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Study on chickpea drought tolerance lines under dryland condition of Iran

  • January 2006
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Hossain Sayyed
Hossain Sayyed
Hossain Sayyed
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Ali Akbar Sabaghpour
Ali Akbar Sabaghpour
Ali Akbar Sabaghpour
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Mahmodi
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Mahmodi
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Ali Saeed at West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Institute
Ali Saeed
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Abstract and Figures

Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses, which limits crop production in different parts of the world. Estimates of yield losses due to drought range from 15 to 60% which depend on geographical region and length of crop season. Plants adapt to drought environment either through escape, avoidance, or tolerance mechanisms. Chickpea is planted on 700,000 hectares in Iran. This area is fourth in the world after India, Pakistan and Turkey. Major chickpea area (95%) is planted in rainfed condition and is grown in rotation with cereals mainly wheat and barely. Most of the farmers grow this crop on marginal areas in the spring season. Terminal drought stress is one of the major yield reducer in chickpea in Iran. Major successes due to breeding have been achieved, in the selection for drought escape. The aim of present study was to find early maturity chickpea lines, which can escape terminal drought stress. The experiment material comprised 40 kabuli chickpea lines with susceptible check (ILC 3279) in RCBD design with two replications at research stations of Kermanshah, Shirvan, Orumieh and Zanjan Province during 2002-03 and 2003-04. The experiments were sown late (10 April) by 20 days in comparison to normal sowing date for terminal drought stress. These materials were sent by ICARDA as CIDTN through Iran-ICARDA cooperation. The genotypes were recorded for drought tolerance score on a 1-9 scale on the basis of ICARDA recommendation. The result of pooled analysis of this study showed that difference between yield and drought tolerance of lines were significant. The results showed that 35 lines had significant difference at 1% level of probability over susceptible check for drought tolerance. These lines produced higher yield than check significantly. Superior lines for yield and drought tolerance were ILC 1799, ILC 3832, FLIP 98-141, ILC 3182, FLIP 98-142C, ILC 3101, ILC 588 respectively. ILC 1799 has produced the highest yield, which was drought tolerance with high adaptability, early maturity and large seed size.
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Study on chickpea drought tolerance lines under dryland
condition of Iran
Sayyed Hossain Sabaghpour, Ali Akbar Mahmodi1, Ali Saeed2, Masood Kamel3 and
R. S. Malhotra4Sayyed Hossain Sabaghpour et al.
National Food Legume Coordinator of Iran, Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Food Legume
Department, Kermanshah, Iran. P.O. Box No. 67145-1164.
1 Shivran Dryland Agricultural Research Station, Shirvan, Khorasan Shomali Province, Iran.
2 Agricultural Research Center of Western Azarbijan Province, Ormieh, Iran.
3 Agricultural Research Center of Zanjan Province, Zanjan, Iran.
4 Integrated Gene Management Programme, International Center for Agricultural Research in the
Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O. Box No. 5466, Aleppo, Syria. Chickpea drought tolerance lines of Iran
Abstract
Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses,
which limits crop production in different parts of the
world. Estimates of yield losses due to drought range
from 15 to 60% which depend on geographical region and
length of crop season. Plants adapt to drought
environment either through escape, avoidance, or
tolerance mechanisms. Chickpea is planted on 700,000
hectares in Iran. This area is fourth in the world after
India, Pakistan and Turkey. Major chickpea area (95%) is
planted in rainfed condition and is grown in rotation with
cereals mainly wheat and barely. Most of the farmers
grow this crop on marginal areas in the spring season.
Terminal drought stress is one of the major yield reducer
in chickpea in Iran. Major successes due to breeding
have been achieved, in the selection for drought escape.
The aim of present study was to find early maturity
chickpea lines, which can escape terminal drought stress.
The experiment material comprised 40 kabuli chickpea
lines with susceptible check ( ILC 3279) in RCBD design
with two replications at research stations of Kermanshah,
Shirvan, Orumieh and Zanjan Province during 2002-03
and 2003-04. The experiments were sown late (10 April)
by 20 days in comparison to normal sowing date for
terminal drought stress. These materials were sent by
ICARDA as CIDTN through Iran-ICARDA cooperation. The
genotypes were recorded for drought tolerance score on
a 1-9 scale on the basis of ICARDA recommendation. The
result of pooled analysis of this study showed that
difference between yield and drought tolerance of lines
were significant. The results showed that 35 lines had
significant difference at 1% level of probability over
susceptible check for drought tolerance. These lines
produced higher yield than check significantly. Superior
lines for yield and drought tolerance were ILC 1799, ILC
3832, FLIP 98-141, ILC 3182, FLIP 98-142C, ILC 3101, ILC
588 respectively. ILC 1799 has produced the highest
yield, which was drought tolerance with high adaptability,
early maturity and large seed size.
Key words: Drought tolerance, dryland, chickpea.
Introduction
Drought is the most common adverse environment,
which limits crop production in different parts of the
world special in Iran that is considered as dry and semi
dry country. Often drought is accompanied by relatively
high temperatures, which promote evaportranspiration
and hence could accentuate the effects of drought and
thereby further reduce crop yields. 49.78 percent of
crops are planted in rainfall in Iran due to water
limitation and rate of rainfall. Productivity of crops in
rainfed area in Iran is 42 percent of irrigated field.
Estimates of yield losses due to terminal drought range
from 35 to 50% across the SAT and WANA
(Sabaghpour, 2003). Rahangdale et al. (1994)
reported that water stress decreased seed yield 15.2%.
Yield reduction differ range 30 to 60 percent in
chickpea, which depend on geographical region and
length of crop season. Plants adapt to drought
environments either through escape, avoidance, or
tolerance mechanisms (Sabaghpour, 2003). Chickpea
genotypes with high growth vigor are early maturity.
Initial growth vigor is suitable character for large-scale
evaluation of germplasm and breeding materials
(Sabaghpour et al., 2003). Chickpea (Cicer arietinum
L.) is planted on 700,000 hectares in Iran and ranks
fourth in the world after India, Turkey and Pakistan.
Chickpea productivity in Iran is less than half of world
average yield. 95 percent of chickpea areas (665000
ha) are planted in rainfed condition and is grown. Most
of the farmers grow this crop in marginal areas in the
spring. Due to lack of rainfall during flowering, podding
and seed filling, terminal drought stress is major abiotic
stress for reducing chickpea productivity in Iran.
Therefore, selection for early maturity chickpea line is
the most important objective for escaping terminal
drought stress.
Indian J. Crop Science, 1(1-2): 70-73 (2006)
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Materials and methods
Objective of present study was to find chickpea drought
tolerance with desirable characters. The experiment
was conducted during two years on 2002-2003 and
2003-2004 using a randomized complete block design
with two replications, at four different locations at
Kermanshah, Shirvan, Zanjan and Oromieh Research
Station in Iran. Materials comprised 40 lines along with
susceptible check (ILC 3279) with origin of India,
Turkey, Morocco, Tunisia, ICARDA and ICRISAT. The
genotypes were planted as single rows, with spacing of
30 cm between rows and 10 cm between plants within
a row. Date of planting postpone 20 days in normal
planting for more force terminal drought stress.
Appropriate pesticide was used to control pest.
Fertilizers were applied prior to ploughing at the
recommended rates of 20 and 30 kg/ha for N, P2O5
respectively. Days to 50% Flowering, Days to maturity,
initial growth vigor, drought tolerance score, 100-seed
weight and seed yield were recorded during cropping
season. The genotypes were recorded for vigor score
on a 1-5 scale (1=Very good, 2=Good, 3=Average, 4=
poor and 5- very poor) on the basis of ICARDA
recommendation. Selection for high growth vigor
enhances chance for escaping terminal drought stress
(Sabaghpour and Kumar, 2003). Also on the basis of
ICARDA recommendation, the drought tolerance rated
on drought tolerance score (DTS) as following:
1. Free, early flowering, good early plant vigor,
100% pod setting
2. Highly tolerant, early flowering, good early plant
vigor, 96-99% pod setting
3. Tolerant, early flowering, good early plant vigor,
86-95% pod setting
4. Moderately tolerant, early flowering, moderate
early plant vigor, 76-85% pod setting
5. Intermediate, medium flowering, poor early plant
vigor, 51-75% pod setting
6. Moderately susceptible, medium flowering, lack of
early plant vigor, 26-50% pod setting
7. Susceptible, late flowering, lack of early plant
vigor, 11-25% pod setting
8. Highly susceptible, late flowering, lack of early
plant vigor, 1-10% pod setting
9. 100% plants killed, lack of early plant vigor, no
flowering, no pod setting
Combined analysis was done on drought
tolerance score and seed yield.
Results and discussion
The results of combined analysis on drought tolerance
score showed that no significant difference among the
years and location. But, interaction of genotypes ×
location was significant at 1% level of probability. The
results of combined analysis of present study on
drought tolerance score showed that a significant
difference among the genotypes at 1% level of
probability. The results of combined analysis on seed
yield showed that among the years and location were
not significant difference. The result indicated that
interaction of genotypes × location was significant at
1% level of probability. A significant difference was also
found among the genotypes yield (Table 1). 35
genotypes were significant tolerance to drought in
comparison to suceptible check at 1% level of
probability. These lines produced significantly higher
yield than suceptible check. Genotypes such as ILC
ILC 3832, FLIP 98-141, ILC 3182, FLIP 98-142C, ILC
3101 and ILC 588 were superior in respect of drought
tolerance and yield in comprison to other genotypes
(Table 2).
Table 1. Combined analysis of variance for grain
yield at four locations in 2002-2003 and 2003- 2004
cropping season
S.O.V. df. M.S.
Location 3686758.06 ns
Year 153095.99 ns
Location× Year 36835611.99**
Rep (Location ×Year) 827806.44
Genotype 40 83027.71**
Genotype × Year 40 23610.72ns
Genotype × Location 120 22947.95ns
Genotype × Year× Location 120 20859.1*
Error 320 15014.24
655 Total
ns, *, ** : Non significant, significant at 5% and 1% probability
levels, respectively
Plants adapt to drought environments either
through escape, avoidance, or tolerance mechanisms.
Drought escape is a particularly important strategy of
matching phenological development with the period of
soil miosture availability to minimize the impact of
drought stress on crop production in enviroments
where the growing season is short and terminal
drought stress predominates (Turner, 1986 a,b).
Drought escape is the most impotant success for
breeders so far in comparison with other mechanisms.
Famers usually are not able to plant chickpea in the
begaining of March due to high miosture in field.
Therefore, they often have to plant chickpea in the end
March in Iran. Flowering time in chickpea will start in
the first of May which rainfall will stop in many years.
Indian J. Crop Science 1, 1-2 (2006)
Chickpea drought tolerance lines of Iran [ 71 ]
Indian J. Crop Science 1, 1-2 (2006)
[ 72 ] Sayyed Hossain Sabaghpour et al.
Table 2. Mean of agronomic characters in different location during 2002-2004
ENT Genotype DF DM Growth vigor DTS Class PH 100-sw Kg/ha Class
1ILC 588 59 101 32.5 A23 32 421 A
2ILC 1799 58.5 98.5 33.25 A22 36 519 A
3ILC 3101 58.5 102.5 33.88 A23 31 438 A
4ILC 3105 57.5 101.5 43.75 A24 29 357 A
5ILC 3182 59 101.5 33.63 A23 29 446 A
6ILC 3832 57.5 102.5 53.5 A24 31 514 A
7ILC 3843 59 101.5 33.25 A25 38 414 A
8ILC 4134 58 103 33.38 A25 32 403 A
9FLIP 87-85C 58 105 43.13 A23 34 373 A
10 FLIP 88-42C 58 100.5 23.75 A25 33 397 A
11 FLIP 95-74C 61.5 101.5 34.13 A24 40 347 A
12 FLIP 98-114C 56.5 102 33.25 A21 31 328 A
13 FLIP 97-21C 60 104.5 34.75 A24 35 351 A
14 FLIP 97-48C 56 101.5 32.75 A24 29 410 A
15 FLIP 97-49C 58.5 102 33.75 A24 34 401 A
16 FLIP 97-111C 56.5 108 36.13 C23 35 237 C
17 FLIP 97-254C 58.5 100 34.25 A24 26 397 A
18 FLIP 97-258C 60 105.5 34.5 A23 36 378 A
19 FLIP 97-265C 56 102 33.88 A23 31 373 A
20 FLIP 98-24C 60 100 33.63 A22 33 393 A
21 FLIP 98-55C 61 105 45.5 B26 35 255 C
22 FLIP 98-91C 57 99.5 33.25 A23 29 396 A
23 FLIP 98-106C 58.5 102.5 43.13 A23 35 361 A
24 FLIP 98-107C 61.5 102.5 35.25 A26 28 320 A
25 FLIP 98-113C 60 104 45.13 A24 31 367 A
26 FLIP 98-121C 60 101 34.13 A21 35 400 A
27 FLIP 98-130C 61.5 103 34.75 A26 30 341 A
28 FLIP 98-131C 61.5 103 34.63 A26 32 333 A
29 FLIP 98-134C 59 103 44.13 A26 35 341 A
30 FLIP 98-141C 57 103 42.88 A23 32 450 A
31 FLIP 98-142C 54.5 99 32.38 A22 33 445 A
32 FLIP 98-142C 58 104.5 43.13 A24 29 342 A
33 FLIP 98-206C 62 106 35.75 B26 33 283 A
34 FLIP 99-1C 62 102.5 34.5 A23 34 303 A
35 FLIP 99-34C 59 104 34.25 A22 30 305 A
36 FLIP 99-46C 63.5 100 36C23 35 252 B
37 FLIP 99-48C 60 109 45.88 B21 30 304 A
38 FLIP 00-40C 61.5 103 33.88 A24 34 388 A
39 FLIP 00-44C 60.5 101 34A24 38 378 A
40 ICCV –2 56.5 100 43.88 A22 25 385 A
41 ILC 3279 64.5 117.5 37.75 C28 29 133 C
Chickpea need the highest water during flowering,
podding and seed filling. Therefore, terminal drought
stress in most important abiotic stress affecting to low
productivity in Iran. Postpone for date of sowing is
suitable mothology to find early maturity genotypes.
Several short-duration genotypes of legumes show
higher and more stable yields than longer duration
types (Mc Blain and Hume, 1980; Hall and Grantz
1981; Hall and Patel, 1985; Rose et al., 1992). Overall
based on the mean of grain yield, drought tolerance
score, seed size and early maturity, ILC 1799 was the
most desiable line. The suceptible check (ILC 3279)
had the lowest productivity and the most late maturity
References
Hall A.E. and Grantz D.A. 1981. Drought resistance of
cowpea improved by selecting for early appearance of
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Hall A.E. and Patel P.N. 1985. Breeding for resistance to
drought and heat. In: Cowpea Research, Production, and
Utilization. (pp. 137-151), Singh, S.R. and K. O. Rachie,
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Mc Blain B.A. and Hume D. J. 1980. Physiological studies of
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Indian J. Crop Science 1, 1-2 (2006)
Chickpea drought tolerance lines of Iran [ 73 ]
... In the current study, we measured some physiological traits and expressions of the genes in the brassinosteroid signaling pathways in two chickpea cultivars, Samin and ILC3279, under normal and drought conditions. ILC3279 is considered a susceptible cultivar based on its grain yield and drought-tolerance score [42]. Samin (ILC1799) showed terminal drought tolerance [42]. ...
... ILC3279 is considered a susceptible cultivar based on its grain yield and drought-tolerance score [42]. Samin (ILC1799) showed terminal drought tolerance [42]. Among the studied physiological traits, RWC, osmotic potential and cell membrane damage were changed slightly both in cultivars under normal and drought conditions. ...
A Comparison of the Physiological Traits and Gene Expression of Brassinosteroids Signaling under Drought Conditions in Two Chickpea Cultivars
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This study aimed to investigate the effects of drought stress at the flowering stage on the physiological and molecular responses of the genes involved in the brassinosteroid pathway of two chickpea cultivars (ILC1799: drought tolerant, and ILC3279: drought sensitive). The drought resulted in significant reductions in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content in both cultivars, and had significantly lesser effects on the tolerant cultivar, Samin, compared to that of ILC3279. However, the relative water content, the osmotic potential and the cell membrane stability were less affected by drought in both cultivars. The proline content and peroxidase activity increased significantly under drought stress in both cultivars, with a higher amount in Samin (ILC1799). Members of the BES1 family positively mediate brassinosteroid signaling and play an important role in regulating plant stress responses. The expression of these genes was analyzed in chickpea cultivars under drought. Further, a genome-wide analysis of BES1 genes in the chickpea genome was conducted. Six CaBES1 genes were identified in total, and their phylogenetic tree, gene structures, and conserved motifs were determined. CaBES1 gene expression patterns were analyzed using a transcription database and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The results revealed that the expression of CaBES1 genes are different in response to various plant stresses. The expression levels of CaBES1.1, CaBES1.2, CaNAC72 and CaRD26 genes were measured by using qRT-PCR. The relative expression of CaBES1.2 in the drought conditions was significantly downregulated. In contrast to CaBES1.1 and CaBES1.2, the expression of CaRD26 and CaNAC72 showed a significant increase under drought stress. The expression of CaRD26 and CaNAC72 genes was significantly higher in the Samin cultivar compared to that of ILC3279 cultivars.
View
... The drought severity in chickpeas can be ascertained by considering different morphophysiological and biochemical attributes [5,[55][56][57][58] (Figure 3). Drought conditions during the seedling establishment stage could hamper the germination potential, rate, spread, and seedling development in chickpeas [59][60][61]. ...
... Heat stress affects various chickpea growth stages from germination to grain yield. Likewise, heat stress affects various physiological processes such as transpiration, photosynthesis, respiration, osmotic regulation, and membrane thermo-stability [4,55]. Starting from germination, temperature becomes a limit in germination. ...
Genomic-Mediated Breeding Strategies for Global Warming in Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)
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Although chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) has high yield potential, its seed yield is often low and unstable due to the impact of abiotic stresses, such as drought and heat. As a result of global warming, both drought and heat are estimated to be major yield constraints between one-quarter and one-third per annum. In the present review, genomic-mediated breeding strategies to increase resilience against global warming. Exacerbated drought and heat stresses have been examined to understand the latest advancement happening for better management of these challenges. Resistance mechanisms for drought and heat stresses consist of (i) escape via earliness, (ii) avoidance via morphological traits such as better root traits, compound leaves, or multipinnate leaves and double-/multiple-podded traits, and (iii) tolerance via molecular and physiological traits, such as special tissue and cellular abilities. Both stresses in chickpeas are quantitatively governed by minor genes and are profoundly influenced by edaphic and other environmental conditions. High-yield genotypes have traditionally been screened for resistance to drought and heat stresses in the target selection environment under stress conditions or in the simulacrum mediums under controlled conditions. There are many drought- and heat-tolerant genotypes among domestic and wild Cicer chickpeas, especially in accessions of C. reticulatum Ladiz., C. echinospermum P.H. Davis, and C. turcicum Toker, J. Berger, and Gokturk. The delineation of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes allied to drought- and heat-related attributes have paved the way for designing stress-tolerant cultivars in chickpeas. Transgenic and “omics” technologies hold newer avenues for the basic understanding of background metabolic exchanges of QTLs/candidate genes for their further utilization. The overview of the effect of drought and heat stresses, its mechanisms/adaptive strategies, and markers linked to stress-related traits with their genetics and sources are pre-requisites for framing breeding programs of chickpeas with the intent of imparting drought tolerance. Ideotype chickpeas for resistance to drought and heat stresses were, therefore, developed directly using marker-aided selection over multiple locations. The current understanding of molecular breeding supported by functional genomics and omics technologies in developing drought- and heat-tolerant chickpea is discussed in this review.
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... Iran is one of the most crucial chickpea-producing countries globally (FAO, 2020) with 530,000 ha area under cultivation which over 95% are grown under rainfed conditions (Sabaghpour et al., 2006). The average chickpea grain yield is 0.4-0.6 t ha − 1 in Iran, which is lower than the world average of 1.3 t ha − 1 (Anonymous, 2020; Hajjarpoor et al., 2018). ...
Assessing chickpea attainable yield and closing the yield gaps caused by agronomic and genetic factors
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Context or problem: Agricultural production in the world has drastically increased to meet future food demand. Yield gap assessment provides important information on how production can be increased on existing cropland. Also, boosting food production by reducing the yield gap has fewer environmental consequences than increasing the food production area. Methods: For this purpose, the SSM-Legume model was evaluated and used to simulate chickpea rainfed potential production, rainfed potential production of chickpea with actual sowing date (Y RS), plant density (Y RD) and nitrogen fertilizer (Y RN), practiced by farmers as well as yield gaps due to improper sowing date (YG S), plant density (YG D), nitrogen limitation (YG N), and yield gap due to other limiting and reducing factors (YG O) at 12 chickpea producing locations of Iran. Results: Our results showed that at national scale, the mean total yield gap (YG) was 67%, indicating chickpea grain yield achieved by farmers was only 33% of attainable yields (Y A) during the past 3 decades. Furthermore, the YG was 28% higher for the new early-maturity cultivar (Adel) than for the old early-maturity cultivar. Nationally, across two cultivars, the most significant share of YG belonged to YG O (45%), followed by YG S (40%), YG D (8%), and YG N (6%). However, the share of each YG O , YG S , YG D , and YG N in YG varied based on region. The highest YG was related to YG O (67%) in all studied regions (except west). Furthermore, the greatest share of YG belonged to YG S (79%) in western regions. The mean YG D was lower than 10% in all regions (except in the south and the west). There was a small yield gap due to farmers' lack of starter nitrogen fertilizer, which varied from 2% in the south to 10% in the west. Conclusions: Overall, our results approved that there was the low agronomic efficiency of chickpea cultivation despite resource accessibility in these regions. In other words, the replacement of the old-early maturity cultivar (Beavanij as check cultivar) with the new early-maturity cultivar (Adel) would increase attainable yield by 28% that shows the genetic effect. However, we can argue that chickpea yield in studied locations is limited mainly by other limiting and reducing factors (YG O) and not the genetics of the current cultivars or sowing date, plant density, and nitrogen. Implications or significance: The current research focused on both genetic and management effects influencing on closing the yield gaps and introduced new cultivars and optimal management practices to reduce chickpea grain yield based on various environment conditions.
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... Drought stress triggers a number of physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses ( Figure 1) that can be classified into six categories: drought escape [116], avoidance [117], tolerance [118], resistance [119], abandonment [120], and drought adaptation [12,121]. Some chickpea genotypes have been identified as drought sensitive [122] and others as drought tolerant [123,124]. Plant breeders apply different ways of selection and development of drought tolerant crop genotypes. Different strategies are important to protect plants from harmful effects of drought. ...
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... The drought tolerance scores (DTS) were designed by ICARDA [14] for the assessment of drought tolerance in chickpea as a score (1-9) at the maturity stage. 1 = free, 2 = highly tolerant, 3 = tolerant, 4 = moderately tolerant, 5 = Intermediate tolerant, 6 = moderately susceptible, 7 = susceptible, 8 = highly susceptible, 9 = 100% death. Details not required. ...
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Article
  • Apr 2023
The climatic events predicted to increase in intensity and frequency in the near future, including drought, may influence the quality and productivity of several important crops for human nutrition, such as legumes. Herein, two chickpea genotypes ( Cicer arietinum ) were analysed for their resilience to low water supply: a commercial white chickpea (kabuli) and a traditional black chickpea (desi) with marginal production in occidental countries. Plants were grown under four levels of water supplies (90%, 75%, 50% and 25% of field capacity) and biometric variables (root, shoot, pods and seeds), proxies of plant fitness (water content and oxidative stress) and the seed nutritional profile (protein and mineral concentrations) were analysed at plant maturity. The results show that the water content in shoots and roots decreased with the decrease in water supplies, with kabuli plants generally having higher water content in shoots and desi in roots. The shoot length was significantly higher in kabuli compared to desi, while the root length increased up to 11% in both species with the decrease in water supplies. The root‐to‐shoot ratio was higher in kabuli and increased with the decrease in the water supply, being negatively correlated with the number of pods and seeds per plant. Lipid peroxidation also increased with the decrease in the water supply, having slight positive correlations with plant growth parameters while being negatively correlated with plant productivity. No significant effects of plant genotype and water supply were observed on seed K, Ca and protein, but desi was able to sustain higher P, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn and B concentrations than kabuli, including at lower water supplies. The results suggest that water stress negatively impacts plant growth and productivity and that the two chickpea genotypes have distinct biomass and water allocation strategies to cope with low water supply. These findings may be useful in strategies for improving the productivity and nutritional profile of chickpea crops under water‐limited conditions.
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Stability analysis for seed yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes by experimental and biological approaches
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2023
A range of environmental factors restricts the production of chickpea; therefore, introducing compatible cultivars to a range of environments is an important goal in breeding programs. This research aims to find high-yielding and stable chickpea genotypes to rainfed condition. Fourteen advanced chickpea genotypes with two control cultivars were cultivated in a randomized complete block design in four regions of Iran during 2017–2020 growing seasons. The first two principal components of AMMI explained 84.6 and 10.0 % of genotype by environment interactions, respectively. Superior genotypes based on simultaneous selection index of ASV (ssiASV), ssiZA, ssiDi and ssiWAAS were G14, G5, G9 and G10; those based on ssiEV and ssiSIPC were G14, G5, G10 and G15 and those based on ssiMASD were G14, G5, G10 and G15. The AMMI1 biplot identified G5, G12, G10 and G9 as stable and high-yielding genotypes. Genotypes G6, G5, G10, G15, G14, G9 and G3 were the most stable genotypes in the AMMI2 biplot. Based on the harmonic mean and relative performance of genotypic values, G11, G14, G9 and G13 were the top four superior genotypes. Factorial regression indicated that rainfall is very important at the beginning and end of the growing seasons. Genotype G14, in many environments and all analytical and experimental approaches, has good performance and stability. Partial least squares regression identified genotype G5 as a suitable genotype for moisture and temperature stresses conditions. Therefore, G14 and G5 could be candidates for introduction of new cultivars.
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Genetic mapping of QTLs for drought tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2022
Chickpea yield is severely affected by drought stress, which is a complex quantitative trait regulated by multiple small-effect genes. Identifying genomic regions associated with drought tolerance component traits may increase our understanding of drought tolerance mechanisms and assist in the development of drought-tolerant varieties. Here, a total of 187 F 8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from an interspecific cross between drought-tolerant genotype GPF 2 (Cicer arietinum) and drought-sensitive accession ILWC 292 (C. reticulatum) were evaluated to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with drought tolerance component traits. A total of 21 traits, including 12 morpho-physiological traits and nine root-related traits, were studied under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Composite interval mapping identified 31 QTLs at Ludhiana and 23 QTLs at Faridkot locations for morphological and physiological traits, and seven QTLs were identified for root-related traits. QTL analysis identified eight consensus QTLs for six traits and five QTL clusters containing QTLs for multiple traits on linkage groups CaLG04 and CaLG06. The identified major QTLs and genomic regions associated with drought tolerance component traits can be introgressed into elite cultivars using genomics-assisted breeding to enhance drought tolerance in chickpea. KEYWORDS genetic mapping, ddRAD-seq, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), quantitative trait locus (QTL), root system architecture OPEN ACCESS EDITED BY
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Adaptation to Water Deficits: a Changing Perspective
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 1986
This paper briefly reviews the current developments on the role of leaf hydration on leaf growth and photosynthesis and concludes that changes in growth and stomatal action are not always closely correlated with changes in leaf hydration. A case is developed for soil and root water relations affecting leaf growth and stomatal function, and a role for plant growth regulators is postulated. The influence of this changed perspective on the adaptation of plants to water deficits is discussed. In particular, the importance of the adaptation of roots to water deficits is highlighted and the need for more studies on the interaction between the shoot and the root is emphasized.
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Drought Resistance of Cowpea Improved by Selecting for Early Appearance of Mature Pods1
Article
  • May 1981
We hypothesized that earlier partitioning of carbohydrate to reproductive parts by cowpeas [ Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.)] would result in improved drought resistance. We selected individual plants from adequately‐irrigated fields of the cultivar, California Blackeye No. 5 (CB5), and a land race of California Blackeyes, in southern California. The selection criterion was early appearance of mature pods. Seeds of the selections and populations were bulked in a greenhouse. Phenology, growth, partitioning, and yield were examined at Riverside, Calif. over three summer growing seasons with both optimal irrigation and a treatment which received no irrigation or rainfall after seedling emergence. No differences were observed among the selections and populations in ability to extract water from the soil. The selection from CB5 flowered earlier, and had substantially more dry matter in peduncles and pods during early stages of pod development, than CB5, in both irrigated and non‐irrigated conditions. At maturity, this selection had a higher harvest index and yielded 53% more seed than CB5, under non‐irrigated conditions, and a similar harvest index and seed yield as CB5 under irrigation. In non‐irrigated conditions, the selection from the land race had more dry matter in peduncles and pods during early stages of pod development, a higher harvest index at maturity, and yielded 19% more dry seed than the land race. No significant differences were observed in earliness, partitioning, harvest index, or seed yield between this selection and the land race under irrigation. All strains had similar biomass production and seed yield under irrigation.
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Identification of drought tolerance in early-maturing indeterminate soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]
Article
Drought escape through earliness is a potential strategy for the expansion of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production into marginal rainfall areas that has not been fully evaluated. In this study, early-maturing (Maturity Groups II to IV), indeterminate inbred lines of soybeans were developed from six single cross populations and evaluated under naturally occurring terminal drought stress at a latitude normally associated with maturity adaptation corresponding to Groups V to VII. Parallel evaluation under a high yield irrigation regime provided the basis for evaluation of genotypic response to moisture stress. All lines were early enough to exhibit drought escape, but there was an additional response in some genotypes. While all genotypes showed premature senescence under drought stress some genotypes, in the WilliamsxCalland population, continued growth for significantly longer than the parents or the population average under the terminal drought stress. A stress index for maturity was devised to describe the degree of premature senescence, and this index was shown to be a heritable trait not correlated with maturity per se. It is concluded that these lines represent a previously unreported source of tolerance to drought stress and, when used in conjunction with early maturity drought escape, they provide an additional trait for improving soybean tolerance to moisture stress.
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Physiological studies of higher yield in new, early-maturing soybean cultivars
Article
  • Oct 1980
The physiology of three soybean (Glycine max (L). Merrill) cultivars of Maturity Group 00 was studied to determine why the new cultivars Maple Arrow and McCall outyield the older cultivar Altona. Field trials were conducted at Elora, Ontario, in 1977 and 1978. The seed yields of the new cultivars averaged 12% higher than Altona over both years, although the three cultivars were within 3 days of the same maturity. The higher yields in the new cultivars appeared to be related to consistently longer bean-filling periods than in Altona, although a difference (P < 0.05) was detected only in 1978. Rates of bean filling in the new cultivars were no greater than in Altona, which also indicated that longer bean-filling periods contributed to higher yields in the new cultivars. Flowering dates for cultivars were not different. Similar maturity dates indicated that the new cultivars had shorter periods than Altona from maximum bean dry weight to final maturity. Other attributes differed little among cultivars in either year. Total dry matter accumulations were similar until bean filling began. Leaflet areas and dry weights, leaf area durations and harvest indices also did not differ. The results suggested that a long bean-filling period was a desirable trait in early-maturing soybeans.
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Crop Water Deficits: A Decade of Progress
Article
This chapter describes the various aspects of crop water deficits. The water status of a crop plant is usually defined in terms of its water content, water potential, or the components of water potential. The simplicity of measuring water content led to its early adoption, but the diurnal and seasonal changes in dry weight make comparisons of water content at different times of day or during the season unsatisfactory. Water deficits develop inevitably as a consequence of water loss from the leaf as the stomata open to allow the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis. There have been developments in both direct and indirect methods of measuring water deficits that have resulted in considerable progress in the field. The use of infrared thermometry for the measurement of crop water deficits and the use of in situ psychrometers for the measurement of water potential respectively is elaborated. It is found that the identification of the root as the site of sensing soil water deficits does not eliminate the role of turgor pressure as the transducer of water deficits, but moves the emphasis from leaf to the root. It is observed that at the whole crop level, the water use efficiency will depend not only on the transpiration efficiency of the leaves, but also on the water loss from the soil and the optimization of yield per unit of water used.
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Breeding for resistance to drought and heat
  • Jan 1985
  • 137-151
  • A E Hall
  • P N Patel
Hall A.E. and Patel P.N. 1985. Breeding for resistance to drought and heat. In: Cowpea Research, Production, and Utilization. (pp. 137-151), Singh, S.R. and K. O. Rachie, Eds., Wiley, U.K.
Evaluation of chickpea genotypes for yield stability under moisture deficit
  • Jan 1994
  • 179-184
  • S L Rahangdale
  • A M Dhopte
  • K B Wanjar
Rahangdale S.L., Dhopte A.M.. and Wanjar K.B. 1994. Evaluation of chickpea genotypes for yield stability under moisture deficit. Annals of plant physiology, 8:179-184.
Mechanism of drought tolerance in crops. Agricultural Aridity and Drought Scientific and Extension Quarterly of Jahad Agriculture, N0.10 winter
  • Jan 2003
  • 21-32
  • S H Sabaghpour
Sabaghpour S. H. 2003. Mechanism of drought tolerance in crops. Agricultural Aridity and Drought Scientific and Extension Quarterly of Jahad Agriculture, N0.10 winter 2004. 21-32pp.
Present status and future prospects of chickpea cultivation in Iran
  • Feb 2003
  • S H Sabaghpour
  • E Sadeghi
  • R S Malhotra
Sabaghpour S.H., Sadeghi E. and Malhotra R.S. 2003. Present status and future prospects of chickpea cultivation in Iran. International chickpea Conference. 20-22 Jan, 2003, Raipur, India
Role of initial growth vigor in drought escape
  • Jan 2002
  • 57-58
  • S H Sabaghpour
  • J Kumar
Sabaghpour S.H. and J. Kumar. 2002. Role of initial growth vigor in drought escape. In proceeding of Seventh international conference on development and management of dryland lands in the 21 st century, Iran. pp 57-58.