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Da Integração à Governação Europeia: Portugal, Europeização e o Carácter Multi-Sistémico da UE
Abstract
Resumo A incerteza conceptual continua a marcar o modelo da União Europeia, provavelmente porque representa uma forma não-conven-cional de soberania. Este artigo revisita os prin-cipais argumentos sobre as dinâmicas da UE, ao mesmo tempo que tenta configurar alguns dos novos desenvolvimentos teóricos. Estes incluem os debates em torno da noção de "esta-do regulador", "governação multi-sistémica" e as teorias do poder na União Europeia. O ponto principal sugere que novas práticas de poder indirecto na forma de (re)regulação são visíveis no edifício comunitário, práticas essas distintas do enunciado clássico de Hobbes. O artigo conclui referindo que Portugal, um mem-bro da UE desde 1986, representa uma ilus-tração interessante da rota europeia pós-hobbe-siana. Abstract From Integration to European Governance: Portugal, Europeanization and the Multi--Systemic Character of the EU The European Union is still a contested entity, probably because it is not a conventional form of sovereignty. This article reviews the main theoretical arguments usually presented on the dynamics of the EU, while at the same time attempts to assess some of the most recent theoretical debates. These include new hypotheses built around the idea of "regulatory state", "multilevel governance" and the theories of power as they related to European integration. The main point of this article suggests that distinct practices of indirect power in the form of (re)regulation are emergent in the European polity, far from the sovereign concerns which had animated Hobbes. Portugal, which became a member state in 1986, represents an interesting illustration of the post-Hobbesian path.
Este ensaio pretende apresentar
uma visão global das principais
teorias da integração europeia, procurando
discutir o potencial explicativo
de cada uma delas para um melhor
entendimento da União Europeia.
A relevância do papel do Estado é,
pois, central à discussão, desde as
teses clássicas, marcadas pelas correntes
federalistas, funcionalistas e intergovernamentalistas,
até às mais
recentes, como é o caso do construtivismo,
enquanto modelo explicativo
dos processos de mudança política e
social europeus. O texto faz ainda uma
breve reflexão sobre os contributos
teóricos da integração, incluindo uma
incursão nos domínios da segurança
e da defesa.
The growing assertion of the European Union coincided with raising criticism of its democratic deficit. The question of democratic legitimacy initially seemed redundant in an intergovernmental context. But Europe after Maastricht is now a Europe of Citizens. Represented in the European Parliament, it would be expected that elections every five years would have ended the democracy debate. But it only got even more deafening. In the last decades, the lack of interest of citizens in European elections was evident. The link between voters and elected representatives has never really established itself and abstention has reached historic heights in every election since 1979. The central element of parliamentarism is absent: the presence of genuine democratic control, which calls into question the continuous empowerment of the EP and the democratic legitimacy of the EU as a whole. We propose to, therefore, establish the existence of a profound incompatibility between the functioning of the European elections and the constitutional role which the EP is called upon to fulfil in the European Union's greater balance of powers. In fact, there are twenty-eight national elections for a Parliament representing the European citizens. This is not the citizens’ fault. It is the legal framework that dictates that a European match is being played with national rules. This work will reflect on the failures of this structure in producing truly European elections and analyse the relevant proposals for its resolution.
A crescente afirmação da União Europeia coincidiu com o elevar das críticas ao seu défice de democracia. A questão da legitimidade democrática parecia inicialmente redundante num contexto intergovernamental. Mas a Europa após Maastricht é também uma Europa de Cidadãos. Representados no Parlamento Europeu, seria de esperar que eleições de cinco em cinco anos terminassem o debate. Mas este apenas ficou mais ensurdecedor. Nas últimas décadas, ficou patente o desinteresse dos cidadãos pelas eleições europeias. O elo de ligação entre eleitores e eleitos nunca se estabeleceu verdadeiramente e abstenção atinge recordes históricos em cada eleição desde 1979. Encontra-se ausente o elemento central do parlamentarismo: a presença de um genuíno controlo democrático, o que coloca em xeque a abordagem do contínuo empowerment do PE e a legitimidade democrática da UE como um todo. Propomo-nos, desta maneira, a estabelecer a existência de uma incompatibilidade profunda entre o funcionamento das eleições europeias e o papel constitucional que o Parlamento Europeu é chamado a cumprir no equilíbrio maior de poderes da União Europeia. De facto, existem vinte e oito eleições nacionais para um Parlamento representante dos cidadãos europeus. A culpa não é dos cidadãos, mas sim do quadro jurídico, que mantém um jogo europeu a ser disputado com regras nacionais. Este trabalho irá refletir sobre as falhas desta estrutura em produzir eleições verdadeiramente europeias e analisar as suas propostas de resolução.
O presente boletim tem como objetivo central analisar a construção da integração regional na América do Sul. O problema que se busca responder é como ocorreu o processo de paralisia do MERCOSUL. As conclusões parciais da pesquisa apontam que, embora existam fragilidades graves no processo do MERCOSUL, incluindo o problema da orientação da política externa brasileira, o bloco se mantém. Porém, deve-se revisá-lo em seus objetivos.Palavras-chave: integração regional, América do Sul, crise do Mercosul.
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The reallocation of authority upwards, downwards, and sideways from central states has drawn attention from a growing number of scholars in the social sciences. Yet beyond the bedrock agreement that governance has become (and should be) multi-level, there is no convergence about how it should be organized. This paper draws on various literatures in distinguishing two types of multi-level governance. One type conceives of dispersion of authority to multi-task, territorially mutually exclusive jurisdictions in a relatively stable system with limited jurisdictional levels and a limited number of units. A second type of governance pictures specialized, territorially overlapping jurisdictions in a relatively flexible, non-tiered system with a large number of jurisdictions. We find that both types co-exist in different locations, and we explain some facets of this co-existence.
This carefully planned course reader brings together the views of key actors in the fifty year history of the European Union with a selection of key theoretical contributions to the understanding of European integration from the 1950s to the present. Each extract is set in context and summarised by a brief editorial introduction.
Introduction Making Sense of EU Decision-Making Institutions, Rules, Norms The Internal Market External Trade Policy The Common Agricultural Policy Cohesion Policy Environmental Policy Research and Technology Policy The Common Foreign and Security Policy Conclusion
The Treaty on European Union ratified in 1993 was another major step toward a federal-like European union. Although the European Union is not a federation in the classical sense, it has a number of federal-like attributes and dynamics. In addition, federal ideas, however controversial in parts of Europe, have contributed both to the legal, political, and constitutional evolution of the European Community and to the creation of the European Union at Maastricht. A centerpiece of the new European Union is to be the European Monetary Union, which will, if realized, move the European Union in a more decidedly federal direction.
Introduction Reorganizing Interest Representation: A Political Analysis of Privatization in Britain The Politics of Industrial Policy in the United States The Industrial Policy Controversy in West Germany: Organized Adjustment and the Emergence of Meso-Corporatism Neoliberalism and the Battle over Working-Time Reduction in West Germany Democracy at the Margins: The International System and Policy Change in France Industrial Adjustment in the French Steel Industry Deindustrialization, Economic Performance, and Industrial Policy: British and American Theories Applied to Italy Democracy and Economic Adjustment: A Comparative Analysis of Political Change Selected Bibliography Index
This collection of 14 papers explores the political dimensions of regional integration, discussing the key aspects of the European experience, from the Treaty of Rome to the Single European Act to the Treaty of Maastricht and beyond.
This work highlights the many aspects of the European institutional structure that reflect federalist systems, although often in different ways. As Jacques Delors notes in his forward "one is almost tempted to say that there are as many federalisms as there are federal systems". This operational analysis elaborates on the themes introduced in his book The Federal Future of Europe, from the European Community to the European Union (University of Michigan Press, 2000). It aims to enrich the debates about the future architecture of the European Union on the eve of its enlargement. Part One is an overview of some other federal systems, presenting German and American federalism and considering Switzerland as a pilot experience. The differences and similarities are examined along with those institutions which may be common to federal states, all of which could be helpful for the forthcoming debate. Part Two considers the roads that the European Union has already taken towards an unprecedented and unique form of federalism. The Commission, the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council and the Court of Justice are examined. The development of the European Union, as a whole, is showing signs of evolving towards a federal union. This trend has been reinforced by the creation of the European Central Bank, the euro and the emergence of the Common Foreign and Security Policy and the common intervention force. Having outlined the institutional spillover, Part Three looks to the future by examining the idea of a European charter or constitution, the need for which is more evident every day; as is the need for coordinated action in the protection and defence of those countries within, or bordering on, the Union. The study culminates in a series of questions. Sidjanski points out that enlargement and globalization only increase complexity and the "more complexity increases, the more the need for institutionalised leadership at the heart of the Union becomes apparent". Events at the meeting of the European Council at Nice and the difficulties of cohabitation between the intergovernmental, community and federal methods only confirm the author's initial diagnosis of a divided European Union, which is being confronted with the choice between a classic intergovernmental process and a federal constitution for Europe.
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