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Online Pre-laboratory Exercises Enhance Student Preparedness for First Year Biology Practical Classes

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Effective preparation prior to a practical class is essential if meaningful learning is to occur. If effective preparation does not occur, then students are at risk of "information overload" as they attempt simultaneously to come to terms with novel technical or manipulative tasks as well as learning new concepts. We designed on-line multi-media pre-laboratory exercises (Pre-labs) to support dissection-based practicals in a first year biology unit. The aim of this study was to gauge the effectiveness of the Pre-labs in improving students' perceptions of their preparedness for practical classes. We surveyed the students before and after introduction of the Pre-labs, and monitored use of the Pre-labs on the class on-line learning site. The surveys showed that 68% of students reported they like to "see or be shown what to do". In the initial survey, only 15% of students reported doing a substantial amount of preparation for practical classes. However, the majority of students used the "visual" Pre-labs regularly, and reported finding them "very useful" in preparing them for the practical class, and 47 % (compared with an initial 22.4%) reported being well-prepared for class. Better preparation should lead to enhanced learning outcomes for students as well as better meeting ethical guidelines for instructors designing practicals based on animal specimens.
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Online Pre-laboratory Exercises Enhance
Student Preparedness for First Year
Biology Practical Classes
Susan M. Jones, Ashley Edwards
Corresponding author S.M.Jones@utas.edu.au
School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7005, Australia
Keywords: cognitive load, pre-laboratory exercise, preparation, visual representation
Abstract:
Effective preparation prior to a practical class is essential if meaningful learning is to occur. If effective
preparation does not occur, then students are at risk of “information overload” as they attempt simultaneously to
come to terms with novel technical or manipulative tasks as well as learning new concepts. We designed on-line
multi-media pre-laboratory exercises (Pre-labs) to support dissection-based practicals in a first year biology unit.
The aim of this study was to gauge the effectiveness of the Pre-labs in improving students’ perceptions of their
preparedness for practical classes. We surveyed the students before and after introduction of the Pre-labs, and
monitored use of the Pre-labs on the class on-line learning site. The surveys showed that 68% of students
reported they like to “see or be shown what to do”. In the initial survey, only 15% of students reported doing a
substantial amount of preparation for practical classes. However, the majority of students used the “visual” Pre-
labs regularly, and reported finding them “very useful” in preparing them for the practical class, and 47 %
(compared with an initial 22.4%) reported being well-prepared for class. Better preparation should lead to
enhanced learning outcomes for students as well as better meeting ethical guidelines for instructors designing
practicals based on animal specimens.
International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education, 18(2) 1-9, 2010
Introduction
Why encourage students to prepare for laboratory classes in biology?
Laboratory classes are where science students acquire and practise key manipulative and
process skills, while learning to move concepts from an abstract into a concrete setting
(O’Brien & Cameron, 2008). However students may be at risk of “information overload”
during a laboratory class as they try to cope with novel technical and manipulative tasks as
well as master new concepts (Meester & Maskill, 1995; Pogacnik & Cigic, 2006). Cognitive
load theory suggests that a student’s learning will be inhibited if “the instructional materials
overwhelm a learner’s cognitive resources” (Cook, 2006, p.1076). Hodson (1993, p.100)
describes this effect as “too much noise”: there is information overload due to the large
number of tasks that need to be completed, as students find it difficult to see connections
between what they are doing and what they are meant to be learning.
One effective way to reduce cognitive load and to increase meaningful learning during
laboratory classes (O’Brien & Cameron, 2008) is through effective pre-laboratory
preparation. Pre-laboratory exercises are widely employed in the sciences, and various
Jones and Edwards, Online Pre-laboratory Exercises
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models have been developed, with the underlying technology becoming more sophisticated
over time. Preparatory exercises take many forms, including short face-to-face tutorials with
associated tests (Pogacnik & Cigic, 2006), or on-line work modules in which the practical
task is carried out in a virtual environment (Schmid & Yeung, 2005). For example, Case
(1980) described using auto-tutorials, or minicourses, which included a printed study guide
and an audio-visual module, to help students prepare for biology laboratories. Later, online
modules that set out a real life problem to be solved in a virtual environment have been used
to prepare students for Chemistry laboratories (Yeung, Schmid, Tasker & Miller, 2005),
while molecular visualisations provide powerful tools to help students understand chemical
theory, particularly three-dimensional molecular structures and how they change over time
during chemical reactions (Jones, Jordan & Stilings, 2005). None-the-less, many life sciences
students enter the laboratory with little or no preparation, with detrimental impacts on their
learning outcomes (Gorst & Lee, 2005).
Effective design of pre-laboratory learning exercises
To be effective, pre-laboratory preparation needs to be more than just an encouragement for
students to read their manual before coming to class: pre-laboratory exercises must be
designed as carefully as the practical manual itself (Johnstone & Al-Shuaili, 2006). Pre-
laboratory exercises are essentially a form of guided instruction. There is strong evidence that
students learn more deeply through guided instruction, rather than through discovery-based
learning (Kirschner, Sweller & Clark, 2006). Examples of guided instruction are activities
such as worked examples or worksheets which have been shown to have positive effects on
student performance (Nadolski, Kirschener & van Merrienboer, 2005). Guided instruction
leads to longer term transfer of knowledge and problem-solving skills, and guards against
students acquiring misconceptions or disorganised knowledge (Kirschner et al., 2006).
Lujan and Dicarlo (2006) point out that motivation and performance improve when learning
activities accommodate students’ varying learning preferences and styles. In our first year
biology practical classes, we have observed that many students seem to have difficulty
visualising what they are expected to do in class from reading a set of written instructions in
the practical manual, even after a verbal introduction to the practical by the lecturer in charge.
French (1998, p.1) similarly considered that students “have difficulty accurately identifying
features of specimens from written instruction”. This is particularly true of students with
visual learning styles: even if they have already read the relevant section of the manual, such
students may not be well prepared for class, and therefore be less able to take full advantage
of the learning experiences offered by the practical exercises.
Cognitive load theory provides a number of instructional design rules for pre-laboratory
exercises. These include the use of multiple representations, and the use of dual mode
presentations (e.g. verbal plus visual). Mayer, Bove, Bryman, Mars and Tapangco (1996)
specifically investigated the role of illustrations in promoting students’ understanding of
scientific principles. They demonstrated that students learn most effectively from what they
termed a multimedia summary: a “sequence of annotated illustrations depicting the steps in a
process”. In addition, they concluded that a multimedia summary is most effective when it
contains only a small amount of text. Slaughter (undated) commented that static images are
preferable to moving images because they allow greater attention to detail; facilitate
identification of sequence in procedures; and can be used to illustrate technical terms.
An ethical perspective on the use of pre-laboratory learning exercises in biology
From a different perspective, teachers of biology must also appreciate that when a learning
exercise involves animal specimens, there are some important ethical considerations to be
International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education, 18(2) 1-9, 2010
3
made. The Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific
Purposes (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2004) specifically requires that,
when using animals in teaching, students should take responsibility for maximising their
learning (which would include preparing well for classes), and that teachers should provide
effective mechanisms to support their learning. Well-designed pre-laboratory exercises are
examples of such mechanisms.
The initiative
Based on our reading of the literature, we designed and produced a series of pre-laboratory
exercises (henceforth, Pre-labs) to support each of five dissection-based practical classes in a
first year biology unit. The Pre-labs take the form of PowerPoint shows in which the
procedures or outcomes of each stage of the dissection, as described in the practical manual,
are illustrated with still colour photographs. Procedures such as attaching a scalpel blade to
the scalpel handle are also illustrated. We added short written instructions that summarise text
in the practical manual, questions designed to highlight key learning concepts, and a list of
key vocabulary terms. The tight integration of these pre-laboratory exercises with the
practical manual mirrors the approach of O’Brien and Cameron (2008). Each Pre-lab is
loaded into our on-line learning site the week before the relevant practical classes, and
students are alerted to this by bulk email. Use of the Pre-labs is voluntary, and there is no
associated assessment.
Aims of this study
This study aimed to gauge the effectiveness of pre-laboratory exercises as a learning support
tool for dissection-based practicals in a first year biology unit that focuses on the biology of
animals. This unit runs in Semester One, so most students are inexperienced with tertiary
learning at the start of the unit. Although none of the dissection exercises require approval
from an Animal Ethics Committee, the concept of an ethical approach to animal-based
science is introduced in the first practical class, and students are asked to consider their
ethical responsibility to maximise their learning opportunities when using animal specimens.
This strategy conforms to the Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals
in Research and Teaching (undated) Ethical guidelines for students using animals or animal
tissues for educational purposes.
The specific aim of this study was to investigate how our biology students usually prepare for
practical classes, and whether they felt “well-prepared” for practical classes before and after
introduction of the Pre-labs. An additional aim was to gather quantitative data on usage of the
Pre-labs. As the study was carried out in an authentic educational setting (sensu Richardson,
Sharma & Khachan, 2008), we did not attempt to directly measure the impact on learning
outcomes. Instead, we focussed on how the availability of the Pre-labs affected students’
perceptions of their preparedness for practical classes.
Methods
This study was carried out in 2008, the year that we first introduced Pre-labs into our unit.
The first Pre-lab was associated with the practical class for Week 5 of a 13-week semester.
We surveyed the students twice: in Week 4, before the first Pre-lab was released (and before
the students were aware that Pre-labs would become available), and again in the penultimate
Jones and Edwards, Online Pre-laboratory Exercises
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week of semester, after the class had had the opportunity to access all five Pre-labs and
undertake the associated practical activities. The anonymous, voluntary, surveys were
designed to elicit information on how well-prepared they felt for their practical classes, and
what type of preparation they usually do for these classes. We used a combination of Likert
Scale questions and questions requiring the student to circle the most appropriate answer; free
form comments were also solicited. Note that Questions 3 and 4 were common to both
Surveys.
Survey One, administered before the introduction of Pre-Labs, probed:
How much, and how, do you prepare for class?
How do you prefer to learn?
How prepared do you feel for class?
What worries you most (about working in the practical class)?
Survey Two, administered after introduction of the Pre-Labs, asked:
Were the Pre-Labs useful?
What other strategies do you use?
How prepared do you feel for class?
What worries you most?
We also included a specific question on the perceived usefulness of the Pre-labs in the formal
unit evaluation (Student Evaluation of Teaching and Learning: SETL). This is an anonymous
class survey carried out at the end of semester, and centrally administered by the University
of Tasmania. In addition to ten common core questions, lecturers are able to add questions
specific to their unit to the SETL survey.
In Week 10 of semester, we sought feedback from the demonstrators about the types of
questions being asked by the students in order to gauge the effectiveness of the Pre-labs in
helping the students conceptualise what they will be required to do in class. Questions were
coded as “method questions” (asking how to do something), “factual questions”(asking what
something is) or “checking questions” (seeking affirmation of the student’s thinking). The
practical that week, for which a Pre-lab was available, focussed on dissection of a seastar.
Quantitative data on the usage of each Pre-lab exercise, and, as a comparison, of other study
aids provided on our on-line learning site, were collected via the course item usage reports in
Web-CT Vista.
Results
Survey One:
Over the three replicate practical classes, 128 students responded to this survey, representing
67% of the total enrolment of 192 students at the end of semester. Only 15% of students
reported that they did a substantial amount of preparation for practical classes (i.e. rated as 4
or 5 on a Likert scale of 0-5); 40.3% of the class considered they did some preparation for
class (i.e. rating 3 on the Likert scale), but 45.2% reported doing little or no preparation
(rating 1 or 0).
International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education, 18(2) 1-9, 2010
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In response to Question 2, a clear majority of students (68%) reported that they “like to see or
be shown what I have to do” rather than “read about” or “be told what I need to do” (Figure
1).
Figure 1: Responses to Question 2, Survey One, demonstrate that the majority of
students preferred to see or be shown what to do in their practical class.
Question 3 asked students to self-report on how well prepared they felt for that Week 4
practical class. Only 22.4% felt well prepared (rated as 4 or 5 on a Likert scale of 0-5) for
class; 40% rated their preparedness at 3 on the scale, with the remaining 12% scoring as 2 on
the scale (i.e. relatively unprepared).
Analysis of responses to Question 4, which asked about “the kinds of things that worry me
most” showed that students’ greatest concerns were: “using my time efficiently” (25.7% of
total responses) and “knowing what the main or important parts of the practical class are”
(20.5%), followed by “drawing” (14.7%), “knowing what to do next” (14.7%) and
“understanding the information in the practical manual” (12.0%). Some free-form
comments highlighted particular concerns. For example:
“Even though I read prac manual before class, sometime I can’t understand what shoud (sic)
I do in a class”.
Survey Two
Of the class of 192 students, 107 (56%) responded to this survey. Question 1 asked students
to rate the usefulness of the Pre-labs in helping them prepare for practical classes on a scale
of 1 to 5, where 1 = not at all, and 5 = extremely useful. An overwhelming majority (81%) of
students rated the usefulness of the Pre-labs highly: at 4 (38.1%) or 5 (42.9%). Only 7
students (6.7%) felt the Pre-labs were of little or no assistance. Responses to Question 2
showed that other strategies used for preparation were: “reading the practical manual” (50%
of 104 responses); “textbook” (28%); “lecture notes” (14%); “asking friends” (7.6%) or
internet” (2 %). Note that many students reported use of more than one strategy in addition
to the Pre-labs. Of the students who did not find the Pre-labs very useful, 74% preferred to
read to prepare for class.
As in Survey One, Question 3 asked the students how well-prepared they felt for classes.
There was a significant shift in the pattern of responses to this question (Paired t test: t=
2.781, df=4, p=0.05). Compared with the results of Survey One, the class were less likely to
report low levels of preparedness for practicals, with a shift towards ratings of 4 or 5 for 47%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
read be told see or be shown
Jones and Edwards, Online Pre-laboratory Exercises
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of the class (Figure 2). Free-form comments most often highlighted the perceived usefulness
of the format of the Pre-labs. For example:
“The visual aids and simple step-by-step instructions helped breakdown the activities into
easy-to-remember steps and carrying them out in these steps really helped”
“It was good having pictures of the disection (sic) step by step, because it made it easier to
interperate (sic) the prac manual”.
Figure 2: Responses to Question 3 on Surveys One and Two: % of students rating
themselves on a scale of 1 = unprepared to 5 = well-prepared for that practical class.
Note the increase in % of students self-reporting as well-prepared (rating 4 or 5) in
Survey Two, after introduction of the Pre-labs.
In Survey Two, analysis of responses to Question 4, which asked about “the kinds of things
that worry me most” showed that students’ greatest concern was still using my time efficiently
(25.6% of total responses), and only 8.5% reported feeling confident to undertake all aspects
of the practical class. Compared with responses to the same question in Survey One, there
were somewhat lower levels of concern about “knowing what the main or important parts of
the practical class are” (14.5%), “knowing what to do next” (11.4%) and “understanding the
information in the practical manual” (8.5%). There was a greater level of concern about
“drawing” (18.2%), which may reflect the students’ recent experience with assessment of
their scientific drawings.
“It made me feel more confident in what I was expected to do and how to do it”.
Demonstrators’ comments
The demonstrators’ notes from the practical classes in Week 10, after the students had had the
opportunity to use four of the five Pre-labs, showed that some students were printing out the
Pre-labs and bringing the print-outs to class as a supplement to their manual, or even
accessing the Pre-labs on lap-top computers during class. One experienced demonstrator
commented that students seemed to complete the dissections in less time compared with the
previous year. Classification of the types of questions asked by the students indicated that,
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
12345
Likert scale value
Survey 1
Survey 2
International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education, 18(2) 1-9, 2010
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despite using the Pre-labs, they asked “method questions” (32%) and “factual questions
(42%), with “checking questions” representing 26% of records.
Usage of Pre-labs
All five Pre-labs were accessed intensively in the week prior to the relevant practical class.
With 7140 visits to the home page of the online learning repository for the unit, there were
1715 hits on the folder containing the Pre-labs compared with 596 for Lectopia (i.e. recorded
lectures) and 2212 for the folder containing all the lecture notes for the thirteen-week
semester. Although individual usage was not tracked, the average number of hits for a Pre-lab
was 296, suggesting that most members of the class used them regularly. Every Pre-lab
scored more hits than any other individual item in the learning repository.
Student evaluation of teaching and learning
In the formal SETL unit survey, 87% of students agreed or strongly agreed with the statement
The pre-lab exercises on MyLO were useful in helping me prepare for the dissection
practicals” (mean score 4.38 ± Std Dev 0.7, with Strongly Agree = 5).
Discussion
This study shows that multimedia, online, pre-laboratory exercises were enthusiastically
embraced by the students in our first year biology class. This was despite there being no
assessment associated with the Pre-labs. In contrast, Meester and Maskill (1995) contended
that (chemistry) students will only take pre-laboratory work seriously if there are external
motivational factors such as associated assessed exercises or activities. Indeed, Case (1980)
suggested attendance at pre-lab exercises should be mandatory, and that a written assessed
exercise should be incorporated in order to encourage the students to take advantage of these
learning opportunities. In our initial survey, only 15% of the class reported that they did a
substantial amount of preparation for practical classes. However, the majority of our class
used the Pre-labs regularly, and reported finding them “very useful” in preparing them for the
practical class. Thus, for our biology students, one effect of the Pre-labs was to increase their
motivation to prepare for practical classes. They reported increased levels of preparedness for
practical classes after the Pre-labs were made available to them. As one student commented:
“It was very good to see what we would be looking at before we came to class, so we could
prepare and know what the real specimens look like.”
As our previous informal observations suggested, a high proportion of our students identified
as visual learners, and therefore the Pre-labs, which provided a visual representation of key
steps in the laboratory procedures, were better adapted to their preferred learning style than
the largely text-based practical manual. Conversely, students who did not find the Pre-labs
very useful identified as preferring to read to prepare for class. Gorst and Lee (2005) reported
that only 54% of a large sample of life sciences students claim to read the practical manual
before most of their laboratory classes, and nearly 20% of a class of 223 chemistry students
did no preparation at all (Pogacnik & Cigic, 2006). Through this project, then, we were better
able to address the diversity of learning styles within the class, thus promoting motivation
and enthusiasm (Lujan & DiCarlo, 2006).
Although we were not able to measure any influences of the pre-labs on learning outcomes,
the literature suggests that reduced anxiety and increased student confidence should result in
a more positive learning experience (O’Brien & Cameron, 2008; Schmid & Yeung, 2005).
Jones and Edwards, Online Pre-laboratory Exercises
8
Learners need to understand, and be familiar with, the learning task if they are to be
sufficiently motivated to engage effectively (Hodson, 1990). Students can easily be
overwhelmed by the amount of new information they have to process in a laboratory class so
that much of the information, including written and oral instruction, is filtered out of working
memory (Johnstone & Al-Shuaili, 2001). Pre-laboratory exercises such as ours, which focus
on clarifying the procedures to be carried out, give students a better understanding of what is
expected of them; thus time is not wasted in class, and students can better concentrate on
improving their conceptual understanding (Schmid & Yeung, 2005). Students who have “a
prepared mind” will be able to make more effective observations in the laboratory because
they will be more able to focus on the primary task (Johnstone & Al-Shuaili, 2006). In one
student’s words:
“The prelabs made me able to know what I was looking for even before I came to the lab.
This meant that looking at the prelab for 30 mins saved me an hour in the lab.”
The shifts in our students’ views of “what worried” them about practicals do suggest that they
were less anxious about being able to follow and interpret the instructions in the practical
manual after using the Pre-labs. We acknowledge that we cannot discount the effect of
greater experience with this type of practical class on student confidence in their ability to
work independently in the laboratory. However, in week 10, the demonstrators reported at
least one third of the questions they were being asked at this stage of semester reflected
students merely ‘checking’ their information or ideas were correct, suggesting their
preparation for the practical had been effective. The Pre-labs:
“Gave me better understanding of how to start and finish the prac appropriately”.
We did not, however, gather matching data before the introduction of the Pre-labs. A further
study could focus on exploring demonstrators’ accounts of changes in the types of student
questions before and after the introduction of such learning tools. Such an approach mirrors
that of Tronson and Ross (2004, p. 13), who asked: “What do our tutors and demonstrators
do?”
Conclusions
This study has highlighted the effectiveness of multimedia Pre-labs in improving the
preparedness of first year students for biology practical classes. Our Pre-labs meet Johnstone
and Al-Shuaili (2006)’s criterion for effective pre-laboratory work in that they prepare the
students to be active participants in the laboratory through enabling them to visualise
themselves carrying out the key stages in each dissection, and highlighting key concepts
illustrated by the practical work. The focus on photographic images in our Pre-labs
complements the primarily text-based practical manual and the oral instructions delivered at
the start of class by the senior demonstrator. This blend of instructional modalities caters for
the diversity of learning styles among our students. In addition, the literature suggests that
better preparation should lead to enhanced learning outcomes, thus meeting ethical guidelines
for instructors designing practicals based on animal specimens.
Acknowledgments
We thank Zoology undergraduate summer research students Clare Gardner and Rachel Harris for
enthusiastically helping us to prepare and photograph the specimens for the Pre-labs, and Adam Stephens and
Kate Hamilton for animal collection and technical assistance. Dr Natalie Brown (Centre for the Advancement of
International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education, 18(2) 1-9, 2010
9
Learning and Teaching, UTAS) provided invaluable advice on design of evaluation strategies. This study was
approved as a Minimal Risk project by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tasmania
(H10790).
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... For long-term benefits to be obtained from hands-on laboratory experiences, students must be theoretically and procedurally prepared (Gregory & Di Trapani, 2012). Previous research suggests that students do not prepare well for laboratory work (e.g., Ealy & Pickering, 1992;Jones & Edwards, 2010;Pogacnik & Cigic, 2006;Whittle & Bickerdike, 2015). Jones and Edwards (2010) reported that only 15% of undergraduate biology students (n=128) did substantial preparation, while 85% did some or no preparation. ...
... Previous research suggests that students do not prepare well for laboratory work (e.g., Ealy & Pickering, 1992;Jones & Edwards, 2010;Pogacnik & Cigic, 2006;Whittle & Bickerdike, 2015). Jones and Edwards (2010) reported that only 15% of undergraduate biology students (n=128) did substantial preparation, while 85% did some or no preparation. Pogacnik and Cigic (2006) found 20% of their undergraduate chemistry students (n=223) did no preparation at all. ...
... Poorly prepared students may experience cognitive overload as they attempt to learn hands-on skills and theoretical concepts simultaneously (Gregory & Di Trapani, 2012;Jones & Edwards, 2010). If students focus on the practical competencies in a lab, they may fail to make the correct observations and consequently may be unable to make connections between the laboratory experience and theory (Johnstone & Al-Shuaili, 2001;Jones & Edwards, 2010). ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of an online virtual lab as a learning tool to prepare allied health students for face-to-face laboratory sessions. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from 64 university students (55 females, 9 males) and analyzed to assess attitudes towards the virtual lab. Students reported that the virtual lab made skill acquisition easier and faster, helped them prepare for hands-on laboratory sessions, and was a tool they would use again. The key benefits of the virtual lab was that it enabled students to visualize procedures and reactions outside of the traditional laboratory setting. Student visualization enhanced preparedness and performance in the laboratory environment.
... According to the cognitive load theory (CLT), the human brain can process only a relatively small amount of new information at once, although it can process larger amounts of stored information (Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark 2006;Paas, Renkl, and Sweller 2003;Sweller, Van Merrienboer, and Paas 1998). Scholarly evidence suggests that there is tendency for the students to encounter cognitive overload during modern laboratory classes, which in turn reduces the likelihood of effectively achieving intended learning outcomes (Johnstone 1997;Jones and Edwards 2010). For example, the laboratory manual, unfamiliar equipment and materials, verbal instructions, and time management are identified as sources of cognitive overload for students (Reid and Shah 2007). ...
... Previous research studies demonstrate that there is a strong correlation between cognitive load (or available cognitive capacity) and student preparedness (Akkaraju 2016;Jolley et al. 2016;Jones and Edwards 2010). For example, if a student possesses more 'preparedness' for a given lab class, that leaves more cognitive capacity in their working-memory to successfully conduct relevant experiments, observe results and make subsequent conclusions, which is an argument supported by CLT as discussed above. ...
Article
Laboratory learning forms a significant and integral part of engineering education, wherein students develop technical, collaborative, enquiry, and observation skills that go beyond theoretical studies. Engineering is inherently a practice-based profession, and consequently, laboratory work has been inseparable for engineering curricula. However, there is evidence suggesting that students encounter cognitive or information overload during modern laboratory classes, leading to reduced likelihoods of effectively achieving intended learning outcomes, as specified by the cognitive load theory. This article investigates how pre-lab online learning resources can be utilised to effectively manage cognitive load of engineering students, in the context of thermodynamics education. Qualitative and quantitative data have been collected from students as well as teaching staff on a range of parameters such as student preparedness, confidence levels, degree of engagement, and understanding. The findings of the study indicate that efficient student preparedness through pre-lab online resources can be utilised to effectively manage cognitive load of engineering students, leading to increased levels of understanding, preparedness, and confidence. It can be observed that there are influences from factors such as the quality of pre-lab resources and degree of engagement.
... I never go having done zero prep work, and when you've already taken anatomy, histology, physiology, and the biology you need to know to be able to internalize everything, when you've already studied the theory, I think it's great to internalize it in this way (….). ' [29] evaluated the efficiency of biology students getting ready before a laboratory session. They demonstrated that better preparation led students to better performance, as well as better compliance with professor-designed guidelines, including time management. ...
... Time was another theme emerging spontaneously in the verbatim in 2 out of 12 students: From these statements, it can be surmised that the students who failed to properly prepare themselves before WSLA might waste a lot of time trying to connect the new information with prior knowledge. That would result in deviating their attention from what the WSLA is actually offering [29]. Weimer [27] suggests that course content should not be treated as a goal, but rather as the vehicle for students to learn how-to-learn and to develop time management and study skills, among other things. ...
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Background Engaging, student-centered active learning activities, such as team-based learning (TBL) and laboratory practices, is beneficial to integrate knowledge, particularly in Medicine degree. Previously, we designed and implemented workstation learning activities (WSLA) inspired by TBL, which proved effective for learning requiring higher-order thinking skills. We now hypothesize that WSLA may also have the potential to be framed into a theoretical model that stratifies learning into interactive, constructive, active and passive modes (ICAP hypothesis). Methods An interpretive qualitative research study was conducted to evaluate this idea. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with students enrolled in health science programs after WSLA sessions, consisting of a series of activities accompanying a traditional lecture. Interviews were analyzed according to a deductive approach. Theoretical themes and subthemes driving the analysis were organized around the ICAP modes: passive, active, constructive, and interactive. An inductive approach was applied to provide additional insights. Results Students valued preparatory lectures as well as corresponding WSLA activities as highly motivating, especially for the ability to integrate concepts. Although previous research shows that not all activities require high levels of cognitive engagement, students appreciated the opportunity the WSLA provided to discuss and clarify concepts as a group. Furthermore, feedback from professors and peers was highly appreciated, and helped students to construct new knowledge. Conclusion In this work, by focusing in understanding the student’s experience, we have evaluated for the first time the WSLA approach in relation to the ICAP model. We found that not only the activity type determines the learning mode, but also the environment accompanying WSLA is a determining factor. Our findings can guide future development of the WSLA approach, which represents an interactive learning methodology with strong potential within the ICAP framework. Trial registration Not applicable.
... However, scholarly evidence indicates that students often experience cognitive overload when integrating knowledge from various disciplines, mainly when applied in hands-on settings like laboratories [13]. Cognitive overload occurs when the volume or complexity of information a person must deal with exceeds their cognitive processing capacity [14]. ...
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Advancements in electronics and the rapid evolution of technology necessitate that higher education institutions continuously adapt their curricula to accommodate new teaching methodologies and emergent tools. This paper examines the impact of integrating flipped learning and digital laboratories into practical sessions of a Basic Electronics course by analyzing 5 years of data. Using an action research methodology, the research was conducted through three phases: traditional in‐person teaching, fully online instruction during the COVID‐19 pandemic, and a hybrid model combining flipped classrooms, digital laboratories, and in‐person sessions. The findings reveal that the hybrid model, blending digital and traditional methods, significantly enhanced student performance, particularly in practical tasks. Furthermore, digital laboratories provide students with a risk‐free environment to simulate real‐world electronic scenarios, fostering deeper cognitive engagement and reducing the cognitive load during in‐person sessions. The flipped classroom structure encouraged active learning and peer collaboration, which led to greater student motivation, lower absenteeism, and improved learning outcomes. Additionally, students demonstrated a marked increase in their ability to apply theoretical knowledge to practical problems, highlighting the effectiveness of this approach in bridging the gap between theory and practice. This model enhances cognitive and motivational learning dimensions, providing a balanced, effective approach to modern engineering education. The results can potentially contribute to the understanding of effective pedagogical strategies in adapting engineering education to meet the challenges of the digital age.
... Laborpraktika verbinden die Entwicklung handlungspraktischer und fachlicher Kompetenzen (Hofstein & Mamlok-Naaman, 2007). Wichtig ist, dass Studierende die praktischen Laborphasen intensiv vorbereiten und hierbei bestmöglich unterstützt werden (Jones & Edwards, 2010). In der Lehrpraxis sind hierzu oft nur wenig motivierende Praktikumsskripte verfügbar. ...
... However, student-student and student-instructor interactions have been shown to play a significant part in the achievement of more comprehensive laboratory-learning outcomes (Lal, et al., 2020a). This suggests that changes in the role of the instructor and in the behaviour of students engendered by new preparation resources should be further investigated for laboratory classes (Jones & Edwards, 2010) and, more broadly, for the elaboration of learning strategies in group activities (Tronson & Ross, 2004). ...
Article
The transformation of laboratory activities to better embed the development of essential personal attributes and the attainment of specific learning outcomes in the engineering curriculum has been supported by the integration of online preparation modules. Beyond the widely demonstrated effectiveness of multimedia pre-laboratory activities in strengthening students’ engagement and preparedness for the execution of experimental tasks, this study also focuses on the effect of these online modules on student-student and student-instructor interactions in face-to-face fluid mechanics laboratories. Survey data show that students with a mid-level of academic performance were more likely to adopt the new resources but that most students perceived them as a valuable complement to, or replacement for, the traditional instruction sheet. While students’ self-assurance in conducting the laboratory tasks and appreciation of the instructor’s support appear unaffected by the completion of the modules, observations suggest these modules can strengthen students’ autonomy and engagement within their group during the conduct of the laboratory activities. Indeed, the introduction of the modules appears to facilitate a transition of the instructor’s role from directing the laboratory to guiding students in peer-learning.
... Preparation is a useful tool to reduce the cognitive load in practice, and to improve learning effectiveness (O'Brien & Cameron, 2008). Especially in practices where observation is the focus, preparation of what one should look for before the actual practice helps eliminate any anxiety during the practice itself (Jones & Edwards, 2010). Additionally, the repetition and feedback of gamification materials have a memory retention effect (Krishnamurthy et al., 2022). ...
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Parasitic infections are declining in Japan, resulting in fewer hours of parasitology instruction in medical laboratory science and medical schools. However, there are growing concerns that the parasite identification skills of medical laboratory technologists and the diagnostic skills of physicians may be compromised as a result. Effective teaching methods are required to improve the identification of parasites in pre-graduate education. We therefore adopted a new teaching method: the blended learning method, in 2018. This method combined the e-learning and jigsaw methods, which had already been implemented separately in 2017. This study aimed to evaluate the pedagogical effectiveness of this blended learning approach compared to that of 2017 in teaching parasitology practice to students enrolled in the Department of Medical Laboratory Science. The results show that the median score for the practical test was 83.3 points for the blended learning lessons, which was not significantly different from the scores for jigsaw or e-learning lessons. However, blended learning had the lowest percentage of failures on the practical test, at 10.7%. Additionally, the microscopic image test results indicate a significant memory retention effect. From the questionnaire results, 94.7% of the students were satisfied with their practice. In conclusion, the blended learning did not significantly improve parasite identification skills, but it may reduce the number of failures, suggesting a knowledge retention effect and a high level of satisfaction with this practice.
... These studies suggested that virtual laboratories are effective tools for pre-lab preparation and transferring knowledge and skills from an idealized environment into physical reality (Makransky et al., 2016). Research has affirmed that for meaningful laboratory learning to occur, students should be prepared before performing the required laboratory tasks (Jones & Edwards, 2010). According to O'Brien and Cameron (2008), laboratory practices help students to move from abstract to concrete settings. ...
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Scholars have debated whether virtual laboratories are educationally effective tools and if they should be continuously developed. In this paper, we comprehensively review literature about the effectiveness of virtual labs in teaching and learning biology to identify the topics often taught and the linked learning outcomes. We used Google Scholar, ERIC, and Web of Science electronic databases to access journal articles and conference proceeding papers. Through a systematic analysis, we obtained 26 articles solely related to virtual lab use in biology education. The overall findings from the reviewed literature indicated that virtual laboratories are often used on topics that seem abstract. These include cell and molecular biology topics, followed by microbiology, genetics, and other practical topics such as dissection and biotechnology. This review study revealed that virtual labs are effective as they improve students’ conceptual understanding, laboratory or practical skills, and motivation and attitudes towards biology. We recommend the use of virtual labs in teaching as a means of actively involving students in safer and more cost-effective scientific inquiry.
Article
Laboratory e‐learning support tools can assist students' learning while preparing for laboratory classes. To successfully work in such virtual experimental environments (VEEs) outside class, students require self‐regulated learning (SRL) skills. A deeper understanding of the continuous reciprocal interactions between SRL, satisfaction, and online engagement is needed to develop more effective online learning experiences. This study therefore aimed to explore the interconnection between students' satisfaction with, effort/importance and engagement in an exemplary VEE, and to relate this to their perceived SRL and learning outcomes. Based on surveys in 79 university students, SRL was related to VEE engagement, effort/importance, and satisfaction. VEE engagement and satisfaction were not related to learning outcomes, while SRL and effort were. Students with different SRL also tended to interact differently with the VEE and experienced differing degrees of procedural and feedback support by the e‐environment. We conclude that, for optimal learning experience and outcomes, students' effort regulation and SRL need to be supported while interacting with the VEE, preferably by interventions that integrate personalized and adaptive features. This study has implications for designing and optimizing VEEs and indicates that future research should focus on VEEs taking students' SRL and effort regulation into account to support individual learners effectively.
Chapter
Laborpraktika spielen in naturwissenschaftlichen Studiengängen eine zentrale Rolle. Wie effektiv Studierende in solchen laborpraktischen Kursen Kompetenzen entwickeln, hängt stark davon ab, wie intensiv sich die Studierenden auf die jeweiligen Laboraufgaben vorbereiten, indem sie sich den theoretischen Hintergrund aneignen, den sie benötigen, um in der Laborsituation selbst angemessen und unabhängig reagieren und höhere Handlungskompetenzen entwickeln zu können. Mit dem Flipped-Lab-Konzept werden die Prinzipien des Inverted (oder Flipped) Learning unter Einsatz einer interaktiven Multimediaumgebung an die Anforderungen der laborpraktisch-wissenschaftlichen Ausbildung adaptiert. Die Aufmerksamkeit der Studierenden wird so stärker auf die Vorbereitungsphase gelenkt. In der Laborsituation selbst wird die kognitive Belastung der Studierenden verringert und die Entwicklung höherer Handlungskompetenzen gefördert.
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Evidence for the superiority of guided instruction is explained in the context of our knowledge of human cognitive architecture, expert–novice differences, and cognitive load. Although unguided or minimally guided instructional approaches are very popular and intuitively appealing, the point is made that these approaches ignore both the structures that constitute human cognitive architecture and evidence from empirical studies over the past half-century that consistently indicate that minimally guided instruction is less effective and less efficient than instructional approaches that place a strong emphasis on guidance of the student learning process. The advantage of guidance begins to recede only when learners have sufficiently high prior knowledge to provide “internal” guidance. Recent developments in instructional research and instructional design models that support guidance during instruction are briefly described.
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Visualization tools and high performance computing have changed the nature of chemistry research and have the promise to transform chemistry instruction. However, the images central to chemistry research can pose difficulties for beginning chemistry students. In order for molecular visualization tools to be useful in education, students must be able to interpret the images they produce. Cognitive scientists can provide valuable insight into how novices perceive and ascribe meaning to molecular visualizations. Further insights from educators, computer scientists and developers, and graphic artists are important for chemistry educators who want to help students learn with molecular visualizations. A diverse group of scientists, educators, developers, and cognitive psychologists have begun a series of international collaborations to address this issue. The effort was initiated at the National Science Foundation supported Molecular Visualization in Science Education Workshop held in 2001 and has continued through a series of mini-grants. These groups are investigating characteristics of molecular representations and visualizations that enhance learning, interactions with molecular visualizations that best help students learn about molecular structure and dynamics, roles of molecular modeling in chemistry instruction, and fruitful directions for research on molecular visualization in the learning of chemistry. This article summarizes the value of collaboration identified by participants in the workshop and subsequent collaborations. (Chem. Educ. Res. Pract., 2005, 6 (3), 136-149)
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In a series of 3 experiments, college students who read a summary that contained a sequence of short captions with simple illustrations depicting the main steps in the process of lightning recalled these steps and solved transfer problems as well as or better than students who received the full text along with the summary or the full text alone. In Experiment 2, taking away the illustrations or the captions eliminated the effectiveness of the summary. In Experiment 3, adding text to the summary reduced its effectiveness. Implications for a cognitive theory of multimedia learning are discussed; implications for instructional design pertain to the need for conciseness, coherence, and coordination in presenting scientific explanations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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A number of organizational and teaching aspects of first‐year university chemistry practicals in England and Wales have been studied. The practical classes consist, as a rule, of a series of discipline‐bound courses, sometimes preceded by a general techniques course. The assessment is almost entirely based on outcomes: quality and quantity of products and reports. The practical manuals are not always clear as far as experimental descriptions, requirements for students and assessment criteria are concerned. Only half of the universities studied use computers as part of their practical teaching programmes. Innovations in practicals mentioned in literature only gradually seeped into first‐year classes. However, there was evidence of some refreshing ideas for practical work.
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Explored were the effects on student attitudes of autotutorial laboratory instruction in a lower-division life sciences course designed for nonbiology majors at Skyline College, San Bruno, California. Positive results indicate the effectiveness of this mode of instruction in enhancing attitudes of students towards their learning and this instructional technique. (CS)
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This article takes a critical look at practical work in school science and the often extravagant claims that are made for it. A case is made for a more rigorous, theory-driven approach to practical methods. (Author/CW)
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First Year Chemistry at the University of Wollongong (UOW) includes compulsory practical classes run weekly for 10 weeks of each semester and completion of a prelaboratory activity is required to enter the laboratory for the weekly class. A Flash animation based prelaboratory program for First Year Chemistry is being developed and the Prelabs are administered via eLearning (VISTA). Prelaboratory activities vary, depending on the practical to follow. Typically the focus is a chemical principle or a particular calculation. Other exercises include visualising molecular scale events or virtual titrations with calculations. The Prelab usually includes some form of a flow diagram of the method. This paper describes the basis of the Prelab development to satisfy criteria regarding both enhanced learning in the laboratory environment and efficient tracking of four hundred plus students.