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The Studies on Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB): Sixty Years after William C. Griffin's Pioneer Work (1949-2009)
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6° piso (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina. SUMMARY. The Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB)was formally presented by William C. Griffin sixty years ago at a meeting in Chicago for the first time and later on in an article published in the first volume of the Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists. In later publications, Griffin proposed formu-las for the HLB value calculation that are satisfactory for non-ionic surfactants of various types. Several experimental methods developed then in order to obtain the HLB values of surfactants and required HLB of oils in a way simpler than with Griffin's original experimental method. Also there were proposed math-ematical equations that HLB values of surfactants allows to calculate from its chemical formulae and also from quality control data of surfactants and its components.
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... One of the most important parameters of the emulsifier is the Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB). The concept of using HLB for the classification and selection of non-ionic emulsifiers for the first time was proposed in 1948 [61]. In 1954, Griffin numerically defined HLB as [62]: One of the most important parameters of the emulsifier is the Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB). ...
... In 1954, Griffin numerically defined HLB as [62]: One of the most important parameters of the emulsifier is the Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB). The concept of using HLB for the classification and selection of non-ionic emulsifiers for the first time was proposed in 1948 [61]. In 1954, Griffin numerically defined HLB as [62]: ...
Fuel with the addition of water, forming fuel-water emulsions, is a potential way to reduce the emission of pollutants from gas turbines powered by any liquid fuel. This article analyzes the available work on the combustion of fuel-water emulsions in gas turbines. The literature analysis was preceded by a theoretical introduction on fuel-water emulsion, taking into account the factors influencing its micro- and macroscopic properties. The basic features of the agents used to stabilize the emulsion were also discussed and the process of its combustion was described. The analyzed research differed in terms of the test stands on which the experiments were conducted, the fuel constituting the continuous phase of the emulsion, the amount of water contained in the mixture and the method of producing the emulsion. On the basis of the conducted analysis, conclusions were drawn concerning the influence of feeding a gas turbine with a fuel-water emulsion on the emission of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and exhaust smoke. Conclusions were formulated regarding the influence of the water additive to fuel-on-fuel consumption. In addition, the impact of the presence of water on the conversion of nitrogen contained in the fuel to nitrogen oxides was indicated, and areas requiring further research were presented.
... The oldest yet still most popular concept is the HLB (hydrophilic lipophilic balance) approach. [138][139][140][141][142] The HLB value of a surfactant is governed by the size of the polar moiety. It was initially simply calculated as one fifth of the molecular weight percentage of the hydrophilic portion, leading to an empirical scale ranging from 0 to 20. ...
... Numerous other researchers attempted to relate the HLB to diverse molecular properties, such as cloud point or critical micelle concentration, with limited success though. 126,139 Even though the HLB concept is widely used, it has serious limitations. What the method can do is, is indicating which type of emulsion can be expected from a surfactant with certain HLB value. ...
This work explores the preparation of porous poly(epoxide) foams using the method of emulsion templating and describes the thorough characterisation thereof. Furthermore, special focus was placed on the development of a custom-designed apparatus for gas permeability testing.
... Theoretically, HLB values can be estimated or determined empirically. The experimental approach is lengthy and arduous, and was first described in 1949 by William Griffin [60]. Specifically, the HLB levels were calculated using formulas based on analytical or compositional data. ...
Curcumin is widely used as a therapeutic drug for cancer treatment. However, its limited absorption and rapid excretion are the major therapeutic limitations to its clinical use. Using niosomes as a curcumin delivery system is a cheap, easy, and less toxic strategy for enhancing the absorption of curcumin by cells and delaying its excretion. Thus, there is a vital need to explore curcumin niosomes to configure the curcumin to suitably serve and aid current pharmacokinetics in treatments for cancer. To date, no comprehensive review has focused on the cytotoxic effects of curcumin niosomes on malignant cells. Thus, this review provides a critical analysis of the curcumin niosomes in cancer treatment, formulations of curcumin niosomes, characterizations of curcumin niosomes, and factors influencing their performance. The findings from this review article can strongly accelerate the understanding of curcumin niosomes and pave a brighter direction towards advances in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical industries.
... HydrophilicÀlipophilic balance (HLB) is the measure of the size and strength of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties of a surfactant molecule. The HLB concept, proposed by Griffin in 1949 [17], is the best-known semiempirical method to select a surfactant suitable for an application. In this semiempirical method a surfactant is assigned an HLB number according to its chemical structure. ...
... Surfactant selection was based on the HLB system. Hydrophilic -Lipophilic Balance (HLB) is the ratio of oil and water-soluble constituents of a non ionic surfactant , all surfactants have a hydrophilic head (water loving) that is composed of a water soluble group and a lipophilic tail (oil loving) which composed of a fatty acid or fatty alcohol (16). In the HLB System, any surfactant has an HLB value, and Each oil or wax intended to be used in emulsion formulation has a required HLB number, by using surfactants with HLB value that is required by the oil, trial and error effort will be reduced and optimum formula will be obtained . ...
Ticagrelor is a new drug use to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by adenosine di phosphate (ADP) that's used to reduce atherothrombotic occurring in adults with acute coronary syndrome. Ticagrelor is class IV drug according to BCS drug classification, which is practically insoluble in water 10 µg/ml, with an absolute bioavailability of about 36 %, so this study intended to improve its water solubility and bioavailability. Method: maximum solubility of drug in different oil and co surfactant was determined and a suitable surfactant was used according to HLB system, after that a 20 formula of Ticagelor self-nano emulsion was prepared, and best formula was chosen according to different tests and subjected to an in-vivo evaluation. Results: the obtained results showed that Oleic acid, Tween 20, and Propylene glycol combination are the best constituent to prepare Ticagrelor as self-nano emulsion formula, this combination gave a large nano region upon titration with water. The best formula F5 was 10% oil and 90% surfactant-co surfactant mixture (S mix) in ratio 4:1 (tween/ Propylene glycol), showed 25 nm particle size, 0.098 polydispersity index, 10 times improvement in drug release rate than pure drug powder, and about 10 time prolongation of drug clotting time in the in-vivo study. Conclusion: the preparation of Ticagrelor as self-nano emulsion improve both the aqueous solubility of drug and the bioavailability.
... The principal researcher behind their development was Gerard P. Canevari (1924Canevari ( -2012 (Fig. 2). His key 1974 patent (Canevari, 1974) taught that the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (Pasquali et al., 2009) was key to effective dispersion of oil in water, and that a blend of the SPANs and TWEENssubstituted sorbitanswith dialkysulfosuccinate dissolved in isoparaffins yielded a particularly effective dispersant (Figs. 3 and 4). These were used in a series of Corexits (Table 2), and remain the basis of current commercial formulations, with the ratio adjusted for particular applications. ...
Massive oil spills leading to ‘Black Tides’ have been sad features of the last half century, although fortunately of generally decreasing frequency. Such spills often led to massive bird mortality and enormous public pressure for mitigation. One unfortunately misunderstood response has been the development of chemical dispersants designed to move floating slicks into the water column as tiny droplets. These droplets become entrained in the water and dilute to levels below those of acute toxic concern within hours; equally importantly, they naturally biodegrade within weeks, and do not impact shorelines. Initial dispersants were not especially effective, but a deeper understanding of what controls the lowering of interfacial tension between oil and water has led to very effective modern products, exemplified by Corexit 9500 used in the Deepwater Horizon response. By getting oil off the sea surface, dispersants protect birds and animals from potentially lethal oiling and the likely fouling of shorelines with its attendant problems of human exposure to oil residues as shorelines are physically cleaned. And by increasing the surface area of the spilled oil they promote indigenous microbial biodegradation, which can consume oil droplets with a half-life of 1–3 weeks without the need for any additional intervention. Dispersants thus provide the most environmentally-beneficial bioremediation option for ameliorating potentially environmentally devastating oil spills (when they work), and it is disappointing that they are not always tried on a significant (not test) scale.
... The EACN of an oil quantitatively expresses its hydrophobicity and corresponds to the related but obsolete concept of "required HLB" of oils introduced by Griffin in 1949. 2,46 The more hydrophobic the oil, the higher its EACN. In particular, for the n-alkane series, the EACN is, by definition, equal to the carbon number of the alkane and is denoted ACN. ...
The hydrophobicity of oils is a key parameter to design surfactant/oil/water (SOW) macro-, micro-, or nano-dispersed systems with the desired features. This essential physicochemical characteristic is quantitatively expressed by the equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN) whose experimental determination is tedious since it requires knowledge of the phase behavior of the SOW systems at different temperatures and for different surfactant concentrations. In this work, two mathematical models are proposed for the rapid prediction of the EACN of oils. They have been designed using artificial intelligence (machine-learning) methods, namely, neural networks (NN) and graph machines (GM). While the GM model is implemented from the SMILES codes of a 111-molecule training set of known EACN values, the NN model is fed with some σ-moment descriptors computed with the COSMOtherm software for the 111-molecule set. In a preliminary step, the leave-one-out algorithm is used to select, given the available data, the appropriate complexity of the two models. A comparison of the EACNs of liquids of a fresh set of 10 complex cosmetic and perfumery molecules shows that the two approaches provide comparable results in terms of accuracy and reliability. Finally, the NN and GM models are applied to nine series of homologous compounds, for which the GM model results are in better agreement with the experimental EACN trends than the NN model predictions. The results obtained by the GMs and by the NN based on σ-moments can be duplicated with the demonstration tool available for download as detailed in the Supporting Information.
Preservation of foods, along with health and safety issues, is a growing concern in the current generation. Essential oils have emerged as a natural means for the long-term protection of foods along with the maintenance of their qualities. Direct applications of essential oils have posed various constraints to the food system and also have limitations in application; hence, encapsulation of essential oils into biopolymers has been recognized as a cutting-edge technology to overcome these challenges. This article presents and evaluates the strategies for the development of encapsulated essential oils on the basis of fascination with the modeling and shuffling of various biopolymers, surfactants, and co-surfactants, along with the utilization of different fabrication processes. Artificial intelligence and machine learning have enabled the preparation of different nanoemulsion formulations, synthesis strategies, stability, and release kinetics of essential oils or their bioactive components from nanoemulsions with improved efficacy in food systems. Different mathematical models for the stability and delivery kinetics of essential oils in food systems have also been discussed. The article also explains the advanced application of modeling-based encapsulation strategies on the preservation of a variety of food commodities with their intended implication in food and agricultural industries.
RÉSUMÉ Un système basé sur la température d'inversion des phases (TIP) pour la sélection des agents émulsionnants a été développé et comparé au systéme de la valeur HLB. Le rapport hydro-lipophile (HLB) d'un agent de surface non-ionique change avec la température et provoque l'inversion des phases d'une émulsion, quand les deux propriétés sont égales. La TIP varie avec les conditions d'essais el fournit des informations concernant les types d'huiles, le volume des phases, la concentration des agents émulsionnants, l'effet de la température etc. La valeur HLB ne fournit pas d'informations pareilles. La TIP est également en relation étroite avec d'autres propriétés. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Ein Phasen-Inversions-Temperatur (PIT)-System wurde zur Auswahl eines Emulgators entwickelt und verglichen mit dent HLB-Wert System. Das hydro-lipophile Verhältnis (HLB) eines nicht ionischen Tensids verändert sich mit der Temperatur and bewirkt die Phasenumkehr einer Emulsion, wenn beide Eigcnschaften gleich sind. Die PIT variiert mit den experimentellen Bedingungen und ermöglicht Informationen über Öltypen, Phasenvolumen, Konzentration der Emulgatoren, Temperatureffekt etc. Der HLB-Wert liefert keine solchen Informationen. Die PIT steht auch in enger Beziehung zu andern Eigenschaften.
Hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) values for various commercial nonionic surfactants have been determined by means of high
resolution NMR. The results are in good agreement with given HLB values. The method is rapid, nondestructive and requires
only small samples.
To study the additivity of the HLB values of an oil mixture from its component and the characteristics of the oil mixture forming a component of the emulsion, the required HLB values of several oil mixtures were determined by means of the emulsification tests proposed by Griffin.The oil mixtures examined in this series of experiments consist of two oils, one being a mineral oil of fixed components and the other an oil to be studied as the additive, which is added in varying ratios to the fixed-component mineral oil.The additivity of the required HLB values in oil mixtures was shown to hold to some extent for the case of saturated fatty acids, n-fatty alcohols, and some acetylated esters. For the rest of the additives, the additivity is not valid.The required HLB values of these additive oils were remarkably large in the case of fatty acids, alcohols and some acetylated esters, excepting the anomalous value for oleic acid.The structural effects on the increase of required HLB values seem to be in the following order:COOH>OH>COOR
The goals of this articles are to find a correlation between the required HLB values and the solubility parameters of oils; find a more precise correlation between the required HLB values and the dielectric constant, than the one obtained by other authors; and to determine the required HLB values for o/w emulsions of solid fatty acids and alcohols from the values of the solubility parameters and dielectric constants, that could be more trustful than the ones obtained by the methodology proposed by Griffin. It was obtained lineal relation between required HLB and solubility parameter (r = 0.995). Also it was observed lineal relations between required HLB and dielectric constants or logarithm of the dielectric constant more precise than the one obtained by other authors.
Many of the criticisms of the HLB concept are based on the failure of different mixtures of emulsifier all having the same HLB number to exhibit the same emulsion stability. This failure is attributed here to the partitioning of emulsifiers into the aqueous and oleic phases and the resultant variation of the interfacial HLB number. A new set of mixing rules for nonionic emulsifiers which maintain a fixed interfacial HLB number is shown to be in accord with experiment.
The titration by water of a dioxane-benzene solution of an oil or a surface active agent to a cloud end point can be used to determine a value related to the hydrophile-lipophile balance character of the oil or surface active agent. Details of such a titration are given and the method is compared with other rating procedures.
Measurement of the relative retention time of a pair of liquids, one polar and one nonpolar, permits determination of the
polarity of the liquid Chromatographic substrate. It is shown that this polarity is a measure of the hydrophile-lipophile
balance (HLB) when the substrate is a surface-active agent. The effects of structure, additivity in mixtures, and free polyol
are discussed. A GLC apparatus, designed, to permit the rapid determination of HLB by this technique, is described.