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Feminine Work Ethic in Small Business: Women Small Business Owners in Thailand’s Kuan Im Movement
... The fourth movement is the following of Kuan Im Boddhisattva (Chinese Kuan Yin). Sometimes it is treated as a spirit cult, but close examination shows that it fits the template for urban middle class reform Buddhism well (e.g., Ganjanapan 2003;Roenjun and Speece 2011). ...
... Kuan Im is particularly popular among women, including small business owners (Roenjun and Speece 2011). Receptivity is, of course, much broader than just among Thai-Chinese. ...
... Thai-Chinese are well integrated into Thai society, so many middle class pure Thai regard Thai-Chinese culture and values as simply a variation on Thai culture. Thus, there is no need to worry that these are 'foreign' ideas, which might be suspect (Roenjun and Speece 2011). The small business orientation of many Kuan Im followers would tend to make them pro-capitalist, but likely wanting some protection from what they view as predatory big companies. ...
Recent decades have seen the growth of several streams of reform Buddhism among the urban middle class in Thailand. They can be categorized along two dimensions which give a sort of psychographic profile of followers of the streams. The different movements have similar views toward personal ethics, but widely different views about the nature of the preferred economic system. This corresponds to differences in how they view the role of context in shaping personal ethics.
... • Building relationships with employees and with customers is also prominent, including among Kuan Im followers (Roenjun & Speece, 2011). In general, Buddhists who understand the teachings beyond a very basic level recognize that the market and the firm are interconnected webs of relationships (e.g., Nelson, 2011Nelson, , 2016. ...
The role of spirituality in management is of growing interest, not least because it is closely related to business ethics, and, thus, how businesses treat customers and employees. The topic, however, still needs some conceptual development, as well as empirical research, especially outside Western, Christian contexts. This qualitative research examines spirituality among women small business owners in Thailand. These women follow Kuan Im bodhisattva, a Buddhist role model teaching compassion and morality. In Jackson's terminology, this is an example of an Eastern, practice‐oriented approach to ethics rather than (in his view) the somewhat theoretical wisdom‐oriented approach common in the West. The nature of their spirituality and their treatment of customers and employees maps strongly to a servant leadership style. Servant leadership has occasionally been proposed as the style most closely associated with spirituality. In this context, it seems to be thoroughly intertwined, and highly concerned with ethical treatment of others.
http://www.bookdepository.com/Qualitative-Methods-in-Business-Research-Paivi-Eriksson-Anne-Kovalainen/9781446273395?ref=grid-view
https://wordery.com/qualitative-methods-in-business-research-paivi-eriksson-9781446273395
Here is the introductory chapter to the book. If you have other requests, send me an email to paivi.eriksson@uef.fi
Overseas Chinese have traditionally dominated trade and marketing in Southeast Asia. Domination of marketing channels arose in trade contact with the local, subsistence agricultural economy. Chinese traders established their businesses in major trade centers which were connected to the international trade network. They expanded the market network into new areas as local economies grew. Chinese cultural values supported capital accumulation and investment, and Chinese networks provided access to capital, giving them interest in and means to become wholesalers and retailers. Trade contact fosters a transfer of cultural values, and ethnic Thai began acquiring entrepreneurial values. Economic development brought more cash, and Thai could move into lower channel activities more easily. They invested in retailing, and began taking over the lower levels of marketing channels. Successful retailers began investing back into wholesaling. Chinese traders started directing capital accumulated through trading into other sectors of the economy.
Religions and religious institutions affect markets in a variety of ways. The objectives of this study are threefold. First, it details the parameters of market activity affected by religions and religious institutions. Second, it discusses the ways in which religion exerts authority over the activities of markets. The presence of authority is a necessary prerequisite for religious influence on markets. Third, religious authority is used as a framework to understand how traditional questions of macromarketing inform, and are informed by, the intersection of religions and markets. The article uses the framework of religious authority to explore the variety of effects of religions on markets and markets on religions.
1. Shared foundations of Buddhist ethics: sources of guidance to Buddhists Rebirth and karma The four noble truths Philosophy of action 2. Key Buddhist values giving Keeping the lay precepts Monastic values Ethics of inter-personal relationships Loving kindness and compassion Social ethics 3. Mahayana emphases and adaptations: the path of the Bodhisattva The ethics of the Bodhisattva Skilful means and overriding precepts Specific strands of Mahayana thought and practice Mahayana reassessment of monasticism 4. Attitude to and treatment of the natural world Humanity's place in nature Non-harming of animals Positive regard, and help, for animals Plants, trees and forests Conservation and environmentalism 5. Economic ethics Lay economic ethics The monastic economy Buddhism and capitalism: Weber's 'Protestant Ethic' thesis 'Buddhist economics' Buddhism and economics in the modern world 6. War and peace Buddhist analyses of the causes of conflict Solutions to conflict Non-violent reflections on a violent world The position of the soldier Buddhist 'justifications' of and involvement in, violence Buddhist action for peace in the modern world 7. Suicide and euthanasia considerations and arguments against suicide Suicide and the precepts Euthanasia 8. Abortion and contraception Embryonic life Abortion and Buddhist principles Contraception Abortion in Buddhist cultures Anti-abortion but pro-choice?: the relationship between morality and law 9. The status of women: women in early Hinduism the effect of Buddhism The spiritual potential and achievement of women Gender, rebirth and the status of women Views on spiritual statuses unattainable by women Images of wise and wayward women Ascetic wariness of the opposite sex The ordination of women Nuns and other female religious roles in Buddhist cultures Lay women in Buddhist texts Lay women in Buddhist cultures 10. Homosexuality and other forms of 'Queerness' Sex change Hermaphrodites Pandakas Homosexual acts Homosexuality in Buddhist cultures.