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Land and Freshwater Molluscs of Brazil
Abstract
An iconographic catalogue on the molluscs of the Brazilian land and freshwater ecosystems
... The absence of the type species Systrophia systropha (Albers, 1854) in those and most other studies is notable and can affect taxonomic conclusions on the genera. To stabilise Systrophia and accept Entodina Ancey, 1887 as a separate valid genus, as suggested by Simone (2006), Salvador (2021), and Roosen & Breure (2024b), the type species must be redescribed. The type species of Zilchistrophia is more well-known and was figured and described by Weyrauch (1960) and Páll-Gergely & Asami (2014). ...
... To provide as complete an overview of the Scolodontidae as possible, we also examined morphologically similar genera and species from South America that are currently classified in other families. The first of those is Martinella Jousseaume, 1887, presently included in Streptaxidae though without clear arguments for being so (Thiele 1927;Richardson 1988;Simone 2006;Breure et al. 2022;Brown 2023). The genus was described to contain only Martinella martinella Jousseaume, 1887, a species that (at the time of description) was rather common in the Ecuadorian Andes, but which is currently possibly extinct ( Jousseaume 1887; Breure et al. 2022). ...
With this study, we continue the revision of the genera of Scolodontidae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora), focusing on the taxa with tightly coiled, multiwhorled shells that often bear apertural and/or internal barriers. We analysed type material from all type species and studied some misclassified Charopidae and Streptaxidae. We provide redescriptions and better circumscription of the following Scolodontid taxa: Entodina Ancey, 1887, Systrophia L. Pfeiffer, 1855, and Zilchistrophia Weyrauch, 1960. Martinella Jousseaume, 1887 is transferred from Streptaxidae to Scolodontidae, and the extinct Patagocharopa Miquel & P.E. Rodriguez, 2016 is transferred from Charopidae; Patagocharopa, dating from the Miocene, represents the earliest fossil record of the family. Keranella gen. nov. and Smenodonta gen. nov. are erected. The genera Polygyratia J.E. Gray, 1847 and Ridleyconcha Christensen, 2020, despite recently revised, are also included here for comparison with the other taxa.
... For comparison of the presently studied species with those already known, the large MZSP collection was consulted. Collections of other European and American museums were also consulted while seeking type specimens, some of them illustrated in a catalogue [13]. The present paper has its style, model and disposal of items entirely based on a previous similar paper in this journal [9]. ...
... The authors, based on this result, synonymized all genera, rendering Solaropsidae monogeneric. However, this overlooks considerable phenotypic differences between Solaropsis and, at least, Psadara and Olympus [13,19]. The premature consideration of all these genera as synonyms resulted from the low resolution of the cladogram, the non-inclusion of the type species of Psadara and Solaropsis, and a disregard for the important set of morphologic differences among the three genera [19]. ...
The orthalicoidean genus Kora Simone, 2012 is reviewed. Three of the four known species are redescribed, including their anatomy. These species are K. corallina (the type species), K. nigra, and K. rupestris. Eight new species are introduced, all of which occur in the region of the São Francisco River, from the northern of Minas Gerais to the southern of Bahia, Brazil. They are K. tupan, K. ajar, K. aetheria, K. jimenezi, K. uhlei, K. kremerorum, K. vania, and K. curumim. All of them are described, including anatomical features, except the last three, which are based solely on shell characters. Another related genus is also described, Koltrora, with a single new species, K. pyrostoma. They are compared to an Andean genus, Neopetraeus (N. lobbii, N. tesselatus), which also exhibit similarities. This detailed phenotypic study was performed in several comparative ways, including a morphological phylogenetic approach, using other orthalicoideans with the same level of phenotypic details known. The single objective is to justify the current taxonomic scheme, and to provide a brief comparison with recent results based on molecular approaches. According to these preliminary results, the triad Neopetraeus-Koltrora-Kora is monophyletic, supported by 10 synapomorphies. Koltrora and Kora are sister taxa, supported by 11 synapomorphies. Kora is monophyletic, with strong support from 25 synapomorphies. Discussions on classification, phylogeny, anatomy, and comparison with other recent orthalicoidean literature are also included. Some newly identified and diagnostic structures are described, such as the odontophore pair of muscles m8, the accessory albumen chamber, a different kind of spermatophore, the exclusive kind of radula of Kora and Koltrora, and a calcified epiphragm, a rare feature in South American snails. Register ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2F13D53C-0A36-42FB-B936-D80E7C958259.
... All molluscs were stored in polypropylene boxes and transported to the Laboratory of Studies in Genetics of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, housed in the Department of Biology at the Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão campus. Species identification was carried out through conchological and anatomical analysis under a stereomicroscope, using dichotomous keys and other specialised materials (Simone 2006;Thomé et al. 2006). ...
This study aims to investigate new occurrences of terrestrial molluscs infected with nematodes and trematodes by adapting recovery processing methods for these helminths in urban areas of Sergipe state, Brazil. A total of 64 molluscs were collected in the municipalities of Aracaju and Nossa Senhora do Socorro, with seven species identified. The snail Subulina octona showed the highest prevalence of the trematode Brachylaima sp. (76.92%), followed by the slug Sarasinula linguaeformis, which was infected by the nematode Rhabditis sp. (50.00%). Additionally, the snails Bulimulus tenuissimus parasitised by Postharmostomum sp. (28.57%) and Achatina fulica infected with Alaria sp. (15.00%) stood out. Moreover, single specimens of both S. octona and B. tenuissimus were co-infected with both trematodes mentioned above. The adaptations implemented in the artificial digestion technique allowed for the first detection of brachylaimid and diplostomid trematodes infecting terrestrial molluscs in Sergipe. The presence of these helminths highlights the importance of terrestrial molluscs as intermediate hosts, reinforcing the need for further investigations to understand the ecological relationships between these organisms and their relevance to public and animal health. This is crucial for strategies aimed at controlling and preventing zoonoses.
... The remaining material was meticulously examined under a stereomicroscope at 80× magnification for final screening and taxonomic identification to the lowest possible taxonomic level using Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) classifications. Taxonomic identification followed established identification keys (Trivinho-Strixino and Strixino, 1995;Simone, 2009;Mugnai et al., 2010). Unfortunately, the samples collected in August and October from the TO site were lost, presumably during storage in the laboratory. ...
Headwater streams play a crucial role in the formation of rivers; they boast numerous springs and serve as hotspots for aquatic biodiversity within watersheds. However, human activities frequently compromise the health of these environments. Common disturbances include the removal of riparian vegetation, sedimentation in the streambed, and the introduction of pollutants such as pesticides. This study sought to assess the macrobenthic community in three headwater rivers over a 9-month period, examining variations in water quality and community composition across different land uses. Key water quality variables — electrical conductivity and total suspended solids — were elevated at the Extrema (EX) Stream, likely attributable to pasture management practices. The Toledo (TO) Stream had higher water temperature and phosphate levels, potentially linked to the removal of riparian forest and the use of fertilizers in vegetable cultivation, respectively. Regarding the benthic community, metrics such as dominance (D); the percentage of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (% EPT); the EPT/Chironomidae ratio; and the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H') revealed a clear gradient in environmental health among the three study sites. The Monte Verde (MV) stream emerged as the most pristine one, followed by the EX and TO sites. These data underscore the deleterious impact of unsustainable agricultural practices. In conclusion, such agricultural activities exert a negative influence on both environmental quality and benthic macroinvertebrate communities in headwater streams. Keywords: biomonitoring, Camanducaia River, EPT, riparian vegetation.
... Elsewhere, the species has been introduced in Africa: South Africa (Melvill & Ponsonby 1898); Asia: China (Chen & Gao 1987;Beckmann 1989;Bar-Zeev & Mienis 2007), Israel (Singer & Mienis 1993;Bar-Zeev & Mienis 2002), and Japan (Azuma 1982;Mashino 1992;Matsukuma & Takeda 2009); North America: United States of America (e.g. Fisher 1966;Dundee 1970;Selander & Kaufman 1973;Cowie 2001;Mc Donnell et al. 2016;Forman et al. 2021;Ports 2021), Bermuda (Simmonds & Hughes 1963;Bieler & Slapcinsky 2000), Mexico (Thompson 2011), and Cuba (Matamoros Torres 2014); South America: Brazil (Simone 2006), Argentina (Reyna & Gordillo, 2018;Rau et al. 2022;Pizá et al. 2023), and Uruguay (Miquel et al. 1995). It is also introduced in some European countries and islands, such as Azores and Madeira (Nobre 1930;Backhuys 1975;Seddon 2008), and United Kingdom (Seddon & Pickard 2005). ...
We present the first record of a Rumina decollata (Linnaeus, 1758) population in the city of Pančevo, Serbia. The population lives in a small green area with residential buildings, where it was found along a footpath and at the base of buildings. We discuss the habitat and climate at the locality and document the anatomy and morphology of this R. decollata population. Finally, we reflect about potential pathways of introduction of this population.
... After washing, the macrobenthos were separated by similarity of morphotypes and quantified. The taxonomy was confirmed after comparison with specific literature (Mansur & Pereira, 2006;Mansur et al., 2012;Pereira, Mansur, & Pimpão, 2012;Simone, 2006). ...
Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker 1857) is a species of mytilid mollusk popularly known as the "golden mussel". Native to Southeast Asia, L. fortunei was introduced into Brazilian waters via ballast water in the 1990s and, due to its biological and ecological characteristics, found a favorable environment for its proliferation in the country. In the Brazilian scientific literature, records of L. fortunei are well documented, as well as the environmental and economic impacts caused by the species. In this context, we record the first occurrence of L. fortunei for the Brazilian Amazon region. The record occurred in August 2023 at seven collection points in the Tocantins River, with a maximum density found of 88.0 individuals/m 2 , average anteroposterior length of 8.20±2.27 mm, ranging from 4.40 mm to 14.20 mm. The data presented in this study enables the mobilization of researchers and responsible bodies to create methodologies aimed at monitoring the species in the Tocantins River and adjacent rivers.
Corbicula largillierti is an invasive bivalve with significant socioeconomic and ecological impacts reported globally. However, a comprehensive review documenting its status, distribution, and expansion rate is lacking. This study aimed to investigate the global distribution and expansion of C. largillierti in aquatic ecosystems. A systematic literature review and field sampling were conducted in watersheds receiving water transfers from the São Francisco River Integration Project (PISF/Eastern Axis) in the semiarid region of Brazil. The findings showed 307 occurrence records for C. largillierti in 14 countries across four continents. However, its expansion rate varies between countries and continents, with the annual expansion rate being higher at local scales (12.54%) than at regional (5.39%) and global scales (1.38%). Its occurrence was particularly high in South America (n = 235), mainly in Brazil (n = 155) and Argentina (n = 75), where the number of records exceeds that reported worldwide. Additionally, we recorded the first occurrence of C. largillierti in the Pajeú River Watershed (n = 12), and the spread of this invasive mollusk in the Paraíba River Watershed (n = 75). These observations suggest that the PISF may have facilitated the introduction and dispersion of species in these watersheds. Taken together, our findings show that C. largillierti is an invasive species with continuous expansion worldwide, especially in South America. Our results emphasize the urgent need to enhance control and prevention measures in countries where the prevalence is higher, highlighting its potential negative impacts on local ecosystems.
The status of the Megalobulimus arapotiensis is reassessed. A conchological comparison of this species and M. elongatus reveals no significant differences. The morphology of M. arapotiensis falls within the range of variability known in M. elongatus. These similarities suggest that M. arapotiensis should be treated as a junior synonym of M. elongatus. All known occurrences of both taxa are mapped. The South American genus Megalobulimus Miller, 1848, currently classified within the family Strophocheilidae, subfamily Megalobuliminae, comprises approximately 80 species, with 60 of them occurring in Brazil. These species are nocturnal, inhabit leaf litter, and frequently burrow. The genus is characterized by large, conical-globose shells with thick shell walls. Species differentiation within the genus is challenging due to overlapping morphological characteristics (Bequaert 1948). Leme (1973) highlighted the difficulties in defining generic and subgeneric distinctions and accepted significant character overlap among species. Megalobulimus elongatus (Bequaert, 1948) was first described as a subspecies of Strophocheilus (Megalobulimus) oblongus (Miller, 1878), now Megalobulimus oblongus, with Nueva Palmira, Uruguay as the type locality. Bequaert (1948) associated his new taxon with M. oblongus on account of conchological traits, which include a pink-colored external lip, columella, and parietal wall, and he differentiated it by its narrower shell with a higher apex and a smaller aperture compared to most other oblongus sub-species. Megalobulimus arapotiensis Morretes, 1952 was described based on a single specimen from Jaguariaíva, Paraná state, Brazil (Fig. 1A). This aperture lip of this specimen displayed a slight deformation. Morretes (1952) compared it to M. lacunosus (d'Orbigny 1835) but noted that M. lacunosus had a narrower spire and less pronounced microsculpture. While Morretes (1952) acknowledged the possibility that M. arapotiensis could be a variant of a known species, geographic distance was cited as justification for its description as a new species. However, no comparisons were made with other species of overlapping distribution, leading to potential misidentifications. Species with characteristics similar to M. elongatus, such as M. crassus and M. haemastomus (a subspecies of oblongus), coexist sympatri-cally in the southern region of South America. However, distinguishing between them requires a thorough analysis of their morphological particularities and other comparative studies. In this study, the status of M. arapotiensis is reassessed. The material studied includes the type series of both M. elongatus and M. arapotiensis and all known occurrences of both taxa are mapped (Fig. 1). Abbreviations: L = shell length; LA = aperture length; N = sample individuals; sh = shell; MCZ = Museum of Comparative Zoology; MZSP = Museum of Zoology
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