... Whole-sediment or unfiltered sediment elutriate (i.e., sediment supernatant) toxicity tests are commonly used to assess toxicity of oil-contaminated sediment (contaminated sediment) and bioassays have been developed to investigate the biological effects of contaminated sediments, using amphipods, copepods, echinoderms, bivalves, or fish (Brown- Peterson et al., 2014Peterson et al., , 2017Dubansky et al., 2013;Geffard et al., 2001Geffard et al., , 2007Ghirardini et al., 2005;Lotufo et al., 2016;Matthiessen et al., 1998). While many studies have investigated impacts of DWH oil exposures on fish (Brewton et al., 2013;Brown-Peterson et al., 2014Dubansky et al., 2013;Echols et al., 2015), mollusks (Carmichael et al., 2012;Finch et al., 2016;Langdon et al., 2016;Stefansson et al., 2016;Vignier et al., 2015Vignier et al., , 2016Volety et al., 2016), corals (Goodbody-Gringley et al., 2013), arthropod (Echols et al., 2015;Lotufo et al., 2016;McCall and Pennings, 2012), and zooplankton (Almeda et al., 2013), there is little information to date on the impact of oiled sediments from the DWH spill on marine species. Exposure to DWH-oiled sediment has been reported to alter normal embryogenesis and larval developments in fish, such as delayed hatching and reduced hatching success and growth in the Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis, Dubansky et al., 2013) and developmental malformations in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos (Raimondo et al., 2014). ...