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Construction of a Multi-region Waste Input-Output Table
Abstract
We constructed a multi-region waste input-output (WIO) table for the 47 prefectures in Japan using a multi-region IO table of goods and services (Hasegawa et al., 2011) and interregional waste-shipment data provided by the Ministry of the Environment of Japan (2006, 2008). Internal disparities in are a crucial issue in most countries, particularly when they affect the economy and environment, such as CO 2 emissions and waste production, treatment, transportation and disposal. Unfortunately, the number of regions considered in most IO analyses has sometimes been insufficient for investigating emissions-related problems in sufficient detail. For example, in a case study conducted in Tokyo, Japan, Tsukui et al. (2011) showed that the positive economic effect associated with consumption by the metropolitan region was outweighed by the negative effect in terms of emissions produced by the corresponding regions in other regions. Interestingly, using a two-region interregional waste IO table, these authors were unable to accurately quantify the extent to which the consumption in Tokyo impacted upon the corresponding regions. The purpose of this study was therefore to clarify the relationship between different domestic regions. Not only is the method used to construct the WIO table explained, but the interregional dependency between the production of commodities and treatment of waste is empirically examined using the table.
... WSUT)) analysis provides the means to devise interventions and policy with a sectoral focus (Nakamura and Kondo 2002a;Kagawa 2005;Kagawa et al. 2007;Tsukui 2007;Lin 2009;Tsukui and Nakamura 2010;Matsubae et al. 2011;Tsukui et al. 2011Tsukui et al. , 2012. Yet there has never been a WIO of Australia constructed, primarily because the level of waste data required for a WIO have been too high (though previously there has been some attempted IO analysis of waste in Australia . ...
In this paper we apply the Lenzen and Reynolds (2014) Waste Supply Use Table extension of Nakamura and Kondo’s (2002a) Waste Input–Output (WIO) framework to the 2008 Australian economy. This is the first application of any WIO-style method to Australia as a nation. We find that the Services sector has the largest direct and indirect waste generation for an intermediate sector. This is followed by the Forestry sector, for direct waste generation, and the Transport sector for direct and indirect waste generation effects.
In terms of waste treatment methods, landfill generates the smallest direct and indirect waste tonnages, but it also provides the least amount of economic activity per tonne treated, producing $US2.53 in total of economic production per tonne treated.
http://www.journalofeconomicstructures.com/content/3/1/5
Plastics waste is a significant issue in Australia, with plastics waste generation continuing to grow. Central to the ‘circular economy’ concept is the flow of waste materials back into production, to be remade into new products. However, in Australia these flows are not visible due to limitations in published datasets. In this study, a waste supply-use framework is employed to model waste flows from consumption, through waste treatment and back into new production. This approach reveals how both plastics waste and recycled plastics become embodied in final consumption. The analysis shows there is currently no evidence that plastics waste generation has decoupled from either population or GDP growth. In fact, the recycling rate has declined in relative terms, potentially caused by recycling infrastructure limitations and an overall decline in Australian manufacturing.
The production of waste creates both direct and indirect environmental impacts. A range of strategies are available to reduce the generation of waste by industry and households, and to select waste treatment approaches that minimize environmental harm. However, evaluating these strategies requires reliable and detailed data on waste production and treatment. Unfortunately, published Australian waste data are typically highly aggregated, published by a variety of entities in different formats, and do not form a complete time-series. We demonstrate a technique for constructing a multi-regional waste supply-use (MRWSU) framework for Australia using information from numerous waste data sources. This is the first MRWSU framework to be constructed (to the authors' knowledge) and the first sub-national waste input-output framework to be constructed for Australia. We construct the framework using the Industrial Ecology Virtual Laboratory (IELab), a cloud-hosted computational platform for building Australian multi-regional input-output tables. The structure of the framework complies with the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA). We demonstrate the use of the MRWSU framework by calculating waste footprints that enumerate the full supply chain waste production for Australian consumers.
事業系ごみ (事業系一般廃棄物) はさまざまな事業所から排出され, 事業所の種類によって発生量・組成が異なる。しかし家庭系ごみに較べて調査例が少なく, 発生・循環構造はよく知られていない。本研究では事業所を11グループに分け, それぞれの不要物発生・循環量, 組成を推計する方法を提案した。推計はいずれの都市に対しても容易に行える必要がある。そのため全国共通調査である事業所・企業統計調査 (総務省) をもとに事業所のグループ化を行い, 発生原単位の基準を同調査によって得られる従業者1人あたりとした。発生原単位は, 事業系ごみの発生, 資源化量を調査した札幌市の数値を基にしているが, 発生原単位や推計結果の妥当性を既往の調査結果と比較し, 人口20万人以上の都市に適用してごみ排出量の推計精度を確認した。また, 本推計法の有効性を示すため, 資源化・減量化計画への適用例も示した。
The present paper proposes an analytical framework for measuring the spatial pollution repercussion effects of regional waste management. The empirical analysis using the 1995 nine-region waste input–output table reveals that as the regional population size become larger, the intraregional waste treatment level directly and indirectly induced by a person's consumption behaviour tends to be large due to economies of scale. In contrast, we especially find that the indirect household contributions per capita of the Chugoku and Shikoku region were, conversely, about 1.4 times larger than that of the Kanto region, because of the differences in the regional commodity consumption patterns. In comparing the actual economic system in 1995 with the hypothetical complete intraregional waste treatment system, we also find that the latter system increased total waste landfill by 18,103tonnes, which amounts to 0.03% of the total waste landfill, revealing the location advantage of intermediate inputs for waste treatment activities and regional technological differences.
SummaryA new scheme of hybrid life-cycle assessment (LCA) termed the waste input-output (WIO) model is presented that ex-plicitly takes into account the interdependence between the flow of goods and waste. The WIO model has two distin-guishing features. First, it expands the Leontief environmental input-output (EIO) model with respect to waste flows. It turns out that the EIO model is a special case of the WIO model in which there is a strict one-to-one correspondence between waste types and treatment methods. By relaxing this condition, the WIO model provides a general framework for LCA of waste management. Second, the WIO model takes into account the “dynamics of waste treatment”, which refers to the fact that the input-output relationships of waste treatment are significantly affected by the level and composition of waste feedstock, by incorporating an engineering process model of waste treatment. Because waste treatment is expected to accept whatever waste is generated by industry and households, a proper consideration of this feature is vital for LCA of waste management. We estimated a WIO table for Japan and applied it to evaluating effects of alternative waste management poli-cies with regard to regional concentration of incineration and the sorting of waste with regard to flammability. We found that concentrating treatment in a small number of large incin-erators combined with an increased degree of sorting could decrease both landfill consumption and the emission of carbon dioxide.
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