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A Survey of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of Slaughtered Sheep and Goats in Ganderbal, Kashmir

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Bashir Ahmad Lone at University of Kashmir
Bashir Ahmad Lone
M Zahoor Chishti at University of Kashmir
M Zahoor Chishti
Fayaz Ahmad Bhat at University of Kashmir
Fayaz Ahmad Bhat
Hidayatullah Tak at University of Kashmir
Hidayatullah Tak
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The aim of the study was to compare prevalence of infections with flukes, tape worms and nematodes parasitizing gastrointestinal tract in small ruminants from various regions of District Ganderbal Kashmir. Visceral examinations of 284 sheep and 318 goats indicated a marked variation in the level of parasitism in animals raised in different geographic areas. It was found that the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthic infections was higher in goats than in sheep. The most common prevalent nematodes were Haemonchus (82%), Trichuris (74%), Nematodirus (60%), Trichostrongylus (58%), Chabertia (52%), Strongyloides (42%) and Oesophagostomum (46%). Among cestodes, Moneizia (48%), Avitellina (42%) and Thysenezia (28%) were reported. Among trematodes, Fasciola (60%), Dicrocoelium (52%) and, Paramphistomum (46%) were most prevalent. The study indicates the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthic infections varies in different seasons and in different age groups.
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Global Veterinaria 8 (4): 338-341, 2012
ISSN 1992-6197
© IDOSI Publications, 2012
Corresponding Author: Bashir Ahmad Lone , Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir,
Srinagar, 190 006, Jammu and Kashmir.
338
A Survey of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of
Slaughtered Sheep and Goats in Ganderbal, Kashmir
Bashir Ahmad Lone, M.Z. Chishti, Fayaz Ahmad and Hidayatullah Tak
1 1 2 2
Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190 006, Jammu and Kashmir
1
Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190 006, Jammu and Kashmir
2
Abstract: The aim of the study was to compare prevalence of infections with flukes, tape worms and nematodes
parasitizing gastrointestinal tract in small ruminants from various regions of District Ganderbal Kashmir. Visceral
examinations of 284 sheep and 318 goats indicated a marked variation in the level of parasitism in animals raised
in different geographic areas. It was found that the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthic infections was
higher in goats than in sheep. The most common prevalent nematodes were Haemonchus (82%), Trichuris
(74%), Nematodirus (60%), Trichostrongylus (58%), Chabertia (52%), Strongyloides (42%) and
Oesophagostomum (46%). Among cestodes, Moneizia (48%), Avitellina (42%) and Thysenezia (28%) were
reported. Among trematodes, Fasciola (60%), Dicrocoelium (52%) and, Paramphistomum (46%) were most
prevalent. The study indicates the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthic infections varies in different
seasons and in different age groups.
Key words: Cestodes % Goats % Nematodes % Prevalence % Sheep % Trematodes
INTRODUCTION The viscera were thoroughly examined and the Trematode
The sheep plays a significant role in nationalsaline and fixed in Cornoy’s fixative then kept in 70%
economy and rural socioeconomic conditions in thealcohol. The Nematode parasites were fixed in hot 70%
country. The overall development of the rural hilly areasalcohol and preserved in 70% alcohol and glycerin.
could not be achieved by neglecting the development ofThe nematodes were then cleared in Lactophenol and
the agricultural commodities like sheep and goats.identified with reference to Soulsby [4]. Like wise
Helminths play an important role in decreasing the sheeptrematodes and cestodes were processed for permanent
and goats production in the world. Goats and sheep havemounts in DPX and identified.
numerous gastrointestinal helminth parasites, many of
which are shared by both species. Compared to sheep,Statistical Analysis: Statistical analyses was conducted
which develop a strong natural immunity around 12using the chi-square test. The data was analyzed using
months of age, goats acquire a lower level of immunity to Statistical packages SPSS software version 17. In all the
gastrointestinal parasites [1]. This can result in goatsanalyses, confidence level was held at 95% and P < 0.005
having greater populations of adult parasites with highwas set for significance.
egg output [2]. The prevalence of gastrointestinal
nematode infection is very high in Kashmir valley [3].RESULTS
The principal aim of the present study was to investigate
the prevalence and to identify species diversity ofOf the total examined 284 sheep and 318 goats
gastrointestinal helminth parasites of goats and sheep inviscera, 182 (64.08%) sheep and 266 (83.64%) goats were
District Ganderbal Kashmir. found to be positive for one or more genera of
MATERIALS AND METHODS helminth parasites encountered were summarized in
Viscera of 284 sheep and 318 goats were collectedfaecal examinations. Nematodes were found most
from different slaughter houses of District Ganderbal.prevalent in both species of small ruminants
and Cestode parasites were washed with physiological
Nematodes, Trematodes and Cestodes. The most common
table 1 and similar results were found in visceral and
Global Veterinaria, 8 (4): 338-341, 2012
339
Table 1:Prevalence of helminthic infections in sheep and goats
Parasite Location Prevalence (%) in Goats Prevalence (%) in Sheep Overall Prevalence (%)
Haemonchus Abomasum 48.45 33.55 82.00
Trichuris Large intestine 41.80 32.20 74.00
Nematodirus Small intestine 32.40 27.60 60.00
Trichostrongylus Abomasum 32.60 25.40 58.00
Chabertia Large intestine 28.00 24.00 52.00
Strongyloides Small intestine 20.45 21.55 42.00
Oesophagostomum Large intestine 26.00 20.00 46.00
Moneizia Small intestine 18.90 29.10 48.00
Avitellina Small intestine 24.25 17.75 42.00
Thysaneizia Small intestine 17.85 10.15 28.00
Fasciola Liver 30.65 29.35 60.00
Dicrocoelium Small intestine 32.00 20.00 52.00
Paramphistmomum Stomach 22.45 23.55 46.00
Table 2: Age wise distribution of GI helminth parasites in sheep and goats
Sheep P = 0.002 Goats P = 0.125
---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
Age group No. Examined Positive (%) No. Examined Positive (%)
0-1 38 36 (94.73) 45 44 (97.77)
1-2 32 29 (90.62) 42 40 (95.23)
2-3 36 31 (86.11) 37 34 (91.90)
3-4 40 28 (70.00) 38 32 (84.10)
4-5 30 18 (60.00) 40 32 (80.00)
5-6 38 21 (55.26) 39 27 (69.23)
6-7 36 12 (33.33) 38 22 (57.89)
7-8 34 10 (29.41) 39 20 (51.28)
Total 284 182 (64.08) 318 251 (78.93)
Table 3: Seasonal prevalence of helminth infection in sheep and goats
Sheep P = 0.008 Goats P = 0.12
-------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
Seasons No. Examined Positive (%) No. Examined Positive (%)
Spring 66 40(60.60) 74 65(87.83)
Summer 82 74(90.24) 84 80(95.23)
Autumn 78 51(65.38) 88 80(90.90)
Winter 58 18(31.03) 72 38(52.77)
where the prevalences were; Haemonchus (82%),group (29.41% and 51.28% in sheep and goats
Trichuris (74%), Nematodirus (60%), Trichostrongylusrespectively) however, the sheep observations are
(58%), Chabertia (52%), Strongyloides (42%),significant (P = 0.008) but goat observations are not
Oesophagostomum (46%). Among cestodes, Moneiziasignificant (P = 0.12). The intensity of helminthic infection
(48%), Avitellina (42%) and Thyseneizia (28%) werewas greater in older age groups as revealed by high worm
reported. Among the trematodes, Fasciola (60%),load in adults.
Dicrocoelium (52%) and Paramphistomum (46%) wereThe seasonal prevalence of helminthic infection
found most prevalent. in sheep and goats is depicted in Table 3.
The age wise prevalence of helminthic parasites isThere was a gradual increase in the prevalence rate
presented in Table 2. The most infected age group was 0-1 from spring to summer with a maximum infection during
years in both sheep and goats in which percentage ofsummer and the lowest prevalence in winter. There was a
infection was 94.73% and 97.77% respectively. The leastsignificant effect of seasons on prevalence of helminthic
percentage of helminthic infection was found in older age infections.
Global Veterinaria, 8 (4): 338-341, 2012
340
DISCUSSION REFERANCES
It is well understood that epidemiology forms the
foundation on which the edifice of control of
parasitic diseases can be constructed. The present
study indicates that the infection with gastrointestinal
helminthes is a frequent phenomenon among the
small ruminants of Kashmir Valley as previously
documented [3, 5-7]. The high prevalence of
helminthic infections observed in present study
was previously reported [8-11]. In the present
study nematode infections were high prevalent
followed by trematodes and cestodes. Similar type of
results has been indicated by the works conducted by
Vlasoff [1].
The high level of infection recorded from April
onwards is due to favorable conditions for the
development of larvae in the host and environment
also the availability of intermediate host [12, 13].
High rain fall in spring also helps in providing
suitable molarity of salt present in soil, which is an
important factor for ecdysis [4]. The low level of helminth
infection reported in adult sheep is attributed to
development of the significant immune capability.
Following the elimination of the major part of their
worm burden when they are 11-12 months of age,
sheep tend to remain relatively resistant to serious
reinfection, however, they require constant exposure
to some level of infections to maintain their
resistant status [11, 14]. The present observations ay
initially be of great help to understand the
epidemiology of the GI nematodes in sheep of
Kashmir Valley and will certainly be of potential
significance planning Pasture and grazing management
and other prophylactic strategies for sheep and goats in
the study area. In conclusion, various gastrointestinal
parasites have been found in goats. Regular control
measures should be practiced to reduce the parasitic
burdens in the affected areas.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thankfully acknowledge the financial
assistance of the Department of Science and Technology,
Govt. of India, New Delhi in conducting this study under
the research project. Authors are thankful to Prof. Azra N.
Kamili, Centre of Research for Development, University of
Kashmir, Srinagar for providing technical support during
present work.
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Full-text available
  • Jan 2011
The prevalence and intensity of oocysts of coccidia, particularly Eimeria species and eggs of gastrointestinal nematodes in kids (2-4 months), young goats (5-12 months) and adult goats (>1 year) were determined in five large herds managed extensively in five villages of District Baramulla Kasmir valley. Of the representative examined samples, oocysts were found in 68% of kids, 61% of young and 53% of adult goats. Gastrointestinal nematode eggs were found in 49% of the kids, 58% of the young and 34% of the adult goats. Identification of gastrointestinal nematodes revealed Haemonchus contortus (60%) followed by Trichuris ovis (51%), Oesophogostomum spp. (45%) and Chibertia spp. (1%) in all three examined age categories. Both Eimeria and gastrointestinal nematodes were found in 27% of the kids, 38% of young and 21% of adult goats. The mean oocyst counts per gram of faeces in kids, young goats and adult goats were 9728, 1946 and 2667, respectively. The oocyst counts were not different significantly between age groups (P>0.05). The mean egg counts per gram of faeces in kids, young goats and adult goats were 1217, 1641 and 1092, respectively. The egg counts in kids were significantly lower than that in young goats (P<0.05). The intensity of Eimeria and gastrointestinal nematode infections between herds were significantly different. There was a significant seasonal variation in prevalence and intensity of coccidia and nematode infections but insignificant variation was observed among male and female goats.
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The epidemiology of nematode infecions of sheep
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2002
Nematode parasites have been a major factor limiting sheep production in New Zealand for more than 100 years. Twenty-nine species of nematodes were unintentionally introduced with sheep into New Zealand, but it is principally species of Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus and Cooperia that are associated with production losses and clinical disease. The seasonal dynamics of nematode infection are the consequence of complex inter-relationships between the sheep, their husbandry and the prevailing climate. The patterns of pasture contamination by nematode eggs and then larvae and the subsequent levels of infection in ewes and lambs are broadly similar throughout New Zealand. Numbers of infective larvae on pasture build up over summer to a peak in autumn/early winter with, in some years, a spring peak derived from the parturient rise in faecal nematode egg counts (FEC), expressed in eggs per gram of faeces (epg), in lactating ewes. The immune capability of lambs is initially low but increases with the magnitude and duration of exposure to infection. Once significant immunity has developed (usually by 10-12 months of age), sheep are capable of markedly restricting parasite infection, except during times of disease, malnutrition or stress. For the effective control of nematode parasites, farmers have come to rely almost exclusively on broad-spectrum anthelmintics. However, issues relating to resistance, residues and eco-toxicity increasingly threaten the sustainability of chemotherapy. In order to maintain present levels of parasite control and productivity in the long term, farmers need to integrate management practices aimed at minimising animal exposure to parasites with reduced reliance on anthelmintics.
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Some epidemiological aspects of fascioliasis among Cattle of Ladakh
Article
  • Jan 2011
A total of 208 cattle were randomly selected among slaughter houses, household and livestock farms to determine the prevalence of fascioliasis. Epidemiological studies on fascioliasis of cattle were undertaken in such localities under different climatic conditions existing in Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir State. Infection rate was 51.42%, 27.69% and 21.91% in slaughtered, livestock farm and household cattle, respectively. Significant variations were observed in the prevalence with respect to various host factors and the climate of the study area. Overall, the highest seasonal prevalence (45.19%) in all types of cattle was recorded during wet season while as only (24.40%) was recorded during the dry season. It was noticed that a higher infection rate was recorded in young cattle ages (0- 2 years) (40.02%) than in adult ones (28.04%) (3- 8 years). Moreover, the prevalence of infection in females was more (38.07%) than males (29.09%). It was also observed that the infection rate was high in comparatively low land areas (37.14%) as compared to high altitudes (30.09%). This study will provide necessary information regarding fascioliasis in cattle of Ladakh for their effective control and hence for a better production which will be beneficial resource to poor people where live stock rearing is one of the important sources of livelihood.
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Inhibited development of trichostrongylids of sheep in Northern Nigeria
Article
  • Feb 1979
  • RES VET SCI
Worm counts from Yankassa ewes, lambs and tracer lambs grazing unimproved pasture at Zaria were obtained each month during the rainy season of 1976. In June and July up to 14 per cent of the Haemonchus contortus populations consisted of early fourth stage larvae (L4). In August this increased to more than 55 per cent and in October to more than 95 per cent. From June to August most of the abundant late L4 contained rodlike crystals. More than 95 per cent of the Haemonchus contortus populations of two lambs killed two weeks after infection with infective larvae, cultured for seven days at 25 degrees to 30 degrees C in the dark, were early L4. Inhibited 3rd stage Trichostrongylus spp did not exceed 26 per cent of the worm populations.
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Gastro-intestinal nematodes in sheep in Kashmir
Article
  • Dec 1982
  • VET PARASITOL
Examination at necropsy of the abomasum and intestinal tract of 62 sheep (including both sexes) of Karnah breed, aged one to two years over a period of one year was conducted at Handwara, situated in the north-west of Kashmir Valley. The following species of nematodes were found: Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Chabertia ovina, Nematodirus spathiger, Skrjabinema ovis and Trichuris ovis. Infections with Trichostrongylus axei and T. colubriformis were, respectively, 57.7 and 40.2% of the total of all nematodes recovered. Faecal examination of adult sheep of Karnah breed, aged two to four years, comprising mostly pregnant and lactating ewes, showed a rise in strongyle egg counts during the months of March and April, coinciding with the lambing season in the area. The lambs showed a rise in faecal strongyle egg output from May onwards. The counts reached their peak during the month of September. It is presumed that pastures contaminated by pregnant and lactating ewes during the spring season were responsible for the acquisition of heavy nematode infections by lambs in the area.
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Examination of gastrointestinal helminth in livestock grazing in grassland of Bangladesh
Article
  • Oct 2000
To determine association of grassland with parasitic diseases of livestock in Bangladesh, the 'Tracer' animals (two cow calves and two goats) were released for a month in a grassland used for communal grazing of livestock near school premise in Kanthal, Trishal, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. After slaughtering of the tracer animals, their gastrointestinal tract examination revealed six species of nematode and one cestode. The nematode species were Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Mecistocirrus digitatus, Oesophagostomum spp., Trichuris spp. and Bunostomum sp. The cestode was one of the genus Moniezia. With this preliminary study, grasslands are thought to be one of the main sources of gastrointestinal parasitic diseases of livestock in Bangladesh.
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A comparison of larval development and mucosal mast cell responses in worm-nave goat yearlings, kids and lambs undergoing primary and secondary challenge with Teladorsagia circumcincta
Article
  • Jun 2003
  • VET PARASITOL
Larval development, mucosal mast cell (MMC) and eosinophil responses in worm-nai;ve lambs, yearling goats and goat kids were compared using two different experimental challenge regimes involving oral administration of infective Teladorsagia circumcincta L(3). Experimental challenge regimes enabled primary and secondary immune responses in the two species to be compared. Goats carried higher worm burdens than lambs and there were significant differences in the stages of development attained by the larval challenge that established in the two species. Possible physiological reasons for these differences are discussed. There were also differences in the establishment and development of larvae in individual yearlings which may indicate the development of a weak age-related immune response. Quantitative analysis of MMC and globule leukocyte (GL) recruitment and functional activity in the form of mast cell-specific proteinase (MCP) production demonstrated differences between the species with goat tissues containing significantly higher numbers of GL and lower concentrations of MCP than the lambs. Quantitative analysis of blood and tissue eosinophil responses failed to demonstrate any significant differences in either species under the two challenge regimes.
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Epidemiology and seasonal dynamics of gastrointestinal nematode infections of sheep in a semi-arid region of Eastern Ethiopia
Article
  • Feb 2007
  • VET PARASITOL
A study on the epidemiology and seasonal dynamics of gastrointestinal nematode infections of sheep was carried out in a semi-arid region of eastern Ethiopia for 2.5 years (May 2003 to September 2005). The experimental flock comprised a total of 60 Black Head Ogaden sheep, consisting of four equal groups of young male and female and old male and female sheep. These grazed on communal pastures together with a larger university flock, as well as with animals owned by neighbouring small-holder farmers. A new experimental flock was established each year of the study. Parasitological data (EPG, faecal culture L3, PCV and FAMACHA estimates) and animal performance (weight change) were recorded each month on all experimental animals. In addition, four tracer lambs were assigned each month to the flock to determine the seasonal patterns of infective larvae acquired from pasture. Results showed distinct seasonal patterns associated with the bi-modal annual rainfall. High levels of infection occurred during the short and long rain seasons with peaks occurring in May and September of each year. Haemonchus contortus was the most prevalent parasite, followed by Trichostrongylus spp., with a number of other nematode species being occasionally recorded. H. contortus showed and increased propensity to undergo arrested development during the dry seasons. Correlations between EPG and PCV, EPG and FAMACHA eye scores, and PCV and FAMACHA eye scores were all highly significant (P<0.001). However, there was no significant association between the EPG and LW of the study animals during each study year. This information will provide a basis for developing epidemiologically based control strategies for gastrointestinal nematode parasites that are appropriate for flocks owned by small-holder farmers of semi-arid areas of eastern Ethiopia.
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Incidence of different ovine gastrointestinal parasites in Kashmir
  • Jan 1995
  • 898-900
  • P M Makhdoomi
  • S D Nasreen
  • S Banday
  • B A Moulvi
Makhdoomi, P.M., S.D. Nasreen, S. Banday and B.A. Moulvi, 1995. Incidence of different ovine gastrointestinal parasites in Kashmir. Indian Veterinary J., 72: 898-900.