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Traditional Uses of Some Medicinal Plants by tribals of Gangaraju Madugula Mandal of Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh

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Abstract

During the years 2007-2008 several field trips were conducted to document the ethnomedicinal remedies for 47 diseases with 90 plant species of Angiosperms from three major tribes viz: Bagatas, Konda Doras and Valmikis who have been residing in Gangaraju Madugula Mandal of Visakhapatnam district. The plants were deposited as herbarium specimens in Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

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... G. pentaphylla is used to treat 40 different disease conditions. These include anemia, [30,34,38,44,51,59,72,75,83,87,88] diabetes, [49] snakebite, [26,33,45,48,52] asthma, [35,56,95] bilious attack, [34] carbuncles, [45] chickenpox, [57,96] stomach pain, [34,46,50,55,80,90] cough, [30,32,34,38,41,44,51,59,72,74,75,83,87,88,94] cold, [41,71,94] convulsions, [45] dental caries, [44] diarrhea, [34,38,51,73,75] dysmenorrhea, [60] dysentery, [44,74] eczema, [34,44,59,74,78,86] facial inflammation, [30,83,87] fever, [30,32,34,41,42,45,52,53,74,77,83,[85][86][87]89] fracture, [29] helminthiasis, [29,40,43,61,62,65] indigestion, [34,59,66] intestinal trouble, [34] jaundice, [30,32,34,38,40,42,44,51,58,60,64,72,[74][75][76]83,87,88] joint displacement, [29] leech infestation, [45] leucorrhea, [60] liver disease, [34,36,53,60,86] measles, [45] menorrhagia, [60] Pain (headache, [29] toothache, [29,63,67,94] muscle pain, [29] ) buccal and throat cancer pain, [45] piles, [62,82] pimples, [44] respiratory illness, [41] rheumatism, [30,32,34,38,44,51,59,61,72,74,75,83,87,88,92] skin disease, [27,30,32,34,47,53,70,74,78,82,83,86,87] and sprain [29] [ Table 2]. ...
... G. pentaphylla is used to treat 40 different disease conditions. These include anemia, [30,34,38,44,51,59,72,75,83,87,88] diabetes, [49] snakebite, [26,33,45,48,52] asthma, [35,56,95] bilious attack, [34] carbuncles, [45] chickenpox, [57,96] stomach pain, [34,46,50,55,80,90] cough, [30,32,34,38,41,44,51,59,72,74,75,83,87,88,94] cold, [41,71,94] convulsions, [45] dental caries, [44] diarrhea, [34,38,51,73,75] dysmenorrhea, [60] dysentery, [44,74] eczema, [34,44,59,74,78,86] facial inflammation, [30,83,87] fever, [30,32,34,41,42,45,52,53,74,77,83,[85][86][87]89] fracture, [29] helminthiasis, [29,40,43,61,62,65] indigestion, [34,59,66] intestinal trouble, [34] jaundice, [30,32,34,38,40,42,44,51,58,60,64,72,[74][75][76]83,87,88] joint displacement, [29] leech infestation, [45] leucorrhea, [60] liver disease, [34,36,53,60,86] measles, [45] menorrhagia, [60] Pain (headache, [29] toothache, [29,63,67,94] muscle pain, [29] ) buccal and throat cancer pain, [45] piles, [62,82] pimples, [44] respiratory illness, [41] rheumatism, [30,32,34,38,44,51,59,61,72,74,75,83,87,88,92] skin disease, [27,30,32,34,47,53,70,74,78,82,83,86,87] and sprain [29] [ Table 2]. ...
... G. pentaphylla is used to treat 40 different disease conditions. These include anemia, [30,34,38,44,51,59,72,75,83,87,88] diabetes, [49] snakebite, [26,33,45,48,52] asthma, [35,56,95] bilious attack, [34] carbuncles, [45] chickenpox, [57,96] stomach pain, [34,46,50,55,80,90] cough, [30,32,34,38,41,44,51,59,72,74,75,83,87,88,94] cold, [41,71,94] convulsions, [45] dental caries, [44] diarrhea, [34,38,51,73,75] dysmenorrhea, [60] dysentery, [44,74] eczema, [34,44,59,74,78,86] facial inflammation, [30,83,87] fever, [30,32,34,41,42,45,52,53,74,77,83,[85][86][87]89] fracture, [29] helminthiasis, [29,40,43,61,62,65] indigestion, [34,59,66] intestinal trouble, [34] jaundice, [30,32,34,38,40,42,44,51,58,60,64,72,[74][75][76]83,87,88] joint displacement, [29] leech infestation, [45] leucorrhea, [60] liver disease, [34,36,53,60,86] measles, [45] menorrhagia, [60] Pain (headache, [29] toothache, [29,63,67,94] muscle pain, [29] ) buccal and throat cancer pain, [45] piles, [62,82] pimples, [44] respiratory illness, [41] rheumatism, [30,32,34,38,44,51,59,61,72,74,75,83,87,88,92] skin disease, [27,30,32,34,47,53,70,74,78,82,83,86,87] and sprain [29] [ Table 2]. ...
... The authors extend deep sense of appreciation to the tribal communities for sharing their valuable information for the betterment of mankind. Dr. R.S. Sai Murali wishes to extend sincere thanks to the administrators of Lovely Professional University for encouragement and facilities for drafting this article.Table.Gatumand u, Kusti Diabetes, epilepsy, herpes, antidote for scorpion sting and centipede bite Rhizome, rhizome N A[48,52]Whole plant N A[48,51]Annona reticulate L. (Annonaceae) Ramaphalam Scabies, blood purifier Leaves, fruits N A[52,56]Annona squmosa L. (Annonaceae) Seetaphalam Bronchitis, ulcers Bark, leaves N A[48,56]Anogeissus acuminata Wall. Ex Bedd. ...
... The authors extend deep sense of appreciation to the tribal communities for sharing their valuable information for the betterment of mankind. Dr. R.S. Sai Murali wishes to extend sincere thanks to the administrators of Lovely Professional University for encouragement and facilities for drafting this article.Table.Gatumand u, Kusti Diabetes, epilepsy, herpes, antidote for scorpion sting and centipede bite Rhizome, rhizome N A[48,52]Whole plant N A[48,51]Annona reticulate L. (Annonaceae) Ramaphalam Scabies, blood purifier Leaves, fruits N A[52,56]Annona squmosa L. (Annonaceae) Seetaphalam Bronchitis, ulcers Bark, leaves N A[48,56]Anogeissus acuminata Wall. Ex Bedd. ...
... Thati chettu Intestinal worms, skin diseases, lexative Fruits N A[48,56]Boswellia serrata Roxb. ...
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Plants have been used by people to fulfil their spiritual, cultural, emotional and materialistic needs. In quest of using plants, man has forgotten the implications of overexploitation of these resources. Hence the question of restoring the balance has long been intriguing the conservation biologists. In this review we focus on the struggle of medicinal plants in the Eastern Ghats (EGs) of Andhra Pradesh (AP) in the changing scenario of overexploitation and destruction of natural habitats. Here we concentrate on a sum total of 267 medicinal plant taxa from these regions with due emphasis on their utility as leading herbal medicines. Endemic flora and the threat status of medicinal plants from this area are highlighted in this paper. Andhra Pradesh, so far, has been successful in having one biosphere reserve, six national parks and twenty one wildlife sanctuaries with over 13,000 sq km of forest cover, but there have been no proper scientific studies undertaken till date to evaluate the working and maintenance of these protected areas. As EGs of AP have received less attention from the Government and NGOs, the analysis of past research reports in this review gives a clariant call for a much awaited coordinated effort for conservation and management of plants in these areas. Furthermore, we stress on having a formal system to monitor the local pockets of these hilly ranges for a better coordinated conservation mechanism. This review is a humble attempt to give a wakeup call to all the policy makers, managers and other government officials working with protected areas and forest departments. The diversity of medicinal flora, uses and conservation priorities of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh form the subject matter for this review.
... 1,2 Torchwood tree is a folk remedy for urinary diseases. 3 The decoction of bark is used for anaemia and general debility; fruits and roots are given to females when urine is highly coloured. 4 Previous phytochemical studies with I. arborea revealed the occurance of kaempferol-rutinoside, ixoral, β-sitosterol, chrysin-O-βdioxylopyranoside, and dimethoxycoumarin. ...
... 4 Previous phytochemical studies with I. arborea revealed the occurance of kaempferol-rutinoside, ixoral, β-sitosterol, chrysin-O-βdioxylopyranoside, and dimethoxycoumarin. 4 We, herein, report betulin (1), erythrodiol (2), lupeol (3) and stigmasterol from a methanolic extract of I. arborea as well as antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of the extractives for the first time. ...
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... The majority of people in India rely on conventional medical practises for their physical and mental health needs. The conservation of medicinal plants and the question of whether their traditional applications are actually supported by pharmacological effects or are solely based on folklore have become the focus of significant research [2][3][4] . Herbal plants and the products they produce have been widely used for medical purposes by people all over the world. ...
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... Seeds of the plant are used in folk medicine to treat helmenthiasis 4 , roots decoction for rheumatism, coughs and tuberculosis; the fruits and seeds are used as anthelmintic, anti-emetic, anti-diarrhea 5 . The researchers have been scientifically investigated the folk claim of this plant. ...
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... Although additional microorganisms may be also involved, Streptococcus mutans plays a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease. This bacterium is able to: (i) produce and tolerate acids; (ii) synthesize water-insoluble glucan from sucrose through the activity of glucosyl transferases (GTFs); and (iii) adhere tenaciously to acquire pellicle on tooth surfaces [1,2]. The combination of these virulence properties allows S. mutans to effectively colonize tooth surfaces and modulate the transition of nonpathogenic to highly cariogenic dental biofilms, which leads to caries formation (Sharma and Joshi. ...
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Crude rectified spirit extract of fifteen (15) selected medicinal plants under investigations were screened against dental caries forming bacteria from the 24 patients of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital. Preliminary screening reveals that only eleven plant extracts showed moderate to strong activity against cariogenic bacteria. Second screening leads to select only three (3) plants for the highest activity against cariogenic bacteria. These are Allium sativum, Psidium guajava and Erythrina variegata. Chloroform fraction of the crude rectified extracts of the Allium sativum showed the highest activity against cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans both at a concentration of 200 and 400 µg/ml. Column chromatographic separation of this fraction a mixture of two compounds with very close RF values were isolated and identified as a mixture of Allicin and Allin having very strong activity against S. mutans with a zone of inhibition 19 and 24 mm at a concentration of 200 and 400 µg/ml disc of the compound which is somehow stronger than the standard kanamycin (11 mm, 30 µg/disc). A compound PG-1 was isolated from ethyl acetate extract of P. guajava showed remarkable, activity against S. mutans both at a concentration of 200 and 400 µg/ml(zone of inhibition 18 and 24mm). The compound was identified as Pinfaencin by spectral analysis. β-Sitosterol was also isolated from the methanol fraction of rectified spirit extract of the plant E. variegate showed moderate activity against cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans, both under similar concentrations.
... Although additional microorganisms may be also involved, Streptococcus mutans plays a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease. This bacterium is able to: (i) produce and tolerate acids; (ii) synthesize water-insoluble glucan from sucrose through the activity of glucosyltransferases (GTFs); and (iii) adhere tenaciously to acquired pellicle on tooth surfaces [1,2]. The combination of these virulence properties allows S. mutans to effectively colonize tooth surfaces and modulate the transition of nonpathogenic to highly cariogenic dental biofilms, which leads to caries formation [3]. ...
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... Oil(E) Rheumatism [38] 13 -Gonds, Adilabad, Andhra Pradesh Oil(E) Rheumatism [2] 14 Kattu elumichai Iyarkaikovilkal or Kaavu, Kanya-kumari, Southern western Ghats, T. N. Oil(E) Chronic Rheumatism & Paralysis [39] 15 Kattu-naragam Hoorali & Lingayats, Elanji hills, Sathyamangalam, Western Ghats, T. N. Oil Rheumatism [40] 16 Kattu-naragam Vanavasi hill, Salem, Tamil Nadu -Rheumatism [41] 17 ...
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Aim: Atalantia monophylla DC., Family-Rutaceae, is one among the traditionally used medicinal plant being used by the local healers for its multiple therapeutic indications. Present review aims to collect all available ethnomedicinal information and research updates on A. monophylla. Material and Methods: Ethnomedicinal uses of A. monophylla were searched from available books related to medicinal plants and published research articles. Name of reporting tribe using the plant and their place of reporting, vernacular names, parts used along with the therapeutic uses with specific methods of administration were noted, along with various researches. Results: A. monophylla has been reported for its traditional therapeutic uses in 3 countries across the globe and in 8 states of India. Various parts of the plants like leaf, root, root bark, stem, stem bark, fruit, berry and seed alone or along with other drugs are used in the management of 55 diseases conditions either through external applications or internal administration. Among these, maximum is indicated in the treatment of rheumatism, paralysis, cough, arthritis etc. Its leaf has maximum application in 33 disease conditions, followed by fruit in 29, root in 16, berry in 13, seed in 10, stem bark in 9, root bark in 3 and stem in 2 diseases condition. Its leaves are also used as pickle, engraving and cabinet-work. Pharmacological studies report its anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulatory, antioxidant activities, etc. Conclusion: A. monophylla is a promising drug having multifaceted ethnomedicinal uses. Its use in rheumatism, paralysis, cough, arthritis etc. should be scientifically evaluated through pharmacological and clinical studies to establish the ethnic claims.
... Tender pods, beans and seeds of these plants are edible and they are cultivated as fodder crops and cover crops to cater agriculture (Bhagya and Sridhar 2009;Rajaram and Janardhanan 1992;Seena et al. 2005). Leaves and roots are used in traditional medicine (Bapuji and Ratnam 2009;Bhagya and Sridhar 2009). Seeds of Canavalia contain certain anti-nutritional substances of which the lectin concanavalin is the most important and widely studied biomolecule. ...
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... Tel: +91 9454114737. systems which led to increased use of herbal medicines (Jadhav, 2006;Bapuji and Ratnam, 2009;Acharya and Acharya, 2009). However, there are only a few reports on the utility of medicinal plants in the treatment of specific diseases viz., different types of fever (Sharma and Joshi, 2010), dental health care (Sadanji et al., 2005), ear and mouth diseases (Kadel and Jain, 2008) and treatment of snake bite (Spiewak, 2000). ...
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This study aimed to identify and understand the utilization of medicinal plants for curing skin diseases used by Tharu and Buxa tribes of Uttarakhand. A field study was conducted in Tharu and Buksa rich Tarai belt (northern fringe of Indo-Gangetic Plains) in U. S. Nagar district of Uttarakhand (India) during different seasons. Tharu and Buksa tribes of the study area were found to use 37 plant species of 27 families for skin cure. Among the plant parts used, the highest number was observed for the use of leaves to cure skin disorders. The most common skin diseases treated using medicinal plants are cuts and wounds, maggots, dog/ insect bite, burns and sores, boils, blisters and abscesses, fungal infections, leucoderma, inflammation, pimples, itching, allergy and other skin disorders. A large numbers of plants are being used for other skin disorders followed by cuts and wounds and boils, blisters, abscesses. In the information obtained, there were many details about the appropriate indication of each plant. For example, some plants are indicated to increase other's potency. There are also plants that are traditionally employed for specific symptoms or conditions that often accompany itching, allergy and other skin disorders. Thus researchers should observe ethnomedical information before deciding which kind of screening should be used in the search of drugs for skin diseases.
... Fruit Flowers Dried fruits used as laxative Flower extract is administered daily once for a fortnight during rheumatic pain. Bapuji andRatnam, 2009. Reddy et al., 2010. ...
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Sonari (Cassia fistula L.), a common tree species of Niyamgiri Hill ranges of Odisha, belongs to the family Caselpinaceae, the plant parts of which are used as traditional medicine to cure different diseases by a primitive tribe Dongaria Kandha also called "Jivant Bhuta" (Live Ghost) living in this locality. The traditional indigenous knowledge of the primitive tribes and the ethnocultural practices of the locality in gradually loosing its importance due to lack of proper documentation. Keeping this in view an attempt has been made in the present study to gather data from literature and from field survey to establish the pharmacological and ethnomedicinal importance of this plant for creating a special awareness to conserve the ethic knowledge and the plant as well.
... The genus Polyalthia itself hold the meaning of 'many to cure' in Greek (poly-many altheato cure). In many parts of India, Polyalthia longifolia is used in the Indian traditional system of medicine including Ayurveda (Bapuji & Ratnam 2009;Mahajan et al. 2010;Patel 2010;Poornima et al. 2012;Sinhababu & Baherjee 2013;Sugumaran et al. 2010;Sundaresan & Senthil 2013). The stem extract of P. longifolia was found to inhibit the growth of gram positive and gram negative bacteria while its methanol extract of leaves and green berries were found to possess promising antibacterial activity (Faizi et al. 2008). ...
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Polyalthia cinnamomea Hook.f. & Thomson (Annonaceae) or locally known as ‘Larak Batu Bukit’, ‘Pisang-pisang’, ‘Sugao’ and ‘Sigumpet Hutan’ is a small woody plant found throughout Malaysia and Singapore. In this study, the basic chemical components from the leaves of the plant were fractionated and the antibacterial activity as well as the major constituents of the basic fraction was determined. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study being carried out on the bioactivity and phytochemistry of P. cinnamomea. The basic fraction remarkably inhibited the growth of ten bacteria tested except one. The biggest inhibitory diameter and the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration were 19.0±4.6 mm and 0.125 mg/mL against respective Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringiensis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the basic fraction identified four major cyclosiloxanes of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (18.1%), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (16.4%), dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (14.1%) and tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane (6.0%). The knowledge of the antibacterial potential of P. cinnamomea basic fraction and the major constituents present in the fraction can be utilized in the fields of natural products, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and personel care industries. © 2018 Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. All rights reserved.
... For instance stem barks of P. longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites is being used by tribal of Visakhapatnam and Andhra Pradesh as febrifuge (Bapuji and Ratnam, 2009) (Table 2). Moreover, fresh steam bark juice of P. longifolia is taken orally by local communities of Uthiramerur of Tamil Nadu to treat indigestion. ...
Article
Ethnopharmacological relevance Polyalthia is one of the largest and notable genera in Annonaceae family. Polyalthia species have been widely used in folklore medicine for the treatment of rheumatic fever, gastrointestinal ulcer and generalized body pain. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies on Polyalthia Species have also corroborated the significant anti-inflammatory potential of its extracts and secondary metabolites. Aim of the study This review is an attempt to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of Polyalthia species by giving critical appraisal and establishing evidences of their traditional uses. Moreover this review will highlight the lead compounds for future drug development that can serve as a potential anti-inflammatory drug with comparative efficacy and minimum side effects. Materials and Methods An extensive literature review, focusing the anti-inflammatory potential of Polyalthia species was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Ovid, Scopus and ProQuest, as well as the locally available books, journals and relevant documents. The reference lists of retrieved papers were also searched for additional studies. Results The Polyalthia species have shown significant anti-inflammatory activity through various mechanism of action. The most significant anti-inflammatory mechanism includes the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), prostaglandins (PGs), pro-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The data suggests that hydroxycleroda-3,13-dien-15,16-olide and 16-oxocleroda-3,13-dien-15-oic acid, quercetin, rutin, spinasterol, α-spinasterol, goniothalamin and (−)−5-hydroxygoniothalamin are the most potent anti-inflammatory compounds from Polyalthia species with comparable IC50 with positive controls. Conclusions Numerous pharmacological studies have supported the use of Polyalthia species against pain, rheumatic fever, haemorrhages and inflammation in traditional medicine. Flavonoids, diterpenoids, sterols and styrylpyrones from genus Polyalthia are the most significant class of compounds with potent anti-inflammatory activity. Secondary metabolites from these classes should be brought into further research to fill the gaps of knowledge in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, bioavailability, and toxicity in order to convert the pre-clinical results into clinical data for further investigation.
... Seeds are small, smooth and albuminous (Sethiand Sharma, 2011). Traditionally, this plant is used to treat liver disorders, skin diseases including ring worm infection, to cure the swelling of body, bronchitis and asthma (Bapuji and Ratnam, 2009;Kuppuswamy et al., 2013). Bark and roots of C. bonplandianumare alterative and chologogue (Das et al., 2008). ...
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Croton bonplandianum (Euphorbiaceae) is one of the exotic weeds and mostly seen in wastelands, and it is commonly known as ‘bantulasi’. Traditionally, this plant is used to treat liver disorders, skin diseases, bronchitis, asthma, jaundice, acute constipation, abdominal dropsy and internal abscesses and for treatment of wounds. Because of its wide availability and pharmacological significance, a study was set out to investigate the in-vitro antioxidant, protease, catalase and peroxidase activities of the latex of C. bonplandianum. The antioxidant activity was analysed using DPPH (1-1, dipenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) reduction. Protease activity was analysed using the cleavage of milk protein, casein. Catalase activity was studied by the cleavage of hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase activity was determined using hydrogen peroxide and o- phenylenediamine. From the results, all antioxidant, protease, catalase andperoxidase activities were observed in the latex of C. bonplandianum; i.e., 10 μl of latex (undiluted) showed 76 ± 5.4 % of antioxidant activity; 20 μl of latex (undiluted) showed 94.7 ± 7.9 μg/ml/min protease activity;1 ml of latex (diluted 1:500 in distilled water) showed 928 ± 14 U/ml catalase activity; and 25 μl of latex (diluted 1:20 in distilled water) showed 0.576 ± 0.095 OD492 peroxidase activity. The plant source has rich amounts of molecules with different bioactivities such as antioxidant, protease, catalase and peroxidase activities. The result of the present study supports the traditional use of the C. bonplandianum with different bioactivities such as wound healing.
... Waltheria indica is used in the treatment of diarrhea by traditional healers in Nigeria [10]. In addition, it is traditionally used to treat malaria, dysentery, haemorrhoids, leprosy and epilepsy [11], infertility and bladder ailments [12], erectile dysfunction and impotence [13].The search for alternative drug to use in convulsion, at what duration and the evaluation of the efficacy is the cardinal point and is of great research interest. It is a considerable fact that convulsion occurs spontaneously; therefore the absence of anticonvulsant drug can lead to major complications such as brain damage or death. ...
... [10] The root powder mixed with milk of T. indica is being used by the tribals of Gangaraju Madugula Mandal in Visakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh, India, in the treatment of asthma. [11] Tender stem extracts of Meka meyani aku (T. indica) are used in retention of urine by tribal and non-tribal practitioners of Seshachalam Hills in Andhra Pradesh, India. ...
Article
In the present day scenario, changes in the natural cycle and its effects over the health in all forms of life have generated an alarming sign all over the world. Attempts are being made to minimize these deleterious effects by creating awareness in general population to implement the maximum use of plant drugs in the daily life. Tylophora indica (Burm.f.) Merr. (T. indica) is one of the medicinal plants, which have been renowned in the Ayurvedic System of Medicine for the treatment of asthma. The plant possesses various phytoconstituents, of which phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids (tylophorine, tylophorinine, tylophorinidine, etc.) form the main components. The present review has been focused to scan the ethnomedical data available for T. indica, analyze against the investigated experimental findings for its multiple pharmacological actions, and discuss the future prospective of the climber. Ethnobotanical surveys have attributed this plant to be antiasthmatic, antiepileptic, antivenom, contraceptive, diuretic, antidysenteric and so on. Some of these potentials (antiasthmatic and antidysenteric) have been supported by the different investigations such as animal model and clinical trials, but still its conventional uses such as contraceptive and anti-venom need further scrutiny. Based on the animal research findings, T. indica seems to be a prospective agent as hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, myocardial protective, and wound healer when used in the recommended dose of maximum 20mg/kg in humans. This can further be explored by the pharmaceutical industry for newer and effective preparation. The plant and its parts such as leaves stem and root have been studied for the biological activities and found effective against different pathogenic organisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, influenza virus, and so on, but their discussion is beyond the limit of this article. Based on the present review, it may be concluded that T. indica may be considered a potential for pharmaceutical and food industry.
... Indian systems of medicine for dysentery, healing of ulcers, anti-tumour activity as well as for an anti-inflammatory activity comparable to indomethacin (Panikkar KR, 1986;Seethadevi B,1991;Latha and Panikkar, 1998 Ratnam, 2009). Ethnobotanical reference mainly indicates use of Ixora alba as medicine for whooping cough, anemia, highly coloured urine and general debility. ...
Article
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Abstract- Studies on the antimicrobial activities of medicinal plants have clearly become a progressive trend. With advances in laboratory techniques, renewed interest in the field and the scientific validation of the traditional use, the possibility now exists to bring traditional medi-cine to such a level of recognition that it becomes an accepted alternate regimen to western healthcare systems. Due to the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs, the microorganisms have developed resistance to many antibiotics. It appears that the real need for the future will be agents to treat the drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Therefore there is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial drugs for the treat-ment of infectious diseases. One of the approaches is to screen local medicinal plants for possible antimicrobial properties. It is expected that plant extracts showing target sites other than those used by antibiotics will be active against drug-resistant microbial pathogens. However, very little information is available on such activity of medicinal plants. After a detailed literature survey of Ayurvedic texts and published re-search articles, for present study, 3 Indian medicinal plants belonging to the families Apocynaceae (Plumeria obtusa), Rubiaceae (Ixora alba) and Myrtaceae (Psidium guajava ) were shortlisted for the present study. These were screened for their antimicrobial properties against path-ogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella paratyphi, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio chol-erae, Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans. Keywords- Antimicrobial activity, Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Myrtaceae, herbal antibiotic
... Use of modern medicine in the prevention and treatment of a variety of oral diseases is decreasing nowadays because of side effects and drug resistance. 1 Hence, the search for alternative products continues, which are more holistic in nature. The ethnopharmachological approach by using natural phytochemicals isolated from medicinal plants are considered to be a safe, effective, and good alternative to synthetic drugs. ...
... C. grandis is an indigenous plant to Bangladesh including India, the Philippines, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, eastern Papua New Guinea, Australia and the Northern Territories. This plant has also been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetics [2][3][4][5] , skin diseases [6] , jaundice, biliary disorders, coughs, spleen disorders, respiratory problems, mucus, leprosy, acne, diabetes, mucus in stool, goiter, antidote to poison [7] , scabies [8] , hypertension [4] , abscess, lack of appetite, vomiting [3] , dysentery, burns [9] . It has been reported to have antioxidant, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, expactorants and analgesic activities [10] , anthelmintic activity [11] , cytotoxic activity [12][13] , anti-dibetic activity [14] , mast cell-stabilizing, anti-anaphylactic, and antihistaminic potential [15] , antimitotic, anti-inflamatory activities [12,10] . ...
Article
In this present study, the leaf extracts of Coccinia grandis L., were subjected to evaluation of the phytochemical screenings, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. The ethanol extract showed 43.71% clot lysis as compared to 65.16% clot lysis produced by standard streptokinase. In vitro membrane stabilizing activity for hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis the ethanol extract inhibited 79.53% and 90.30% haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 71.90% and 77.20% produced by acetyl salicylic acid respectively. In vitro antioxidant activity revealed that the ethanol extracts of C. grandis exhibited significant antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 1.15 g/ml in comparison with the standard 5.80 g/ml. Leave extracts of Coccinia grandis L. revealed moderate antimicrobial activity against some gram positive and gram negative microorganisms. Leave extracts showed strong inhibitory effect on brine shrimp lethality with LC50 at 24.20 μg/ml.
... C. grandis is an indigenous plant to Bangladesh including India, the Philippines, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, eastern Papua New Guinea, Australia and the Northern Territories. This plant has also been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetics [2][3][4][5] , skin diseases [6] , jaundice, biliary disorders, coughs, spleen disorders, respiratory problems, mucus, leprosy, acne, diabetes, mucus in stool, goiter, antidote to poison [7] , scabies [8] , hypertension [4] , abscess, lack of appetite, vomiting [3] , dysentery, burns [9] . It has been reported to have antioxidant, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, expactorants and analgesic activities [10] , anthelmintic activity [11] , cytotoxic activity [12][13] , anti-dibetic activity [14] , mast cell-stabilizing, anti-anaphylactic, and antihistaminic potential [15] , antimitotic, anti-inflamatory activities [12,10] . ...
Article
Full-text available
In this present study, the leaf extracts of Coccinia grandis L., were subjected to evaluation of the phytochemical screenings, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. The ethanol extract showed 43.71% clot lysis as compared to 65.16% clot lysis produced by standard streptokinase. In vitro membrane stabilizing activity for hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis the ethanol extract inhibited 79.53% and 90.30% haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 71.90% and 77.20% produced by acetyl salicylic acid respectively. In vitro antioxidant activity revealed that the ethanol extracts of C. grandis exhibited significant antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 1.15 g/ml in comparison with the standard 5.80 g/ml. Leave extracts of Coccinia grandis L. revealed moderate antimicrobial activity against some gram positive and gram negative microorganisms. Leave extracts showed strong inhibitory effect on brine shrimp lethality with LC50 at 24.20 μg/ml.
... Eclipta prostrata (L.) ( Figure 6) Local name: Keshute Family: Asteraceae Medicinal uses: Leaves -used in jaundice, fever and help to promote hair growth (Joy et al., 1998). diseases and wounds and also used to stop bleeding (Bapuji and Ratnam, 2009). ...
... As people are becoming aware of side effects of synthetic drugs and resistant pathogens, there is an urgent need to develop novel antimicrobial agents. As global scenario is now changing holistically, the use of non-toxic and eco-friendly products, development of modern drugs from traditional medicinal plants should be emphasized for the control of various human pathogens.Medicinal plants have been used as traditional treatments for numerous human diseases for thousands of years and in many parts of the world.Drug made from these plant products have advantage of being simple, effective and exhibit broad spectrum activity [1] . Medicinal plant products when compare to their synthetic counterparts minimize the adverse side effects [2,3]. ...
Article
div> Herbal products have been used since ancient times in folk medicine, involving both eastern and western medicinal traditions. Many plants with biological and anti-microbiological properties have been studied since there has been a relevant increase in the incidence of antibiotic overuse and misuse. In dentistry Phytomedicines has been used as anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, analgesic and sedative agents. This paper highlights certain medicinal plant which is used in dentistry as alternative and in holistic way. </div
... Indian systems of medicine for dysentery, healing of ulcers, anti-tumour activity as well as for an anti-inflammatory activity comparable to indomethacin (Panikkar KR, 1986;Seethadevi B,1991;Latha and Panikkar, 1998 Ratnam, 2009). Ethnobotanical reference mainly indicates use of Ixora alba as medicine for whooping cough, anemia, highly coloured urine and general debility. ...
... A lot of research has been carried out on the utilization of medicinal plants in the treatment of a variety of ailments, especially in the last two to three decades. [12][13][14][15][16] As a result, the commercial use and exploitation of these herbal medicines has increased drastically. [17] Morus alba is one such invaluable member of the plant kingdom belonging to the family Moraceae and the genus Morus. ...
Article
Full-text available
Context: Antibiotic resistance is a major problem with inadvertent usage. Thus, there is a need to search for new antimicrobial agents of herbal origin to combat antibiotic resistance. One such plant is Morus alba which has a long history of medicinal use in traditional Chinese medicine. Aim: To compare the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of M. alba leaves with chlorhexidine gluconate against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia. Settings and Design: Experimental in vitro study. Methodology: Crude extract from the leaves of M. alba were prepared by Soxhlet extraction method by using ethanol as a solvent. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was assessed against A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and T. forsythia, and compared with that of chlorhexidine gluconate by broth dilution method. Results: P. gingivalis was the most sensitive organism against the M. alba extract with an MIC value of 1.95 mg/ml; while T. forsythia and P. gingivalis both were most sensitive organisms against chlorhexidine gluconate with MIC values of 0.00781 mg/ml. Conclusion: M. alba possess good antibacterial activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and T. forsythia and thus would be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease. However, chlorhexidine gluconate was found to be more effective when compared to M. alba.
... The data were collected for the present investigation through literature survey on various books of medicinal plants and their uses and through valued research papers published on ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants (Kumari et al., 2014;Anjaneyulu and Sudarsanam, 2013;Bisht et al., 2013;Shyma and Devi, 2012;Taur and Patil, 2011;Sharama et al., 2010;Panda, 2010;Jitu, 2011;Reddy, 2008;Rajkumar and Shivanna, 2010;Singh et al., 2012;Patil and Patil, 2005;Singh, 2008;Silja et al., 2008;Bapuji and Ratnam, 2009;Noumi, 2010;Sharma et al., 2010;Bussmann and Glenn, 2011;Benniamin, 2011;Shanavaskhan, 2012;Shanmugam et al., 2012). In this survey, number of medicinal plants were explored which are very much useful for the treatment of asthma. ...
Article
Full-text available
The present study documented the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants which are used for the treatment of respiratory diseases asthma in India by various tribal communities. The present study is based on the literature survey from various sources and it provides a comprehensive knowledge about the use of plants and their parts for the treatment of asthma by various tribal communities in India. Ethno-medicinal uses of 95 plant species along with their botanical names, plant family, part used, mode of administration and distribution of the plants in India were documented. They belong to 85 genera from 56 plant families. The present study provides the insight about the utilization of these plants by various tribal communities throughout India for the treatment of asthma.
... America (Dimayuga et al. 1987;Leonard, 2010;Olajuyigbe et al. 2011) and India (Bapuji et al., 2009). ...
Article
In Burkina Faso, W. indica L. syn. W. americana is used by traditional healers for curative and preventive management of asthma. Based on an ethnopharmacological approach, this study aimed to characterize W. indica on the chemical and pharmacological level according to the traditional use against asthma. Methodology: First, interviews of traditional healers confirmed the literature data concerning traditional use of the plant against asthma. Second, chemical investigations were conducted alternatively with biological investigation. Moreover, an in situ characterization of mains chemical groups was performed in different parts of the plant; then, a general acute toxicity of hydro alcoholic extract was evaluated in mice. Results and discussion: Alkaloids and polyphenols are presents in different parts of W. indica. Several compounds have been isolated from hydro alcoholic roots extract (HA). One compound have been identified as (-)-epicatechin. In vitro, HA, its fractions n-hexane (F1), dichloromethane (F2), ethyl acetate (F3), residual fraction (F4) and (-)-epicatechin isolated from F3 dose-dependently inhibited the activity of 5-LOX, LOX-IB de soja and PLA2. Inhibition of PDE4A1α by fractions was not dose-dependent. On tissue level, HA, F3 and fractions from F3 inhibited contraction induced by acetylcholine on rat trachea ex vivo. This effect was dose-dependent with IC50 of 1051 µg/mL for HA, between 181 and 477µg/mL for F3 and its fractions. HA is moderately toxic in mice (LD50 =210 mg/Kg, intraperitoneal route). This study is the first pharmacological investigation of traditional use of W. indica against asthma. Our results validate the use of W. indica in traditional for management of asthma. These effects should be, at least in part, attributed to the presence of (-)-epicatechin in roots of W. indica. Conclusion: The pharmacological validation of traditional use of W. indica against asthma must be completed in the future research by isolation and biological assays of other compounds which could participate to activity of W. indica.
... Decoction of root and leaves is given twice daily for a week to cure urine obstruction and to resume free flow of urination, leaves and roots are purgative, deobstruent, emmenagogue and aperients [3] . Root decoction is administered during helminthiasis [8] . The plant is used in the treatment of syphilis, sore and as an antiphlogistic, deobstruent, e-ISSN: 2320-0189 p-ISSN: 2347-2308 emmenagogue, anthelmintic [10] . ...
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This communication is aimed to document the traditional medicinal uses of Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce and to propose conservation strategies for rare species occurring Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh. A rare plant species Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce has been locally used to treat by the indigenous people since time immemorial and needs immediate attention for conservation. Some of these are believed to promote positive health and maintain organic resistance against infection by re-establishing body equilibrium and conditioning the body tissues. The folk use of plants in medicinal value is an important part of the health care system. Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce has been recorded as a medicinal plant in Indian traditional system, while present investigations helpful for folklore medicinal importance, Animal health care, phytochemical screening and pharmacological activities. The present paper aims to explore the ethnomedicinal importance. Ethnomedicinal uses of Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce practiced by villagers of Nalgonda district and compared with the medicinal uses of valid publication.
... Pithawani (Securinega leucopyrus) fruits and[10][11][12] Kale mire (Piper nigrum) in a glass of coconut milk and a cup of extract is given twice a day up to[18][19][20][21] days to cure whooping cough.One to two tsp of fruit powder is burnt with a pinch of alum powder and the fumes inhaled once a day at night before sleep up to 15-18 days to cure cough and cold.An extract from one masa rhizome boiled with two tsp awla fruit (Emblica officinalis) powder and equal amount of Korphad leaves (Aloe vera) extract in two ...
Article
An extensive field visits were arranged in Imampur Ghat areas to document the ethno-medicinal uses of the wild and native ethno-flora utilized for curing cough and cold in traditional way. The information is collected from the local inhabitants through verbal interviews in an informal ways during the period from pre-monsoon of 2009 to the post-monsoon of 2011.The paper focuses traditional use of 34 genera belonging to 32 families recommended against certain kind of cough and cold by the local inhabitants.
... A lot of research has been carried out on the utilization of medicinal plants in the treatment of a variety of ailments [2][3][4][5][6][7] , more especially during last 2-3 decades, as a result the commercial use and exploitation of these herbal medicines has increased markedly as pointed out in the detailed review by Joshi [8] . However there are only a few reports on the utility of medicinal plants in the treatment of specific disease. ...
Article
An ethno-medicinal survey was conducted during 2007-08 to examine the traditional knowledge of local people of Almora district in the state of Uttarakhand (India). The results obtained reveal that 17 species of medicinal plants belonging to 15 families are being used, traditionally, to control and cure a variety of dental problems by the local people. The proper documentation of traditional knowledge may be helpful to promote further research in dental science.
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Background: Despite the advances in treating burn injuries, burn severity remains one of the most challenging cases to be treated. As technologies advances, regenerative therapies using stem cells have been established and found to be effective and friendly as a regenerative tool. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF), extracted from adipose tissue, has a great potential for multipotent mesenchymal stem cells differentiation. Recent research has determined the therapeutic effects of SVF on burn injury. Previous finding has proved the efficacy of using SVF that is isolated enzymatically. This research aimed to examine the efficacy of allogenic mechanically isolated (MI) SVF in treating deep partial-thickness burns in a Wistar rat. Materials and Methods: After burn induction, 45 rats were divided into three groups of 15 as follows: group one (control, treated with phosphate-buffered saline), group two (treated with silver sulfadiazine (SSD), and group three (injected with SVF). SVF was harvested from the inguinal fat pad of six rats and mechanically processed. All injections were administered intradermally at the four edges of the burn to cover the entire wound bed. Morphological and histopathological analyses were performed for all groups at three different time points (4, 8, and 32 d post-treatment). Results: Treatment with MI SVF significantly reduced edema formation and dryness of the wound bed on day one compared to the control (P = 0.001). Histopathological results showed that SVF significantly reduced inflammation compared to the control (P = 0.045) on day one and increased neovascularization on day 8 (P = 0.016). Epithelial thickness was significantly greater in the SVF group compared to the SSD group (P = 0.034). Conclusions: The results of this study indicated the therapeutic potential of MI SVF on deep-partial-thickness burns by increasing neovascularization and epithelial thickness and reducing inflammation.
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Kumbhalgarh wildlife sanctuary in the southwesternRajasthan spreads over some parts of districts Rajsamand, Pali and Udaipur. It is the confluence region of the western dry zone (Thar Desert) and hilly forest of Aravallis and is characterized by undulating topography. The total area of the sanctuary is 610.53 km2 which includes 600.18 km2 as a reserve forest and 10.35 km2 as a protected forest. It is a tribal-dominated region, and several ethnic groups reside in and around the sanctuary area. These ethnic groups firmly believe in their traditional healthcare system, which includes plants growing around their habitation to treat various ailments. This traditional knowledge is being passed on from generation to generation orally without any written document. An attempt has been made to document this valuable traditional knowledge from 2021to 22. The sanctuary area was surveyed time and again, and interviews of local medicine men and other tribal's were conducted at different places with different groups for confirmation about the uses of plants in treating various disorders. During the present study Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wt. & Arn., Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb., Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari, Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Etting, Barleria prionitis L., Boerhavia diffusa L., Boswellia serrata Roxb., Dioscorea bulbifera L., Asparagus racemosus Willd. are of medicinal importance being used by the tribal's in the treatment of different disease. It may be mentioned here that several plant species are dwindling from the region due to their overexploitation. The local names of these plants, their families, plant parts used, the mode of administration, their present status and conservation have been presented in this paper.
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Background :Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is an agent that is used to initiate neuroinflammation in animal experimental model. Thus, leading to neurotoxicity and behavioral deficit. These effects are thought to be caused by significant increase in the level of pro-inflammatory mediators in the Central nervous system. However, not much is known about the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of Waltheria americana leaf in LPS- induced neuroinflammation. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of the methanol extract of Waltheria americana leaf (MEWA) in experimental animals. Methods : Leaves of W. americana were collected at the College of Agriculture, Kabba, Kogi State, and authenticated at the Herbarium, Forest Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN), Ibadan (FHI:111,064). The leaves were extracted by maceration in methanol. The components of MEWA were analysed using the Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The study had four groups (n = 5) of rats: Normal Control and groups that received vehicle (Veh) (10 mL/kg p.o), MEWA (200 mg/kg p.o) and Quercetin (50 mg/kg p.o) for 30 days after a single intra-peritoneal administration of 2 mg/kg Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Memory was assessed using the Morris Water Maze test. During sacrifice, Striatum (STR), Prefrontal cortex (PFC) and Hippocampus (HPC) were sectioned. The ELISA method was used for IL-6 and TNF-α. Golgi stain was used for neuronal morphology. Data were analysed using ANOVA at α0.05. Results : The GC–MS analysis revealed fatty acids and methyl esters as the most abundant constituents in Waltheria americana leaf extract. The extract significantly increased the time spent in quadrant area in the probe trial during the Morris Water Maze test. More so, the extract significantly decreased IL-6 and TNF-α in the Striatum, Prefrontal cortex and Hippocampus. Dendritic arborization was also preserved by the extract. Conclusions : This finding demonstrates the neurotoxic effect of Lipopolysaccharides to neurons in the Prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus and its ability to cause behavioral deficits, and how Waltheria americana leaf extract administration was able to prevent neurotoxic damage and behavioural deficits.
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The present article is a systematic and constructive review of the traditional medicinal uses, chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and formulation aspects of Glycosmis species. The genus Glycosmis comprise 51 accepted species broadly distributed in Australia, China, India, and South-East Asia. Traditionally, Glycosmis species are used in folk medicines to treat cancer, anaemia, rheumatism, fever, cough, liver-related problems, skin ailments, intestinal worm infections, wounds, and facial inflammation. This review aims to provide readers with the latest information highlighting chemical constituents isolated from the Glycosmis species, plant parts utilized for their isolation and their pharmacological activities. So far, 307 chemical constituents have been isolated and characterized from different species of the genus Glycosmis; among these constituents, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, and sulphur-containing amides are the major bioactive compounds. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that the crude extracts and compounds isolated from this genus exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities like anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, larvicidal, insecticidal, hepatoprotective, wound healing, antiviral, antidiarrheal, and anxiolytic. The carbazole and acridone alkaloids from this genus have shown potential anticancer activity in various in vitro and in vivo studies. Rare scaffolds like dimeric carbazoles, dimeric acridone alkaloids, flavanocoumarins and sulphur-containing amides from this genus need further exploration for their potential bioactivity. This article also briefs about the toxicological screening and discusses various polyherbal and nano formulation aspects of Glycosmis species. Most of the pharmacological studies reported from this genus were carried out in vitro. An in-depth in vivo and toxicology evaluation of the crude extracts and isolated specialized compounds is required to explore the full therapeutic potential of this genus.
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In the present study information on various medicinal plants in the respect of occurrence, distribution, taxonomy and uses have been carried out in Kalwan Tahsil of Nashik District. Study was carried out during July, 2012 to October, 2013 by arranging several visits after regular intervals in the study area. In this study 53 important Ethno medicinal plants (belonging to 34 families) were studied out of that 12 species were found most and commonly used as a medicinal plants. All the species were preserved and documented. Medicinal plants uses and methods of administration were noted down with the help of vaidus, hakims, local healers and practitioners. The tribes like Bhills, Katkari, Kokana, Thakur, Warli and Mahadeo Koli are living in the remote places were also helped to generate the information of local medicinal plants
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Some whimsical practices might be seen as "the progression of conventions, strict convictions, and even deception that non‑specialists practice." These practices have been related with strict convictions and the profound space just as with the physical area. In antiquated Old World civic establishments, UM was performed by gifted specialists or insightful men; in the present Western human advancement, professionals could possibly be authorized, and a few are pretenders. Dentistry, similar to medication, is a customary, science‑based, profoundly controlled social insurance calling that serves progressively complex and requesting customers. Today, customary dental practice is managing a variety of difficulties to the built up proficient framework; these difficulties are by and large named "option" (or corresponding, whimsical, or integrative).
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Ethnopharmacological significance Gmelina arborea Roxb.ex Smith, a fast-growing deciduous tree belongs to the family Lamiaceae, and is an important plantation species in many tropical areas around the world. The species is naturally distributed in semi-deciduous forests in tropical/subtropical regions of South East Asia. The tree is also an important medicinal plant in the Indian Systems of Medicine. The whole plant is used in medicine. It is astringent, bitter, digestive, cardiotonic, diuretic, laxative and pulmonary and nervine tonic. It improves digestion, memory, helps overcome giddiness and is useful in burning sensation, fever, thirst, emaciation, heart diseases, nervous disorders and piles. The roots are acrid, bitter-sweet in taste, stomachic, tonic, laxative, galactagogue and antihelmintic. The flowers are sweet, refrigerant, bitter, astringent and acrid, and are used in treating leprosy and skin diseases. The fruits are acrid, sour, sweet, refrigerant, bitter, astringent, aphrodisiac, trichogenous, alterant and tonic. Fruits are edible and also used for promoting hair growth and in treating anaemia, leprosy, ulcers, constipation, leucorrhoea and colitis. The leaves are a good fodder also. The major bioactive compounds extracted from different parts of G. arborea are arboreal, verbascoside, tyrosol, Iridoids, phenylpropanoid glycoside, premnazole, martynoside, iridoid glycosides, balanophonin, gmelinol, isoarboreol apig enin, umbelliferone etc. Aim of the review This review provides an insight into the medicinal aspects of G. arborea. This review provides the latest information on phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and traditional uses of G.arborea. Materials and methods Information on G. arborea was gathered from various sources like textbooks, literature databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, Springer, Taylor and Francis, Scopus, Inflibnet, Sci-Finder and Google Scholar. Results Sixty-nine phytochemicals which include lignans, acylated iridoid glycosides, acylated rhamnopyranoses, flavonoids, flavones, flavone glycosides have been isolated. Many of them have been characterized for their pharmacological activity. Several researchers have identified bioactive phytochemicals like luteolin, iridoid alkaloids from the leaves, hentriacontanol and lignans such as arboreol, isoarboreol, arborone, gmelanone, gummadiol from the heartwood, flavon glycosides in roots. The extracts are reported to have wound-healing and antidiarrheal properties. Various studies demonstrated that G.arborea and its constituents possess several pharmacological activities like anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, analgesic, anti-nociceptive, anticancer and wound healing activities. Conclusion G. arborea is a valuable medicinal plant used traditionally in the Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM - Ayurveda and Unani) to treat a wide variety of ailments. These phytochemicals are highly bioactive and exhibit various pharmacological activities. However, many compounds have been identified, whose pharmacological activities are yet to be understood.
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This chapter discusses the ethnopharmacological properties, phytochemistry, and culture conditions of the Bryophyllum species. The leaves and bark of Bryophyllum pinnatum are known as bitter tonic, astringent to the bowels, analgesic, and carminative and useful in diarrhea and vomiting and for relieving the pains and inflammations, as well as earaches, stomachulcers, flu, and fever. Kalanchoe crenata leaves, taken as remedy during pregnancy by women, are recommended to heal umbilical cord wounds in newborns. Quercitrin was obtained from aqueous extract of K. pinnata and demonstrated antileishmanial activity. The kalantuboside A and kalantuboside B have been identified from Kalanchoe tubiflora. Callus cultures were established with different growth regulators in B. pinnatum. Evaluation showed that the highest percentage of callus induction was 100%, obtained with the combination of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and benzyl adenine.
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Ethnopharmacological relevance: Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult. (Apocynaceae) is widely used in traditional medicine in the different parts of the Indian subcontinent due to the various biological activities attributed to its different parts, especially the roots. It has traditionally been used for treating snakebites, scorpion stings, diabetes, urinary diseases, dyspnea, menorrhagia, oligospermia, anorexia, fever, abdominal colic and pain, dysentery, diarrhea, cough, rheumatism, pain including headache, inflammation, pyrosis, skin diseases, leprosy, sexually transmitted diseases and cancer. In Ayurveda, the plant is used in the treatment of bone-loss, low body weight, and fever, stress, topical wound and psoriasis. Besides, Ayurvedic literature also depicts its use as anti-atherogenic, anti-spasmodic, memory enhancing, immunopotentiating and anti-inflammatory agents. Aim of the study: In this review, we aim to present a comprehensive update on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, specific pharmacology, and toxicology of H. indicus and its bioactive metabolites. Possible directions for future research are also outlined in brief. Materials and methods: Popular and widely used international databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar and JSTOR were searched and traditional literature were consulted using the various search strings to retrieve a number of citations related to the ethnopharmacology, biological activity, toxicology, quality control and phytochemistry of H. indicus. All studies on the ethnobotany, phtochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of the plant up to May, 2019 were included in this review. Results: H. indicus has played an important role in traditional Indian medicine (including Ayurveda) and also in European medicine. The main pharmacological properties of H. indicus include hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-ophidian, cardioprotective, nephroprotective, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Phytochemical evaluations of the roots have revealed the presence of aromatic aldehydes and their derivatives, phenolics, triterpenoids and many other compounds, some of which were attributed to its bioactivity. This review also compiles a list of Ayurvedic formulations and commercial preparations where H. indicus has been used as an active ingredient. We have included the critical assessment of all the papers cited in this manuscript based on experimental observation and other important points which reflects the loop-holes of research strategy and ambiguity of the papers reviewed in this manuscript. Conclusions: The study presents an exhaustive and updated review on the traditional, pharmacological and phytochemical aspects of H. indicus with notes on its quality control and toxicological information. Although the crude extracts of H. indicus exhibit an array of pharmacological activities, it is high time to identify more active phyto-constituents by bioactivity-guided isolation besides elucidating their structure-activity relationship. More designed investigations are needed to comprehend the multi-target network pharmacology, to clarify the molecular mode of action and to ascertain the efficacious doses of H. indicus. Moreover, H. indicus is not fully assessed on the basis of its safety and efficacy on human. We hope this review will compile and improve the existing knowledge on the potential utilization of H. indicus in complementary and alternative medicine.
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Plants represent an indispensable need of human life every day. Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston is one among the most important medicinal plants belonging to the family Bixaceae. In this review, we present a comprehensive data available on the ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological activities of C. religiosum. Fruits of C. religiosum are edible. Leaves and shoots are often used as vegetable in some parts of India. Various parts, such as stem bark, root and leaves, of the plant including the gum are traditionally used in several conditions such as cough, bone fracture, ulcer, jaundice, itching, asthma, diarrhea, dysentery, tuberculosis, syphilis, sore throat, gonorrhea, piles, and dandruff. C. religiosum is used as sedative, to enhance face glow and memory. The plant is also widely employed in ethnoveterinary uses. The plant is shown to exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal and antioxidant activity. A gum, designated as katira gum (also known as kondagogu gum), obtained from the stem bark of the plant is shown to exhibit various bioactivities including wound healing activity. The gum is also proven to exhibit promising bioremediation property with respect to removal of heavy metals. It is very important to conserve this plant species as the plant is medicinally important and is one of the threatened plant species because of its overexploitation. Introduction Plants serve mankind in various ways and are considered as an important element in the daily life. Plants are an inevitable source of food, fodder, construction tools, medicines, spices and flavoring agents and textile. The history of utilization of plants is as old as human civilization. Traditional practitioners rely on various medicinal plants for treating several ailments of humans and animals including dreadful diseases such as cancer. People living in remote places utilize medicinal plants preferentially as they do not have access for modern medicine. A vast majority (>75%) of population, living especially in developing and under-developing countries, depends on traditional medicine for meeting the primary healthcare. Whole plant or various parts such as roots, leaves, and flowers of plants have found medicinal importance in various indigenous systems of medicine. Medicinal virtues of plants are attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, polyphenolic compounds and terpenes. The secondary metabolites from plants have been extensively used in modern medicine. Many plant metabolites such as morphine, vincristine, vinblastine, codeine, camptothecin, taxol, quinine and digoxin have been used in many conditions. Plant secondary metabolites have been shown to exert various bioactivities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anticancer activity [1-7]. Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston (synonym C. gossypium DC) is one of the medicinally important tree species belonging to the family Bixaceae. The plant is popularly known by the names Golden silk cotton tree/butter cup tree in English, Girisalmalika in Sanskrit, Gabdi in Hindi and Arasina buruga in Kannada. The plant C. religiosum is used as medicine for various purposes. The plant is used as sedative, stimulant, and is used in gonorrhea, jaundice, cough, trachoma, syphilis etc. The young leaves are used for cooling, and for washing hairs. The gum obtained from the plant is useful in treating pharyngitis, dysentery, diarrhea, asthma, eye problems and stomachache. The plant has got wide ethnoveterinary use. The gum obtained from the plant is often marketed and is useful in several complications or conditions [8-16]. In India, the plant is grown near temples due to its bright flowers that are to be used for offerings to god and also for aesthetics [17] .
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Toad venom is regarded as the main source of bufadienolides; however, synthesis of these substances takes also place in a variety of other animal and plant organisms, including ethnomedicinal plants of the Kalanchoe genus. Chemically, bufadienolides are a group of polyhydroxy C-24 steroids and their glycosides, containing a six-membered lactone (α-pyrone) ring at the C-17β position. From the pharmacological point of view, bufadienolides might be a promising group of steroid hormones with cardioactive properties and anticancer activity. Most of the literature concerns bufadienolides of animal origin; however, the medicinal use of these compounds remains limited by their narrow therapeutic index and the risk of development of cardiotoxic effects. On the other hand, plants such as Kalanchoe are also a source of bufadienolides. Kalanchoe pinnata (life plant, air plant, cathedral bells), Kalanchoe daigremontiana (mother of thousands) and other Kalanchoe species are valuable herbs in traditional medicine of Asia and Africa. The present review focuses on the available data on chemical structures of 31 compounds, biological properties and prospects for therapeutic use of bufadienolides from Kalanchoe species. Furthermore, it presents some new investigational trends in research on curative uses of these substances.
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Available online xxxx Edited by V Steenkamp Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including opportunistic infections associated with HIV/AIDS, are amongst the leading causes of death, especially in poor countries. Acetone, aqueous, methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts from six ethno-botanically selected medicinal plants belonging to five families were investigated for antimicrobial activity against seven selected microorganisms using a micro-dilution assay. A combination study of the aqueous extracts was also carried out against the selected microorganisms. The acetone extracts were also evaluated for their cytotoxicity against Vero monkey kidney cells. Acetone extract from Grewia flava roots exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.05 mg/ml against Mycoplasma hominis while the acetone extract of Jatropha zeyheri root exhibited MIC of 0.20 mg/ml against both Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Combination studies revealed a synergistic effect against selected microorganisms. Acetone extract of Ipomoea bolusiana bulbs exhibited potent toxicity with LC 50 of 0.08 mg/ml while acetone extracts from Jatropha zeyheri leaves, G. flava leaves and Cassia abbreviata pods exhibited no toxicity with LC 50 of N1 mg/ml. All five combinations exhibited synergistic effects against three of the selected pathogenic strains. Acetone extracts of C. abbreviata pods exhibited the highest selectivity index of 5.0 and 3.85 against C. albicans and C. neoformans respectively. These results validate the use of the plants in the treatment of STIs and the related infections.
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Shoot induction in Cochlospermum religiosum was achieved from shoot tip explants on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium fortified with 2 mg 1-1 BAP. The shoots were sub cultured after two weeks on same concentration of BAP for multiple shoot induction. After four weeks the shoots were excised and sub cultured for rooting on half strength M.S. medium fortified with BAP (0.5 mg l-1) and IAA (2 mg l -1). The in vitro generated plantlets were successfully acclimatized in pots containing vermiculite and soil (1:3) with the survival rate of 50 to 60%.
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In 1692 Rheede reported vines in India by the Malayalam name sendera-clandi. Soon afterward, the medicinal species was in London, imported from India and West Africa. Subsequent exploration of Africa and Asia revealed that these diminutive creepers were widespread and that they were considered medicinal throughout the Old World tropics. Now known scientifically as Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D.F. Austin & Staples, people have long recognized two distinct morphotypes, one African and one Asian. Recent research confirms that these two represent subspecies of X. tridentata whose ranges overlap in southern India and Sri Lanka. Historical data indicate that the overlap was caused, or at least enhanced, by traders moving between Asia and Africa.
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There is a long and venerable history of the use of plants to improve dental health and promeote oral hygiene. Plant contain phytochemicals such as alkanoids, tannins, essential oils and flavanoids which have pronounced defensive and curative activity. India is a vast country with people from different cultures and communities. There are many species of medicinal plants belonging to various families which are being used, traditionally, to control and cure a variety of dental problems by the Indian population. The proper documentation of traditional knowledge may be helpful to promote further research in dental science.
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Fungi causing skin infections are treated by the Dongaria Kandha residing at Niyamgiri Hills, Odisha, India, since thousand years back using plant parts of local flora of Niyamgiri as traditional medicine. Keeping this in view it was conceptualized to study the ethnobotany of species used as traditional medicines among them in order to validate their therapeutic claims against eczema and other skin diseases. Through questionnaire it was ascertained that 19 plant species are being used in the treatment of skin diseases, particularly eczema. Among 19 plant species, Cassia fistula L. which tops in the priority list was tested against Aspergillus niger using disc diffusion method. Antimicrobial and qualitative analysis of bioactive compounds from the leaf of Cassia fistula L. showed that the antifungal activity of leaf of Cassia fistula L. was excellent against the test fungus as reflected through fungal inhibition. Bioactive compounds present in plant extracts showed the potent medicinal value of Cassia fistula L. against skin diseases. The study recommends for using these plants, particularly Cassia fistula L. against fungal infections and the study further emphasizes upon detailed analysis of the bioactive compounds in different plant parts and their possible use in preparation of medicines.
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The Raji tribe a smallest group among the native societies of Central Himalaya, inhabiting in Kumaon region bordering to Nepal, has strong faith and belief in traditional health care system, viz. herbal treatment. The living condition of Rajis is extremely poor and neither they have better access to modern health care and nor they have information pertaining to the same. The 50 plant species are documented here pertaining to the uses in traditional health care system of this under developed tribal community. The importance of documenting indigenous knowledge base related to ethnobotany, as described here becomes important in view of rapid socio-economic and cultural changes.
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Over the last three decades, forest degradation in the Brazilian Amazon has diminished the availability of some widely used medicinal plant species. Results of a 9-year market study suggest that forests represent an important habitat for medicinal plants used in eastern Amazonia: Nine of the twelve top-selling medicinal plants are native species, and eight are forest based. Five of the top-selling species have begun to be harvested for timber, decreasing the availability of their barks and oils for medicinal purposes. Many of these medicinal plants have no botanical substitute, and pharmaceuticals do not yet exist for some of the diseases for which they are used. Market surveys indicate that all socioeconomic classes in Amazonia use medicinal plants because of cultural preferences, low cost, and efficacy. Degradation of Amazonian forests may signify not only the loss of potential pharmaceutical drugs for the developed world but also the erosion of the sole health care option for many of Brazil's rural and urban poor.
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A number of medicinal plants (about 160) that occur quite commonly in the forests of Kavurai, Vanajangi and Kantavaram and adjoins of Paderu division in the eastern ghats of Visakhapatnam district have been collected, identified and listed out. The medico-ethnological data regarding the specific parts of the different medicinal plants together with the ailments that can be treated in general and the specific uses of these plants in preventive, promotive and curative applications obtained form the tribals, well acquainted with medicinal plants have been given. Besides this some important conservative measures have also been suggested.
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The lithology, structure, metamorphism and stratigraphy of the granite gneisses, charnockite series, khondalite series and granites occurring in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh are described. The granite gneisses consist of the garnetiferous granite gneiss, the grey granite gneiss and porphyritic granite gneiss. The charnockite series consists of granite, diorite, gabbro, norite, amphibolite and pyroxenite. The khondalite series comprises gneisses, schists, quaitzites, and granulites, metamorphosed from argillaceous, arenaceous and calcareous sediments. The granites include the pink granites and pegmatites. The formations are highly folded with thrusts and strike slip faults. The granite gneisses, charnockite series and khondalite series are metamorphosed to the granulite facies, with a few members in the amphibolite facies and occasional members in the eclogite facies. Some granite gneisses are the oldest rocks present, and others contemporaneous with charnockite series, which are themselves older than or contemporaneous with the khondalite series. The pink granites and pegmatites are the youngest rocks of the region.
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During eight months of field work in Lambir National Park, near Miri, Sarawak, extensive field notes were taken concerning local uses made of forest trees. Field observations with local Iban and follow-up interviews were used to determine uses. This paper reports on these uses at family and generic level, which include timber, firewood, fruits, vegetables, cordage, weapons and animal traps. The rate of loss of indigenous knowledge concerning the trees, in comparison to studies elsewhere, stress the need for intensive ethnobotanical research in areas where forest remain near urbanized areas.
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