... Given that prominent hyposphenes are present in at least some anterior caudal vertebrae of many evolutionarily disparate theropods, including (but not limited to) Dilophosaurus (Welles, 1984), Ceratosaurus (Madsen and Welles, 2000), Elaphrosaurus (Rauhut and Carrano, 2016), Masiakasaurus (Carrano et al., 2011), most abelisaurids (Bonaparte et al., 1990;Coria et al., 2002;Méndez, 2014), Monolophosaurus Zhao et al., 2010), Piatnitzkysaurus (Bonaparte, 1986), Baryonyx (Charig and Milner, 1997), Sinraptor , carcharodontosaurids (Canale et al., 2015), Neovenator (Brusatte et al., 2008), Tyrannosaurus (Brochu, 2003), Bagaraatan (Osmólska, 1996) and Fukuivenator (Azuma et al., 2016), the fact that the phylogenetic relevance of this feature was not assessed is perhaps unsurprising. However, Makovicky (1995) explicitly stated that ornithomimosaurs lack hyposphene-hypantrum articulations in their caudal vertebrae, and a survey of the literature relevant to ornithomimosaurs failed to reveal any exceptions to this rule (although hyposphene-hypantrum articulations are present in the dorsal vertebrae of some taxa, like Garudimimus (Kobayashi and Barsbold, 2005), Deinocheirus (Lee et al., 2014) and Struthiomimus (Stefanic and Nesbitt, 2019)). Thus, the referral of NMV P186168 to Ornithomimosauria is untenable, in agreement with Novas et al. (2013). ...