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A Systematic Mapping Study on Software Ecosystems
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Software ecosystem is an approach that investigates the complex relationships among companies in the software industry. Companies work cooperatively and competitively in order to achieve their strategic objectives. They must engage in a new perspective considering both their own business and third party ones. Inspired from properties by natural and business ecosystems, a software ecosystem covers technical and business aspects of software development as well as partnership among companies. In this paper, we undertake a systematic mapping study to present a wide review of primary studies on software ecosystems. Systematic mapping is a methodology that gives, after a systematic research process, a visual summary map of its results. The search procedure identified 1026 studies, of which 44 were identified as relevant to answer our research questions. This study mapped what is currently known about software ecosystems perspective. We conclude that software ecosystems research is concentrated in 8 main areas in which the most relevant are open source software, ecosystem modeling, and business issues. The paper is intended to practitioners and academics investigating the field of software ecosystems. It contributes to summarize the body of knowledge in the field and direct efforts for future research in software ecosystems.
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... To develop this study, we collected the necessary data based on identified metrics associated with business and research questions gathered from the technical literature associated with metrics in Agile methodologies, the state of the art by adhering to a systematic literature review (Barbosa & Alves, 2011). Table 1 lists these metrics. ...
... Note. These metrics and questions are based on the study by Barbosa and Alves (2011). ...
In agile software development, the performance of human development teams is pivotal for project success, yet assessing their performance can be challenging, given the flexibility of agile project management. This article introduces predictive metrics for evaluating development teams, including indicators like delivery speed, code quality, internal collaboration, and problem-solving efficiency. It also discusses the tools and techniques available for measuring team performance, such as productivity tracking, code quality analysis, and feedback from users and customers. Real-world experiences with these metrics demonstrate their effectiveness in significantly enhancing human development teams' efficiency and effectiveness in managing agile software projects. By utilizing these metrics, development teams can pinpoint areas for improvement, adapt to changes, and enhance their capacity and skills to meet project objectives. In conclusion, this article underscores how predictive metrics contribute to the success of development teams in agile software projects within an ever-changing.
... Additionally, the recommendations of Kitchenham and Brereton (2013) were also followed to arrive at the following four databases, IEEE, ACM, Web of Science, and Science Direct, as the primary sources for the systematic mapping study, thus covering as many potentially relevant studies as possible. The final database choice was made for the following two reasons: (i) IEEE Xplore and ACM Digital Library host the largest number of primary studies for the computer science and software engineering field (Barbosa and Alves, 2011;Kitchenham and Brereton, 2013) and (ii) ScienceDirect and Web of Science offer broader coverage of diverse and inter-disciplinary research fields (Barbosa and Alves, 2011;Rodríguez et al., 2017) respectively. Searches on Google Scholar were not considered due to their overlapping results with resources from the selected electronic databases (Chen et al., 2010). ...
... Additionally, the recommendations of Kitchenham and Brereton (2013) were also followed to arrive at the following four databases, IEEE, ACM, Web of Science, and Science Direct, as the primary sources for the systematic mapping study, thus covering as many potentially relevant studies as possible. The final database choice was made for the following two reasons: (i) IEEE Xplore and ACM Digital Library host the largest number of primary studies for the computer science and software engineering field (Barbosa and Alves, 2011;Kitchenham and Brereton, 2013) and (ii) ScienceDirect and Web of Science offer broader coverage of diverse and inter-disciplinary research fields (Barbosa and Alves, 2011;Rodríguez et al., 2017) respectively. Searches on Google Scholar were not considered due to their overlapping results with resources from the selected electronic databases (Chen et al., 2010). ...
The role of ICT solutions in protecting the environment, strengthening global efforts to combat climate change, and promoting sustainability has received significant global attention. Various strategies, such as top-down, bottom-up, or blended approaches involving policies and civic actions, have been employed to raise awareness and foster sustainable behavioral changes. However, the relationship between ICT and engagement approaches for promoting awareness and empowering communities and organizations to adopt sustainable practices remains underexplored. This paper presents a systematic mapping study (SMS) that examines the nexus between ICT solutions and engagement approaches, aiming to support citizens’ transition to a more sustainable society. The study analyzed 66 relevant primary studies addressing sustainable activities, engagement approaches, and ICT solutions to promote and strengthen awareness of sustainable behavior and activities. The results indicate a growing interest among researchers in ICT-driven engagement approaches for sustainable choices. The study highlights the need for a blended approach that encompasses techno-social strategies to stimulate awareness of sustainable activities and practices at both individual and societal levels. Furthermore, there is a need for future research on the roles of policies, civic actions, and implementation framing, such as green identity, eco-subsidies, and green taxes, for effective strategies to design sustainability-centric technological solutions to foster citizen sustainability awareness and adoption of sustainable practices. These findings contribute to the expanding body of research on ICT for sustainability and hold implications for policymakers, citizens, and organizations committed to a sustainable future.
... In the coopetition paradigm, competitors can be involved in both cooperative and competitive relationships simultaneously. The firms involved benefit from cooperation and gain competitive edges in these networks that serve their own reliable software products or services in a symbiotic way (Barbosa & Alves, 2011;Morgan & Finnegan, 2014). ...
Increasing technological complexity, intensified competition, and security requirements have driven open-source software (OSS) projects to become a crucial part of organizations’ software development. This study focuses on the OSS project TensorFlow (TF) and uses a case study to examine how organizations and their associated developers collaborate to identify, fix and prevent security vulnerabilities. Social Network Analysis (SNA) of archived security data from software repositories is used to gain insight into security activities. The study examines the internal structure and evolution of security code collaboration, organizational networks, and top organizational contributors to TF. It also examines productivity, homophily, development diversity, and turnover rates among developers across various software releases. The in-depth insights from this research enhance our understanding of collaborative patterns in OSS communities within open software ecosystems, particularly in the security context.
... Inspired by properties observed in natural and business ecosystems, SECOs encapsulate both technical and business dimensions of software development, leading to both desired and undesired partnerships between companies. Historically, collaborations for outsourcing software technology to other companies have been common (Barbosa & Alves, 2011). ...
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technology , the integration of ubiquitous computing into big-scale service design has become a transformative force, reshaping user experiences within software ecosystems. This paper delves into the dynamic interplay between technological ecosystems, service design principles, and the evolving user journey created by the opaque information architecture of Software Ecosystems. Drawing insights from case studies, and contemporary trends, the paper explores the advantages, limitations, and user choices and alternatives in the era of ubiquitous computing.
... Following the wide diversity of definitions of software ecosystem, the kinds of software ecosystems that have been studied in recent research are equally diverse. An interesting entry point into how the research literature on software ecosystems has been evolving over the years are the many published systematic literature reviews, such as [14,112,111,152,29]. ...
This chapter defines and presents the kinds of software ecosystems that are targeted in this book. The focus is on the development, tooling and analytics aspects of "software ecosystems", i.e., communities of software developers and the interconnected software components (e.g., projects, libraries, packages, repositories, plug-ins, apps) they are developing and maintaining. The technical and social dependencies between these developers and software components form a socio-technical dependency network, and the dynamics of this network change over time. We classify and provide several examples of such ecosystems, many of which will be explored in further detail in the subsequent chapters of the book. The chapter also introduces and clarifies the relevant terms needed to understand and analyse these ecosystems, as well as the techniques and research methods that can be used to analyse different aspects of these ecosystems.
... Serta pemetaan negara asal dan tahun publikasi 1099-2022 adanya puncak penelitian terjadi pada tahun 2018, sedangkan Negara paling banyak yang membuat penelitian tentang Performance dan Balanced Scorecard adalah United Kingdom dan United States. Metode penelitian yang diadopsi studi pemetaan sistematis merukapan sebuah metode penelitian praktis untuk mengenali topik yang tepat untuk diteliti, serta area mana yang diperlukan untuk lebih banyak penelitian (Barbosa, 2011;Petersen, 2008). Hasil penelitian ini dapat memberikan panduan dalam membantu peneliti untuk merencanakan penelitian di masa yang akan datang melalui penemuan kesenjangan penelitian. ...
Performance is a description of the level of achievement of the implementation of a policy in realizing the goals, objectives, mission and vision of the organization contained in the work plan of an organization. Performance measurement is the periodic determination of the operational effectiveness of an organization, part of the organization and its personnel, based on predetermined goals, standards and criteria. Balanced Scorecard is an alternative method used by companies to manage company performance more comprehensively, not only limited to financial performance, but extends to non-financial performance, such as customer perspective, internal business processes, and learning and growth. This study aims to identify the company's performance appraisal with a balanced scorecard whose data were obtained from related journals in 1999–2022. The population in this study is an article on the company's performance appraisal with a balanced scorecard in the years 1099-2022 which was published on Scopus. Based on the Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria, the number of samples in this study was 18 articles. The method used in this study is a systematic mapping study (SMS). SMS is rooted in the study literature review (SLR). The SLR method is used to identify, review, evaluate, and interpret all available research with topic areas of interest to phenomena, with specific relevant research questions. With the use of the SLR method, a systematic review and identification of journals can be carried out, which in each process follows the steps or protocols that have been set. The results show that from 18 research articles that have been systematically mapped, researchers classify articles based on the research method approach with the topics discussed, namely: Balanced Scorecard with a research focus Balanced Scorecard is used to get a complete understanding of company performance (in terms of financial perspective, customer perspective, internal business processes, learning and growth) with its competitors. While the dominant method used in research on corporate performance appraisal with the balanced scorecard is the qualitative method.
Effective management of information technology infrastructure (ITI) is key to success for any enterprise offering IT services in this contemporary digital era. Considering the importance of the topic both for research and practice, a Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) was conducted (with the following research questions) to present state-of-the-art concerning the management of ITI, (i) what focus areas related to the management of IT Infrastructure have been considered in the extant literature?, (ii) what are the publication trends and characteristics of existing research on IT Infrastructure Management?, (iii) what are the main challenges in the context of managing IT Infrastructure reported in the existing literature?, and (iv) what recommendations and guidelines have been proposed to overcome the reported challenges? Following the systematic approach, n=57 articles from extant literature satisfying this study’s inclusion and exclusion criteria were considered for analysis to find answers to these research questions. The findings reveal (i) research focus areas categorized into 6 categories (i.e., resource, service, learning style, self-care, data sharing & access, and human ITI capability), (ii) a set of variables to map publication trends and characteristics of existing research with “
evaluation research
”, “
constructive research
” and “
models
” recognized as the most common paper type, research methods, and contribution type respectively, (iii) 28 challenges related to ITI management in enterprises were identified, and (iv) 68 guidelines and recommendations for organizations and personnel were identified to manage the ITI more efficiently. The findings such as research focus areas and publication trends are important from a research perspective offering guidance to researchers to drive further research on the topic. Meanwhile, the challenges, recommendations, and guidelines have practical implications, providing practitioners with insights into better understanding and management of their respective ITI.
JavaCard is the most prevalent platform for cryptographic smartcards nowadays. Despite having more than 20 billion smartcards shipped with it and thirteen revisions since the JavaCard API specification was first published more than two decades ago, uptake of newly added features, cryptographic algorithms or their parameterizations, and systematic analysis of overall activity is missing. We fill this gap by mapping the activity of the JavaCard ecosystem from publicly available sources with a focus on 1) security certification documents available under Common Criteria and FIPS140 schemes and 2) activity and resources required by JavaCard applets released in an open-source domain (Paper supplementary materials, full results of analysis and open tools are available at https://crocs.fi.muni.cz/papers/cardis2023).
The analysis performed on all certificates issued between the years 1997–2023 and on more than 200 public JavaCard applets shows that new features from JavaCard specification are adopted slowly, typically taking six or more years. Open-source applets utilize new features even later, likely due to the unavailability of recent performant smartcards in smaller quantities. Additionally, almost 70% of constants defined in JavaCard API specification are completely unused in open-source applets. The applet portability improves with recent cards, and transient memory requirements (scarce resource on smartcards) are typically small.
While twenty or more products have been consistently certified every year since 2009, the open-source ecosystem became more active around 2013 but seemed to decline in the past two years. As a result, the whole smartcard ecosystem might be negatively impacted by limited exposure to new ideas and usage scenarios, serving only well-established domains and potentially harming its long-term competitiveness.
The goal of this study was a review of trends in non-invasive vocal fold assessment to identify the significance of acoustic analysis within the scope of proposed methods. A review protocol for selected relevant studies was developed using systematic review guidelines. A classification scheme was applied to process the selected relevant study set, data were extracted and mapped in a systematic map. A systematic map was used to synthesize data for a quantitative summary of the main research question. A tabulated summary was created to summarize supporting topics. Results show that non-invasive vocal fold assessment is influenced by general computer science trends. Machine learning techniques dominate studies and publications, i.e., 51% of the set used at least one method to detect and classify vocal fold pathologies.
Traditional software development is shifting toward the open-source development model, particularly in the current environment of competitive challenges to develop software openly. The author employs a case study approach to investigate how organizations and their affiliated developers collaborate in the open-source software (OSS) ecosystem TensorFlow (TF). The analysis of the artificial intelligence OSS library TF combines social network analysis (SNA) and an examination of archival data by mining software repositories. The study looks at the structure and evolution of code-collaboration among developers and with the ecosystem's organizational networks over the TF lifespan. These involved organizations play a particularly critical role in development. The research also looks at productivity, homophily, development, and diversity among developers. The results deepen the understanding of OSS communities' collaborative developer and organization patterns. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance and evolution of social networks, diversity, and productivity in ecosystems.
The objective of this report is to propose comprehensive guidelines for systematic literature reviews appropriate for software engineering researchers, including PhD students. A systematic literature review is a means of evaluating and interpreting all available research relevant to a particular research question, topic area, or phenomenon of interest.
Systematic reviews aim to present a fair evaluation of a research topic by using a trustworthy, rigorous, and auditable methodology. The guidelines presented in this report were derived from three existing guidelines used by medical researchers, two books produced by researchers with social science backgrounds and discussions with researchers from other disciplines who are involved
in evidence-based practice. The guidelines have been adapted to reflect the specific problems of software engineering research.
The guidelines cover three phases of a systematic literature review: planning the review, conducting the review and reporting the review. They provide a relatively high level description. They do not consider the impact of the research questions on the review procedures, nor do they specify in detail the mechanisms needed to perform meta-analysis.
A primary motivation this research in digital ecosystems is the desire to exploit the self-organising properties of biological ecosystems. Ecosystems are thought to be robust, scalable architectures that can automatically solve complex and dynamic problems. However, the computing technologies that contribute to these properties have not been made explicit in digital ecosystems research. In this paper, the authors discuss how different computing technologies can contribute to providing the necessary self-organising features, including Multi-Agent Systems MASs, Service-Oriented Architectures SOAs, and distributed evolutionary computing DEC. The potential for exploiting these properties in digital ecosystems is considered, suggesting how several key features of biological ecosystems can be exploited in Digital Ecosystems, and discussing how mimicking these features may assist in developing robust, scalable self-organising architectures. An example architecture, the Digital Ecosystem, is considered in detail. The Digital Ecosystem is then measured experimentally through simulations, which consider the self-organised diversity of its evolving agent populations relative to the user request behaviour.
Brazilian Public Software (SPB in Portuguese) is an innovative experience in public administration. It combines features of the free software production model with the concept of public goods and is delivered by a portal that links different people and interests. The evolution of SPB as a digital ecosystem can be best understood using Complex Thinking Theory (CTT). The paper describes how methodologies based on System Thinking, part of CTT, were used to obtain empirical evidence that the SPB ecosystem evolves in learning cycles and concludes that this could result in a maturity model for SPB.
The modern-day enterprise has an information system architecture that changes as a result of distributed decisions made in response to change s in the firm's environment. Architects have a difficult time making decisions about such system s under their control. To help them with this process, we develop a conceptual model of architect ure as a network comprising of a set of nodes linked by dependencies. Furthermore, we class ify changes to it via addition or subtraction of nodes and links. As changes are made to the set of nodes and links, the underlying architecture of the system evolves. A ke y question is -- can we control the emergence of this complex network by closely managi ng and monitoring a subset of nodes? We define this set of nodes as architectural control p oints. IT management can influence the evolution of the ne twork; however, given time and cost constraints, IT management can most directly influe nce only a few of the components in the network, the architectural control points. In this research, we use a simulation model to show how a network perspective and network analysis prov ides a useful abstraction for understanding architecture. This simulation is vali dated with a case study at a financial services company. We show that by following a few s imple rules, enterprises can improve the fitness of their architecture as the network emerge s and the control points shift over time.