technological intervention is increased in daily-household work. These technological advances are also changing our mode of communication 360 0. We shift from letters to email, SMS to long chatting on the social media platform, cash payments to electronic transactions, etc. This shows how much we are immersed in screen time. In these modern times, mobile has become the basic would like the human population. These days individuals of all ages and every one of the sections uses mobile, mostly our young generation. The number of smartphone users in the Republic of India was calculated to achieve over 760 million in 2021 1. Despite spending hours each day slumped over handheld gadgets with their heads stretched forward, 75% of the world's population is always in danger and at risk of acquiring Text Neck. Frequent forward flexion alters the bone segments, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and curve of the cervical spine, which frequently results in postural alteration. The main symptoms of Text Neck are pain in the neck, shoulder, back, arm, fingers, hands, wrists, and elbows. Other common complaints include headaches, numbness, and tingling in the upper extremities. The flattening of the spinal curve, disc herniation, muscle injury, onset of early arthritis, spinal misalignment, disc compression, loss of lung volume capacity, and nerve damage are just a few of the serious, long-lasting effects of Text Neck if left untreated. In a survey of 547 male undergraduate health services students, it was discovered that 23% of the participants were classified as nomophobic (a psychological condition when people have a fear of being detached from mobile phone connectivity) whereas 64% of the participants were at danger of becoming so. 2 Over 35 times a day, over 77% of students check their phones. 2. Nowadays, texting has become a common means of communication. Most individuals pay their time by texting, watching videos, and doing different work on mobile phones. Excessive use of mobile phones produces ill effects on our health. This principally affects our neck and has Text neck syndrome, an associated degree rising disease of today's world. The term 'text neck' describes the neck pain and injury sustained from looking down at mobile, pill, or different wireless electronic devices too often and for too long 3. Ewa Gustafsson et al. published a cohort study on texting on mobile and the increase in musculoskeletal disorders in young adults 4 .Text neck syndrome is often correlated with Manyastambha thanks to the similarity in symptoms like pain and stiffness within the neck. Manyastambha is one of the VatajNanatmajaVyadhee(diseases due only to vitiated)describedinCharak Samhita 5 .As this condition comes under VatajNanatmajadisease same pathological event is recognized, i.e The disease will occur where there is Khavaigunya(weakening or deformity of the empty space) 6. The treatment for these Vata diseases are explained under the terminology of "Vatasamanyachikitsa upakrama" 7 (modalities used in vitiated of Vatahumor) from this, the suitable Panchakarma procedure, internal medicine, and external treatment modalities are selected for a particular patient. Its line of treatment is Nidanaparivarjana (avoidance of etiological factors),Shodhanachikitsa (Purification therapy), and Shamanachikitsa (Palliative therapy). In conjunction with these Yoga conjointly play vital roles in managing this illness.
The three-dimensional heads-up display system (3D HUDS) is increasingly utilized by ophthalmologists and suggested to offer ergonomic benefits compared to conventional operating microscopes. We aimed to quantitatively assess the surgeon’s neck angle and musculoskeletal discomfort during cataract surgery using commercially available 3D HUDS and conventional microscope. In this single-center comparative observational study, the surgeon conducted routine phacoemulsification surgeries using Artevo® 800 and Opmi Lumera® 700 (both from Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). The surgeon’s intraoperative neck angle was measured using the Cervical Range of Motion device. Postoperative musculoskeletal discomfort was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score after each surgery. A total of 80 cataract surgeries were analyzed, with 40 using Artevo® 800 and 40 using Opmi Lumera® 700. The neck angle was extended when using Artevo® 800 and flexed when using Opmi Lumera® 700 during continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC), phacoemulsification, and intraocular lens (IOL) placement (− 8.18 ± 2.85° vs. 8.27 ± 2.93° in CCC, − 7.83 ± 3.30° vs. 8.87 ± 2.83° in phacoemulsification, − 7.43 ± 3.80° vs. 7.67 ± 3.73° in IOL placement, respectively; all p < 0.001). The VAS score was significantly lower in surgeries performed with Artevo® 800 (1.27 ± 0.55 vs. 1.73 ± 0.64, p < 0.001). The findings suggest that 3D HUDS help reduce neck flexion and lower work-related musculoskeletal discomfort through ergonomic improvements.
Recently, phubbing has led to a significant increase in neck-related diseases such as cervical disc (CVD) herniation. CVDs experience a typical pressure of approximately 200 kPa in the upright position, which increases dramatically with the degrees of flexion. Thus, there is a high probability for patients who have undergone the cervical artificial disc replacement surgery to have the revision surgery owing to the inappropriate postures. Herein, a highly sensitive piezoresistive pressure sensor array with a wide sensing range of up to 1000 kPa, utilizing polyethylene oxide (PEO) as the sensing membrane and polyaniline (PANI) as the conductive filler, is proposed to real-time monitor the pressure distribution on CVDs. The optimal PANI doping concentration in PANI:PEO composite films was determined to be 0.1%, which demonstrated excellent sensitivity of 0.279 kPa
-1
, a high coefficient of determination (R
2
) of 0.959, and a short relaxation time of 0.72 s of the PANI:PEO piezoresistive pressure sensors. To accommodate the sensor array within the limited space of the cervical vertebrae, the electrode size of the devices was significantly reduced to less than 100 μm to realize a 2×3 PANI:PEO piezoresistive pressure sensor array. The fabricated pressure sensor array effectively monitored the pressure distribution on CVDs in a cervical spine model with a full cervical spine and dual cervical vertebrae under different flexion angles, holding favorable potential to avoid further CVD herniation after the cervical artificial disc replacement surgery.
This study evaluated the effects of target sizes on biomechanical and cognitive load and the performance of virtual reality (VR) interactions. In a repeated-measures laboratory study, each of the twenty participants performed standardised VR tasks with three different target sizes: small, medium, and large. During the VR tasks, biomechanical load in the neck and shoulders (joint angles, joint moments, and muscle activity), cognitive load (perceived workload and cognitive stress), and task performance (completion time) were collected. The neck and shoulder joint angles, joint moments, and muscle activities were greater with the large targets compared to the medium and small targets. Moreover, the larger VR targets caused greater temporal demand and longer task completion time compared to the other target sizes. These findings indicate that target sizes in VR interfaces play important roles in biomechanical and cognitive load as well as task performance.
Background
Neck and shoulder pain is a common health issue among children and teenagers in developing countries.
Objective
This study aimed to identify the prevalence of text neck syndrome and its associated factors in children and adolescents.
Materials and Methods
In this cross-sectional study, children and adolescents who attended primary health centers (PHCs) along with their parents were included. Four main PHCs in Erbil city in Iraqi Kurdistan in 2022 were selected for this study.
Results
The prevalence of text neck pain was 69.0% among children. The level of neck disability score was 17.15 out of 21 among children. Adolescents (96.05%) those who used smartphones >3 h (83.56%), those studying secondary level (94.24%), and those with psychological, social, and physical functions and children who slept less, played fewer sports, used more computers, watched more TV, and played the game more than 3 h were more likely to have text neck syndrome. The study showed that children who spent more time on smartphones, watching TV, playing games, and those with physical and social functions had a high level of neck disability.
Conclusion
This study found a high prevalence of text neck syndrome among schoolchildren in this region. The high prevalence of text neck syndrome was associated with more using smartphones and watching TV and a high prevalence of physical, psychological, and social issues.
Objective: To evaluate the frequency, severity, and prevalence of Text Neck Syndrome among undergraduate students using mobiles, tablets, or laptops. Material and Methods: The descriptive study was conducted in two private colleges in Lahore after approval from the institutional review board of Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan. Students with ages greater than 16 years who used mobile phones daily for more than 1 hour were enrolled. Baseline demographic information was collected and questions regarding the duration of phone usage and neck pain were asked. Calculated a sample size of 266 with the help of the WINPEPI statistical program with a confidence of 95% and acceptance difference of 0.06 with an assumed proportion of 0.46. Results: The age range was 18 – 23 years. Out of 266 undergraduate students, 122 (46%) were male and 144 (54%) were female. 157 (59%) students reported having neck pain: Mild in 88 (56.1%), Moderate in 55 (35%), and Severe in 14 (8.9%) students according to self-perception. 97 (61.8%) students were intermittent, 35 (22.3%) had continuous, and 25 (15.9%) had debilitating neck pain. Conclusion: According to this study, Text Neck Syndrome was common in undergraduate students using smartphones, tablets, or laptops.
Misperceptions of subjective visual vertical are associated with poor balance, increasing the risk of falls and accidents. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of nomophobia on verticality perception using subjective visual vertical (S.V.V.) test and cervical neuromotor control of the deep neck flexors (DNF) in adults aged 18–29 years old. This cross-sectional study employed convenience sampling and was conducted at a tertiary health institute over an eight-month period.After obtaining the written informed consent, 102 participants were asked to fill the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) and based on the responses participants were stratified into mild (n1 = 34), moderate(n2 = 34), and severe(n3 = 34) nomophobian group. Each nomophobian group underwent testing for verticality perception by using the SVV test and cervical neuromotor control. 102 healthy age and gender matched controls were recruited and underwent testing for verticality perception by using the SVV test and cervical neuromotor control. The mean age of the study participants was 22 ± 3.15 years with 35(33.98%) males and 67(65.04%) females. There was a statistically significant difference between the median scores across the three nomophobian groups with S.V.V. (p = 0.005), activation score (p = 0.012), and endurance score (p = 0.000) of the deep neck flexors in the severe nomophobia group. This study demonstrated that SVV and cervical neuromotor control was predominantly affected in the severe nomophobian group.
Power Poser-Game Changers TIME content.time
- A Cuddy
Cuddy A. Power Poser-Game Changers
TIME content.time.com/.../ 0,28804,
2091589_ 2092033_2109441,00.html.
How to soothe a sore neck. The essentials are icing and heat, gentle therapeutic exercise, and good posture
- Harvard Editorial Board
Harvard Editorial Board: How to soothe a
sore neck. The essentials are icing and heat,
gentle therapeutic exercise, and good posture.