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Effect of Solanum torvum on blood pressure and metabolic alterations in fructose hypertensive rats
Abstract
Solanum torvum (Solanaceae) is a plant used in Cameroon ethnomedicine for the treatment of hypertension.
The present study was aimed to determine the effect of ethanolic extract of Solanum torvum (100 and 300 mg/kg; p.o. for 6 weeks) on systolic blood pressure (SBP), vascular reactivity, serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin and uric acid in fructose-induced hypertension.
The effect of ethanolic extract of Solanum torvum (100 and 300 mg/kg; p.o. for 6 weeks) on fructose (10%) induced rise in blood pressure was tested by invasive and non-invasive measurements and the biochemical parameters were studied by using standard kits.
Ethanolic extract of Solanum torvum reduced systolic blood pressure, vascular reactivity changes to catecholamines and reversed the metabolic alterations induced by fructose. The cumulative concentration response curve (CCRC) of Angiotensin II (Ang II) using isolated strip of ascending colon was shifted towards right in rats treated with ethanolic extract of Solanum torvum.
In conclusion, ethanolic extract of Solanum torvum could prevent the development of high blood pressure induced by a diet rich in fructose probably by reversing the metabolic alterations induced by fructose.
... Solanum torvum Sw. with its local Malay name of "Terung pipit" has been specifically mentioned for the use in treating hypertension. Solanum torvum belongs to Solanaceae family and is commonly known also as Turkey berry [7]; "sundaikai" or "kodusone" in India; "Ma khaeong" in Thailand [8]; and "Bang Guo' in China [9]. The plant has an erect shrub of about 4 meters in height, with wide branches, white flowers, and yellow stamens [7,10]. ...
... Solanum torvum belongs to Solanaceae family and is commonly known also as Turkey berry [7]; "sundaikai" or "kodusone" in India; "Ma khaeong" in Thailand [8]; and "Bang Guo' in China [9]. The plant has an erect shrub of about 4 meters in height, with wide branches, white flowers, and yellow stamens [7,10]. It is native and cultivated in Asia, West Indies, Africa, and South America [7,11]. ...
... The plant has an erect shrub of about 4 meters in height, with wide branches, white flowers, and yellow stamens [7,10]. It is native and cultivated in Asia, West Indies, Africa, and South America [7,11]. The fruits are edible and are consumed for medicinal purposes in Malaysia, India, Cameroon, China, Thailand, and Jamaica [7,9,[12][13][14][15]. ...
Solanum torvum is one of the plants mentioned in "Kitab Al-Tibb Pontianak", a historical medical manuscript which encompasses many traditional healings of Malay people for various ailments including of hypertension. This systematic review involves searching within Science Direct, SCOPUS, and PUBMED databases with the aim to find scientific evidences purporting this traditional claim. The keywords such as anti-hypertensive, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, blood pressure, diuretic, vasodilation, Solanum torvum, and S. torvum were used with suitable Boolean operators. Sixteen research articles were finally included in this systematic review after considering some inclusions and exclusions criteria. The evidence that supported S. torvum use for hypertension included its capability in reducing blood pressure in normal and high fructose-induced hypertensive rats, and also its diuretic effect by increasing sodium excretion and total urinary output in normal and in nitric-oxide deprived rats, as well as the ability to inhibit ACE, the key enzyme that mediates consequential increment of blood pressure. On contrary, S. torvum also induced partial vasoconstriction and amplified the hypertensive effect in the nitric-oxide-deprived hypertensive rats. In conclusion, this review found scientific evidence asserting the traditional use of S. torvum for hypertension with some conflicting findings in some study models. Therefore, this ethnomedicinal claim warrants more scientific verification, especially on its effect on the essential hypertension model which is very common in humans but has not yet been explored.
... Hypertension was induced in rats (140 ± 10 g) by adding 10% fructose (w/v) in the drinking water for 6 weeks. Fructose solution was prepared every day and given to the rats throughout the whole experimental period (Dimo et al., 2002 andMohan et al., 2009). The drinking water with fructose for one week or longer is appropriate to induce hypertension in rats. ...
... Group two was kept as a positive control which received 10% fructose in drinking the water and fed on basal diet. Groups from three to six received 10% fructose in drinking the water ) Mohan et al., 2009)and fed on a basal diet containing 15% RBE peel, RBE pulp, LWE peel and LWE pulp respectively. ...
... increase levels of fasting serum glucose and insulin being 158 9.17 mg/dl and 16.7 1.55 µU/ml, respectively as compared to the levels of normal control group which were 114.7 9.27 mg/dl and 13.4 0.75 µU/ml, respectively. Similar results were obtained by Mohan et al., (2009). Also, the researches that used a high fructose diet (as approximately 60%) for various duration showed a number of adverse metabolic effects such as hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired insulin sensitivity and oxidative stress. ...
The aim of the present study was to evaluate some potential therapeutic effects of peel and pulp of two eggplant varieties (round black and long white) which are widely consumed among Egyptian people using experimental rats. Peel and pulp samples were analyzed to determine the chemical composition and some minerals (Na, K and Fe). Total phenols content also were determined in addition to the identification of phenolic compounds by HPLC. The dried peel and pulp of two eggplant varieties were supplemented as 15% to the diet and used for treating diabetic, hypertensive, and hyperlipidemic rat. Thirty male albino rats weighing 140±10 g were divided to 6 groups (5 rats in each group). Five groups were given 10% fructose in the drinking water for 6 weeks to induce hypertension, hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia. At the end of the experiment, Serum glucose, insulin,
total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein fractions, blood pressure, serum Na, K, and MDA levels were determined in rats serum. In addition the kidney and liver of rats were removed after ether anaesthetesia and making histopathological examination. Briefly, different tested eggplant types can be considered as a good healthy food which can prevent and improve the status of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Peel of round black eggplant was more effective for lowering hyperlipidemia and hypertension and improved lipid profile, while the long white type was more effective for lowering hyperglycemia. These healthy effects of eggplant can be attributed to its good content of fibers, phenolic compounds, and potassium. Furthermore, the eggplant has the ability to bind with bile acids and inhibiting the activity of some enzymes as α-glucosidase and angiotensin converting the enzyme which increases hypertension.
Key words: Eggplant (peel and pulp), Phenolic compounds, Diabetes, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia,.
... Basal MAP was measured invasively at the end of 6 weeks to ensure the induction of hypertension in fructose fed rats. Graded doses (0.01-100 mg/kg) of active fraction (Ih.bn) was administered with 10-15 min intervals (minimum n = 5) to evaluate the dose response relationship as previously followed by Mohan et al. (2009). ...
... Fluid and food intake were observed daily, while the change in body weight was observed once in a week for 6 weeks (Mohan et al., 2009). Effects of treatment were evaluated by observing the results of following parameters. ...
... After completion of the treatment scheduled of 6 weeks, rats in all 6 groups were anesthetized with thiopental sodium (80-100 mg/kg; i.p) and invasive blood pressure measuring technique described earlier (in 2.4.1) was used to measure the basal MAP and vascular integrity of rats in each group. Response of animal to various drugs with known effects like phenylephrine (PE; 10 μg/kg), acetylcholine (Ach; 1 μg/kg), epinephrine (Epi; 10 μg/kg) and angiotensin-II (Ang-I1; μg/kg) was observed (Mohan et al., 2009;Tran et al., 2009). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Seeds of Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. (family: Convolvulaceae) are traditionally used to treat high blood pressure and cardiac diseases.
Aim of the study: Present study was conducted to validate the traditional claim and explore the possible mechanism(s) of antihypertensive effects of I. hederacea.
Materials and methods
Aqueous-ethanolic extract and activity based fractions of I. hederacea were evaluated using invasive blood pressure measuring technique, isolated tissue experiments, fructose induced hypertension/metabolic syndrome and biochemical analysis.Phytochemical analysis of active fraction was performed with aim to identify chemical composition of I. hederacea seeds. LC-MS analysis was also performed to identify the compounds proposed to be present in active fraction of I. hederacea seeds.
Results
Crude extract/fractions of I. hederacea showed dose (0.01–100 mg/kg) dependent significant hypotensive effect in normotensive anesthetized rats, similar to verapamil (0.01–30 mg/kg). Pretreatment with hexamethonium and atropine mediated no significant changes in hypotensive effect of butanol fraction of I. hederacea (Ih.Bn) at 3 mg/kg dose. However, a significant decrease in the hypotensive effect of Ih.Bn 3 mg/kg (−34.82 ± 3.36%; p < 0.05) was observed in the presence of L-NAME (20 mg/kg). Similarly, Ih.Bn (3 mg/kg) showed no significant effect on angiotensin-II response. However, response of phenylephrine (45.60 ± 9.63%; p < 0.05) and dobutamine (18.25 ± 2.10%; p < 0.01) was significantly decreased in the presence of Ih.Bn 3 mg/kg. Ih.Bn also exhibited dose dependent (0.01–100 mg/kg) antihypertensive effect in fructose induced hypertensive rats, similar to verapamil (0.01–30 mg/kg). Concomitant treatment with Ih.Bn (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg) for six weeks showed a dose dependent profound protection with significant (p < 0.01) effect at 30 mg/kg against fructose induced basal mean arterial pressure (142.2 ± 4.62 mmHg). Ih.Bn did not significantly change response of PE, Ang-II and Epi was observed in invasive and ex vivo techniques. However, Ih.Bn significantly (p < 0.01; p < 0.001) prevented against decrease in vascular response of acetylcholine in anesthetized rats and in isolated aorta of rat. A significant dose dependent decrease in triglyceride and glucose level (p < 0.001), and increase in HDL level (p < 0.05) was observed in Ih.Bn treated groups. Results of LC-MS analysis of Ih.Bn showed the presence of 24 compounds that belong to different chemical classes, including carboxylic acid, flavonoids, oligopeptides and tripeptide that are known to have antihypertensive and vasorelaxant properties.
Conclusions
Results of present study indicate the presence of hypotensive/antihypertensive effect in crude extract/fractions of I. hederacea with most potent effect shown by butanol fraction (Ih.Bn), possibly mediated through α1 blocking, β blocking and iNOS/cGMP stimulating activity.
... Serum insulin level rose after oral administration of the extracts in normoglycemic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Insulin secretion from isolated islets of Langerhans from normal and diabetic rats was augmented after incubation with the extracts [20,21]. ...
... Extracts of leaves and stems of Petiveria alleaceae showed over 60% reduction in blood glucose concentration one hour after oral administration in male Balb/c mice which had been fasted for 48 hours [21,31,32]. ...
... Swerchirin (1,8-dihydroxy-3,5dimethoxyxanthone), a xanthone from the hexane fraction of S. chirayita, produced hypoglycemic activity in fasted, fed, glucose-loaded and tolbutamide-pretreated rats [21]. Centipiperalone induced hypoglycemia in normal rats, elevation of plasma immunoreactive insulin level and B-cell degranulation. ...
This paper aims to review some medicinal plants and compounds of botanical origin which are capable to lower plasma glucose levels and blood pressure. Hypoglycemic natural products comprise flavonoids, xanthones, triterpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, alkyldisulfides. aminobutyric acid derivatives, guanidine, polysaccharides and peptides. Hypotensive compounds include flavonoids, diterpenes, alka- loids, glycosides, polysaccharides and proteins.
... Metabolic Syndrome (MS), one of the most common dietetic disorders in modern society, is a collection of risk factors for cancer, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke (Auberval et al., 2016). It is characterized by clinical and biochemical features that comprises abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and high blood pressure (Mohan et al., 2009). Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease and a major public health problem worldwide, furthermore, it is also considered as one of the leading component of metabolic syndrome in about 30-40% of the hypertensive patients (Abdilla et al., 2007). ...
... The effects of the AMEAT in glucose-induced metabolic syndrome rats were evaluated according to methods previously described by Mohan et al. (2009). For this, male rats weighing (220-250 g) were randomly divided into four groups (n=5). ...
... Metabolic Syndrome (MS), one of the most common dietetic disorders in modern society, is a collection of risk factors for cancer, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke (Auberval et al., 2016). It is characterized by clinical and biochemical features that comprises abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and high blood pressure (Mohan et al., 2009). Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease and a major public health problem worldwide, furthermore, it is also considered as one of the leading component of metabolic syndrome in about 30-40% of the hypertensive patients (Abdilla et al., 2007). ...
... The effects of the AMEAT in glucose-induced metabolic syndrome rats were evaluated according to methods previously described by Mohan et al. (2009). For this, male rats weighing (220-250 g) were randomly divided into four groups (n=5). ...
... There is evidence that consumption of fruits and vegetables effective to prevent negative effect of oxidative stress because they have phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid compound which have the antioxidant capacity [2]. Black nightshade (Solanum americanum Miller), turkey berry (Solanum torvum Swartz), and round green eggplant (Solanum coagulans Forsskal) are three local fruits from West Java that often used as traditional medicine and potentially have the antioxidant capacity [3][4][5][6]. ...
... Black nightshade (SA Miller), turkey berry (ST Swartz), and round green eggplant (SC Forsskal) are three local fruits from West Java, Indonesia that often used as traditional medicine [3][4][5][6]. Several studies revealed that fruit of black nightshade, turkey berry, and round green eggplant had antioxidant capacity. ...
Objectives: The aims of this research were to determine antioxidant capacity of various extracts from black nightshade, turkey berry, and round green eggplant using five antioxidant assays which were ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), H2O2 scavenging, phosphomolybdenum assay, and beta-carotene bleaching (BCB), correlation of total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid content with their inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) and exhibitory concentration 50% (EC50) of five antioxidant assay and correlation between five antioxidant assays.
Methods: Extraction was conducted by reflux using gradient polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator. The antioxidant
capacity study, determination of phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid content were performed by ultraviolet-visible spectophotometry, while its correlation with IC50 and EC50 of five methods were analyzed by Pearson’s method.
Results: Ethanolic and ethyl acetate fruit extracts of turkey berry denoted the highest antioxidant capacity using FRAP (EC50 41.32 µg/ml), H2O2 scavenging assay (IC50: 1.01 µg/ml), and CUPRAC (EC50 117.56 µg/ml). While ethyl acetate fruit extract of round green eggplant gave the highest phosphomolybdenum capacity (EC50: 375.47 µg/ml), and ethyl acetate fruit extract of black nightshade showed the highest BCB capacity (EC50: 158.66 µg/ml). Phenolic content of all fruit extracts had a tendency to correlate with FRAP and H2O2 scavenging antioxidant capacity, meanwhile flavonoid and carotenoid content had a tendency to correlate with CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum, and BCB antioxidant capacity.
Conclusions: Phenolic compounds were a major contributor in antioxidant capacity of black nightshade, turkey berry, and round green eggplant extracts using FRAP and H2O2 scavenging, meanwhile flavonoid and carotenoid compounds were a major contributor in antioxidant capacity using CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum and BCB assays. FRAP assay had linear correlation with H2O2 scavenging, meanwhile CUPRAC had linear correlation with phosphomolybdenum and BCB
... Red cotton tree, Kapok tree, Cotton tree, Silk cotton tree Root Improvement of sexual function (Bhargava et al., 2012) C. hystrix Leech lime, Mauritus papeda Peel Cardioprotective effect induced by doxorubicin (Putri et al., 2013) P. odoratum Vietnamese coriander Leaves whole Antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial (Nanasombat and Teckchuen, 2009); Antityrosinase and antioxidant (Saeio et al., 2011) S. torvum Plate brush egg plant -Treatment of malaria (Asase et al., 2010); Decreased blood pressure (Mohan et al., 2009) several pharmacological agents have been used for lipid-lowering management including HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), cholesterol absorption inhibitor (ezetimibe), fibric acid derivatives, bile acid sequestrants, and nicotinic acid. These drugs have different mechanisms of action of lipid lowering. ...
... B. ceiba, S. torvum, A. indica var. siamensis, C. hystrix, and P. odoratum revealed the biological activity and medicinal values (Anyaehie., 2009;Asase et al., 2010;Bhargavax et al., 2012;Kusamran et al., 1998;Mohan et al., 2009;Nanasombat and Teckchuen 2009;Putri et al., 2013;Saeio et al., 2011;Sithisarn et al., 2005;Subapriya and Nagini 2005). However, there is little evidence to support lipid lowering of these plants. ...
... High blood pressure is generally considered to be induced by a diet rich in fructose. Ethanolic extracts of S. torvum act by preventing and reversing the development of hyperinsulinemia to control the rise in systolic blood pressure (Mohan et al., 2009).The Mohan group investigated the effect of S. torvum on blood pressure and metabolic alterations in the fructose hypertension condition generated in rats. The hypertensive conditions were induced in male Wistar rats (150-200 g) by a high-fructose diet (fructose 10%, w/v) ad libitumfor six weeks. ...
... Fig. 3: Effect of Solanum torvum (100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, p.o., for 6 weeks) on mean arterial blood pressure and change in body weight in fructose (10%) induced hypertensive rats. Nguelefack, et al., (2008Nguelefack, et al., ( & 2009) also supported the findings of Mohan et al., (2009). They orally administered aqueous extracts of S. torvum fruit (AEST) to investigate effectively of AEST in hypertensive conditions. ...
The botany, traditional medicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of S. torvum Sw. belonging to family Solanaceae have been reviewed by evaluating information on the Internet (using Google Scholar, CABAbstracts, Blackwell synergy, Elsevier, Cambridge University Press, JSTOR, Nature Publishing and Science online) and in libraries. Traditional medicinal uses of S. torvum were recorded in the Ayurveda and Chinese pharmacopeia. The present review study covered chemical constituents and pharmacological properties of S. torvum as well as its morphology. This has included therapeutic effects of the whole plant and its extracts, fractions and isolated compounds. Antimicrobial, anti-ulcerogenic, antiviral, anti-platelet aggregation, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, systolic blood-pressure modification, and cytotoxic activities have all been described. Previous research studies carried out using different in-vitro and in-vivo bioassay techniques supported the claims of the therapeutic utility of the species.
... Its edible fruits, commonly available in the markets, are utilized as vegetable and are regarded as essential ingredients in the South Indian population's diet. Pharmacological studies on this fruit demonstrated antidiabetic (Gandhi et al., 2011), antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, immuno-secretory, analgesic, antiinflammatory, cardiovascular and anti-platelet aggregation activities (Mohan et al., 2009). Chemical constituents reported from the S. torvum fruit include isoflavonoid sulfate, steroidal glycosides, chlorogenone, neochlorogenone, triacontane derivatives, 22-β-Ospirostanol oligoglycosides, 26-O-β-glucosidase, rutin, caffeic acid, gallic acid, catechin, pyrogallol (Kusirisin et al., 2009;Mohan et al., 2009) and methyl caffeate (Takahashi et al., 2010). ...
... Pharmacological studies on this fruit demonstrated antidiabetic (Gandhi et al., 2011), antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, immuno-secretory, analgesic, antiinflammatory, cardiovascular and anti-platelet aggregation activities (Mohan et al., 2009). Chemical constituents reported from the S. torvum fruit include isoflavonoid sulfate, steroidal glycosides, chlorogenone, neochlorogenone, triacontane derivatives, 22-β-Ospirostanol oligoglycosides, 26-O-β-glucosidase, rutin, caffeic acid, gallic acid, catechin, pyrogallol (Kusirisin et al., 2009;Mohan et al., 2009) and methyl caffeate (Takahashi et al., 2010). ...
Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternatives to treat diabetes mellitus. Solanum torvum Swartz. fruit is widely used in the traditional system of medicine to treat diabetes. In the present study methyl caffeate, isolated from S. torvum fruit, was screened for its efficacy in controlling diabetes in animal models. Antihyperglycemic effect of methyl caffeate was studied in normal glucose-fed rats. The effects of oral administration of methyl caffeate (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) for 28 days on body weight, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, hemoglobin, glycated hemoglobin, total protein, hepatic glycogen and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were investigated. Histological observations in the pancreas and GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscles were also studied. Methyl caffeate at 40 mg/kg significantly prevented the increase in blood glucose level after glucose administration at 60 min in comparison to the hyperglycemic control group. In streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, methyl caffeate produced significant reduction in blood glucose and increased body weight. The levels and/or activities of other biochemical parameters were near normal due to treatment with methyl caffeate. Methyl caffeate treated diabetic rats showed upregulation of GLUT4 and regeneration of β-cells in the pancreas. These results substantiated that methyl caffeate possessed hypoglycemic effect, and it could be developed into a potent oral antidiabetic drug.
... In India and Africa, Solanum torvum is cultivated for its edible fruit. The fruit, leaves, and roots of this plant are commonly used in traditional Cameroonian and Chinese medicine as a remedy for fever, hypertension, gastralgia, or furuncle (Mohan et al., 2009;Yuan et al., 2016). Antiviral, antioxidant, analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of extracts prepared from this plant have been demonstrated (Balachandran et al., 2015). ...
Traditionally, selected plant sources have been explored for medicines to treat convulsions. This continues today, especially in countries with low-income rates and poor medical systems. However, in the low-income countries, plant extracts and isolated drugs are in high demand due to their good safety profiles. Preclinical studies on animal models of seizures/epilepsy have revealed the anticonvulsant and/or antiepileptogenic properties of, at least some, herb preparations or plant metabolites. Still, there is a significant number of plants known in traditional medicine that exert anticonvulsant activity but have not been evaluated on animal models. Zebrafish is recognized as a suitable in vivo model of epilepsy research and is increasingly used as a screening platform. In this review, the results of selected preclinical studies are summarized to provide credible information for the future development of effective screening methods for plant-derived antiseizure/ antiepileptic therapeutics using zebrafish models. We compared zebrafish vs. rodent data to show the translational value of the former in epilepsy research. We also surveyed caveats in methodology. Finally, we proposed a pipeline for screening new anticonvulsant plant-derived drugs in zebrafish ("from tank to bedside and back again").
... High blood pressure is generally considered to be induced by a diet rich in fructose. Ethanolic extracts of S. torvum act by preventing and reversing the development of hyperinsulinemia to control the rise in systolic blood pressure [35] . The Mohan group investigated the effect of S. torvum on blood pressure and metabolic alterations in the fructose hypertension condition generated in rats. ...
... S. torvum is also reported to have antimicrobial (Ajaiyeoba, 1999;Chah, 2000), antiviral (Arthan, 2002), immuno-secretory (Israf, 2004), antioxidant (Sivapriya and Srinivas, 2007), analgesic and antiinflammatory (Ndebia et al., 2007) and antiulcerogenic properties (Nguelefack et al., 2008). The plant also possesses cardiovascular (Mohan et al., 2009), nephroprotective (Mohon et al., 2010, antidiabetic (Gandhi et al., 2011), angiotensin, and Serotonin receptor blocking activities (Jaiswal and Mohan, 2012). Rahuman et al. (2008) studied the larvicidal activity of the leaf of S. torvum against the early fourth-instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus. ...
As a vector, mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting deadly diseases such as Chikungunya fever, filariasis, encephalitis, West Nile Virus infection, malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, etc. To combat this problem, various techniques and strategies had been adopted to control the mosquito population. An alternative mosquito control strategy was available from ancient times that is the application of active toxic agents from plant extracts. This preference has several advantages over the consistent application of synthetic insecticides which cause resistance in vector species, harmful effects on environment and non-target organisms, including human health. From ancient times, plants have been used to control the vector mosquitoes, and still now, in many parts of the world, many researchers are looking for plant substances to kill the mosquitoes or cause repellency in mosquitoes. The phytochemicals that originate from the plant showed various activities such as larval mortality, disrupt insect growth, and act as a repellent and also effect as an ovipositional attractant/deterrent. Several plant species have been stated so far possessing mosquitocidal activities. The present review discussed the larvicidal activities of different solvent extracts (viz. hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol) of thirteen species of Genus Solanum. Different plant parts of various species such as the leaf, berry, flower, rhizome, bulb, stem and root bark, whole plant, and essential oil demonstrated for significant larvicidal activities against different mosquito vectors viz., Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles culicifacies species A, Anopheles culicifacies species C, Culex vishnui group and Anopheles labranchiae. This review may open the opportunity for further explorations of the efficacy of larvicidal properties of another species under Genus Solanum for their natural product.
... At the end of 6 weeks, blood pressure was measured using an invasive blood pressure measuring technique. In order to evaluate the effect on sympathetic over-activity, rats from all groups were evaluated for vascular reactivity to various agents such as adrenaline (1 g/kg), phenylephrine (1 g/kg), and angiotensin II (25 ng/kg), and serotonin (1 g/kg) was also computed to scrutinize the function of the adrenergic nervous system [44][45][46]. ...
The present study was conducted with an intent to evaluate the protective effect of butanolic fraction of Delphinium brunonianum on fructose mediated metabolic abnormalities in rats. Rats in all groups except control group were fed on 10% fructose for 6 weeks; however, rats in the treated group also received butanolic fraction for the last 3 weeks, along with the fructose. Moreover, phytoconstituents present in butanolic fraction were analyzed using LC-MS. All doses of butanolic fraction profoundly reduce the fructose-induced blood pressure, sympathetic over-activity, and weight gain. Furthermore, butanolic fraction prominently reduces the glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia in fructose-fed rats. On treatment with butanolic fraction, oxidative enzymes and the functionality of the aorta was also restored. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of several active constituents including bergenin, scopolin, rutinoside, kaempferol, coumaric acid, apigenin, and gingerol. In conclusion, butanolic fraction of Delphinium brunonianum has the potential to prevent and recover the fructose-induced metabolic perturbations.
... After 30 min of equilibrium, vascular reactivity to adrenaline (Adr = 1 µg/kg) and phenylephrine (PE = 1 µg/ kg) were performed, and systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were determined. [17] Biochemical parameter measurements At the completion of treatment procedure, blood was collected by cardiac puncture using capillary fresh vials. Then, centrifugation using 4000 rpm for 10 min was performed to separate the serum. ...
Objectives
Polygnum hydropiper L (Polygonaceae) is commonly known as smart weed. This study was designed to assess the effect of aqueous methanolic extract of P. hydropiper on oxidative stress and metabolic changes in fructose-induced hypertensive rats.
Methods
Male Sprague-Dawely rats were divided into six groups of five animals each (n = 5) and designated as normotensive group with distilled water, fructose-fed group with 10% fructose, standard control group with 10% fructose plus amlodipine (10 mg/kg) and treated groups with different doses of the aqueous methanolic extract of P. hydropiper (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) plus 10% fructose daily for 6 weeks. Body weight gain was checked every week. Blood pressure parameters [systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR)] and reactivity of extract with phenylephrine and adrenaline were measured by invasive method. Metabolic changes and oxidative stress parameters were measured from blood samples. Phytochemical analysis was also performed.
Key findings
Aqueous methanolic extract of P. hydropiper at 400 mg/kg decreased the blood pressure, heart rate, body weight and produced significant effect on metabolic and oxidative stress changes as compared to fructose-fed group. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids in it.
Conclusion
The present results showed that aqueous methanolic extract of P. hydropiper possesses effect on oxidative stress and metabolic changes due to polyphenols and flavonoids.
... These analyses demonstrated that the cardio-protective activity of S. torvum fruit extract is mainly due to its potent antioxidant properties. The effects of S. torvum on blood pressure and metabolic alterations were studied in male Wistar rats Mohan et al. 2009;Mohan et al. 2010), submitted to hypertensive conditions induced by a high-fructose diet (fructose 10%, w/v) ad libitum for six weeks. Systolic blood pressure was measured with non-invasive (indirect) and invasive (direct) methods. ...
Background: Most plants have medicinal properties, which they achieve from certain secondary metabolites. Phytochemicals are compounds produced by plants. They may affect health but are not-essential nutrients as our diet does not require them to sustain life in the same way as vitamins and minerals.
Objectives: The study reports the phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Solanum torvum fruits.
Methods: A search of database sites such as PUBMED, Google Scholar, and Web of Science as well as other sources of literature available across public libraries was conducted to obtain information related to the topic.
Results: Here, we review the numerous medicinal properties of S. torvum (cardio and nephro protection, anti-hypertensive, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-microbial activities) and relate them to the underlying phytochemicals and their biological actions.
Conclusion: This exposure is expected to provide researchers with updated information on S. torvum health benefit properties and related phytochemicals, which merit future research for developing pharmacological drugs aimed at curing ailments or diseases, and for possible use in preventive medicine.
... In HF rats (10% fructose solution), an increased levels of TC and LDL-C, as well as a significant reduction of HDL-C, with an improvement of lipid profile after treatment by crocetin were noted (Xi et al., 2007), while no decrease in plasma TC was noted in hamsters (60% fructose solution) with green tea extract, and in rats (10% fructose solution) with Solanum torvum (Wu et al., 2004;Mohan et al., 2009). Our finding showed that HF-D did not change levels of TC in liver, but increase it aorta, while aqueous extract of Ga decreased TC levels in both treated groups. ...
Purpose
This study aims to examine whether Globularia alypum ( Ga ) lyophilized aqueous leaves extract treatment improves cardiometabolic syndromes such as hyperglycemia, lipid profiles and oxidative damage resulting from a high-fructose diet induced in hypertriglyceridemic rats.
Design/methodology/approach
A total of 24 male Wistar rats weighing 80 ± 5 g were first randomly divided into 2 groups. A total of 12 control rats (C) were fed a standard-diet (St-D) and 12 high fructose (HF) rats were fed a high-fructose diet (HF-D) containing St-D in which cornstarch was substituted by fructose (61.4%). After 15 weeks of feeding, body weight (BW) was about 320 ± 20 g and hypertriglyceridemia was noted in HF vs C group (2.69 ± 0.49 mmol/L) vs (1.25 ± 0.33 mmol/L). Each group of rats was then divided into two equal groups ( n = 6) and fed during four weeks either a St-D or HF-D, treated or not with 1% of Ga extract (C-Ga) and (HF-Ga). After 28 days, fasting rats were anesthetized and blood and tissues were removed to measure biochemical parameters.
Findings
The results showed no significant differences in BW and insulinemia between all groups. Ga extract supplementation reduced glycemia (−36%), glycosylated hemoglobin (−37%), Homeostasis Model of Assessment-Insulin Resistance index (−34%) and triacylglycerol’s contents in plasma (−33%), very low density lipoproteins–low density lipoproteins (VLDL-LDL) (−48%), liver (−52%) and aorta (−39%); total cholesterol concentrations in aorta was 3.7-fold lower in HF-Ga vs HF group. Ga treatment reduced lipid peroxidation in plasma, VLDL-LDL, red blood cells (RBC), liver, muscle and kidney by improving superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in RBC and catalase (CAT) activity in kidney ( p < 0.05). Moreover, Ga ameliorates glutathione (GSH) production in RBC (+41%) and kidney tissues (+35%).
Originality/value
Ga extract ameliorated cardiometabolic syndrome by its hypotriglyceridemic effect and prevented development of insulin resistance. It reduces lipid peroxidation by enhancing non-enzymatic (GSH) and enzymatic (SOD, GPx and CAT) antioxidant defense systems in high-fructose hypertriglyceridemic rats. Therefore, supplementation of Ga leaves extract as an adjuvant could be used for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and the prevention and/or the management of cardio-metabolic adverse effects.
... Solanum torvum contains a number of potential pharmacologically active chemicals like isoflavonoid sulfate and steroidal glycosides [13], chlorogenone and neochlorogenone [14], tri-acontane derivatives [15,16], 22-beta -O-spirostanololigoglycosides [17], 26-beta-Oglucosidase [18]. S. torvum also possesses antimicrobial [19,20], antiviral [21], immuno-secretory [22], antioxidant [23], analgesic and anti-inflammatory [24], antiulcerogenic activities [25], cardiovascular [26], nephroprotective [27], antidiabetic [28], angiotensin and serotonin receptor blocking activities [29]. Many medicinal plants like Bauhinia tomentosa [30], Cucumis sativus [31], Hibicusrosasinensis [32], Lanata camera [33], have been reported to be effective in the treatment of Ulcerative colitis. ...
Objective: To elucidate the protective effect of ethanolic extract of dried seeds of Solanum torvum (S. torvum) in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in male Wistar rats. Methods: The animals were divided into various treatment groups (n=5). Rats were administered with 2ml of acetic acid (4%) via intrarectal route. Prednisolone was used as a standard drug and S. torvum was administered at a dose of 100 and 300mg/kg, p.o. Macroscopic score, colon weight to length ratio, colonic superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) levels and histopathological changes were recorded after the treatment regimen of 11 days.Results: Intrarectal instillation of acetic acid caused significant (P
... It is intensively used worldwide in the traditional medicine as poison anti-dote and for the treatment of fever, wounds, tooth decay, reproductive problems and arterial hypertension (Ajaiyeoba, 1999). S. torvum also possesses immunosecretory (Israf et al., 2000), antioxidant (Sivapriya and Sriniva, 2007), analgesic and anti-inflammatory, antiulcerogenic activities (Nguelefack et al., 2008), Cardiovascular (Mohan et al., 2009), Nephroprotective (Mohan et al., 2010), Antidiabetic (Gandhi et al., 2011), Angiotensin and Serotonin receptor blocking activities (Jaiswal and Mohan, 2012). However, more work needs to be undertaken to fully characterize these compounds, to identify the active molecules with bioactive roles. ...
... The exploitation of plants and plant derived compounds have gained much importance in medical biotechnology as it open up to endless opportunities of drug discovery due to bioavailability and biocompatibility [22]. Solanum torvum have been used for its medicinal application as it posses analgesic, anti-inflammatory, Anti-ulcerogenic [23], blood pressure regulation [24], quorum sensing inhibition and immunomodulatory effects [25]. In spite of several biological applications there are no any data or reports regarding the toxicological effects or safety analysis of the same. ...
Background
Solanum torvum root extract is used to treat Asthma, Diabetes, and hypertension by Garo tribal healers of India and Bangladesh. Root tea is used to treat cough and fever by Attapadi tribal people of Kerala, India. The in vivo toxicological effects of Solanum torvum root extract was assessed by acute and sub-acute toxicity studies according to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) guidelines and per the guidance of Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), Ministry of Environment and Forest, government of India.
Results
A single dose of Solanum torvum root extract (300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg) was administrated daily for 14 days to estimate acute toxicity whereas subjects were treated for 28 days to assess the sub-acute toxicity. General functional behaviors, Physiological, histological, biochemical and hematological parameters were observed to understand the effect of extract upon study animal. All the study subjects were alive after the study period after acute and sub-acute toxicity assay. Functional and behavioral characteristics such as body position, respiration, clonic involuntary movement, tonic involuntary movement, palpebral closure, approach response, touch response, pinna reflex and tail pinch response; palpebral closure, lacrimation, salivation, piloerection, pupillary reflex, abdominal tone, limb tone, when held in hand were also found to be normal. Histological, biochemical and hematological parameters were also normal compared that with untreated group.
Conclusions
The acute and sub-acute toxicological analysis of Solanum torvum root extracts up on Wister rats suggested that there are no any dose response relation between extract administrated and toxicity, therefore there are no toxic effect by STRE, however more enlightenment regarding toxicity due to prolonged exposure can only be understood from chronic toxicity analysis.
... Solanum torvum is a valuable source of medicinally important compounds and its edible fruits are a store house of minerals, vitamins, antioxidants and other nutrients [2]. Many pharmacological studies have demonstrated the ability of this plant to exhibit antioxidant activity, cardiovascular, immunomodulatory and nephroprotective activity supporting its traditional uses [2,3,4,5]. Solanum torvum has also been found to contain all the electrolytes that are constituents of blood plasma (including K, Ca and Mg) and therefore serves as a good source of iron for haemoglobin production [6]. ...
Aims: To identify the causal agent of anthracnose disease of Solanum torvum, determine whether the pathogen is seedborne and also to ascertain the cross infection potential of the pathogen on other Solanaceous crops of economic importance. Place and Duration of Study: Bunso, in the East Akim District of the Eastern Region of Ghana, between January and October, 2017. Methodology: The disease symptoms on matured fruits, leaves, stems and flowers of Solanum torvum were carefully observed for documentation with magnifying glasses and the naked eyes. The pathogen was isolated on PDA after incubation for five days and the identification was based on the colony, morphology and conidial characteristics with reference to laboratory manuals. The virulence of the fungal isolates from the S. torvum fruits was determined through pathogenicity tests. A seed health test was conducted in accordance with the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) to determine whether the pathogen is seedborne. Conidial suspension of Colletotrichum acutatum (1×103 per ml) was used to inoculate pepper and eggplant fruits in a cross infectivity test. Results: Colletotrichum acutatum was repeatedly isolated and identified as the causal agent of the disease on the fruits and was also seedborne. In cross infectivity studies, the pathogen produced characteristic anthracnose symptoms on both eggplant and pepper which happens to belong to the same Solanaceae family just as the turkey berry. Conclusion: The anthracnose disease of Solanum torvum at Bunso, in the Eastern Region of Ghana is caused by Colletotrichum acutatum that has the potential to cross infect other Solanaceous species. This study is the first scientific report of the occurrence of anthracnose disease of S. torvum in Ghana.
... Therefore, hyperuricemia can predict the development of obesity, hypertension, IR, and diabetes. [40] Both PGZ and cinnamon have a beneficial effect against cardiometabolic risk and oxidative stress accompanied in IR. ...
Introduction: Evidence(s) established that high fructose (HFr) diet may be responsible for the development of insulin resistance (IR). The aim is to appraise the ameliorative effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark extracts on adiposity, insulin sensitivity (IS) and cardiometabolic markers in HFr diet-induced IR. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 Wistar male albino rats (240-300 g) were divided into five groups (n = 6) and had free access to both diet and water. Groups I and II served as normal control and HFr control (HFrC), received gum acacia (2%) and fructose (60% w/v) diet. Groups III-V were orally administered pioglitazone (PGZ 50 mg/kg/b.wt), aqueous (Cinnamon bark aqueous extract [CBAE] 1 g/kg/b.wt), and ethanolic (Cinnamon bark ethanolic extract [CBEE] 1 g/kg/b.wt) extracts of cinnamon bark, respectively, from day 28 onwards till end of the study. All the groups, except normal control received HFr diet for 42 days. At the end weight gain, adiposity, adiponectin, and cardiometabolic markers (C-reactive protein and uric acid), and cardiovascular (CV) risks, IR and IS indices were evaluated. Results: HFr feeding significantly increased weight gain, adiposity and decreased adiponectin levels along with increased cardiometabolic markers as compared to normal control. HFrC significantly increased the CV and decreased IS indices as compared to normal control. PGZ, CBAE, and CBEE groups significantly reduced adiposity, and both cinnamon groups had decreased the weight gain as compared to HFrC. PGZ and CBAE significantly increased adiponectin levels, whereas cinnamon groups and PGZ had decreased cardiometabolic markers as compared to HFrC. Similarly, PGZ and cinnamon extracts had improved IS as compared to HFrC. Conclusion: The study concluded that cinnamon extracts had exhibited insulin-sensitizing effects in IR and associated metabolic risk factors by modulating adiponectin in HFr fed rats. Therefore, the study proposes to use cinnamon as a functional food supplement in the management of diabetes and obesity.
... Therefore, hyperuricemia can predict the development of obesity, hypertension, IR, and diabetes. [40] Both PGZ and cinnamon have a beneficial effect against cardiometabolic risk and oxidative stress accompanied in IR. ...
Introduction: Evidence(s) established that high fructose (HFr) diet may be responsible for the development of insulin resistance (IR). The aim is to appraise the ameliorative effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark extracts on adiposity, insulin sensitivity (IS) and cardiometabolic markers in HFr diet-induced IR. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 Wistar male albino rats (240-300 g) were divided into five groups (n = 6) and had free access to both diet and water. Groups I and II served as normal control and HFr control (HFrC), received gum acacia (2%) and fructose (60% w/v) diet. Groups III-V were orally administered pioglitazone (PGZ 50 mg/kg/b.wt), aqueous (Cinnamon bark aqueous extract [CBAE] 1 g/kg/b.wt), and ethanolic (Cinnamon bark ethanolic extract [CBEE] 1 g/kg/b.wt) extracts of cinnamon bark, respectively, from day 28 onwards till end of the study. All the groups, except normal control received HFr diet for 42 days. At the end weight gain, adiposity, adiponectin, and cardiometabolic markers (C-reactive protein and uric acid), and cardiovascular (CV) risks, IR and IS indices were evaluated. Results: HFr feeding significantly increased weight gain, adiposity and decreased adiponectin levels along with increased cardiometabolic markers as compared to normal control. HFrC significantly increased the CV and decreased IS indices as compared to normal control. PGZ, CBAE, and CBEE groups significantly reduced adiposity, and both cinnamon groups had decreased the weight gain as compared to HFrC. PGZ and CBAE significantly increased adiponectin levels, whereas cinnamon groups and PGZ had decreased cardiometabolic markers as compared to HFrC. Similarly, PGZ and cinnamon extracts had improved IS as compared to HFrC. Conclusion: The study concluded that cinnamon extracts had exhibited insulin-sensitizing effects in IR and associated metabolic risk factors by modulating adiponectin in HFr fed rats. Therefore, the study proposes to use cinnamon as a functional food supplement in the management of diabetes and obesity.
... The excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) might induce oxidative stress that can contribute to degenerative diseases [1,2]. Previous research reported that phenolic and flavonoid content could be correlated to their antioxidant activities [3][4][5][6][7]. Consumption of fruits and vegetables effective to prevent negative effect of oxidative stress because they have phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid compounds [7,8]. ...
p>ABSTRACT
Objectives: The aims of this research were to determine antioxidant activity from various organs extracts of pomelo using 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH)
and
phosphomolybdenum
assays,
total
phenolic,
flavonoid,
and
carotenoid
content,
correlation
of
total
phenolic,
flavonoid,
and
carotenoid
content
in
various
extracts
of
chayote
with their
inhibitory
concentration
50%
(IC
) of DPPH antioxidant activities and exhibitory
concentration 50% (EC
50
) of phosphomolybdenum capacity, and correlation between two antioxidant assays.
50
Methods: Extraction was carried out by reflux using various polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant
activities using DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assays, determination of total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid content were conducted by UVvisible
spectrophotometry
and its correlation
with IC
Results: The lowest IC
50
50
of DPPH and EC
50
of phosphomolybdenum was analyzed by Pearson’s method.
of DPPH scavenging activity was shown by ethyl acetate cortex extract of pomelo (0.68 µg/ml), whereas the lowest EC
of
phosphomolybdenum capacity was given by ethyl acetate leaves extract of pomelo (101.36 µg/ml). Ethyl acetate cortex extract of pomelo had the
highest total phenolic content and ethyl acetate leaves extract had the highest total flavonoid content (TFC). There was a negative and significant
correlation between TFC in cortex and peel extracts of pomelo with their IC
50
of DPPH.
Conclusions: All organs extracts of pomelo (except n-hexane peel extract) were classified as a very strong antioxidant by DPPH method. Flavonoid
compounds in cortex and peel extract of pomelo were the major contributor in antioxidant activities by DPPH method. DPPH and phosphomolybdenum
assays gave no linear results in antioxidant activities of leaves, cortex, and peel extracts of pomelo.
Keywords: Antioxidant, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Phosphomolybdenum, Pomelo, Three organs.
50</p
... 8 It is used worldwide in the traditional systems of medicine as poison anti-dote, for the treatment of fever, wounds, tooth decay, reproductive problems and arterial hypertension. 9 Biological properties of fruits include properties like Antimicrobial, [10][11][12][13] Anti-viral, 14 Immuno-secretory, 15 Anti-oxidant, 16 Analgesic and Anti-ulcerogenicactivities, 17 Cardioprotective, 18 Nephroprotective, 19 Anti-diabetic, 20 Angiotensin and Serotonin receptor blocking activities. 21 The natural antioxidant properties of the plant depend on the total phenols and flavonoids content. ...
Objective: Solanum torvum swartz, a Solanaceae family plant is used by traditional systems of medicine. The aim of this study is to determine the phytochemical content and antioxidant potential of the fruits of Solanum torvum of Malaysian origin. Method: A preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out for the analysis of important phytochemicals present in Solanum torvum Fruit. Anti-oxidant potential of S. torvum Fruit was evaluated by various scavenging models including DPPH, FRAP and HPLC method used for Identification of polyphenolic compounds. Elemental analysis and Functional group analysis were done by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) methods respectively. Results: Phytochemical screening was done for the aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of S. torvum. Quantitative assessment of total phenols and flavonoid content, DPPH and FRAP assay was done in the ethanolic extracts of S. torvum. Qualitative analysis of each extract showed the presence of reducing sugars, saponins, alkaloids, phenols and flavonoids except anthraquinones. Quantitative determination of total phenols and flavonoids in STE showed 16.4 mg GAE/g extract of S. torvum and 2.8 mg QE/g extract of S. torvum respectively. In DPPH radical scavenging assay, the IC 50 value of the extract was found to be 1.62 mg/ml and in FRAP assay, FRAP value of ethanolic fruit extract was found to be 470 mg FeSO 4 E/gr of S. torvum fruit extract. Extract analyzed by High performance liquid chromatography revealed presence of polyphenolic compounds such as gallic acid, rutin, quercetin and ascorbic acid. Elemental determination by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) showed the presence of essential elements. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) report shows the presence stretching vibrations of OH groups in phenyl, CH 2 asymmetric stretch of methyl groups, CO stretching vibrations ring of phenyls, CH bending vibration. Based on the above obtained data, it can be concluded that fruits are a rich source of antioxidants. Conclusion: S. torvum a local Malaysian medicinal plant fruit ethanolic extract possesses good amount of phenols and flavonoids responsible for the antioxidant property.
... Solanum torvum Swartz Ethanolic extract of the plant prevented the development of high blood pressure induced by a diet rich in fructose in rats (Mohan, et al, 2009). 68 ...
The Garos form the largest tribal group of people of north-central Bangladesh residing mainly in Mymensingh, Netrakona, Gazipur, Sherpur and Tangail districts. Although a number of Garos have recently adopted Christianity, they basically follow their own religion with its associated customs and rituals. The Garos also have their own traditional healers known as khamal or kamal, who serve as their primary health-care providers. In the absence of their own alphabet and because of their settlement in a number of districts, traditional medicinal uses of plants differ between the khamals, who besides arranging festivals also treat patients and are considered experts on medicinal plants. It was the objective of the present study to conduct an ethnobotanical survey of the Garos residing in Netrakona district, Bangladesh because such information is lacking for the Garo community in this district. After obtaining informed consent from the healers, a semistructured questionnaire was used to interview the various healers practicing within the community. Ethnobotanical methods like guided field walks were undertaken, where the informants showed the medicinal plants used by them from areas where they usually collected them and at the same time mentioned their names and described their uses. Plant specimens were collected and dried on the field and later brought back and identified at the Bangladesh National Herbarium. The names and uses of 74 plant species distributed into 45 families were obtained in the present survey. The Fabaceae family provided the largest number of plant species (eight), followed by the Araceae, Asteraceae, Moraceae, Solanaceae, and Verbenaceae families (three plants each). Leaves formed the major plant part used (33.6%), followed by whole plant (15.9%) and fruits (15.0%). The various ailments treated by the plants included respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal disorders, sprains and fractures, skin ailments, malaria, mental disorders, hepatic disorders, diabetes, influenza, urinary tract infections, hypertension, debility, measles, chicken pox, toothache, gynecological problems, sexual disorders, and helminthiasis. Some plants were also used as antidote to poison, diuretic, and abortifacient. Reported pharmacological studies validate the use of a number of medicinal plants by the khamals. Taken together, the medicinal plants used by the Garos form a rich source of indigenous knowledge and through proper scientific studies can form the basis for discovery of lead compounds, which can play a role for various therapeutic purposes.
... This plant also has traditionally been used therapeutically as a sedative, digestive, haemostatic and diuretic in Southern China (Lu, Luo, Huang, & Kong, 2009). It has been reported that an alcoholic extract of S. torvum fruits exhibited several biological activities, including relief from hypertension (Mohan, Jaiswal, & Kasture, 2009;Nguelefack et al., 2008), antibacterial (Chah, Muko, & Oboegbulem, 2000), and antiviral activities (Arthan et al., 2002). Several bioactive compounds belonging to chemical groups of phenylpropanoids, isoflavonoids, steroidal glycosides and alkaloids have been isolated from the fruits of this plant, e.g. ...
A methanolic extract from Solanum torvum fruits exhibited inhibitory activity against the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with an IC50 value of 1.2 mg/mL. On the basis of a bioassay-guided isolation, an ACE inhibitory active compound, namely (E)-2,3-dihydroxycyclopentyl-3-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate (1) (IC50 of 778 µg/mL), was obtained, together with a novel methyl salicylate glycoside – torvumoside [methyl salicylate 2-O-(2′-O-β-apiofuranosyl, 6′-O-β-xylopyranosyl)-β-glucopyranoside] (3) and a known compound, lariciresinol-4,4′-O-β-D-diglucoside (2). This is the first report of these compounds in this plant.
... Currently available literature indicates that RAS dysfunction in abdominal sympathetic ganglia and the central nervous system is important in the pathogenesis of FBD (17). RAS overexpression in non-circulating tissues and its hyperactivity may stimulate angiogenesis, thus increasing the proliferation of polyps, and this may induce gene mutation and the development of malignancy (18). ...
Chymase, a chymotrypsin-like protease, is a non-angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) angiotensin II (Ang II)-generating enzyme. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether chymase activity was increased in inflammatory polyps of elderly patients with functional bowel disorder (FBD). This study enrolled 45 elderly patients with FBD and 44 healthy control individuals. Expression of chymase in intestinal mucosa was assessed using fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC showed an increased number of chymase-positive mast cells in inflammatory polyps than in healthy intestinal mucosa (P<0.05). Compared with healthy mucosa, expression of chymase at the mRNA and protein level was significantly higher in inflammatory polyps. The frequencies of the chymase GG genotype and the G allele type were higher in the intestinal mucosa of patients with FBD compared with healthy controls (66.67 versus 40.91%, 81.11 versus 63.63%, both P<0.05). The frequency of the G allele type in the intestinal mucosa of the C4 subgroup of FBD was higher than that in the control group. However, in other FBD subgroups, there was no difference between patients and controls. Based on the fact that enhanced chymase expression was observed in inflammatory polyps of elderly patients with FBD relative to those in healthy controls, it was concluded that chymase has a significant role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory polyps in elderly patients with FBD.
... 7,21 Furthermore, hyperinsulinemia could activate the sympathetic nerve system, which in turn will elevate the BP. 26 These observations demonstrate that the existence of a functional sympathetic nervous system is required for the development of elevated BP and plasma insulin levels in fructose-fed rats. 27 Furthermore, in a clinical setting, derangements of the peripheral endothelial NO system have been related to the development of hypertension. 28 It may be a pathogenic factor for abnormal regulation of vascular tones through imbalance of NO and superoxide production, which may be associated with the development of hypertension in the insulin-resistant state. ...
Recent clinical studies found that fructose intake leads to insulin resistance and hypertension. Fructose consumption promotes protein fructosylation and formation of superoxide. In a previous study, we revealed that inhibition of superoxide production in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) reduces blood pressure. Caffeine displays significant antioxidant ability in protecting membranes against oxidative damage and can lower the risk of insulin resistance. However, the mechanism through which caffeine improves fructose-induced insulin resistance is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether caffeine consumption can abolish superoxide generation to enhance insulin signaling in the NTS, thereby reducing blood pressure in rats with fructose-induced hypertension. Treatment with caffeine for 4 weeks decreased blood pressure, serum fasting glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, and triglyceride levels and increased the serum direct high-density lipoprotein level in fructose-fed rats but not in control rats. Caffeine treatment resulted in the recovery of fructose-induced decrease in nitric oxide production in the NTS. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analyses further showed that caffeine reduced the fructose-induced phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1(S307)) and reversed Akt(S473) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation. Similarly, caffeine was able to improve insulin sensitivity and decrease insulin levels in the NTS evoked by fructose. Caffeine intake also reduced the production of superoxide and expression of receptor of advanced glycation end product in the NTS. These results suggest that caffeine may enhance insulin receptor substrate 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-neuronal nitric oxide synthase signaling to decrease blood pressure by abolishing superoxide production in the NTS.
... 1,2 En este contexto, la familia Solanaceae se destaca por agrupar varias especies con amplias propiedades biológicas comprobadas y, por tanto, involucradas con frecuencia en estudios farmacológicos de toda índole. [3][4][5][6] Solanum torvum Sw ocupa un lugar relevante por ser fuente de nuevos y numerosos principios activos con estructuras químicas diferentes 7-11 y con actividades farmacológicas variadas, entre las que se incluye el efecto antiviral, 12 el antihipertensivo 13,14 y el antiulcerogénico. 15 En Cuba, esta planta es utilizada en decocción por los pobladores de zonas montañosas, para combatir procesos infecciosos que afectan órganos del sistema sencia, sino por el alto costo que representa su terapéutica con medicamentos sintéticos y por estar relacionadas con enfermedades de transmisión sexual. ...
Objective:
to evaluate the toxic effect of an aqueous extract of Solanum torvum on microorganisms responsible for genitourinary infections as well as the adverse effects on sperm cells.
Methods:
it was determined the microbial toxicity of a freeze-dried aqueous extract (obtained from the leaves and stems of Solanum torvum), against wild strains of Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Candida albicans, using the test of poisoning in culture medium at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mg/mL. The response-was evaluated with the colony diameter (mm). Then, it was evaluated the toxicological potential on male reproductive system using the testing of morphology of the sperm head in NMRI mice.
Results:
the Solanum torvum had bacteriostatic antibacterial activity. There were not observed alterations in quantity and quality characteristics in semen with the oral and doses used of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg of weight.
Conclusions:
the Solanum torvum described, inhibits the growth of bacteria and produces no disturbance on semen quality in the species studied.
Eggplant Pokak has potential to be developed into processed products that contain antioxidant biocytic compounds. The purpose of this research was to analyze the bioactive compounds in Solanum torvum which were treated with blanching and various types of drying. The research method used quantitative analysis of antioxidant compounds against the treatments tested. The results showed that the analysis of bioactive compounds which had the best results was Solanum torvum fruit which pretreated by blanching process for 10 minutes at 70 ºC then dried by vacuum method at 50 ºC for 14 hours. The bioactive compounds content from Solanum torvum flour were Vitamin C 3.24 %, total phenol 85.16 mg·g-1, tannin 2.12 mg·g-1, flavonoids 9.10 mg·g-1, and antioxidant activity 92.1 %.
Pokak eggplant fruit in Indonesia was quite abundant as a wild plant. The research aimed to test antioxidant activity and phytochemical compounds of Pokak eggplant plant. The research method used quantitative analysis: DPPH and phytochemical moisture content. The results are fresh fruit research results: water content 82.2%, ash content 1.64%, protein 9.77%, fat 4.63%, carbohydrates 4.54%, Vitamin C 3.78%, phenol 33.95 mg/g, Tannins 0.94 mg/g, Flavonoids 1,38 mg/g, DPPH 85.58%. Seeds: water content 39.90%, ash 1.16%, protein 6.22%, fat 0.48%, carbohydrates 52.97%, Vitamin C 2.46%, phenol 21.84 mg/g, Tannins 0.52 mg/g, Flavonoids 2.32 mg/g, DPPH 86.88%. Dry stem: water content 6.88%, ash content 7.92%, protein 14.28%, fat 6.90%, carbohydrate 64.02%, Vitamin C 0.13%, phenol 92.14 mg/g, Tannin 1.61 mg/g, Flavonoids 8.04 mg/g, DPPH 78.47%. Fruit skin: water content 58.16%, ash content 0.26%, protein 5.74%, fat 0.32%, carbohydrates 35.29%, Vitamin C 1.34%, phenol 25.53 mg/g, Tannins 0.53 mg/g, Flavonoids 2.76 mg, DPPH 85.49%. Fresh Leaves: water content 58.16%, ash content 0.26%, protein 5.74%, fat 0.32%, carbohydrates 35.29%, Vitamin C 1.34%, phenol 25.53 mg/g, Tannins 0.53 mg/g, Flavonoids 2.76 mg/g, DPPH 85.49%. Dried Leaves: water content 7.52%, ash content 7.52%, protein 25.84%, fat 3.67%, carbohydrates 50.52%, Vitamin C 1.31%, phenol 12.87 mg/g, Tannins 0.20 mg/g, Flavonoids 1.76 mg/g, DPPH 64.50%.
Background
: Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. a member of the Arecaceae family is native to India and Pakistan, has traditionally been used for abdominal distress, fever, unconsciousness, constipation, gonorrhea, heartburn. The medicinal value of leaves namely free radical scavenging activity, anti-diabetic and antihypertensive properties had been studied in the present work. P. sylvestris leaf extracts showed anti-diabetic and antihypertensive properties.
Purpose
: The present study aimed to evaluate the antihypertensive and anti-diabetic potential of methanolic and hydro-alcoholic leaf extracts of P. sylvestris in experimental models along with flavonoids and phenolic content determination.
Materials and Methods
: The active constituents in the leaf extracts were evaluated by HPTLC. In-vitro assays were used for assessing the activities, namely antioxidant activity by DPPH assay and superoxide scavenging assay, antihypertensive activity by angiotensin-converting enzyme assay and anti-diabetic activity by α-amylase inhibitory assay and α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. In-vivo efficacy studies using animal models were performed for antihypertensive activity and anti-diabetic activity using Fructose-induced hypertension and alloxan induced diabetic model.
Results
: Amongst various extracts, only methanolic and hydro-alcoholic extract exhibited antioxidant properties. Methanolic extract (PSLME) had the lowest IC50 value (IC50:4.29±0.67 µg/ml) followed by hydro-alcoholic extract (PSLHAE, IC50: 7.61±0.38µg/ml) and were selected for screening their antihypertensive and anti-diabetic activity. The in-vitro antihypertensive activity for PSLME (35.59 - 89.65 %) and PSLHAE (33.36 - 78.47%) was comparable to the control (45.62-91.69%), suggesting the antihypertensive properties of the plant extracts. Similarly, the in -vitro anti-hyperglycemic assays showed that PSLME (26.45-78.48 % α-amylase activity inhibition and 38.28-76.07 α-glucosidase activity inhibition) and PSLHAE (26.45-78.48 % α-amylase activity inhibition and 29.14-72.30 % α-glucosidase activity inhibition) had comparable anti-hyperglycemic activity in comparison to control (34.73-92.18 % α-amylase activity inhibition and 42.24-86.44% α-glucosidase activity inhibition).
Conclusion
: Methanolic extract (PSLME) and hydro-alcoholic extract (PSLHAE) showed antihypertensive and anti-diabetic activity in in-vivo studies without inducing toxicity.
The present study aimed to investigate the antihypertensive effect of camel milk hydrolysate in rats with fructose-induced hypertension.
The antihypertensive effect of fermented camel milk was determined using six groups comprising thirty-six Wistar male rats. It altered the blood pressure of rats via exposure to a 10% fructose (w/v) diet in drinking water for 3 weeks before conducting 21 days of treatment. We conducted the experiment for short-term and long-term using different doses of 800 and 1200 mg/kg body weight. Serum was used to assay total cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and insulin levels using standard biochemical kits.
The group that received 1200 mg hydrolysate milk (HM) has significantly (P = 0.003) reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure after a short exposure time (4—8 hours). These effects were significant (P = 0.005) comparable to the Nifedipine drug group (NIF). Similar long-term (21 days) effects on blood pressure were observed in 1200 mg HM and NIF groups. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and levels were also reduced in a correlation with blood pressure reduction only in HM1200 and HM800 treated groups. We observed no significant effect on blood pressure in groups receiving the 800 mg HM or 1200 mg unhydrolyzed camel milk. Rats receiving the 10% fructose diet showed significant differences from control rats regarding their blood biochemistry, including triglyceride, total cholesterol, blood glucose, and insulin levels. Rats in groups NIF, HM1200, and HM800 showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels toward the baseline level.
Further mechanistic investigation on the HM antihypertensive activity is highly recommended before suggesting HM as a product to reduce blood pressure. While drug-food interaction between HM and antihypertensive drugs, especially ACE inhibitors, is probable, UM seems not to affect blood pressure or ACE activity and therefore is expected to have no or minimal effects on the activity of other antihypertensive drugs. Investigation of ACE expression from various organs including lungs and leukocytes is highly recommended in future work using SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. No previous studies have measured the antihypertensive activity of milk hydrolysate was mediated by the reduction of ACE activity and levels in plasma. Mechanisms involved in attenuating the levels of ACE warrants further investigation.
High fructose feeding has been suggested to involve in several features of metabolic syndrome including hyperuricemia (HP). We designed and implemented a study to determine the effect size of fructose intake and the relative risk of HP based on the type of fructose feeding (diet or solution), duration of treatment (2-6, 7-10, and > 10 weeks), and animal race. The required information was accepted from international databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, Scopus, and etc., from 2009 until 2019 on the basis of predetermined eligibility criteria. The data selection and extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two researchers. Results were pooled as random effects weighting and reported as standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. Thirty-five studies including 244 rats with fructose consumption were included in the final analysis. The heterogeneity rate of parameters was high (I2 = 81.3%, p < 0.001) and estimated based on; 1) type of fructose feeding (diet; I2 = 79.3%, solution 10%; I2 = 83.4%, solution 20%; I2 = 81.3%), 2) duration of treatment (2-6 weeks; I2 = 86.8%, 7-10 weeks; I2 = 76.3%, and > 10 weeks; I2 = 82.8%), 3) the animal race (Wistar; I2 = 78.6%, Sprague-Dawley; I2 = 83.9%). Overall, the pooled estimate for the all parameters was significant (p < 0.001). The results of this study indicated that a significant relationship between HP and fructose intake regardless of the treatment duration, animal race, fructose concentration and route of consumption.
Phytochemical screening of chloroform and methanolic extracts of different parts of Solanum torvum and Smilax zeylanica was done. In vitro thrombolytic and anti-arthritic activities were assessed using the clot lysis method and egg albumin denaturation technique respectively. Between the chloroform and methanolic extracts, Chloroform extracts of both plants showed higher clot lysis activities (at 10 0 ppm solution). On the other hand, extracts of both plants performed better in terms of anti-arthritic activities (at 500 ppm solution). In the case of thrombolytic activity, between the plant extracts, the performance of S. torvum is higher compared to S. zeylanica plant. Among chloroform extracts of different plant parts, stem of S. torvum and root of S. zeylanica showed the highest, 35.44±1.89 % and 33.63±0.83 % activities respectively. Whereas, among the methanolic extracts of the plants, the root extracts of both plants showed the highest activ ities, 31.96±2.86 % for S. torvum and 32.01±1.46 % for S. zeylanica. In the case of anti-arthritic activity, the performance of S. zeylanica plant extracts is higher compared to that of S. torvum. Methanolic extract of leaf of S. zeylanica samples showed the best protein denaturation activity (52.38±2.12 %) followed by the Methanolic extract of stem sample of S. torvum (44.29±2.14 %).
Over the past 30 years, the genus Solanum has received considerable attention in chemical and biological studies. Solanum is the largest genus in the family Solanaceae, comprising of about 2000 species distributed in the subtropical and tropical regions of Africa, Australia, and parts of Asia, e.g., China, India and Japan. Many of them are economically significant species. Previous phytochemical investigations on Solanum species led to the identification of steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, lignans, sterols, phenolic comopunds, coumarins, amongst other compounds. Many species belonging to this genus present huge range of pharmacological activities such as cytotoxicity to different tumors as breast cancer (4T1 and EMT), colorectal cancer (HCT116, HT29, and SW480), and prostate cancer (DU145) cell lines. The biological activities have been attributed to a number of steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids and phenols. This review features 65 phytochemically studied species of Solanum between 1990 and 2018, fetched from SciFinder, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Wikipedia and Baidu, using “Solanum” and the species’ names as search terms (“all fields”).
World Health Organization estimated cardiovascular disease as the major cause of mortality in recent decades. Dyslipidemia or hyperlipidemia is the root cause of most of the cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis, stroke and myocardial infarction. Different factors like age, genetic and life style contribute to the development of these conditions worldwide. Considering the therapeutic perspective, most countries prescribe statin-based drugs for dyslipidemic and cardiovascular patients. In this review we discuss the mechanism of statin action, the prescribed dosage levels in different countries, the variants of statins and the adverse effects of statins in the patients. This review also focuses on therapeutic approaches using different phytochemicals for dyslipidemia conditions without any adverse effects and also describes how phytochemicals are advantageous over statins.
Objective: To study the effect of water extract of Solanum torvum (S. torvum) on blood lipid and sex hormone levels in high-fat diet (HFD) fed male rats.
Methods: Male Wistar rats were maintained on a standard diet or HFD for 10 weeks. During the last 4 weeks, the standard diet groups received distilled water or S. torvum (400 mg/kg) and the HFD groups received distilled water or S. torvum (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg). Body weight, lipid profiles, sex hormone, internal organs weight and liver histopathology were all measured. Moreover, kidney function was evaluated using blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, and liver function by the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase.
Results: The result showed that rats in the HFD control group had increased body weight and hyperlipidemia, but had decreased levels of both testosterone and estradiol. When receiving the S. torvum extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg, treated rats had significantly increased sex hormone levels of both types, and decreased total cholesterol levels, and at a dose of 200 mg/kg, treated rats had significantly decreased levels of triglyceride. Long term administration of the S. torvum did not produce any toxic signs in livers and kidneys. Pathological examinations of livers showed lipid accumulation in the HFD group, but the treatment of S. torvum slightly reduced lipid deposition in liver tissue.
Conclusions: S. torvum extract can reverse the level of sex hormones to their normal level and reduce serum cholesterol in HFD-induced obese male rats. Furthermore, the long term oral administration of S. torvum extract is harmless.
Secondary metabolites in the Solanaceae group of plants influence human health. Hence fruits and beverages from Solanum torvum are becoming essential not only for their nutritional value but also for medicinal benefits. This study evaluates the antioxidant activity of the extract of fruit, leaf, and stem of S.Torvum. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and AlCl3 test, respectively. Antioxidant activities were assessed by DPPH radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power assays. The results showed that stem extracts accumulated significantly higher phenolic content and higher reducing ability than the extracts of fruit and leaf. Extracts of leaves contained significantly higher flavonoid content and higher antioxidant capacity towards DPPH than that of in extract of fruit and stem. This result suggests that extracts of stems exhibited a good reducing ability, whereas the extract of leaves displayed an excellent DPPH free radical scavenging ability.
The present study was aimed to determine the effect of ethanolic extract of Solanum torvum (100 and 300mg/kg; p.o. for 6 weeks) on isolated strip of ascending colon, Fundus and Vasdeferens in fructose (10%) fed rat. Chronic administration of S. torvum extract (100, 300mg/kg/day, p.o.) in fructose fed rats significantly (p<0.05) shifted the CCRC of Angiotensin (Ang-II, 10ng/ml) and 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 10-g/ml) to the right with suppression of maxima as compared to CCRC of fructose fed rats on isolated ascending colon and fundus strip respectively. CCRC of Phenylephrine (PE, 10-g/ml) using isolated Vas deferens was significantly (p<0.05) rise in rats cotreated with S. torvum (100, 300mg/kg/day, p.o.). The results clearly suggest that S. torvum could block the Ang-II and 5-HT receptor and it also activate α1-adrenergic pathway in this invitro model study.
Fourteen Solanum cultivars (S. aculeatissimum, S. melongena, S. torvum, S. trilobatum, S. stramonifolium, S. mammosum and S. wrightii) and fourteen Capsicum cultivars (C. annuum, C. frutescens and C. minimum) cultivated in Thailand were determined their total phenolic contents in term of gallic acid (g) per 100 g of crude extract and per 100 g of dry herb powder. The total phenolic content of Solanum sp. were in range of 1.55-4.39 g/100 g of crude extract and 0.34-1.13 g/100 g of dry herb powder and of Capsicum sp. were in range of 2.02-3.28 g/100 g of crude extract and 0.49-1.02 g/100 g of dry herb powder. The antioxidant activities were measured by Trolox Equivalent Capacity Assay (TEAC). The TEAC values of Solanum sp. were in range of 0.01 - 0.03 and of Capsicum sp. were 0.01 - 0.02. The antioxidant activities of Solanum and Capsicum sp. presented linear relationship to their total phenolic contents, which indicated that 50.48% and 0.07% of antioxidant activities of Solanum and Capsicum sp. came from their total phenols, respectively.
An ethnomedicinal survey conducted amongst folk medicinal practitioners (Kavirajes) of two villages in Narail and Chuadanga districts of Bangladesh revealed the use of twenty four medicinal plant species for treatment of diabetes or alleviating diabetic symptoms in human patients. Perusal of the available scientific literature on the anti-diabetic plant species showed that out of the twenty four medicinal plants used, fifteen plant species have been reported in the scientific literature to possess considerable anti-diabetic properties directly in the form of ability to reduce blood sugar following administration, or possess properties, which can alleviate diabetic symptoms or reduce the risk factors for diabetes, including anti-oxidant and hypolipidemic properties. Overall, it can be concluded that the considerable expertise gained by the Kavirajes through long-term practice as well as passage of accumulated knowledge from generation to generation has practical validity and is not based on superstitions or myths about these plants. The close coincidences between the use of medicinal plants by the Kavirajes and their real time scientific validity studies suggest that these plants (some of which are yet to be scientifically studied) have considerable potential for discovery of novel anti-diabetic agents. Diabetes is a debilitating disease affecting millions of people worldwide including Bangladesh, and for which allopathic medicine has no known cure. As such, discovery of novel anti-diabetic agents, which even though they may not cause complete cure, but can alleviate various diabetic symptoms in a more efficient manner or reduce the risk factors leading to diabetes will be of considerable benefit to mankind. As such, these medicinal plants used by the Kavirajes need to be scientifically studied in a more rigorous manner, and efforts should be made to collect information from other Kavirajes in other villages and towns of Bangladesh on anti-diabetic plants and formulations for their uses.
The Solanum genus (Solanaceae family) comprised of one thousand five hundred species and most of the members of the genus are widely used as food and traditional medicine. Diabetes mellitus is a common and serious metabolic disorder throughout the world. Traditionally used medicinal plants play an important role as alternative medicine due to less toxic effects and cost. The aim of this review is to report anti-diabetic potential of plants of Solanum genus on the basis of the secondary data published. This will help in identifying the state of anti-diabetic knowledge in regards to this genus and to propose future research priorities. The major scientific database including Science direct, SciFinder and Google scholar were searched for information on Solanum genus using various keyword combinations. A total of eight Solanum species were reported in literature to have anti-diabetic property. Some of the plant species reported to modify different complications of diabetes like hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress in diseased animals. On the basis of anti-diabetic and other related activities, plants of Solanumgenus are the most promising plant species to develop as efficacious and safer medicines for diabetes and its complications. Considering the present status of this disease and potential of Solanumgenus, there is much scope of studying this genus thoroughly, which may result in development of affordable, efficacious and safer remedies against the silent killer disease.
Key words: Solanum genus, anti-diabetic activity, hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, methyl caffeate.
The Solanaceae plant family contains many food crops
important to agriculture, food security, human nutrition and
health. These include globally-consumed peppers (Capsicum
sp), potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (S. lycopersicum),
eggplant (S. melongena) and regionally consumed, such as,
African nightshades (Solanum section Solanum, S. scabrum
and S. villosum) and African eggplants (S. aethiopicum, S.
macropcarpon and S. anguivi). The taxonomy of Solanum is
complex, and the “deadly nightshade” reputation of S. nigrum
and other Solanum weeds or medicinal plants has extended to
the edible African nightshades and African eggplants; this has
confused people unfamiliar with these plants. The attention
of scientists and policymakers has been focused on potato,
tomato and peppers. Information on other regionally important
Solanum crops is lacking. This paper reviews the taxonomy,
crop management and the uses of African Solanum food crops
as well as their nutritional values and glycoalkaloid contents.
The present study reports the isolation of one sterol glycoside and three steroidal sapogenins from the leaves of Solanum torvum: 3-O-[β-d-(6′-nonadeanoate) glucopyranosyl]-β-sitosterol (1), (25R)-3β,6β-dihydroxy-5α-spirostan-23-one (2), paniculogenin (3), and chlorogenin (4). Among them, compounds 1 and 2 were identified in S. torvum for the first time by this study, and compound 3 has only once been reported in S. torvum and Solanum hispidium. Our data suggest that these sterol glycoside and steroidal sapogenins could be considered as chemotaxonomic markers for the genus Solanum.
In this study, quantification of phenolic compounds and the investigation of antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of the fruit of Solanum torvum Swartz. are described. S. torvum fruit methanol extract (STMe) was administered orally at a dose of 200 and 400mg/kg/day to streptozotocin induced diabetic rats for 30days. The levels of glucose, insulin, total protein, hemoglobin, glycated hemoglobin, liver glycogen and marker enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, hepatic function and antioxidants were analyzed. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that STMe contained high levels of phenolic compounds, mainly rutin (1.36%w/w), caffeic acid (12.03%w/w), gallic acid (4.78%w/w) and catechin (0.46%w/w). STMe at 200 and 400mg/kg reduced blood glucose level by 17.04% and 42.10%, respectively in diabetic rats. The levels and/or activities of other biochemical parameters were restored significantly compared to diabetic control rats due to treatment with fruit extract. Histology of liver and pancreas in STMe treated groups substantiated the cytoprotective action of the drug. Immunohistochemical observation of islets in extract treated diabetic rats showed apparent β-cells regeneration. These findings suggest that S. torvum fruit containing phenolic compounds has great potential as a natural source of antidiabetic and antioxidant drug.
A set of parameters and respective procedures for the establishment of chemical profiles of samples of tinctures and crude propolis is presented. It is proposed that estimations of the content of total phenolic substances, flavonoids, waxes, ash, volatile substances and dry residue be used as parameters to characterize samples of crude propolis. For tinctures, the estimations of total phenolic substances, flavonoids, waxes, specific gravity and ethanol are proposed. Total phenolic substances and flavonoids are measured by spectrophotometric methods, waxes gravimetrically and ethanol by gas chromatography. The accuracy of the spectrophotometric procedures was tested by assaying a mixture with a known composition of phenolic acids and flavonoids. The use of the procedures is exemplified by the analyses of six samples of crude propolis from different localities in Brazil and of tinctures prepared with absolute and 70% aqueous ethanol. The contents of total phenolic substances, flavonoids, waxes and volatile compounds of the samples analysed are relatively low in comparison with data from the literature. Samples of propolis from nearby localities may have quite different chemical profiles. Compared with absolute ethanol, extraction with aqueous ethanol results in wax-free tinctures, containing higher amounts of phenolic substances.
The present work evaluates the cardiovascular activity of the aqueous (AES) and methanol (MES) extracts from S. torvum fruits. The anti-platelet aggregation activity of the AES was also evaluated on platelets isolated from rats. Intravenous administration of AES and MES induced a significant reduction in arterial blood pressure. The intravenous administration of AES at the doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg did not affect the heart rate. In contrast to AES, MES reduced the heart rate at all the doses (1, 2 and 5 mg/kg). Neither atropine (1 mg/kg) nor yohimbine (1 mg/kg) significantly affects the hypotensive activity of AES. Yohimbine almost completely inhibited the cardiac effect of AES. L-NAME (20 mg/kg) significantly potentiated the hypotensive and the cardiac effects of AES. When essayed on the platelet aggregation, induced by either thrombin (0.5 U/ml) or Adenosine diphosphate (5 μM), AES significantly and dose dependently inhibited the aggregation induced by both agents. MES and AES possess hypotensive activity which may partially result from their bradycardic effect. The anti-platelet aggregation effect of AES may be a benefit for its cardiovascular effect. These results support the use of the plant in the treatment of arterial hypertension and haemostatic ailments.
In the present study, we examined the relationship between elevated insulin levels and hypertension in the fructose-hypertensive rat model, in which the rise in blood pressure is induced by feeding normal rats a fructose-enriched diet. Six-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four experimental groups: control (C, n = 8), control metformin-treated (CT, n = 8), fructose-fed (F, n = 9) and fructose-fed, metformin-treated (FT, n = 10). Long-term oral metformin treatment (500 mg/kg/day) was begun in the CT and FT groups, and 1 week after the initiation of metformin treatment, the F and FT groups started receiving a 66% fructose diet. Metformin treatment prevented the increase in plasma insulin levels in the FT rats (FT, 32 +/- 4 microU; F, 51 +/- 7 microU-ml; P < .001) without any change in plasma glucose levels. Interestingly, metformin treatment also prevented the increase in systolic blood pressure in the FT group (FT, 143 +/- 2 mm Hg; F, 159 +/- 2 mm Hg; P < .001) but had no effect in the CT group (CT, 142 +/- 3 mm Hg; versus C, 141 +/- 2 mm Hg; P > .05). Restoration of plasma insulin levels in the FT group to levels that existed in the untreated F rats reversed the effect of metformin on blood pressure (FT plus insulin, 158 +/- 3 mm Hg; F, 160 +/- 3 mm Hg; P > .05). In conclusion, metformin prevents the hyperinsulinemia and hypertension that occur after feeding normal rats a fructose-enriched diet. Also, the antihypertensive effects of metformin can be reversed by raising the plasma insulin levels in the treated rats to those that exist in the untreated fructose-fed group, which suggests that hyperinsulinemia may contribute toward the increase in blood pressure in this model of experimental hypertension.
Evidence suggests that hyperinsulinemia may be causally related to the development of high blood pressure (BP) in fructose-hypertensive (FH) rats. Because plasma insulin has been shown to modulate endothelin (ET) release in vivo, we hypothesized that hyperinsulinemia may provide a continual stimulus for ET release, which could increase BP by altering plasma or blood vessel ET levels. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effect of chronic ET-receptor blockade (by using bosentan, a noncompetitive ET antagonist) on plasma insulin levels, plasma ET levels, blood vessel ET content, and BP in FH rats. Chronic oral bosentan treatment (100 mg.kg-1.day-1) was initiated in 6-wk-old Sprague-Dawley rats. One week after bosentan treatment was started, rats were fed either normal rat chow or a fructose-enriched diet. Plasma insulin, plasma glucose, and systolic BP were measured weekly. At termination (in 15-wk-old rats), plasma ET levels and total mesenteric ET content were determined. Bosentan treatment caused a sustained decrease in BP in the FH rats (treated 130 +/- 4 vs. untreated 149 +/- 2 mmHg, P < 0.001) but had no effect in the normotensive control group. FH rats had a higher total mesenteric ET content compared with the control group (21.5 +/- 3.2 vs. 14.1 +/- 2.1 fmol, P < 0.05). Bosentan treatment did not alter total mesenteric ET content (treated 18.8 +/- 5 fmol, P > 0.05 vs. untreated) nor did it affect plasma insulin or ET levels in any group. These data suggest that ET may be involved in the development of high BP in FH rats. Whether ET represents an intermediate, linking hyperinsulinemia to hypertension in rats, or is an independent hypertensinogenic mechanism remains to be determined.
This review explores whether fructose consumption might be a contributing factor to the development of obesity and the accompanying metabolic abnormalities observed in the insulin resistance syndrome. The per capita disappearance data for fructose from the combined consumption of sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup have increased by 26%, from 64 g/d in 1970 to 81 g/d in 1997. Both plasma insulin and leptin act in the central nervous system in the long-term regulation of energy homeostasis. Because fructose does not stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, the consumption of foods and beverages containing fructose produces smaller postprandial insulin excursions than does consumption of glucose-containing carbohydrate. Because leptin production is regulated by insulin responses to meals, fructose consumption also reduces circulating leptin concentrations. The combined effects of lowered circulating leptin and insulin in individuals who consume diets that are high in dietary fructose could therefore increase the likelihood of weight gain and its associated metabolic sequelae. In addition, fructose, compared with glucose, is preferentially metabolized to lipid in the liver. Fructose consumption induces insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriacylglycerolemia, and hypertension in animal models. The data in humans are less clear. Although there are existing data on the metabolic and endocrine effects of dietary fructose that suggest that increased consumption of fructose may be detrimental in terms of body weight and adiposity and the metabolic indexes associated with the insulin resistance syndrome, much more research is needed to fully understand the metabolic effect of dietary fructose in humans.
This reference book contains a comprehensive selection of the most frequently used assays for reliably detecting pharmacological effects of potential drugs, including tests for cardiovascular, analgesic, psychotropic, metabolic, endocrine, respiratory, renal, and immunomodulatory activities. Each of the over 700 assays comprises a detailed protocol with the purpose and rationale of the method, a description of the experimental procedure, a critical assessment of the results and their pharmacological and clinical relevance, and pertinent references. Identification of specific tests is facilitated by the enclosed CD-ROM which allows for a quick and full text research.
An appendix with guidelines and legal regulations for animal experiments in various countries will help to plan these experiments properly in accordance with the welfare of laboratory animals.
To determine if hypertension could be produced in normal rats by feeding them a fructose-enriched diet, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either normal chow or a diet containing 66% fructose as a percentage of total calories for approximately 2 weeks. At the end of this period systolic blood pressure had increased from 124 +/- 2 to 145 +/- 2 (SEM) mm Hg in the fructose-fed rats, whereas no change occurred in the control group. In addition, hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia were associated with hypertension in fructose-fed rats. The addition of clonidine to the drinking water inhibited fructose-induced hypertension, but not the increase in plasma insulin or triglyceride concentration seen in fructose-fed rats. Thus, the metabolic changes associated with fructose-induced hypertension are unlikely to be secondary to an increase in sympathetic activity. Whether or not this is also true of the hypertension remains to be clarified.
A fully automated-continuous flow 40-sample/ hour procedure was adapted from the Singleton-Rossi method of analysis for total phenols in wine and other plant extracts. It was compared with small-volume manual and semiautomated versions of this analysis. The agreement in mg of gallic acid equivalent phenol (GAE) per liter among a series of dry wines was excellent by all three procedures. The coefficients of variation in replicate analyses averaged 5.8% for the manual, 6.2% for the semi-automated and 2.2% for the automated procedure. This greater reproducibility, plus savings of about 70% in labor and up to 40% in reagents, makes the automated procedure attractive for laboratories doing enough total phenol analyses to recoup the cost of the automating equipment. For continuous flow, color development with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent in alkaline solution must be hastened by heating compared to slower room temperature development for the manual methods. Heating of sugar-containing samples in the alkaline solution gives interference presumably from endiol formation. Examples are given of corrections which were used successfully to estimate the true phenol content of sweet wines.
Objective.
—To define the relationship, if any, between insulin-mediated glucose disposal and serum uric acid.Design.
—Cross-sectional study of healthy volunteers.Setting.—
General Clinical Research Center, Stanford (Calif) University Medical Center.Participants.
—Thirty-six presumably healthy individuals, nondiabetic, without a history of gout.Measurements.
—Obesity (overall and regional), plasma glucose and insulin responses to a 75-g oral glucose load, fasting uric acid concentrations, plasma triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein—cholesterol concentrations, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, insulin-mediated glucose disposal, and urinary uric acid clearance.Results.
—Magnitude of insulin resistance and serum uric acid concentration were significantly related (r =.69; P<.001), and the relationship persisted when differences in age, sex, overall obesity, and abdominal obesity were taken into account (r =.57; P<.001). Insulin resistance was also inversely related to urinary uric acid clearance (r = -.49; P<.002), and, in addition, urinary uric acid clearance was inversely related to serum uric acid concentration (r = -.61; P<.001).Conclusions.
—Urinary uric acid clearance appears to decrease in proportion to increases in insulin resistance in normal volunteers, leading to an increase in serum uric acid concentration. Thus, it appears that modulation of serum uric concentration by insulin resistance is exerted at the level of the kidney.(JAMA. 1991;266:3008-3011)
Three new compounds A, B and C, isolated from the leaves of Solanum torvum have been characterized as 2,3,4-trimethyltriacontane, octacosanyl triacontanoate and 5-hexatriacontanone by spectral data and chemical studies. Triacontanol, 3-tritriacontanone, tetratriacontanoic acid, sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol have also been isolated and identified.
Seven new steroidal glycosides, named torvosides A-G, were isolated from the aerial parts and from the roots of Solanum torvum. Their structures were characterized as (25S)-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-5α-furostan-3βα,22ζ,26- tetraol 6-O-[α-I -rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-quinovopyuranoside], (25S)- 26-O-(β-D-glucopyran-osyl)-22α methoxy 5α- furostan-3β,6α,26-triol 6-O- 1α-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-quinovopyranoside], neosolaspigenin 6-O- [α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-quinovopyranosidel, neosolaspigenin 6-0 [β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-quinovopyranoside], (25S)-26-O-(β-D- glucopyranosyl)-6α,26-dihydroxy-22α-methoxy-5α furostan-3-one 6-O-(β-D- quinovopyranoside), (25S)-26-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-6α,26-dihydroxy-22α- methoxy-5α-furostan-3-one 6-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D- quinovopyranoside], and (25S)-26-hydroxy-22α-methoxy-5α-furostan-3-one 26- O-(β-D-glucopyranoside), respectively.
Either steroidal sapogenins or steroidal alkaloids have been isolated from the unripe fruits of Solanum hazenii, S, meridense, S. scorpioideum, S. sycophanta and S. torvum. Chlorogenone {(25R)-5α-spirostane-3,6-dione} and its 25S-epimer, neochlorogenone, were extracted from S. torvum; this is the first record these compounds as natural products.
A new steroidal saponin, torvonin-A, has been isolated from S. torvum leaves and its structure has been established as neochlorogenin-3-O-β-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)β-L-rhamnopyranoside.
A new steroidal saponin, torvonin-A, has been isolated from S. torvum leaves and its structure has been established as neochlorogenin-3-O-β-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)β-L-rhamnopyranoside.
Three novel 22-beta-O-spirostanol oligoglycosides, torvosides J (1), K (2) and L (3) have been isolated from the fruits of Solanum torvum SWARTZ and their chemical structures have been characterized based on the spectroscopic means. They are worth of note as rare 22-beta-O-spirostanol glycosides.
Recent developments in the radioimmunoassay of steroid and peptide hormones are discussed. The modern requirement for the
rigorous demonstration and maintainance of accuracy is emphasized. The future of immunoassay in clinical chemistry is discussed
with special reference to quality control and automation.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) at physiological concentrations may be required for normal cell function. Excessive production of ROS can be detrimental to cells, because ROS can cause oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Herein, we describe the isolation and purification of a novel antioxidant protein the water extract of dried, powdered Sundakai (Solanum torvum [Solanaceae]) seeds. Sundakai belongs to the Solanaceae family, a small shrub, which is distributed widely in India, Malaya, China, Phillipines and tropical America. Fifty percent of ammonium sulphate-precipitated crude water extract was fractionated on a Sephadex G100 column, which yielded two peaks, PI and PII. Peaks PI and PII inhibited lipid peroxidation up to 40% and 89%, respectively in linolenic acid micelles. Rechromatographing of peak PII on Sephadex G100 yielded a single peak, indicating the homogeneity of the purified protein. SDS–PAGE analysis indicated the molecular weight of the purified protein to be ∼28 kDa. The purified protein, at 0.8 μM, inhibited deoxyribose degradation induced by generation of hydroxyl radicals by 90% and scavenged DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radicals by 76%. The reducing power and chelating power of the purified protein, at 0.8 μM, were found to be 72% and 85%, respectively. The protein, at 0.8 μM, also offered significant protection to calf thymus DNA damage induced by H2O2 (1 mM). Therefore, the present study demonstrates, for the first time, a novel protein from the water extract of Sundakai seeds as an excellent antioxidant.
To elucidate the cellular mechanism of endothelin-1 biosynthesis induced by angiotensin and vasopressin, we first cloned and sequenced full-length bovine preproendothelin-1 complementary DNA (cDNA) from a cultured bovine carotid artery endothelial cell cDNA library. The predicted bovine preproendothelin-1 consists of 202 amino acid residues and has a high percentage of homology to human, porcine, and rat preproendothelin-1 (70%, 81%, and 77%, respectively). Big endothelin-1, an intermediate form, consists of 39 residues differing only at position Val28 from porcine (Ile28) and His27 from rat (Arg27). The predicted 21-residue mature endothelin-1 is identical to human, porcine, rat, canine, and mouse endothelin-1. Northern blot analysis with the cloned cDNA as a probe demonstrated that a single 2.3-kb preproendothelin-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) is expressed not only in endothelial cells, but also in various bovine tissues, including lung, brain, heart, intestine, kidney, ovary, and urinary bladder. Angiotensin II and arginine vasopressin immediately and dose-dependently induced expression of preproendothelin-1 mRNA, whose effects were abolished by specific receptor antagonists. These findings suggest that stimulation of endothelin-1 secretion from endothelial cells by both agonists may be principally due to induction of preproendothelin-1 mRNA.
To define the relationship, if any, between insulin-mediated glucose disposal and serum uric acid.
Cross-sectional study of healthy volunteers.
General Clinical Research Center, Stanford (Calif) University Medical Center.
Thirty-six presumably healthy individuals, nondiabetic, without a history of gout.
Obesity (overall and regional), plasma glucose and insulin responses to a 75-g oral glucose load, fasting uric acid concentrations, plasma triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, insulin-mediated glucose disposal, and urinary uric acid clearance.
Magnitude of insulin resistance and serum uric acid concentration were significantly related (r = .69; P less than .001), and the relationship persisted when differences in age, sex, overall obesity, and abdominal obesity were taken into account (r = .57; P less than .001). Insulin resistance was also inversely related to urinary uric acid clearance (r = -.49; P less than .002), and, in addition, urinary uric acid clearance was inversely related to serum uric acid concentration (r = -.61; P less than .001).
Urinary uric acid clearance appears to decrease in proportion to increases in insulin resistance in normal volunteers, leading to an increase in serum uric acid concentration. Thus, it appears that modulation of serum uric concentration by insulin resistance is exerted at the level of the kidney.
To determine if hypertension could be produced in normal rats by feeding them a fructose-enriched diet, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either normal chow or a diet containing 66% fructose as a percentage of total calories for approximately 2 weeks. At the end of this period systolic blood pressure had increased from 124 +/- 2 to 145 +/- 2 (SEM) mm Hg in the fructose-fed rats, whereas no change occurred in the control group. In addition, hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia were associated with hypertension in fructose-fed rats. The addition of clonidine to the drinking water inhibited fructose-induced hypertension, but not the increase in plasma insulin or triglyceride concentration seen in fructose-fed rats. Thus, the metabolic changes associated with fructose-induced hypertension are unlikely to be secondary to an increase in sympathetic activity. Whether or not this is also true of the hypertension remains to be clarified.
Spontaneously hypertensive rats received tap water, 1% NaCl, 5% sucrose or NaCl and sucrose in combination for 4 weeks. The blood pressure (tail plethysmography) and renal excretions of sodium and catecholamines were followed. After 4 weeks the noradrenaline turnover (disappearance after alpha-methyltyrosine) was assessed in the heart and brain. In pithed rats the pressor responses to intravenous noradrenaline and to electrical stimulation of the spinal sympathetic nerves (SNS) were determined together with the rise in plasma noradrenaline concentrations during the SNS. Salt alone caused an increase in peripheral sympathetic activity, measured as turnover of noradrenaline in the heart and spillover of noradrenaline in the urine, a modest enhancement of vascular responsiveness to noradrenaline and a blood pressure elevation. Sucrose alone increased the peripheral sympathetic activity but influenced neither the vascular responsiveness to noradrenaline nor the basal blood pressure. The largest increase in sympathetic activity and in blood pressure was observed with sucrose and salt in combination. The release of noradrenaline from the sympathetic nerve endings was not significantly influenced by any diet regime. The changes in noradrenaline turnover in the heart was accompanied by reciprocal changes in brain stem noradrenaline turnover.
Rats were fed diets containing (as percent of calories) 66% glucose or fructose, 22% casein, and 12% lard, for 1 wk. The effects of these diets on plasma triglyceride, glucose, and insulin concentrations were compared to those of control rats eating regular rat chow. Plasma triglyceride levels increased from a mean (+/- SE) control level of 85 +/- 7 to 142 +/- 9 (p less than 0.001) and 380 +/- 38 (p less than 0.001) mg/dl in dextrose- and fructose-fed rats, respectively. Plasma insulin concentrations demonstrated a similar increase, rising from a mean (+/- SE) control value of 29 +/- 4 microunits/ml to 55 +/- 10 microunits/ml in dextrose-fed rats and 85 +/- 12 microunits/ml in rats eating the fructose diet. Plasma glucose concentrations of the three groups were comparable. These results indicate that fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia is associated with significant hyperinsulinemia.
Flavonoids are polyphenolic antioxidants naturally present in vegetables, fruits, and beverages such as tea and wine. In vitro, flavonoids inhibit oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and reduce thrombotic tendency, but their effects on atherosclerotic complications in human beings are unknown. We measured the content in various foods of the flavonoids quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, apigenin, and luteolin. We then assessed the flavonoid intake of 805 men aged 65-84 years in 1985 by a cross-check dietary history; the men were then followed up for 5 years. Mean baseline flavonoid intake was 25.9 mg daily. The major sources of intake were tea (61%), onions (13%), and apples (10%). Between 1985 and 1990, 43 men died of coronary heart disease. Fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction occurred in 38 of 693 men with no history of myocardial infarction at baseline. Flavonoid intake (analysed in tertiles) was significantly inversely associated with mortality from coronary heart disease (p for trend = 0.015) and showed an inverse relation with incidence of myocardial infarction, which was of borderline significance (p for trend = 0.08). The relative risk of coronary heart disease mortality in the highest versus the lowest tertile of flavonoid intake was 0.42 (95% CI 0.20-0.88). After adjustment for age, body-mass index, smoking, serum total and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, physical activity, coffee consumption, and intake of energy, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and dietary fibre, the risk was still significant (0.32 [0.15-0.71]). Intakes of tea, onions, and apples were also inversely related to coronary heart disease mortality, but these associations were weaker. Flavonoids in regularly consumed foods may reduce the risk of death from coronary heart disease in elderly men.
Although considerable evidence lends credence to the association between insulin and hypertension, the precise nature of this link remains elusive. Recent observations indicating that insulin may modulate vascular smooth muscle contractility has given yet another interesting twist to this intriguing association. The finding that insulin can directly alter smooth muscle calcium transients as well as attenuate the effect of other vasoconstrictor amines suggests that this metabolic hormone may also play an important hemodynamic role under pathophysiologic conditions. However, the independent contribution of insulin resistance toward an increase in BP is probably smaller and more complex than is often emphasized and to assume that insulin is directly linked to a rise in BP in hypertensive subjects is perhaps oversimplistic and incorrect. Future research efforts should be targeted at examining the effects of insulin on vascular smooth muscle contractility in hypertensive subjects and the interaction of insulin with other vasoactive peptides.
We examined accumulating evidence of the positive contribution of nitric oxide to the pharmacological effects of converting enzyme inhibitors in 36 rats rendered hypertensive, hyperinsulinemic, and hypertriglyceridemic by a fructose-enriched diet. We studied the response of blood pressure, insulin, and triglyceride levels to inhibition of either converting enzyme-kininase II, nitric oxide synthase, or both. Two weeks of the converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril (20 mg/kg) reduced blood pressure from 137 +/- 2 to 105 +/- 7 mm Hg, insulin from 7.6 +/- 2.0 to 2.2 +/- 1.1 pg/mL, and triglycerides from 292 +/- 37 to 163 +/- 37 mg/dL. Treatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (100 mg/kg) raised blood pressure from 144 +/- 7 to 170 +/- 8 mm Hg without affecting the other parameters. Two weeks of concomitant treatment with both agents blunted the hypotensive and beneficial metabolic effects of enalapril; thus, final blood pressure (141 +/- 7 mm Hg), insulin (6.4 +/- 2.4 pg/mL), and triglyceride (231 +/- 51 mg/dL) values were no different from those of untreated fructose-fed rats. These data suggest that persistent synthesis of nitric oxide contributes to the vasodilator and metabolic effects of enalapril in the fructose-fed rat model.
To determine the effects of calcium antagonists on hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension, we examined the long-term effects of a new calcium channel blocker, mibefradil, on plasma insulin levels, plasma triglyceride levels and systolic blood pressure in insulin-resistant and hyperinsulinemic fructose-hypertensive (FH) rats. To this aim, both prevention and reversal protocols were employed.
Prevention study: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were procured at 6 weeks of age and were divided into: control (C, n = 6), control-treated (CT, n = 5), fructose (F, n = 7) and fructose-treated (FT, n = 6). Baseline measurements of plasma glucose, insulin and systolic blood pressure were conducted in all groups. At week 7, chronic mibefradil treatment (30 mg/kg/day, orally for 6 weeks) was initiated in the CT and FT groups. At week 8, the rats in the F and FT groups were started on a 66% fructose diet to induce hyperinsulinemia and hypertension. Weekly measurements of plasma insulin, plasma triglycerides and systolic blood pressure were conducted for the following 4 weeks. Reversal protocol: In a separate study, 8-week-treated FH rats and their age-matched controls were used to examine the effects of mibefradil on reversing fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia and hypertension.
The F group exhibited hyperinsulinemia (3.2 +/- 0.1 vs. C 2.3 +/- 0.07 ng/ml, P < 0.05), hypertension (148 +/- 3 vs. C 121 +/- 1 mmHg, P < 0.002) and elevated triglyceride levels (5.4 +/- 0.8 vs. C 1.6 +/- 0.3 mM, P < 0.05). Chronic mibefradil treatment prevented the development of hyperinsulinemia (1.6 +/- 0.08 ng/ml, P < 0.004 vs. F) and hypertension (123 +/- 1 mmHg. P < 0.001 vs. F) and attenuated the development of hypertriglyceridemia. In the reversal study, mibefradil treatment reversed the development of hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia and elevated BP in FH rats. Treatment did not affect the plasma glucose levels in any group (prevention or reversal).
Long-term treatment with the calcium antagonist, mibefradil, both prevents and reverses the development of hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension in FH rats. These data indicate beneficial effects of mibefradil on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in hyperinsulinemic and insulin-resistant states.
Hypertension is often associated with impaired glucose tolerance and high insulin levels, factors that contribute to insulin resistance. The present study evaluates the effect of acarbose, a hypoglycemic drug that inhibits carbohydrate digestion in sucrose-induced hypertension in rats. The effects of diets fed to 3 groups of rats for a 16-week period were studied: sucrose + NaCl (1% wet volume [w/v]) with acarbose (0.04% wet weight [w/w]), sucrose + NaCl (1% w/v) without acarbose, and a third diet of complex carbohydrates. There was no statistical difference in the body weight between rats fed with or without acarbose. Fasting glucose levels were significantly lowered when treated with acarbose. Postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels were attenuated in rats fed sucrose + acarbose. Systolic blood pressure increased significantly (p < 0.001) in rats fed sucrose + NaCl for 3 months, whereas systolic blood pressure of acarbose-fed rats remained at the initial level. Blood pressure changes in the complex carbohydrate-fed group were lower than in rats fed sucrose. The urinary volume, Na+, and K+ of rats fed acarbose tended to increase compared to the acarbose-free diet (p < 0.05). We conclude that high insulin levels, impaired glucose tolerance and Na+ retention may contribute to the development of sucrose-induced hypertension. Acarbose prevents sucrose-induced increases in plasma glucose and insulin levels. Increases in urinary Na + may contribute indirectly to this effect with resultant normal systolic blood pressures.
The study was conducted to examine the effects of the angiotensin subtype 1 and 2 receptor antagonists (losartan and PD123319, respectively) on blood pressure (BP) and renal excretory function in chronic hyperinsulinemia-induced hypertension in rats. Hyperinsulinemia was achieved by insulin infusion (21.5 pmol/kg per minute) via osmotic minipump for 6 weeks. Losartan or PD 123319 was coinfused either at the beginning or after 4 weeks of insulin infusion. The results showed that insulin infusion significantly increased the plasma insulin concentration from 259.0+/-22.2 to 646.5+/-33.0 and 713.9+/-26.5 pmol/L (P<0.05) by the end of the fourth and sixth weeks, respectively, after insulin infusion. There were no significant changes in plasma glucose and triglyceride concentrations. Systolic BP increased from 139+/-3 to 156+/-1 and 157+/-2 mm Hg (P<0.05) at the corresponding time points. Combined losartan (3.5 microg/kg per minute) and insulin infusion prevented the rise in BP and improved insulin resistance. When hypertension had been established after 4 weeks of insulin infusion, superimposed infusion of losartan on insulin reversed the elevated BP to control levels within 1 week. In contrast, administration of PD123319 (0.5 and 10 microg/kg per minute) failed to alter insulin-induced hypertension. Combined PD123319 with losartan did not alter the losartan-induced hypotensive effect in insulin-infused rats. There were no significant differences in water intake, urine flow, body weight gain, and sodium gain before and after antagonist administration among groups. These results indicate that angiotensin type 1 receptors play a determinant role in the pathogenesis of insulin-induced hypertension in rats.
Normotensive rats fed a high-fructose diet (HFD) develop hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertension. The glomerular changes observed in the kidneys of these animals are similar to those observed in diabetic rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether lacidipine, a calcium antagonist, could have a protective effect with this animal model. Forty male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were divided into four groups treated with HFD + placebo; HFD + lacidipine, 0.3 mg/kg/day; HFD + lacidipine, 3 mg/kg/day; or standard diet + placebo for 4 weeks. Urinary excretion of the stable metabolic products of nitric oxide (NO) was determined, because this vasoactive agent has been found to cause hemodynamic changes in the diabetic kidney. Glomerular size was determined by means of morphometric analysis. The results of this study show that lacidipine prevents (a) the HFD-induced increase in blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner; (b) the HFD-induced increase in glomerular size and fibronectin synthesis; and (c) the increase of collagen III synthesis in the heart. The drug had no effect on the increased urinary excretion of the stable metabolic products of NO. These data suggest that lacidipine might be useful in preventing the renal and cardiac damage caused by hypertension and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
The purpose of this study was to determine the role of endothelin in mediating the renal hemodynamic and arterial pressure changes observed during chronic ANG II-induced hypertension. ANG II (50 ng x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was chronically infused into the jugular vein by miniosmotic pump for 2 wk in male Sprague-Dawley rats with and without endothelin type A (ET(A))-receptor antagonist ABT-627 (5 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) pretreatment. Arterial pressure increased in ANG II rats compared with control rats (149 +/- 5 vs. 121 +/- 6 mmHg, P < 0.05, respectively). Renal expression of preproendothelin mRNA was increased by approximately 50% in both the medulla and cortex of ANG II rats. The hypertensive effect of ANG II was completely abolished in rats pretreated with the ET(A)-receptor antagonist (114 +/- 5 mmHg, P < 0.05). Glomerular filtration rate was decreased by 33% in ANG II rats, and this response was attenuated in rats pretreated with ET(A)-receptor antagonist. These data indicate that activation of the renal endothelin system by ANG II may play an important role in mediating chronic renal and hypertensive actions of ANG II.
The C-4 sulfated isoflavonoid, torvanol A (1), and the steroidal glycoside, torvoside H (3), together with the known glycoside, torvoside A (2), were isolated from a MeOH extract of Solanum torvum fruits. Upon enzymatic hydrolysis with beta-glucosidase, torvoside A (2) and torvoside H (3) yielded the corresponding acetal derivatives 4 and 5, respectively. Torvanol A (1), torvoside H (3) and compound 5 exhibited antiviral activity (herpes simplex virus type 1) with IC(50) values of 9.6, 23.2 and 17.4 microg/ml, respectively. Compounds 1-5 showed no cytotoxicity (at 50 microg/ml) against BC, KB and Vero cell lines.
It has been reported that hypertension and obesity often coexist with hyperuricemia. To clarify the relations between serum uric acid, plasma norepinephrine, and insulin or leptin levels in subjects with weight gain-induced blood pressure elevation, we conducted the present longitudinal study. In 433 young, nonobese, normotensive men, body mass index, blood pressure, and levels of serum uric acid, fasting plasma norepinephrine, insulin, and leptin were measured every year for 5 years. Subjects were stratified by significant weight gain and/or blood pressure elevation (>10% in body mass index or mean blood pressure) for 5 years. At entry, blood pressure, uric acid, and norepinephrine values in subjects with blood pressure elevation were greater than in those without it, although body mass index, insulin, and leptin were similar. At entry, body mass index, blood pressure, uric acid, and norepinephrine in subjects with weight gain were greater than in those without weight gain. The increases in body mass index, mean blood pressure, uric acid, norepinephrine, insulin, and leptin for 5 years were greater in subjects with blood pressure elevation and/or weight gain than in subjects without, and those increases were greatest in subjects with weight gain whose blood pressure was elevated. By multiple regression analysis, basal mean blood pressure, norepinephrine, and uric acid were significant determinant factors of changes in mean blood pressure over 5 years, and basal body mass index, norepinephrine, and uric acid were significant determinant factors of changes in body mass index. These results demonstrate that serum uric acid and plasma norepinephrine concentrations predict subsequent weight gain and blood pressure elevation.
A method is described for the assay of angiotensin on the rat colon. Under the conditions of the assay, the preparation is sensitive to angiotensin and relatively insensitive to 5-hydroxytryptamine, to histamine and to other substances which might be present in blood. Bradykinin and catechol amines do not interfere with the assay. Evidence is given for the specificity of the angiotensin receptors.
Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are closely associated with hypertension in humans and in animal models. Gender differences have been found in the development of hypertension in fructose-fed rats. The objectives of the present study were, first, to clarify whether androgens are required in the development of hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension in fructose-fed rats, and second, to determine if cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 are also increased in the arteries of these rats. Male rats were gonadectomized or sham-operated and fed a 60% fructose diet beginning at age 7 weeks. Blood pressure was measured by a tail-cuff method, and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed to assess insulin sensitivity after 8 weeks of fructose feeding. Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression was also assessed in the thoracic aortae and mesenteric arteries. Gonadectomy prevented hypertension from developing in the fructose-fed rats, but hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance developed. There was an increase in cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the thoracic aortae and mesenteric arteries of the fructose-fed sham-operated rats while the expression of cyclooxygenase-1 remained unchanged. Gonadectomy prevented the mRNA overexpression of vascular cyclooxygenase-2 in the fructose-fed rats. These results suggest that the presence of androgens is necessary for the development of fructose-induced hypertension. Androgens apparently act as a link between hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance and hypertension in fructose-hypertensive rats. Furthermore, an increase in the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 is implicated in the development of hypertension. The mechanisms involved require further study.
Three novel 22-beta-O-spirostanol oligoglycosides, torvosides J (1), K (2) and L (3) have been isolated from the fruits of Solanum torvum SWARTZ and their chemical structures have been characterized based on the spectroscopic means. They are worth of note as rare 22-beta-O-spirostanol glycosides.
A beta-glucosidase (torvosidase) was purified to homogeneity from the young leaves of Solanum torvum. The enzyme was highly specific for cleavage of the glucose unit attached to the C-26 hydroxyl of furostanol glycosides from the same plant, namely torvosides A and H. Purified torvosidase is a monomeric glycoprotein, with a native molecular weight of 87 kDa by gel filtration and a pI of 8.8 by native agarose IEF. Optimum pH of the enzyme for p-nitrophenyl-beta-glucoside and torvoside H was 5.0. Kinetic studies showed that Km values for torvoside A (0.06 3mM) and torvoside H (0.068 mM) were much lower than those for synthetic substrates, pNP-beta-glucoside (1.03 mM) and 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-glucoside (0.78 mM). The enzyme showed strict specificity for the beta-d-glucosyl bond when tested for glycone specificity. Torvosidase hydrolyses only torvosides and dalcochinin-8'-beta-glucoside, which is the natural substrate of Thai rosewood beta-glucosidase, but does not hydrolyse other natural substrates of the GH1 beta-glucosidases or of the GH3 beta-glucosidase families. Torvosidase also hydrolyses C5-C10 alkyl-beta-glucosides, with a rate of hydrolysis increasing with longer alkyl chain length. The internal peptide sequence of Solanum beta-glucosidase shows high similarity to the sequences of family GH3 glycosyl hydrolases.
Practical Pharmacognosy, third ed. Vallabh Prakashan
- C K Kokate
Kokate, C.K., 1994. Practical Pharmacognosy, third ed. Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi,
pp. 107-109.
Knowledge and use of forest product as traditional medicine: the case of the forest dwelling communities
- Fui
Fui, 1992. Knowledge and use of forest product as traditional medicine: the case
of the forest dwelling communities. In: Shaari, K., Kadir, A.A., Ali, A.R. (Eds.),
Proceedings of the conference on medicinal products from tropical rain forest.
Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 355-400.
Traditional medicine and pharmacopoeia-contribution to ethnobotanical and floristic studies in Cameroon
- J E Adjanohoun
- N Aboubakar
- K Dramane
- M E Ebot
- J A Ekpere
- E G Enoworock
- D Foncho
- Z O Gbile
- A Kamanyi
- Kamoukom
- A Keeta
- T Mbenkum
- C M Mbi
- A L Mbielle
- I L Mbome
- N K Mubiru
- W L Naney
- B Nkongmeneck
- B Satabie
- A Sofowa
- V Tanze