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Disinfectant properties of essential oils from Salvia officinalis L. cultivated in Tunisia
Abstract
The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation of the aerial part of Salvia officinalis L. cultivated in Sfax gardens, Tunisia. The obtained oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and 44 compounds were identified. Strong bactericidal and fungicidal effects were shown using the NCCLS broth dilution, EN 1275 and EN 1276 standard methods. The minimal cidal concentrations (MCCs) values ranged from 0.031 to 0.25 microLmL(-1). The essential oils concentrations of 0.5% and 1% (v/v) resulted in a reduction in viability higher than 5 and 4 log units per mL for the standard bacteria and fungi, respectively, within a contact time of 5 min. Using an air sampler and an aroma dispenser, vaporisation of 0.25 mLm(-3) of S. officinalis essential oils resulted in (72%, 73% and 70%) and (54%, 55% and 55%) reduction of the total microbial count and the total count of yeasts and moulds, after a residence time of 1h, 6h and 24h in a selected testing room, respectively. S. officinalis essential oils showed a potent vapour activity against a panel of bacteria, yeasts and fungi. This supported their use as a natural eco-friendly disinfectant to manage airborne microbes.
... In a mountainous region in the centre-west, the oil was characterized by α-thujone (26.49%), 1,8-cineole (16.96%), viridiflorol (13.04%), and β-thujone (11.55%) (Fellah et al. 2006). Sage from the south of Tunisia revealed major components such as β-thujone (17.76%), 1,8-cineole (16.29%), camphor (14.19%), α-thujone (7.41%), and transcaryophyllene (5.45%) (Bouaziz et al. 2009). Studies in Spain, Italy, and Brazil also showed significant variations in the chemical composition of S. officinalis essential oil compared to the current findings (Laborda et al. 2013;Marino et al. 2001;Delamare et al. 2007). ...
... The chemical composition of S. officinalis essential oil varies significantly depending on geographical origin and environmental conditions. This variability can impact the Vegetos consistency and efficacy of its therapeutic and herbicidal properties, posing challenges for standardization (Hayouni et al. 2008;Fellah et al. 2006;Bouaziz et al. 2009). ...
Natural plant resources can serve as alternatives to synthetic chemical products. Consequently, various plant species from different genera have recently been identified for their biological activities, such as Salvia officinalis L. The analysis of essential oils and fatty acid compounds was conducted using GC–MS. Essential oil extracted from the leaves and flowers, is highly rich in oxygenated monoterpenes. Eucalyptol (26.4–17.5%), α-thujone (11.9–9.56%), and β-thujone (22.9–10.33%) were the primary compounds in the leaves and flowers, respectively. The leaves also contained six fatty acid compounds, distinguished by a notable proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at 58.59%. Among the fatty acids profiled, linoleic acid was the most abundant, constituting 51.1% of the total compounds. The control of weed by S. officinalis essential oil was based on inhibition of germination and seedling growth of Sinapis arvensis L., Trifolium campestre Schreb., and Lepidium sativum at a concentration of 4 µL mL−1. Additionally, the essential oil impacted the malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage of treated seedlings.
... This yield is comparable to those obtained in other studies. Indeed, in Tunisia [41], they noted a yield of 0.72%. In Egypt [42], the yield reached 1.2% and a yield of 0.46% from a sample of S. officinalis L. from Pakistan [43]. ...
... Besides, some compounds such as Camphor (8.26%), α-Pinene (7.87%), Camphene (5.61%), β-Pinene (3.71%), Viridiflorol (3.39%), Bornyl acetate (2.35), and Epi-manool (2.45) were observed with a relative percentage up to 1% (Table 1). To the best of our understanding, our findings were completely consistent with past research indicating that the percentage of monoterpene hydrocarbons was larger than that of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons [41,46]. This is consistent with the results obtained, and the structures of major/minor components in EO-S are presented in Fig. 2. ...
The current study examined the essential oil extracted from Moroccan Salvia officinalis L. and tested it as an antibacterial and environment-friendly corrosion inhibitor for Aluminum AA6060 (AA6060-Al) alloy in a 3% NaCl medium. The chemical structure of S. officinalis L. essential oil (EO-S) was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The major compounds of EO-S were α-Thujone (24.96%), 1,8-Cineole (15.93%), and α-Humulene (15.16%). The EO-S has been used for AA6060-Al inhibition in 3% NaCl medium using means of electrochemical techniques: Open-circuit potential (EOCP), Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The PDP tests showed that the EO-S can be considered as cathodic-type inhibitor with inhibition efficiencies that improve with concentration. Also, the EIS measurements showed that the use of 2 (g/L) of EO-S allows to reach 80.13% of corrosion inhibition efficiency. The adsorption of the EO-S compounds on the AA6060-Al alloy surface obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. In addition, the theoretical investigations elucidated from the density functional theory (DFT) calculations and Monte Carlo simulations evidenced that all selected sustainable compounds that existed in the EO-S adsorbed to the Al-surface and thereby building up a corrosion-protective film on the Al-surface. The oil was also screened for its antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method. The EO-S was tested against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and it has exhibited an important activity against E. coli ATCC 25922 with an inhibition diameter of 15.66 mm compared to S. aureus with 12.66 mm as inhibition zone diameter.
Graphical Abstract
... Some studies explored the biological activities of this plant. Most of them reported antibacterial, antifungal and/or antioxidant activities of its essential oil (SoEO) (Fellah et al. 2006;Hayouni et al. 2008;Bouaziz et al. 2009;Ben Khedher et al. 2017), and more recently, as an insecticide (Ben Khedher et al. 2017). However, up to our bibliography, no works have been reported about the anti-cytotoxic and potential anti-proliferative activities of the Tunisian SoEO. ...
... Hayouni et al. (2008) found that essential oil contents of S. officinalis collected from north of Tunisia was mainly composed of 1,8-cineole (33.27%), β-thujone (18.40%), α-thujone (13.45%), borneol (7.39%), β-elemene (4.82%), camphor (3.31%) and α-pinene (2.74%). Meanwhile Bouaziz et al. (2009) identified 44 compounds representing 96.32% of the total of essential oil of S. officinalis L. collected from the south of Tunisia (Table 5). Among them, 21 were monoterpenes hydrocarbons (20.77%), 14 were oxygenated monoterpenes (60.21%), six were sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons (10.28%), and two were oxygenated sesquiterpenes (5.06%). ...
The objectives of this work were to optimize hydro-distillation extraction of Salvia officinalis L. essential oil (SoEO) and to evaluate the in vitro scavenging capacity of the free radicals DPPH·, NO·, ABTS+, and the ability to reduce Fe3+. The optimization of SoEO extraction by hydro-distillation was carried out using the response-surface methodology by Box–Behnken. The cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative capacities were evaluated by measuring cell viability and then modeled. Two human tumor cell lines: MCF-7 and HeLa were involved. The obtained optimal extraction yield was Y = 1.85 g/100 g d.b. The main identified fractions were camphene (23.7%), α-thujone (19.62%), 1,8-cineole (10.6%), viridiflorol (5.9%), borneol (5.72%), β-thujone (5.4%) and caryophyllene (3.83%). Also, SoEO was mostly able to scavenge DPPH· free radical, ABTS+ radical and hydrogen peroxide in an amount dependent manner (IC50 = 0.97, 0.279 and 0.05 mg/mL, respectively). All treated cell lines showed a significant reduction in cell viability in response to the increasing of oil concentration. The cytotoxicity activity against both tumor cell lines MCF-7 and HeLa was considerably important with IC50 = 3.125 and 8.920 μg/mL, respectively. The present work provides a preliminary platform for further investigation of the possible mechanism of S. officinalis essential oils and their individual compounds in cytotoxic and antitumor activities.
... Sage, Salvia officinal, is an aromatic medicinal plant belong to the family Lamilaceae, is a perennial woody shrub native to Mediterranean area and is cultivated all over the world often used culinary preparations and folk medicine for various health condition [1] So, is the source of a vast variety of bioactive compounds valuable for pharaceutical and food [2] Aerial parts of S. oficinalis in treatment many diseases such as diabetes, cancer, hot flushes, obesity, diarrhea as well as for regulation of colestrol level and for memory improvement [3][4] So, is used as natural remedy in treating and curing arterial hypertension, bowel, stomac and spinal cord disorder, respiratory tract, inflammation, physical and mental fatigue, nervousness, skin ulceration, caugh, brunchities, dental absence and cellulitis ( [5]. Single extracts possess very strong antioxidant and antineurodegenerative properties [6]. ...
... (4), can be used be used as alternative to synthetic fungicides, promising for use in integrated pest management [25]. (5), anticancer activity and its principal constituents against hormonedependent tumer cells [26]. EO, has been development of alternative strategies to reduce bacteriosides, virocides, pesticides as well as elicitation to upraise biomass production and quality [27]. ...
... sativus [38] Poland Umbels with flowers 46.2 D. gingidium [39] Italy Fruits and leaves 12.2 and 60.6 D. aristidis [37] Algeria Aerial parts 20.13 D. aristidis [40] Algeria Stems, leaves and umbels 43.5, 53.5 and 55.5 D. carota subsp. maximus [35] Portugal Ripe umbels 22.2 D. muricatus [41] Algeria Umbels 21.8 D. carota subsp. major [42] -Fruits and flowers 12.9 and 24.4 D. carota [43] Syria Seeds 21.9 D. bicolor [43] Syria Seeds 18.4 D. carota subsp. ...
... However, we suggest that the anti-dermatophytes properties of D. reboudii essential oils are probably linked to the high concentrations in monoterpenes (56.5 and 65.7) % and more precisely to the considerable abundance of α-pinene, identified as the chemotype of both samples (36.6 and 40.6) % (Table 1) and previously described as a potent antibacterial and antifungal agent [34]. In fact, previous studies have reported that monoterpenoid-rich essential oils exhibited remarkable antifungal and antibacterial properties [35]. Moreover, Valente et al.pointed that Daucus carota subsp. ...
Purpose
This study investigates for the first time the influence of seasonal variation on the chemical composition, antifungal and insecticidal potentials of essential oils extracted from Daucus reboudii growing in Tunisia.
Methods
Essential oils were extracted in summer (vegetative stage) and autumn (flowering-fruiting stage) by hydrodistillation, the corresponding volatiles were identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The anti-insect potency of the essential oils from D. reboudii collected seasonally was evaluated towards two stored product insects, Tribolium confusum and Sitophilus zeamais. The antifungal effects of these oils were screened against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata yeasts and Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis dermatophytes, fungi with medical interest.
Results
The essential oil highest yield was recorded from the sample collected in October. The phytochemical profiling of D. reboudii volatile oils indicated that monoterpene hydrocarbons (52.2–61.4)% represent the major class of the identified compounds, with -pinene (36.6–40.6)% as the major secondary metabolite through both seasons. Taking into consideration the second most represented class of compounds, a predominance of sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons (25.3%) was observed in summer, versus a predominance of phenyl derivatives (21.1%) in the flowering-fruiting stage. The essential oils showed promising effect in protecting stored grains from T. confusum attacks. The essential oils from D. reboudii showed interesting antifungal potential towards T. rubrum and M. canis. C.
Conclusion
These results may be gainful in choosing the optimal harvest time for the production of D. reboudii active agents, with high value in crops preservation and medication.
Graphic Abstract
... For each plant, 1 Kg of fresh aerial parts of plant were utilized for oil extraction by steam distillation during 4 h by means of a Clevenger-type apparatus (Bouaziz et al., 2009). ...
... The analysis of the oils, whose compositions are shown in Table 1, were realized by GC/MS. Forty-three compounds were separated and their structures were determined by MS and retention index data (Bouaziz et al., 2009). Our results revealed that the whole aerial parts of both plants contained different oils and compositional profiles to compare their percentages and their retention indices with those of our own authentic compound. ...
The objective of this research work is the study of the essential oils (EOs) of myrtle (MEO) and rosemary (REO) as novel and eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors. These EOs were extracted by the Clevenger technique and analyzed using the Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). These techniques show that MEO and REO were rich in various volatile compounds.
The investigation of copper corrosion behavior in 3 wt% NaCl solution, in the presence of EOs, via open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out. The results of the electrochemical tests presented the same trends: EOs acting as cathodic type inhibitor for copper in 3 wt% NaCl solutions, the inhibition efficiency increasing upon the addition of EOs and the further increase with the increase of the EOs concentration and REO having moderately superior performance compared to MEO. The EOs molecules adsorption on the copper surface followed a Langmuir isotherm, and physical adsorption (vs. chemical adsorption) is dominant
... Several studies have been conducted on sage extracts and EOs on the basis of their reputation for having ap anacea of medicinal effects. [13] The genus Salvia encompasses nearly 1000 species, which are widespread throughout the world. [14 -16] Different species of sage are used in folk medicine to treat several diseases and to disinfect homes after sickness. ...
... Ab road spectrum of pharmacological activities has been ascribed to some widely distributed species of sage, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiplasmodial and antifungal properties. [13,17,26] Antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities of sage EOs have also been reported. [23,24,27] Extracts of 17 Salvia species used in traditional medicine in South Africa were subjected to biological testing for their cytotoxic effects on three human cancer cells (MCF7, HT-29, SF-268) and ah uman kidney epithelial cell line. ...
Colon cancer is one of the most common human malignancies, and chemotherapy cannot yet prevent recurrence in all patients. Essential oils are phytocomplexes with antiproliferative properties. In this study we elucidated the antiproliferative properties and the effect on cell cycle progression of sicilian Salvia officinalis essential oil and its three main compounds on three human colon cancer cell lines. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography. Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay, and the cell cycle distribution was determined by flow cytometry. Thirty‐four compounds were identified in the tested essential oil. Thirty‐four compounds were identified in the tested essential oil. Growth inhibition was observed after 72 h, with an impact on cell cycle progression and no effect on the viability of normal colonic epithelial cells. The study shows that Salvia officinalis essential oil and its three main components have an in vitro antiproliferative effect on colon cancer cells.
... Tunisian S. officinalis EO have nearly similar composition to that obtained by Gomes et al. (2001) and Bouaziz et al. (2009) [37,38] and disagree with Hayouni et al. (2008) who reported that 1,8-cineole (33.27%) was the major compound followed by β-thujone (18.40%), α-thujone (13.45%), borneol (7.37%) and camphor (3.31%) [13]. ...
... Tunisian S. officinalis EO have nearly similar composition to that obtained by Gomes et al. (2001) and Bouaziz et al. (2009) [37,38] and disagree with Hayouni et al. (2008) who reported that 1,8-cineole (33.27%) was the major compound followed by β-thujone (18.40%), α-thujone (13.45%), borneol (7.37%) and camphor (3.31%) [13]. ...
Background:
Lamiaceae family is one of the most diverse and common plant families in terms of ethnomedicine due to their potential therapeutic effects. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the chemical composition and the antibacterial effect of five essential oils from this family against five reference bacterial strains responsible of nosocomial diseases and foodborne illnesses.
Methods:
The commercial essential oils of Tunisian Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus capitatus, Origanum majorana and Salvia officinalis were analyzed by GC/FID and GC-MS. Essential oils were evaluated for their antibacterial activities by disc diffusion and microbroth dilution methods against five reference bacterial strains: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone diameter values and the twenty major compounds of the selected essential oils were subjected to PCA and HCA analysis.
Results:
Analysis by GC/FID and GC/MS allowed the identification of ninety-one components representing 96.0 to 98.2% of the total oils. The different component contents varied according to the species. The main components were carvacrol, 1,8-cineole, α-thujone, α-terpineol and α-pinene. The PCA and the HCA of the selected essential oil components and the inhibition zone diameter (IZD) values identified four species groups and subgroups. Each essential oils group constituted a chemotype responsible for their bacterial inhibition ability. Thymus capitatus essential oil showed the strongest antibacterial activity with MBC ranging from 0.73 to 2.94 mg mL- 1.
Conclusion:
Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus capitatus, Origanum majorana and Salvia officinalis essential oils have shown promising antibacterial activities against reference bacterial strains responsible for nosocomial diseases and foodborne illnesses.
... The antifungal activity of thyme EO on yeasts may be the result of impairment in fungal enzyme systems responsible for energy production and synthesis of cellular components (Conner & Beuchat, 1984). The EO of S. officinalis appear to be active against a large spectrum of microorganisms (Bouaziz, Yangui, Sayadi, & Dhouib, 2009), showing potential bactericidal and fungicidal effects on various species (Adrar, Oukil, & Bedjou, 2016;Bouaziz et al., 2009). Sage EO are usually characterized by the presence of thujone, 1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol, and limonene at high levels. ...
... The antifungal activity of thyme EO on yeasts may be the result of impairment in fungal enzyme systems responsible for energy production and synthesis of cellular components (Conner & Beuchat, 1984). The EO of S. officinalis appear to be active against a large spectrum of microorganisms (Bouaziz, Yangui, Sayadi, & Dhouib, 2009), showing potential bactericidal and fungicidal effects on various species (Adrar, Oukil, & Bedjou, 2016;Bouaziz et al., 2009). Sage EO are usually characterized by the presence of thujone, 1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol, and limonene at high levels. ...
Because of the increasing use of herbal essential oils (EO) in pharmacology, medicine, and food processing, global EO production grows at a rapid rate, generating large amounts of plant residues worldwide. The use of herbal residues for co-composting with various wastes offers a novel option for eco-friendly and cost effective waste management. However, the biologically active compounds remaining in the herb residues may affect microbial activity in the composting biomass, thereby influencing final compost quality. In this review, we summarize and evaluate current literature on the occurrence and survival of pathogens in composts, the beneficial effects of using herbal residues as bulking agents, and the potential antipathogenic effects of six herb species belonging to the Lamiaceae family as follows: lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and sage (Salvia officinalis L.).
... They have also been shown to have the ability to change a variety of signaling pathways, including those involved in cell growth, apoptosis, and inflammation. Despite these well-known biological properties of Salvia officinalis Linn and Rosmarinus officinalis L., there are currently no studies or reports on its application in topical formulations to prevent UVB radiation-induced oxidative damage [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. ...
This study aimed to develop a topical herbal gel incorporating Salvia officinalis Linn and Rosmarinus officinalis L. extracts to evaluate its anti-aging effects in a mouse model of skin aging. Salvia officinalis and Rosmarinus officinalis are rich in polyphenols and antioxidants, protecting against oxidative stress and inflammation, common factors in premature aging. The study involved formulating and characterizing twelve herbal gel variants containing methanol extracts from these plants. These gels exhibited desirable qualities, such as stability and viscosity, and HF4, containing carbopol 934, displayed superior release properties. HF4 demonstrated excellent extrudability, 103±1.82% w/w of net content, and 97.65±1.63% cumulative release at 5 hours. In a d-galactose-induced skin aging mouse model, HF4 exhibited significant anti-aging effects, with increased dermal and epidermal layer thickness, elevated glutathione levels, and reduced malondialdehyde levels compared to the untreated group. In conclusion, this study successfully created a topical herbal gel with the potential to combat skin aging by enhancing skin structure and reducing oxidative stress. These findings suggest the promising anti-aging properties of Salvia officinalis and Rosmarinus officinalis herbal gel formulations.
... The DPPH free radical scavenging capacity was determined as previously described methods [21,22] with a little modification. Briefly, 0.5 ml sample was mixed with 3.5 ml of 0.2 mM methanolic solution of DPPH free radical and the absorbance at 517 nm after incubation of 30 minutes at room temperature. ...
Objectives: Callistemon viminalis, a common ornamental small tree, is traditionally used in folk medicine to treat various diseased conditions. This study was carried out to explore in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of crude extracts of C. viminalis leaf using different solvent systems. Methods: Maceration process was used for extraction with five different solvents and primarily qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis were carried out by standard methods. Antioxidant activity was explored by several in vitro assay models whereas disc diffusion method was used to evaluate antibacterial property. Results: Qualitative assay detected the presence of different important phytoconstituents. Ethanol extract showed the highest content of phenolics (88.83±2.71 mg gallic acid/ g dry weight), flavonoids (65.48±2.74 mg of catechin/ g dry weight) and proanthocyanidins (17.39±0.64 mg of catechin/ g dry weight) except flavonol. The lower IC50 values of DPPH (32.80±1.71 µg/mL) and ABTS (46.20±1.33 µg/mL) assay were found by methanol extract than that of standards and other extracts. The highest superoxide and nitric oxide scavenging activity were found in ethanol (IC50: 39.04±1.36 µg/mL) and chloroform extract (IC50: 89.12±1.38 µg/mL), respectively. In disc diffusion assay, ethanol and petroleum ether extract showed highest activity against gram positive bacteria (inhibition zone: 22 mm against S. aureus) at 400 µg/ disc concentration, but the antibacterial activity of most extracts was relatively lower against gram negative bacteria. Conclusion: The results of this investigation revealed potent antioxidant and antibacterial activity, therefore C. viminalis may have a promising therapeutic potential.
... Phenolic compounds such as 1,8-Cineole, Camphor and Borneol are the main components of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil and were found to possess effective antimicrobial and antioxidant activities [20]. Thujone and Camphor are the main active ingredients in sage (Salvia officinalis L.) essential oil, and reports have shown their antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant activities [21]. Several reports have revealed that the addition of EOs to a vase solution enhanced cut flower longevity and quality. ...
The production of cut flowers has substantial economic potential, and therefore, extending their lifespan has been the main focus of several floriculture researchers. Despite the increased marketable value of gladioli, their spikes rapidly lose their visual value and postharvest quality, accompanied by a short vase life. Unfortunately, most floral preservatives used to extend the flower lifespan have hazardous impacts; thus, providing eco-friendly alternatives has spurred immense interest among scientists. Sage and rosemary essential oils (EOs) seem to be effective eco-friendly flower preservatives due to their content of antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. This study was therefore conducted to investigate whether using sage or rosemary EOs as novel preservative solutions can enhance the quality and prolong the vase life of cut gladiolus spikes. Gladiolus spikes were subjected to several concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg L −1) of sage or rosemary EOs in a vase solution. All levels of both EOs significantly prolonged the vase life of gladiolus spikes, increased their water uptake and enhanced floret opening compared to the control. The vase life was increased by 88.16 and 84.76% by applying 150 or 100 mg L −1 of sage or rosemary EOs, respectively, compared to the untreated spikes. Sage and rosemary EO treatments markedly decreased bacterial populations, preserved the chlorophyll content, decreased H 2 O 2 production and retarded the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), and therefore preserved the membrane stability relative to the control. Furthermore, the total phenols and the antioxidant enzyme activities of catalase, glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase were significantly increased due to sage or rosemary EO applications. In conclusion, sage or rosemary EOs may be applied as innovative, eco-friendly alternative preservatives to the communal chemicals used as preservatives in the cut flower industry.
... Sage is also historically used in preparing food and herbal tea, flavors in the perfume and cosmetics industry Moreover, in different countries essential oils derived from this species (Delamare et al., 2007). Few studies have been performed to investigate the biological activity of this plant, the majority of them claimed that it has antioxidant, antifungal, and antibacterial properties of S. officinalis essential oil (SoEO) (Hayouni et al., 2008;Bouaziz et al., 2009). Associated to sage species was chiefly high in viridiflorol (7.98 %), camphor (25.14 %), α-thujone (18.83 %), α-Humulene (2.48 %), 1,8-cineole (14.14 %), β-Thujone (4.46 %), β-Caryophyllene (3.30 %), borneol (2.81 %), β-Myrcene (1.93 %), bornyl acetate (1.05 %), α-Terpineol (1.33 %) and limonene (1.43 %) the highest characteristic parts found in study is "SoEO", are in compliance with the ISO 9909 profile for authentic "SoEO", while again is "cis-thujone (18-43 %), camphor (4.5-24.5 %), cineole (5.5-13 %), humulene (0-12 %), trans-thujone (3-8.5 %), camphene (1.5-7 %), pinene (1-6.5 %), limonene (0.5-3 %), bornyl acetate (2.5 % maximum) and linalool [free and esterified (1 % maximum)]" this variance is most likely related to variable growing environment. ...
This study was conducted in a laboratory experiment to evaluate the
efficiency, the effects of plant extraction, and microwave radiation on larval and
adult of khapra beetle. Effect of powders on 3
rd larval instar of Khapra when treated
with different concentrations of dry powder [ Garlic (Allium sativum), Sage (Salvia
officinalis), black arum leaves (Eminium spiculatum), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris),
Red hot pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum), Eucalyptus leaves (Eucalyptus oleosa),
and Clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum)].
... D'après Bouaziz et ses collaborateurs, les huiles essentielles de S. officinalis ont montré une activité antioxydante remarquable (IC50=7.70±0.90µg/ml) supérieure à celle de l'antioxydant de synthèse BHT (IC50=8.13±1.07µg/ml)[100].Les valeurs mentionnées dans la littérature ne concordent pas avec nos résultats, et cette divergence est probablement due à la différence dans la composition chimique des huiles essentielles. L'effet antioxydant des HE est probablement lié au contenu phénolique.En effet, l'étude comparative sur la faculté de réduction du radical DPPH par des chemotypes différents a montré que les chemotypes phénoliques indique in vitro des potentiels antioxydants plus exprimés et plus forts que les chemotypes non phénoliques[248].Concernant l'HE de R. chalepensis qui a montré l'effet antiradicalaire le plus faible, et ce comportement semble être dû à la composition chimique de cette huile, compte tenu de sa très faible teneur en composés phénoliques. ...
Aujourd’hui, les huiles essentielles sont considérées comme agents antimicrobiens à
large spectre. L’usage excessif des médicaments de synthèse et la résistance des bactéries aux antibiotiques, ont conduit à reconsidérer favorablement l’utilisation des huiles essentielles en pratiques médicinales. Le présent travail porte sur la valorisation de trois espèces végétales de notre patrimoine floristique, à savoir : Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Salvia officinalis L. et Ruta chalepensis L. Dans un premier temps, par cette étude, nous donnerons un nouvel élan à ces espèces à partir de l’optimisation des paramètres (granulométrie, débit de condensation et temps d’extraction) qui influent sur le procédé d’hydrodistillation afin d’améliorer leur rendement en huiles essentielles.
Les résultats de l’optimisation ont montré que nous pouvons atteindre des rendements maximums en assurant les conditions opératoires d’hydrodistillation pour chaque espèce : l’extraction de l’HE d’E. camaldulensis (1mm, 3.4ml/min et 210min), S. officinalis (2mm, 1.4ml/min et 210min) et pour R. chalepensis (2mm, 3.4ml/min et 204min). Les propriétés physico-chimiques enregistrées témoignent la bonne qualité de nos essences issues de l’hydrodistillation. Ainsi, les HEs ont été analysées par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (CPG/SM). L’analyse a recensé 35 composés pour l’HE d’E. camaldulensis avec 26.22% de p-Cymene comme constituant majoritaire, 34 composés pour l’HE de S. officinalis dont le α.-Thujone (28.36%) et finalement l’huile essentielle de R. chalepensis contenant 37 composés avec 2-undécanone (33.37%).
Par la suite, le potentiel antimicrobien des HEs a été testé sur une quinzaine de
souches bactériennes. L’activité antimicrobienne s’est révélée variable selon la nature de la souche et de l’HE avec une prédominance d’E. camaldulensis qui a obtenu les meilleurs résultats. L’évaluation de la synergie entre les HEs met en évidence l’action synergique en associant l’huile essentielle d’E. camaldulensis et S. officinalis, ainsi que l’huile essentielle d’E. camaldulensis et R. chalepensis. Cette combinaison diminue les CMIs et améliore l’activité antimicrobienne des HEs vis-à-vis des souches bactériennes qui représentent une faible sensibilité.
L’activité antioxydante in vitro a été évaluée à travers le test du piégeage du radical
libre DPPH. D’après les résultats, les trois huiles essentielles sont dotées d’un potentiel antiradicalaire faible par rapport à l’antioxydant standard employé.
Les propriétés biologiques observées seraient liées à la complexité de la composition chimique et de la synergie entre eux.
Mots clés : Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. ; Salvia officinalis L. ; Ruta chalepensis L. ; Hydrodistillation ; Huile essentielle ; Optimisation ; Effet antimicrobien ; Effet antioxydant.
... BHT was used as the reference compound (EC50 = 0.021 mg/mL) [65]. The SEOs of a sage plant from Tunisia, with an EC50 value of 8.31 mg/L [66] were comparable with the Turkish SEOs previously analyzed by Bouaziz et al. [67] who found an EC50value of 7.70 mg/L. The antioxidant activity of different species within the genus The concentrations of SEOs required to reduce the initial radical concentration by 50% (EC 50 ) were determined. ...
Chemical profiling the sage essential oils (SEOs) from wild and cultivated (shaded or non-shaded) plants has been investigated. The yield of SEOs from wild plants (3.51 mL/100 g) was higher than that from cultivated plants(shaded plants: 3.20 mL/100 g and non-shaded plants: 2.56 mL/100 g).The main components of SEO from wild plants were cis-thujone (43.2%), camphor (17.6%), 1,8-cineole (13.8%), veridiflorol (3.8%) and borneol (3.4%).The chemical composition of SEO from cultivated plants included camphor > cis-thujone > 1,8-cineole. Net shading lowered the content of toxic cis-thujone in sage (23.5%) and is therefore recommended in order to achieve better quality of SEO compared to non-shaded plants (cis-thujone 28.3%).The thujone content of SEO from wild plants is much higher (43.2%), and this drastically reduces the quality of EO. Cultivated sage was found to have stronger antioxidant activity (shaded plants 6.16 mg/mL or non-shaded 7.49 ± 0.13 mg/mL) compared to wild sage plants (9.65 mg/mL). The isolated SEOs are good sources of natural antioxidants with potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
... AWTS (21.93%), and PWTS formulations (17.74%). β-Thujone was previously described as the dominant compound in sage extract and essential oil [38,94,95]. Other compounds detected in high content in these formulations were α-thujone, 1,8-cineole, and camphor. ...
Since certain constituents are not naturally present in pure fruit juices, incorporating herbal extracts can provide specific sensory properties to the beverages and improve their biopotential. In our previous research, it was found that sage (Salvia officinalis L.), wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.), and combinations of their extracts had the highest total phenolic content and a unique composition of volatile compounds, which can contribute to the aromatic and antioxidant qualities of functional products. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the potential of sage and wild thyme extracts, as well as their mixture (wild thyme:sage at 3:1, v/v), to enrich fruit juices (apple, pineapple, and orange). Obtained beverages were evaluated for sensory properties as well as phenolic and headspace composition (UPLC-MS/MS and HS-SPME/GC-MS analysis) and antioxidant capacity (ORAC assay). The incorporation of wild thyme extract in pineapple juice provided the most harmonious flavor and the highest content of volatile compounds (on PDMS/DVB fiber). The orange juice formulations were the most enriched with phenolic and volatile compounds (on DVB/CAR/PDMS fibers). The highest antioxidant capacity was observed in the formulation with orange juice and sage extract (22,925.39 ± 358.43 µM TE). This study demonstrated that enriching fruit juices with sage and wild thyme extracts could create functional beverages with improved sensory and health-promoting properties, providing valuable insights for the food and beverage industry to meet the growing demand of health-conscious consumers for natural and functional products.
... Indeed, 1 kg of fresh aerial parts of each plant was hydrodistilled for 4 h. 12 After extraction, the essential oils were recovered as such without the addition of any solvent and subsequently stored in a refrigerator at 4°C in hermetically closed opaque-glass flasks. ...
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) are perennial herbs, typical of the Tunisian flora, with an intense aromatic flavor. Their essential oils, obtained by hydro-distillation, were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and by infrared Fourier transform spectrometry. In addition, these oils were assessed for their physicochemical properties as well as their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The physicochemical characterization proved to be of good quality by analyzing pH, water content (%), density at 15 °C (g/cm3), and iodine values according to standard test methods. The study of the chemical composition allowed for the identification of 1,8-cineole (30%) and α-pinene (40.4%) as the main constituents of myrtle essential oil, while 1,8-cineole (37%), camphor (12.5%), and α-pinene (11.6%) were identified as principal components in rosemary essential oil. The evaluation of their antioxidant activities permitted to obtain the IC50 values, which ranged between 22.3 and 44.7 μg/mL for DPPH and between 15.52 and 28.59 μg/mL for ferrous chelating assay, for rosemary and myrtle essential oils, respectively, thus indicating that rosemary essential oil is the most effective antioxidant. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the essential oils was tested in vitro against eight bacterial strains by the disc diffusion method. The essential oils showed antibacterial effects on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
... Sage plants have been shown to contain natural extracts that were effective in scavenging free radicals, and composition analysis of EOs extracted from sage leaves showed that their main components were camphor oil, 1,8-cineole, and α-thujone. El Euch et al. 28 and Bouaziz et al. 29 found similar half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 , 8.31 ± 0.55 and 7.70 ± 0.90 mg/L) of sage leaf EOs evaluated based on DPPH assays, and the slight difference in the antioxidant activity could be attributed to type and concentration of the EOs. A study found a significant increase in the DPPH free radical scavenging activity (from 12.7 to 90.5%) of Curcuma longa EOs at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 15 mg/mL. ...
Petroleum-based packaging materials are typically nonbiodegradable, which leads to significant adverse environmental and health issues. Therefore, developing novel efficient, biodegradable, and nontoxic food packaging film materials has attracted increasing attention from researchers. Due to significant research and advanced technology, synthetic additives in packaging materials are progressively replaced with natural substances such as essential oils (EOs). EOs demonstrate favorable antioxidant and antibacterial properties, which would be an economical and effective alternative to synthetic additives. This review summarized the possible antioxidant and antimicrobial mechanisms of various EOs. We analyzed the properties and performance of food packaging films based on various biopolymers incorporated with EOs. The progress in intelligent packaging materials has been discussed as a prospect of food packaging materials. Finally, the current challenges regarding the practical application of EOs-containing biopolymer films in food packaging and areas of future research have been summarized.
... Alizadeh and Shaabani (2012) reported that the essential oil composition of Salvia officinalis L. cultivated in Iran included borneol (8.33%), camphene (3.46%), α-pinene (3.24%), α-humulene (2.64%), and β-pinene (2.25%). Bouaziz et al. (2009) reported that the most abundant components (> 4%) of the sage tea essential oil cultivated in Tunisia were β -thujone (17.76%), 1,8-cineole (16.29%), camphor (14.19%), α-thujone (7.41%), transcaryophyllene (5.45%), viridiflorol (4.63%), β-pinene (4.41%), α-humulene (4.37%) and camphene (4.07%). Also, Delamare et al. (2007) reported that the main constituents (> 2%) of the essential oil of sage tea cultivated in South Brazil were α-thujone (24.8%), 1,8-cineole (14.8%), camphor (10.9%), β-pinene (9.87%), δ-gurjunene (8.20%), camphen (4.40%), β-thujone (3.97%), α-pinene (3.07%) and β-caryophyllene (2.89%). ...
Fish (Engraulis encrasicolus) oil was successfully microencapsulated using sage essential oils prepared in three different concentrations as 1% (S1), 2% (S2) and 3% (S3). The microencapsulated fish oil powders fabricated with spray drying were stored at room temperature (24 ± 1 °C) in order to determine the oxidative deterioration for 12 weeks. The highest microencapsulation efficiency was observed in the S3 (60.17%) as compared with other groups. Although the changes in free fatty acid (FFA) values were defined between 6.04 and 9.29% at the end of the storage period, the lowest FFA value was found in S2 samples (p < 0.05). Among the microencapsulated samples, the highest peroxide value (PV) was measured as 20.24 meq O2/kg for S1 at the 11th week of the experimental period. Moreover, statistical differences between the control (25.93 meq O2/kg) and S1 samples were observed (p < 0.05). The rapid increase in the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value of fish powders was delayed by microencapsulation technique fabricated with spray drying. The use of sage essential oils within this combination effectively retarded the oxidation in fish oil powders at ambient storage, indicating cost-effective for the food industry. Therefore, encapsulation of fish oils with sage oil using the spray drying technique has improved oxidation stability of fish oil and can be used for food applications.
... Other study [45] has proven that this essential oil is characterized by a good antifungal activity against C. albicans with MIC values of 200 µl / ml and CMF = 250 µl / ml higher than those obtained in our study. Other studies have attributed this antifungal activity to the presence of a high concentration of monoterpenes with antifungal potential, especially camphor [46,47]which gives the essential oil better fungicidal activity [48]. Other research has shown that sage essential oil with the following major compounds: cis-thujone, camphor, 1,8-cineole, camphene, αpinene, expressed antifungal activity against C. neoformans (MIC = 625 μg / mL) and C. albicans (MIC = 625 μg / mL) [49] [50]. ...
The results reported in this study provide new information about the antifungal activity of these medicinal plants and suggest their uses in the high incidence of fungal infections caused by Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans is due to several factors as resistance to antifungals, a fungistatic than the fungicidal effect of these drugs and the side effects of synthetic antifungals. Then, the search for new sources of molecules effective against pathogenic fungi is a major objective. In this context, the screening of antifungal activity of essential oils of three medicinal plants from Morocco (Lavandula angustifolia, Salvia officinalis, and Rosmarinus officinalis) has been carried out against C. albicans and C. neoformans, using Disk-diffusion assay and micro-dilution method. The essential oils are obtained by Hydrodistillation, the characterization of the most active essential oil was carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that L. angustifolia essential oil is the only oil that showed strong fungicidal activity against C. neoformans and against C. albicans. The FTIR analysis of this oil showed the existence of several antifungal compounds, mainly linalool, linalyl acetate, terpinene-4-ol, carvacrol, and citral. S. officinalis essential oil has a fungicidal effect against C. neoformans, but a fungistatic effect against C. albicans. This activity is due to the presence of camphor, 1,8-cineole, and limonene. R. officinalis essential oil showed a fungistatic effect depending on its main chemical components, including eucalyptol, limonene, cymene, α-pinene, and camphor. The results reported in this study provide new information about the antifungal activity of these medicinal plants and suggests their uses in the extraction of active principle for the synthesis of new antifungal drugs.
... International Journal of Biomed Research Rim M. Harfouch * AUCTORES Globalize your Research use of this plantis gingivitis, in addition to laryngitis, abdominal cramps, and dyspepsia [13]. Moreover, as natural disinfectant S. officinalis essential oils could play a vital role in preventing the spread of pathogenic microorganisms and could effectively solve certain environmental pollutions connected with the use of synthetic chemicals [14]. ...
Citation: Rim M. Harfouch*, Darwish M, Beesh M., Ibrahem N., Abstract Dalmatian Sage (Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) is known in the Middle East for its therapeutic properties, and is widely used in folk medicine, cosmetics, flavoring and preservative for food products. It's essential oil possess antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal and antioxidant properties so that it is widely used to treat gingivitis and laryngitis. The present study has formulated a semi-solid pharmaceutical form (tooth paste) that contains essential oil extracted from the leaves of common sage and conducted the necessary observations and further control tests, in preface for preparation at the industrial level at the later stage. The Sage leaves were harvested from al-Qadmus area, in Tartous province, Syria, dried and extracted for essential oil by hydro-distillation. The extraction yield was estimated to formulate the toothpaste and observational tests for quality control (sensory tests, the absence of solid and sharp particles, spread ability, pH, moisture content, bacterial tests and stability test on shelf) were performed. Our formulated toothpaste characteristics were identical to the commercial toothpaste specifications from the following respect: Sensory tests, spread ability, pH, moisture content and stability on shelf, also the microbial parameters values were within permissible limits. Our study suggest using this formula to prepare a tooth paste with sage essential oil and perform further studies to evaluate its efficacy on dental cavities and gingivitis.
... It is used for the treatment of varied disorders including seizure, rheumatism, inflammation, dizziness, ulcers, gout, tremor, paralysis, hyperglycaemia, and diarrhoea (Zargari, 1990;Garcia et al., 2016). Salvia officinalis extract was reported to be highly protective against Plasmopara viticola in grape vines (Dagostin et al., 2010), the essential oil having strong bactericidal and fungicidal activity (Bouaziz et al., 2009) ...
The use of pesticides dominates agriculture today, but unfortunately poses several threats to the environment and humans, through bioaccumulation and biomagnification. This research tested the efficacies of Salvia officinalis subsp. lavandulifolia and Salvia officinalis subsp. major aqueous extracts against Botrytis cinerea in order to curb chemical control and subsequent reduction in their threats. The leaves of Salvia officinalis subsp. lavandulifolia and Salvia officinalis subsp. major were collected in July and September 2019 and shed-dried. Then 90 ml hot distilled water was added to10 g of the crumbled leaves from each sample, left for 24 hours and the filtrate was used to prepare two different media concentrations: CC1 containing 99 ml PDA (i.e. Potato Dextrose Agar) and 11 ml extract (or ion-exchange water as control 1); and CC2 containing 88 ml PDA and 22 ml extract (or ion-exchange water as control 2). The 10 ml from each mixture (CC1, CC2 and the controls) was used as the growth media in 5 replications. Each Petri dish was centrally inoculated with 9 mm2 B. cinerea mycelia, and the area of colony was taken. All the extracts effectively inhibited the growth of Botrytis cinerea, with Som2 showing the highest inhibition. In Salvia officinalis subsp. lavandulifolia, Sol1 (July harvested) showed higher inhibition (53.90%) compared to September harvested Sol2 (40.78%) in CC2 at 3 days post inoculation (PI), while in Salvia officinalis subsp. major, Som2 (September harvested) showed higher inhibition (15.01%) compared to July harvested Som1 (0.04%) in CC1 at 7 days PI. Generally, CC2 showed higher inhibition compared to CC1.
Keywords:
pesticide, mycelia, harvest, poisoned food technique, inoculation, inhibition
... In addition to the genetic makeup of the plants (Sedlakova et al. 2003), the climatic conditions, agronomic management, harvesting time and post-harvest processing affect the synthesis of secondary metabolites (Özgüven et al. 2008). The variation in the amounts of constituents could be due to seasonal changes and climate changes during the day (Bouaziz et al. 2009). In addition, day length (presence of light) and solar intensity cause the plant's photochemical reaction and change in the accumulation of secondary metabolites and their constituents (Ben-Taarit et al. 2010). ...
This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of phenological and diurnal variation on volatile oil content and quality of Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) cultivated in Afyonkarahisar/Turkey. The harvesting times based on ontogeny were the pre-flowering, flowering and post-flowering stages. The harvesting took place three times a day, at 6:00 a.m., 2:00 and 8:00 p.m. The results showed that the highest volatile oil was obtained at 8:00 p.m. of the flowering stage (2.05%). In general, the best harvesting time was the flowering stage and the last hours of the day. The synthesis of volatile oil was almost the same at other phenological stages. The amount of volatile oil increased at the sunset time of the day in all studied stages. Among the identified of S. officinalis volatile oil compounds, oxygenated monoterpenes were the largest chemical group (52.8-68.6%). α-Thujone (13.0-35.8%) was the major compound of the most samples. The highest and lowest values of this compound were observed in the post-flowering and flowering stages, respectively. The other main compounds were camphor (7.0-20.2%), 1,8-cineole (6.9-14.1%), borneol (2.8-15.8%) and veridiflorol (4.5-12.3%). The effects of climatic factors such as day length, insolation, temperature and plant growth stage affected the quantity and quality of volatile oil content of S. officinalis. The results showed that the best harvesting time for S. officinalis for volatile oil content is 8:00 p.m. at the flowering stage in Afyonkarahisar climatic conditions. The volatile oil compositions of the plant varied widely at different harvest times (ontogeny and diurnal).
... Camphor is being reported as the main compound in this work in similar percentages to what Kammoun El Euch et al. [19] reported. Previous studies reported similar chemical composition for sage essential oil, α-thujone, 1,8-cineole, and camphor, however in different quantities [6,7,19,30,31]. ...
The essential oils (EOs) extracted by hydrodistillation (HYDRO) and steam distillation (SD) from Mexican Salvia officinalis L were analyzed for yield, chemical composition (GC-MS), particle morphology (SEM), antioxidant activity (ABTS), and antibacterial activity against Enterobacter agglomerans, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella sp, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The influence of the factors (method, quantity, and sample) was evaluated using a 23 full factorial design, Pareto chart, normal probability plot, main effects, and interaction plots in variance analysis on yield and antioxidant activity. The quantity, methods, sample, and the methods × sample and methods × quantity interactions were the most significant factors on yield (%). The sample, methods, and quantity × sample interaction were significant for antioxidant activity. EO yields were between 0.35 and 1.27 (% w/w), and the highest value was obtained by the HYDRO method using 50 g of whole sage leaves. The antioxidant activity values were in the range of 2.35 to 3.44 mg Trolox equivalent/g. Camphor, limonene, camphene, and caryophyllene were the main compounds identified. Micrographs of sage leaves showed relevant changes in the structure after extraction. The antibacterial activity was confirmed with the inhibition diameter and inhibition percentage of all bacteria, and P. aeruginosa was the most resistant bacteria. Finally, S. officinalis EO potentials can be considered an alternative natural preservative for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
... Indeed, γ-terpinene, the main component of the sample, is considered a highly volatile substance with antimicrobial properties (Rostro-Alanis et al. 2019). The delta value of OEO was comparable with those from other essential oils (Inouye et al. 2006;Bouaziz et al. 2009). On the other hand, the most abundant bioactive compounds of propolis are not volatile, i.e., flavonoids and phenolic acids, which is consistent with the lack of bioactivity recorded in this assay. ...
Aims:
This study aimed to evaluate in vitro individual and combined antifungal activity of propolis extract (PE) and oregano essential oil (OEO) against Penicillium allii, causal agent of blue mold disease. The chemical characterization of both products was also included.
Methods and results:
Chromatographic analysis of PE and OEO confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds. The antifungal susceptibility assays showed that PE and OEO were highly active against the mycelial growth and conidial germination of P. allii. PE and OEO MICs were 12.5 μL mL-1 and 1.5 μL mL-1 , respectively. The MFCs of these products were 50 μL mL-1 and 3.1 μL mL-1 , respectively. PE acted mainly through diffusion, while OEO acted by a mixed contribution of vapor and diffusion. Synergism and additive effect between both products were found in some combination ratios.
Conclusion:
PE and OEO, both natural products with different chemical composition, have a strong antifungal activity against P. allii and show a favorable interaction causing synergism.
Significance and impact of the study:
The results of this study indicated the potential use of PE combined with OEO as a non-conventional strategy towards the formulation of a biofungicide to control blue mold disease in garlic seed-cloves.
... The yield of essential oils from leaves of M. alternifolia extracted by hydrodistillation method from the natural leaves, in-vitro leaves, and callus sources in the present study was in close agreement with other studies [15], where it has been reported with a similar yield of the essential oil from M. alternifolia in-vitro leaves was 0.50%. Indeed, the extraction of phenolic compounds from their natural matrix is complex by their diversity and their susceptibility to oxidation and hydrolysis. ...
Objectives: Essential oil and their compounds are getting increasing interest due to their multipurpose functional as alternatives to artificial preservatives. The aim of this study was focused to comparative analyses on hydrodistillation, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity of essential oil derived from Melaleuca alternifolia (M. alternifolia) leaves procured from natural leaves, in-vitro leaves, and callus sources. Methods: The essential oil was extracted using hydrodistillation. The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine the TPC equivalent and antioxidant activity of essential oils. Results: TPC of essential oil from in-vitro sources of leaves contained 14.79 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry plant material and its IC50 value was found to be 70% in 1-diphenyl 2-picrylhyorazyl assay. Thus, this source of essential oil showed good free radical scavenging activity. Conclusion: The estimated biological potential was obtained in the essential oil from in-vitro sources of leaves M. alternifolia.
... For S. officinalis leaves EO from Tunisia, an IC 50 value of 8.31 mg/L was reported against DPPH radicals [32]. This result was comparable with another Turkish sage EO previously analyzed by Bouaziz et al. [53] that found an IC 50 value of 7.70 mg/L. The capacity to scavenge DPPH radicals was also demonstrated for sage leaves collected in Morocco [54] with an IC 50 of 309.42 mg/mL. ...
Salvia officinalis L. (sage) is one of the most appreciated plants for its plethora of biologically active compounds. The objective of our research was a comparative study, in the Mediterranean context, of chemical composition, anticholinesterases, and antioxidant properties of essential oils (EOs) from sage collected in three areas (S1–S3) of Southern Italy. EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory properties were investigated by employing Ellman’s method. Four in vitro assays, namely, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric-reducing ability power (FRAP), and β-carotene bleaching tests, were used to study the antioxidant effects. Camphor (16.16–18.92%), 1,8-cineole (8.80–9.86%), β-pinene (3.08–9.14%), camphene (6.27–8.08%), and α-thujone (1.17–9.26%) are identified as the most abundant constituents. However, the content of these constituents varied depending on environmental factors and pedoclimatic conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Based on Relative Antioxidant Capacity Index (RACI), S2 essential oil exhibited the highest radical potential with an IC50 value of 20.64 μg/mL in ABTS test and presented the highest protection of lipid peroxidation with IC50 values of 38.06 and 46.32 μg/mL after 30 and 60 min of incubation, respectively. The most promising inhibitory activity against BChE was found for S3 sample (IC50 of 33.13 μg/mL).
... Recent studies have found that Salvia has positively physiological effects on heart (6, 7), liver and kidney function (8,9). Research also has shown that Salvia has anxiolytic (10), anti-inflammatory (11,12), antifungal (13), antimicrobial (14,15) antioxidant (16) and antihyperglycemic properties (17,18). Several investigations have shown that many of these plants have antioxidant activities that could be therapeutically beneficial and it has been mentioned that the antioxidant potential of plants might be due to their phenolic components. ...
The present study aims to reveal the effect of Salvia officinalis in the physiological and histological state of male mice reproductive system. Fifteen adult males Swiss Albino mice at the age of two months were divided into three groups; the control group and the experimental group, which is subdivided into two groups. The first treated group received 0.03g/day extract of Salvia officinalis, the second was treated with 0.01g/day extract of Salvia officinalis for 30 days. Then, the animals were weighted and dissected to remove the testis for histological study. Also, the liver, kidney, heart, epididymis, prostate and spleen were removed from the animals and weighted. The study revealed an increase in body weight of animals treated with Salvia officinalis. There was a significant gradual increase in body weight (28.56, 31.88)g which was of direct proportion with the increase of the given dosages of the Salvia as compared with the control group 27.65g. The testis and epiddymis showed a clear increase in weight (0.14, 0.736, 0.298, 0.526)g which was statistically significant (P<0.05) and this increase was in direct proportion with the increase in the given dosages of Salvia when compared with the control group (0.116, 0.262)g. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the weight of the liver, spleen, kidney and prostate (1.68, 1.89, 0.256, 0.306, 0.454, 0.552, 0.206, 0.276)g as compared with the control group (1.44, 0.212, 0.436 and 0.176)g, respectively. Histological examination showed an increase in the number of layers in germinative epithelia of seminiferous tubules. On the other hand, results showed an increase in the number of sperms within the lumen in addition to an decrease in the diameter of tubules as compared with the control group and the activation of tubules epithelium increases with the increase of dose. These results highlight the role of Salvia officinalis in activating spermatogonia and the production of sperms.
... Recent studies have found that Salvia has positively physiological effects on heart (6, 7), liver and kidney function (8,9). Research also has shown that Salvia has anxiolytic (10), anti-inflammatory (11,12), antifungal (13), antimicrobial (14,15) antioxidant (16) and antihyperglycemic properties (17,18). Several investigations have shown that many of these plants have antioxidant activities that could be therapeutically beneficial and it has been mentioned that the antioxidant potential of plants might be due to their phenolic components. ...
The present study aims to reveal the effect of Salvia officinalis in the physiological and histological state of male mice reproductive system. Fifteen adult males Swiss Albino mice at the age of two months were divided into three groups; the control group and the experimental group, which is subdivided into two groups. The first treated group received 0.03g/day extract of Salvia officinalis, the second was treated with 0.01g/day extract of Salvia officinalis for 30 days. Then, the animals were weighted and dissected to remove the testis for histological study. Also, the liver, kidney, heart, epididymis, prostate and spleen were removed from the animals and weighted. The study revealed an increase in body weight of animals treated with Salvia officinalis. There was a significant gradual increase in body weight (28.56, 31.88)g which was of direct proportion with the increase of the given dosages of the Salvia as compared with the control group 27.65g. The testis and epiddymis showed a clear increase in weight (0.14, 0.736, 0.298, 0.526)g which was statistically significant (P<0.05) and this increase was in direct proportion with the increase in the given dosages of Salvia when compared with the control group (0.116, 0.262)g. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the weight of the liver, spleen, kidney and prostate (1.68, 1.89, 0.256, 0.306, 0.454, 0.552, 0.206, 0.276)g as compared with the control group (1.44, 0.212, 0.436 and 0.176)g, respectively. Histological examination showed an increase in the number of layers in germinative epithelia of seminiferous tubules. On the other hand, results showed an increase in the number of sperms within the lumen in addition to an decrease in the diameter of tubules as compared with the control group and the activation of tubules epithelium increases with the increase of dose. These results highlight the role of Salvia officinalis in activating spermatogonia and the production of sperms.
... Of the major medicinal and aromatic plants of Lamiaceae family, Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil exhibits potent antibacterial (Celiktas et al., 2007;Bozin et al., 2007;Ohno et al., 2003;Zaouali et al., 2010), cytotoxic (Miladi et al., 2013;Stojanović-Radić et al., 2010), antimutagenic (Marzouk et al., 2006) and antioxidant (Bozin et al., 2007) properties. Salvia officinalis essential oil has been also reported to possess various properties such as antibacterial (Delamare et al., 2007;Bouaziz et al., 2009), antioxidant (Bozin et al., 2007) and insecticidal (Pavela, 2005). Lavandula angustifolia essential oil exhibits significant potentials such as anaesthetic (Ghelardini et al., 1999), anti-inflammatory and analgesic (Hajhashemi et al., 2003), antifungal (D'auria et al., 2005), antimicrobial (de Rapper et al., 2013), and antimutagenic (Evandri et al., 2005). ...
Drought stress is of the major abiotic stress factors shifting the primary and secondary metabolism of the plants. The mechanisms corresponding to the stress-plant interaction and subsequently impacts on plants have been well-documented. However, there are insufficient documents regarding with drought experience influence on the plant metabolism. Along with the study, the drought experience on the essential oil compounds of rosemary, sage, lavender and basil leaves were for the first time-investigated. Briefly, experimental plants were firstly divided into two groups: irrigated and non-irrigated groups for seven days and then all plants were fully-irrigated as recovery stage. After recovery stage, both plant groups were divided into two more groups as irrigated and non-irrigated for more seven days. For the analysis, leaf samples were collected at Day-0, Day-7 (first cycle), Day-14 (second cycle) and Day-21 (third cycle) for each group. Since the accumulation of the secondary me-tabolites has been considered as an adaptive strategy of the plants in response to the stress that matters, the changes in essential oil compounds in order to investigate the possible influence of drought experience were profiled. Along with the study, specifically, the behaviour of common components including α-pinene, D-li-monene, eucalyptol, and camphor in rosemary, sage, lavandula, and basil were assessed. Of those components, α-pinene decreased with the maturity and drought stress in rosemary but increased in lavender. In sage, it sharply decreased with the stress but recurrent drought increased. In basil, first stress and recurrent stress increased the percentage of the component. D-limonene increased with first and recurrent drought stress in rosemary and basil. On the other hand, the percentage decreased with the first stress but increased with the recurrent drought stress in sage and lavender. Eucalyptol increased by the maturity and drought stress in all plants. Camphor percentage increased with the first stress in all plants but the recurrent drought effects were different for all plants. The present study might be fundamental for the relevant researches and forthcoming studies are required to be addressed on molecular, physiological and biochemical responses associated with essential oil production.
... In addition to the lower cost, these substances can circumvent the negative effects caused by the indiscriminate use of conventional antibiotics, favoring veterinary medicine, farmers, consumers and the environment (Avancini and Wiest, 2008;Bouaziz et al., 2009;Tresoldi, 2008). ...
Syzygium aromaticum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oils were tested for their effectiveness in reduction the counts of inoculated Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in sheepmeat. The inhibitory effect was analysed by disk diffusion and broth macrodilution method with four strains and seven concentrations. Disinfectant activity of the oils was assessed using the suspension test with two strains and two concentrations. The inhibition was observed at concentrations 400, 200 and 100 μL/mL. Syzygium aromaticum L. oil was better than Ocimum gratissimum L. against bacteria isolated from sheep carcasses. The minimum bactericidal concentration of the essential oils aginst inocula ranged from 50 to 200 μL/mL. The suspension test showed that after 5 minutes of contact, Syzygium aromaticum L. disinfectant at 400 μL/mL deactivated the inoculants completely. The results demonstrated that essential oils exerted a significant bactericidal and bacteriostatic action against pathogens.
... -Antioxidant and antimicrobial [74] Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Tasmanian blue gum Antioxidant [75] Eucalyptus globulus Tasmanian blue gum Antimicrobial [76] Eucalyptus lehmani -Insecticidal [77] ( Ocimum basilicum L. Basil Antifungal and antibacterial [24] Ocimum gratissimum L. Basil Antitrypanosomal and antiplasmodial [86] Origanum vulgare L. Oregano Antioxidant [87] Origanum vulgare L. Oregano Anti-inflammatory [88] Rosmarinus officinalis L. Rosemary Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antcancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic [37,86] Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl Spanish sage Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases [89] Salvia officinalis L. Sage Antimicrobial and antioxidant [39] Satureja hortensis L. Savory Antifungal [90] Skimmia laureola Franch. Nazar Panra Antinociceptive and antipyretic [91] Thymus serpyllum Wild Thyme Antioxidant [87] Thymus vulgaris L. Thyme Antioxidant and antimicrobial [22] The biological responses of essential oils are due to their chemical composition in which their volatile substances react with biomolecules, producing a biological response. ...
... The plant S. officinalis is widely applied as condiment, and its many medical uses have paved the way for a new and promising research line. Throughout the years, studies have proven the S. officinalis antibacterial effect against numerous strains, including bacteria that cause pharyngitis [20], food and air-borne pathogens [21,22], and cariogenic bacteria [23e25]. ...
Being aware of the remarkable antimicrobial potential of S. officinalis L., we aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the S. officinalis dichloromethane crude extract (SOD), dichloromethane-soluble fractions (SODH and SODD), SODD subfractions (SODD1 and SODD2), and pure substances (manool, salvigenin, and viridiflorol) against periodontopathogens. This bioassay-guided study comprises five antimicrobial tests—determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), determination of the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), determination of the antibiofilm activity, construction of the Time-kill curve (determination of Bactericidal Kinetics), and determination of the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index—on six clinical bacterial isolates and three standard bacterial strains involved in periodontal disease. SOD has moderate activity against most of the tested bacteria, whereas SODD1, SODH1, SODH3, and manool afford the lowest results. The Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATTC and clinical isolate) biofilm is considerably resistant to all the samples. In association with chlorhexidine gluconate, only SODH1 exerts additive action against P. gingivalis (clinical isolate). Therefore, SODH1 and manool are promising antibacterial agents and may provide therapeutic solutions for periodontal infections.
... The strains were most sensitive towards SD oil than the oils obtained by the other methods (HD and MAHD). 35 , showed the effectiveness of the S. officinalis EO against the development of a broad spectrum of micro-organisms (bacteria and fungi). These authors attributed the strong antibacterial and antifungal activities of sage EO to its high concentration of monoterpenes. ...
The present study was carried out to determine, for the first time, the chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils from leaves of Salvia officinalis L. cultivated in Algeria. The essential oils (EOs) obtained by different extraction techniques: the microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), the conventional hydrodistillation (HD) technique and the steam distillation (SD). The volatile compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results were compared in terms of extraction time, yield extraction and chemical composition. The effect of drying method on the chemical composition of the essential oil generated by air or by oven drying. The results obtained showed that dried plant material yielded more essential oils than the fresh one. The highest EO yields were obtained for the oven-dried at 60°C (2.5 %) for one day, followed by the air-dried plant material for twenty one days (2.25 %). The chemical analysis of EO led to the identification of 28, 30 and 25 compounds in HD, MAHD and SD oils, respectively. The main components of EO resulting from the different extraction techniques were 1,8-cineole (11.00-12.16 %), α-thujone (15.80-17.92 %), camphor (10.70-23.95 %), α-humulene (4.50-9.61 %) and viridiflorol (9.49-13.10 %). The method of drying induced very significant variations for some compounds, especially for main compounds such as camphor (21.78-25.36 %), α-thujone (16.84-17.40 %) 1,8-cineole (15.15-17.92 %), caryopyllene oxide (5.46-8.42 %). The antioxidant activity evaluated by DPPH (1,1 diphenyl-2picryl-hydrazyl) radical scavenging assay showed an appreciable efficiency. The antimicrobial activity tested on seven microorganisms showed that the EO obtained by SD was remarkably more active, and that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans were resistant to all tested oils.
In this study, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the methanol extract of Cuscuta reflexa (CRWP-M) were evaluated. The plant material was collected from Dehradun and processed to obtain the extract, which was tested for its total phenolic content, reducing power, and scavenging activities against DPPH and superoxide radicals. The extract's inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes was also assessed. Results showed that the extract contained 0.132 mg/mL of gallic acid equivalents of phenolic compounds. In the reducing power assay, the extract demonstrated lower activity compared to Quercetin and Vitamin C across all concentrations. For DPPH radical scavenging, the extract was more effective than BHT at low concentrations but less effective at higher concentrations. The extract exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of COX-1, COX-2, and LOX, with the most significant effect on LOX (IC50 of 106.49 μg/mL). In superoxide radical scavenging, Vitamin C consistently outperformed the extract at all tested concentrations. These findings suggest that while CRWP-M has notable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, its efficacy varies across different assays and is generally lower than that of standard antioxidants like Quercetin and Vitamin C.
Though the leaves of Cinnamomum tamala is extensively employed in culinary applications due to its rich aroma and therapeutic properties, the produce exhibits variability in composition and contents of leaf essential oil due to fluctuations in climatic conditions and harvesting time. This work evaluated the impact of seasonal and diurnal variations on the composition and contents of aroma volatiles in the mature leaves of C. tamala. In summer, the profile of aroma volatile was dominated by phenylpropanoids (112.96 ± 24.11 μg/g of freeze-dried leaf tissue) while in winter monoterpenes (58.45 ± 8.194 μg/g of freeze-dried leaf tissue) acquired the dominance. The variability in the contents of primary metabolites was shown to be influenced by the harvesting season and time. Organic acids and sugars showed highest accumulation in leaves harvested during summer evening and winter morning, respectively. Histochemical study showed the presence of lipids and terpenes in the secretory cells as revealed through sudan III and NaDi staining. The ontogeny of secretory oil cells that accumulate essential oil were elucidated through ultrastructural study.
Essential oils (EOs) from Citrus sinensis (Rutaceae) possess diverse biological activities. However, a comprehensive comparison of their chemical composition and bioactivity across different plant parts has not been studied yet. The current research comparatively assesses the yield, chemical composition, chiral distribution, antioxidant properties, and larvicidal activity of EOs extracted from the peels, leaves, and flowers of C. sinensis. EOs extracted via hydro-distillation (HD) and steam distillation (SD) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and chiral GC-MS to explore their chemical composition and enantiomeric distribution. In addition, their larvicidal and antioxidant potentials were evaluated following standard protocols. Peels of C. sinensis exhibited significantly higher oil content (1.75-2.25%) compared to its leaves (0.75-0.78%) and flowers (0.20-0.25%). The GC-MS analysis identified around 60 compounds, including terpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and oxygenated terpenoids in the HD and SD extractions. Higher concentrations of sabinene were found in flower extract (38.05-39.89%) and leaf extract (32.30-36.91%), while peel extract contained more than 90% limonene. The larvicidal activity of peel oil was primarily attributed to limonene, with an LC 50 value of 0.0031 µL/mL. The current study reports the first chiral (GC-MS) analysis in the essential oil of the leaves and flowers of C. sinensis, paving the way for authenticity and purity. Furthermore, the chemical profiling of citrus EOs, particularly from the peel, demonstrates a safe and promising candidate for diverse biological applications.
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de Salvia officinalis L. sobre microorganismos transmitidos por alimentos con alto potencial patogénico en humanos. Para determinar su efectividad como alternativa en la conservación de alimentos se comparó con la actividad antimicrobiana de compuestos químicos utilizados ampliamente en la industria de alimentos. El aceite esencial de S. officinalis demostró un amplio espectro de inhibición microbiana sobre microorganismos Gram positivos y Gram negativos. La concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) estuvo entre 1 y 4 mg/ml para todas las bacterias evaluadas. Estos resultados muestran que el aceite esencial de S. officinalis puede ser utilizado para mejorar la inocuidad y tiempo de vida útil de productos alimenticios.
ÖNSÖZ
Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerden elde edilen aromatik-kokulu-uçucu
yağlar/esans yağlar son yıllarda kozmetik ve insan sağlığını koruma
ve geliştirme amacıyla oldukça yaygın kullanım alanı bulmuştur.
İnsanlık tarihi kadar eski geçmişi olan esans yağlarının tıp ve eczacılık
alanında kullanımı ile ilgili her geçen gün yeni gelişmeler
sağlanmaktadır. Ülkemizin farklı üniversiteleri ve/veya özel sektörün
seçkin temsilcileri, uzmanlarca hazırlanan “ESANS YAĞLARIN
(ARONATİK YAĞLARIN) SAĞLIK ALANINDA KULLANIMI”
kitabı, esans yağların Antiparazitik, Antienflamatuar, Antiviral
Etkileri incelenerek, Kozmetikte, Tıpta Yetişkin ve Pediatrik
Gruplarında, Tıpta Analjezi ve Sedasyon Olarak Kullanımı, Tedavi
Amaçlı Kullanımı, Tıp’ta Aromaterapi Olarak Kullanımı, Alternatif
Tıpta (Fitoterapi Olarak) Kullanımı, Dezenfektan ve Antiseptik olarak
kullanımı, Kadın Doğumda Kullanımı, Diş Hekimliğinde Kullanımı
gibi birçok alanı kapsayan multidsipliner bir çalışma olarak karşımıza
çıkmaktadır. Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerden elde edilen esans
yağlarının sağlık alanında kullanımına dair kapsamlı, doyurucu ve
güncel literatürü içeren bilgiler içermektedir. Eserin, akademisyenlerin
araştırmalarına yardımcı olması yanı sıra, bu alanda araştırma yapmak
isteyen öğrencilere ve esans yağlardan sağlık alanında yararlanmak
isteyen tüm kesimlere katkı sağlayacağını ümit ediyoruz.
Purpose The present study aims to investigate for the frst time, the chemical composition and biological profle of the
essential oil extracted from Daucus setifolius harvested in northwest of Tunisia.
Method The content of the essential oil obtained after hydrodistillation of the aerial parts, was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The anti-insect potency of D. setifolius essential oil was assessed against the most
important and destructive insect pests of stored cereals in Tunisia namely Tribolium confusum and Sitophilus zeamais.
Moreover, the oil was screened, using microdilution method, for its antifungal properties against Candida albicans and
Candida glabrata yeasts and Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis dermatophytes.
Results The chromatographic analysis proved its richness in monoterpene hydrocarbons (46.4%). Thus, sabinene (33.1%)
was identifed as the predominant compound, followed by β-selinene (14.4%) and terpinen-4-ol (8.6%). Indeed, the repellency
assay indicated that the volatile oil exhibited a higher repellency towards both adult species (>70%) after 120 min of exposure. The results showed that dermatophyte strains are more sensitive to D. setifolius essential oil compared to Candida spp.
Conclusion The essential oil of D. setifolius aerial parts has potential for development of plant-derived insecticidal compounds and repellents for stored grains insects.
Dalmatian Sage(Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) is known in the Middle East for its therapeutic properties, and is widely used in folk medicine, cosmetics, flavoring and preservative for food products. It’s essential oil possess antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal and antioxidant properties so that it is widely used to treat gingivitis and laryngitis. The present study has formulated a semi-solid pharmaceutical form (tooth paste) that contains essential oil extracted from the leaves of common sage and conducted the necessary observations and further control tests, in preface for preparation at the industrial level at the later stage. The Sage leaves were harvested from al-Qadmus area, in Tartous province, Syria, dried and extracted for essential oil by hydro-distillation. The extraction yield was estimated to formulate the toothpaste and observational tests for quality control (sensory tests, the absence of solid and sharp particles, spread ability, pH, moisture content, bacterial tests and stability test on shelf) were performed. Our formulated toothpaste characteristics were identical to the commercial toothpaste specifications from the following respect: Sensory tests, spread ability, pH, moisture content and stability on shelf, also the microbial parameters values were within permissible limits. Our study suggest using this formula to prepare a tooth paste with sage essential oil and perform further studies to evaluate its efficacy on dental cavities and gingivitis.
Despite the interest of legumes for food and feed purposes, the phytochemicals of Astragalus armatus (AA), A. caprinus (AC), and A. gombiformis (AG) have not been reported in-depth yet. Thus, the lipid contents, fatty acids composition, proteins, and bioactive compounds in the seeds of these species were investigated. Total lipids were ranged from 12.2 (AG) to 36.5 g 100 g⁻¹ DW (AC) and consisted of linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and palmitic acid. The crude protein contents were in the range from 52.2 (AG) to 54.74 g 100 g⁻¹ DW (AA). Globulin and albumin were the predominant soluble protein fractions. The seeds consisted significantly of different contents of total polyphenols (3.4–6.5 mg GAEg⁻¹DW), total flavonoids (1.24–5.15 mg QEg⁻¹DW), and total condensed tannins (12–23.2 mg CEg⁻¹DW). The extracts mainly consisted of quinic acid, p-coumaric acid, and cirsiliol. All these findings can be assets for functional foods and/or food ingredients.
Historically, spices have played an important economic role, due to their large applications and unique flavor. The supply and cost of spice materials and their corresponding natural products are often affected by environmental, geopolitical and climatic conditions. Secondary metabolite composition, including certain flavor compounds in spice plants, is recognized and considered closely related to plant classification. Both genes and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of spice flavors are constantly identified, which provides insight into metabolic engineering of flavor compounds (i.e. aroma and pungent compounds) from spice plants. In this review, a systematic meta-analysis was carried out based on a comprehensive literature survey of the flavor profiles of 36 spice plants from nine families. We also reviewed typical biosynthetic pathways and metabolic engineering of most representative aroma and pungent compounds that may assist in the future study of spice plants as biosynthetic factories facing a new challenge in creating spice products.
Mutagenic and antimutagenic potential of essential oil (EO) of cultivated sage (S. officinalis L.) and its monoterpenes: thujone, 1,8-cineole, camphor and limonene against UVC-induced mutations was studied with Salmonella/microsome, E. coli WP2, E. coli K12 [Simić, D., Vuković-Gačić, B., Knežević-Vukčević, J., 1998. Detection of natural bioantimutagens and their mechanisms of action with bacterial assay-system. Mutat. Res. 402, 51–57] and S. cerevisiae D7 reversion assays. The toxicity of EO differed, depending on the strain used. The most sensitive were permeable strains TA100, TA102, E. coli K12 IB112 and non-permeable WP2. Mutagenic potential of EO and monoterpenes was not detected, with or without S9. EO reduced the number of UV-induced revertants in a concentration-dependent manner, reaching 50–70% of inhibition at the maximum non-toxic concentrations: 3 μl/plate (TA102), 5 μl/plate (WP2), 7.5 μl/plate (IB112), 30 μl/plate (E. coli K12 SY252) and 60 μl/plate (D7). The metabolic activation had no effect on antimutagenic potential of EO. Similar toxicity of monoterpenes was observed in TA100, E. coli SY252 and D7, with the exception of limonene (less toxic to D7). Reduction of UV-induced revertants by non-toxic concentrations of monoterpenes, tested with SY252 and D7, reached 40–50% at 15–20 μl/plate of thujone, 10 μl/plate of cineole and 1–10 μg/plate of camphor. Limonene showed antimutagenic effect only in D7. Our data recommend sage monoterpenes for further chemoprevention studies.
Adams, R. P. 2007. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry, 4th Edition. Allured Publ., Carol Stream, IL
Is out of print, but you can obtain a free pdf of it at
www.juniperus.org
The essential oils (EOs) extracted from the aerial parts of cultivated Salvia officinalis L. and the berries of Schinus molle L. were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and 68 and 67 constituents were identified, respectively. The major constituents were 1,8-cineole (33.27%), β-thujone (18.40%), α-thujone (13.45%), borneol (7.39%) in S. officinalis oil and α-phellandrene (35.86%), β-phellandrene (29.3%), β-pinene (15.68%), p-cymene (5.43%) and α-pinene (5.22%) in S. molle oil.
By the combined use of agar diffusion, agar vapor and agar vapor-inhibitory assays, contribution of the vapor activity of essential oils was quantitatively estimated. The test organisms were Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Aspergillus fumigatus. Agar vapor assay was used to confirm the vapor activity of the oils. The parameter delta defined as a contribution index of the vapor activity was calculated by (1 - b-c/a-c) x 100, where a is inhibitory diameter in the diffusion assay, b is inhibitory diameter in the vapor-inhibitory assay and c is diameter of the sealed ring in the vapor-inhibitory assay (21 mm). Many of the essential oils examined showed a delta value near 100, thus providing the major contribution of the vapor activity to the inhibitory diameter. Essential oils containing aldehyde as major constituent showed low delta value, indicating the major inhibition was due to agar diffusion. Major essential oil components behaved similarly; the delta value was increased in the following order: aldehyde < phenol < alcohol < ester, oxide, hydrocarbon, indicating the enhanced contribution of the vapor activity in that order.
The aim of this work was to study the cytotoxicity of essential oils and their identified constituents from Sideritis perfoliata, Satureia thymbra, Salvia officinalis, Laurus nobilis and Pistacia palestina.
Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS). The cytotoxic activity was evaluated in amelanotic melanoma C32, renal cell adenocarcinoma ACHN, hormone-dependent prostate carcinoma LNCaP, and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines by the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay.
L. nobilis fruit oil exerted the highest activity with IC50 values on C32 and ACHN of 75.45 and 78.24 microg/ml, respectively. The activity of S. perfoliata oil on both cell lines (IC50 of 100.90 mg/ml for C32 and 98.58 microg/ml for ACHN, respectively) was also interesting. Among the tested constituents the highest activity was found when a-humulene was applied to LNCaP cells (IC50 of 11.24 microg/ml).
This study suggests for the first time the ability of S. perfoliata, S. thymbra, S. officinalis, L. nobilis and P. palestina essential oils and some identified terpenes to inhibit human tumor cell growth.
Aromatic plants represent a renewable source of flavouring substances which can be employed in food industry, in perfumery and in pharmaceutical preparations. In this research, several aromatic plants typical of the Mediterranean area, were studied and their oil content and quality were evaluated. In particular, the composition of the essential oils was established by GC and GC/MS and its possible changes due to the effects of some agricultural practices, environmental conditions and plant development stages were studied. Relevant differences in the oil compositions due to different climatic conditions were observed in Satureja montana L. am/Thymus vulgaris L. crops grown in two successive years and changes in oil compositions were found in Salvia officinalis L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill. and Mentha x piperita L. harvested at different development stages. On the basis of oil composition, three chemotypes were evidenced among ten samples of Ocimum basilicum L. and the chemotypes of S. montana and T. vulgaris were established.
Oils were produced from the aerial parts (leaves, stems and flowers) of Salvia officinalis cultivated in two culture sites in Tunisia. The herbage was hydrodistillated and the resulting oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. The composition of the oils obtained from the two culture sites reveals that they were quite similar, although some quantitative differences were found. The main components present in great quantity in the two phases (aqueous and organic) were the eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) and the α-thujone, while β-thujone was present as a minor component. The antioxidant properties of the organic phase were investigated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay. The results showed that the oil obtained from the Tunisian site of Djebel possessed strong antioxidant properties.
The essential oil obtained from flowering shoots of Salvia multicaulis Vahl (Labiatae) was analyzed by GC/MS. Twenty-nine components were identified representing 99–5% of the oil with bornyl acetate (18.1%), β-caryophyllene (16.5%), α-pinene (15.6%), 1,8-cineole (8.3%) and limonene (8.3%) as major constituents.
Salvia fructicosa essential oil analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry showed high contents of 1,8-cineole, α- and β-thujone, and camphor, representing 47.48%, 11.93%, and 9.04% of the total oil, respectively. The essential oil and its isolated components thujone and 1,8-cineole exhibited antimicrobial activity against eight bacterial strains, while camphor was almost inactive against all of the bacteria tested. The essential oil was bactericidal at 1/4000 dilution, and dilutions up to 1/10000 caused considerable decrease in bacterial growth rates. The essential oil of S. fructicosa and the three main components exhibited cytotoxic activity against African Green Monkey kidney (Vero) cells and high levels of virucidal activity against herpes simplex virus 1, a ubiquitous human virus. Keywords: Salvia fructicosa; essential oil; antimicrobial activity; cytotoxicity; antiviral activity (herpes simplex virus); camphor; 1,8-cineole; thujone
Four aroma chemicals, thymol, eugenol, trans-cinnamaldehyde and linalool, were tested for their influence on total microbial count (bacteria, yeasts and moulds) in air. After determining both the total microbial count (TC) and the total count of yeasts and moulds (YM) of airborne microbes in a selected testing room, using a RCS Air Sampler, each of the aroma chemicals was vapourized in four different concentrations, 5, 2.5, 1.5 and 0.5 mg/m3. After a residence time of 15 min, the germ count in the testing room was measured again, using the air sampler. Each tested substance in any concentration showed a reduction of total microbial count as well as a reduction of total count of yeasts and moulds in the air and thus contributes to abating infection hazard for humans. The most effective concentrations for each substance were as follows. For total microbial count reduction: thymol, 1.5 mg/m3 (69.50% reduction); eugenol, 1.5 mg/m3 (69.40% reduction); trans-cinnamaldehyde, 1.5 mg/m3 (65.93% reduction); and linalool, 2.5 mg/m3 (69.92% reduction). For total count reduction of yeasts and moulds: thymol, 0.5 mg/m3 (50.60%); eugenol, 1.5 mg/m3 (58.31%); trans-cinnamaldehyde, 2.5 mg/m3 (46.19%); and linalool, 1.5 mg/m3 (50.25%). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A must-have health companion for herbalists, naturopaths, complementary medicine practitioners and students
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Background
Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) has a wide range of biological activities, such as anti-oxidative properties, anti-bacterial, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, fungistatic, virustatic, astringent, eupeptic and anti-hydrotic effects. This study was designed to examine the antidiabetic effect of sage ethanolic extract in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Methods
Oral administration of sage extract (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 g/kg body weight) and glibenclamide (600 μg/kg) for 14 days on the level of serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, urea, uric acid, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were evaluated.ResultsOral administration of 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg body wt. of the sage extract for 14 days exhibited a significant reduction in serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, urea, uric acid, creatinine, AST, ALT and increased plasma insulin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats but not in normal rats. Glibenclamide was used as reference and showed similar antidiabetic effect.Conclusions
It is concluded that the traditional use of S. officinalis as an antidiabetic agent is justified and that extracts from this plant show a dose-dependent activity which is comparable to the standard antidiabetic drug glibenclamide.
Composition and antifungal activity of Salvia officinalis essential oil were studied. Three samples of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from aerial parts of plants grown in Portugal and one commercial sample were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Quantitative differences were observed in the compositions, particularly in the amounts of cis-thujone (8.8–37.1%) and camphor (11.6–23.4%). Antifungal activity of the oils was evaluated by minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal lethal concentrations (MLC) determinations against Candida (four clinical isolates and four ATCC type strains), dermatophytes (five clinical strains) and other filamentous fungi (Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Fusarium). The oils exhibited a broad antifungal spectrum, with higher activity against dermatophyte strains. The oil with 10.4% of cis-thujone and 20.5% of camphor was the most active and showed fungicidal activity, with MIC and MLC values of 0.63 μl/ml, against dermatophyte strains. Sage products, with low content of thujones, may be an alternative as antifungal agents in different areas.
Abstract
The essential oil of Salvia argentea L., collected from south-eastern Serbia, was analysed by GC–MS. Forty-seven constituents were identified. The oil was characterized by a high content of sesquiterpenes. The major constituents were viridiflorol (32.4%), manool (14.6%) and α-humulene (10.7%). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A wide range of essential oils from sage, mint, hyssop, camomile and oregano were tested for their inhibitory effects against nine strains of Gram-negative bacteria and six strains of Gram-positive bacteria. Three principles were used in describing the antimicrobial effects of the essential oils: the overall antimicrobial activity determined by use of an impedometric method, the bactericidal effect determined as colony forming units after exposure to the essential oils, and the number of apparent dead cells determined after further enrichment. The data obtained indicate that while the essential oils of sage, mint, hyssop and camomile had generally a bacteriostatic activity, the essential oil from oregano appeared to be bactericidal at concentrations above 400 ppm, probably because of high contents in phenolic compounds. For the other essential oils, the chemical analysis was unable to explain the antimicrobial effect. The bacteriostatic activity was more marked against Gram-positive bacteria; in contrast, the bactericidal activity was greatest against Gram-negative bacteria. The most sensitive strain was Escherichia coli O157:H7 and, of the Gram-positive species even at the lowest oil concentrations, Listeria innocua was the most sensitive. The data obtained from the study of the bactericidal effect of oregano essential oil indicated that the major part of the species was irreversibly inactivated, i.e. they could not be revived by enrichment.
Gas chromatographic (GC) techniques for the determination of the major biologically active mono-terpenoids in peppermint, fennel, garden sage and creeping thyme plant material and water infusions were developed. The analysis requires 1–2 g of plant material or 100–200 g of infusion and takes no more than 1.5 h, including distillation and GC. The techniques allow the analysis of the herbs and infusions without the determination of the total essential oil content and weighing of isolated oils for chromatography. It was found that the essential oil component ratios were changed on dissolution in water during the preparation of infusions. The average values of the extraction factors for monoterpene alcohols, ketones, phenols and peroxides extracted from plant material are ten times those for related hydrocarbons and ethers extracted under the same conditions.
The essential oils of Salvia officinalis and Salvia triloba cultivated in South Brazil were analyzed by GC–MS. The major constituents of the oil of S. officinalis were α-thujone, 1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol and β-pinene, whereas those of S. triloba were α-thujone, 1,8-cineole, camphor, and β-caryophyllene. The essential oils of both species exhibited remarkable bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megatherium, Bacillus subtilis, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, and Klebsiella oxytoca. Moreover, the essential oil of S. triloba efficiently inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus and A. hydrophila growth were drastically reduced even in the presence of 0.05 mg/ml of the essential oil of S. triloba.
About 100 pure components of essential oils have been tested for their antioxidant effectiveness. The main classes of compounds, namely monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, benzene derivatives, and non isoprenoid components comprising alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, which are the most common constituents of essential oils, have been analysed. Two model systems for the antioxidant efficacy have been used; the first exploiting the thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) method using egg yolk as oxydable substrate, the second measuring the formation of hydroperoxydienes from linoleic acid in a micellar system, using in both cases 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP) as a radical initiator, and α-tocopherol as a reference compound. From a general point of view phenols were confirmed to possess the highest antioxidant activity. In particular some monoterpene hydrocarbons, namely, terpinolene, α- and γ-terpinene showed a significant protective action, whereas among the oxygenated components, beside the aforesaid phenols, allylic alcohols manifested an appreciable activity. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and non isoprenoid components subjected to this study showed a low, if any, antioxidant effect. The role of the different model systems and the relationship between structure and antioxidant effectiveness are discussed.
This study was designed to examine the in vitro antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Satureja spicigera and S. cuneifolia from Turkish flora. GC and GC/MS analysis of the essential oils resulted in the identification of 40 and 29 compounds, representing the 99.4% and 99.5% of the oils, respectively. Major constituents of the oils were carvacrol (42.5% and 67.1%), γ-terpinene (21.5% and 15.2%) and p-cymene (20.9% and 6.7%), respectively. Methanol extracts were also obtained from the aerial parts of the plants. The samples were subjected to a screening for their possible antioxidant activities by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene–linoleic acid assays. In general, samples obtained from S. cuneifolia exerted greater antioxidant activities than did those obtained from S. spicigera. In the DPPH test system, free radical-scavenging activity of S. spicigera oil was determined to be 127 ± 1.63 μg/ml, whereas IC50 value of S. cuneifolia was 89.1 ± 2.29 μg/ml. In the β-carotene–linoleic acid test system, antioxidant activities of the oil were 81.7 ± 1.14% and 93.7 ± 1.83%, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the synthetic antioxidant, BHT, ascorbic acid, curcumin and α-tocopherol were also determined in parallel experiments.
This study was designed to evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanol extract from Mentha longifolia ssp. longifolia. The essential oil showed strong antimicrobial activity against all 30 microorganisms tested whereas the methanol extract almost remained inactive. In contrast, the extract showed much better activity than the essential oil in antioxidant activity assays employed, e.g. in the inhibition of free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene/linoleic acid systems. In the former, the extract was able to reduce the stable free radical DPPH with an IC50 of 57.4 μg/ml while that of the oils was 10 700 μg/ml. When compared to BHT, a synthetic antioxidant, both showed weaker antioxidative potential. Similarly, in β-carotene/linoleic acid assay, these samples were not effectively able to inhibit the linoleic acid oxidation; exhibiting only 24% and 36% inhibitions at 2 mg/ml, respectively; both were far below than that of BHT. Total phenolic constituent of the extract was 4.5 g/100 g as gallic acid equivalent. GC–MS analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 45 constituents, cis-piperitone epoxide, pulegone and piperitenone oxide being the main components.
To highlight the bactericidal and fungicidal activities of Tunisian Pituranthos chloranthus essential oils and to study their potential use as powerful and natural disinfectant.
The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation of the aerial part of P. chloranthus. The bactericidal and fungicidal properties of essential oils were investigated by using the NCCLS broth dilution method and the EN 1275 and EN 1276 European standard methods. High bactericidal and fungicidal effects of 1.87-3.75 and 7.5 mg l(-1) were obtained, respectively. Essential oils concentrations of 0.5% and 1% (w/v) allowed reductions in viability higher than 5 and 4 log units per ml for standard bacteria and fungi, respectively, within a contact time of 5 min under dirty conditions.
Our results support the traditional uses of P. chloranthus as a natural disinfectant and insecticide. It could be used to manage life-threatening pathogens as well as food preservative.
This natural disinfectant could play a vital role in alleviating the spread of pathogenic micro-organisms and environmental problems associated with the indiscriminate use of synthetic chemicals.
The factors affecting oil yield and quality of essential oils from Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.) are analyzed. Distillations of oils from individual plants and GC analyses revealed the presence of three chemotypes with different proportions of alpha- and beta-thujone (alpha/beta 10:1, 1.5:1, and 1:10). Different accessions could also be classified as having high (39-44%), medium (22-28%), or low (9%) total thujone contents. Flowering parts of S. officinalis had higher oil contents (1.6 versus 1.1%) and beta-pinene levels (27 versus 10%) than leaves and lower thujone levels (16 versus 31%). Major seasonal changes were found in the composition of oil distilled from a flowering type of Dalmatian sage, but oil yields from healthy, established plants did not vary greatly. Total thujone levels were lowest (25%) around flowering in spring and summer, so autumn or winter was the best harvest time to obtain oils with high thujone levels.
The volatile oils of black pepper [Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae)], clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae)], geranium [Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit (Geraniaceae)], nutmeg [Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae), oregano [Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Letsw. (Lamiaceae)] and thyme [Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae)] were assessed for antibacterial activity against 25 different genera of bacteria. These included animal and plant pathogens, food poisoning and spoilage bacteria. The volatile oils exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all the organisms under test while their major components demonstrated various degrees of growth inhibition.
The essential oils of Artemisia afra Jacq., Artemisia abyssinica Schultz-Bip. and Juniperus procera Hoechst ex Endl. were examined for their potential radical scavenging activities. First a rapid evaluation of antioxidants was made using a TLC screening method. The abilities of the volatile oils to act as nonspecific donors for hydrogen atoms or electrons were checked in the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl assay. Oils from all three species showed positive results and were examined further. The oils of A. afra and J. procera were also effective hydroxyl radical scavenging agents when assessed in the deoxyribose degradation assay, whilst oils from A. abyssinica exhibited a paradoxical effect. In the in vitro assay for non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation in liposomes, the oils of A. afra and J. procera also displayed antioxidant potential. It was not possible to measure the effect of A. abyssinica oil in this system because certain components, e.g. alk-2-enals, interfered with the assay. The compounds that contribute to the radical scavenging activities of A. afra and J. procera were identified and then assessed for their effects in the various test systems. Finally, the qualitative and quantitative compositions of the essential oils were studied by GC-MS.
Salvia officinalis L. leaves, obtained from four plant populations of different origin, were investigated for their topical anti-inflammatory properties. The n-hexane and the chloroform extracts dose-dependently inhibited the Croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice, the chloroform extracts being the most active. By contrast, the methanol extracts showed a very low effect and the essential oil was inactive. Chemical and pharmacological investigation of the most potent chloroform extract, issued from an autochthonous sage population grown in the submediterranean climatic region of Slovenia, revealed ursolic acid as the main component involved in its anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory effect of ursolic acid (ID50 = 0.14 microMoles/cm2) was two fold more potent than that of indomethacin (ID50 = 0.26 microMoles/cm2), which was used as a reference non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The content of ursolic acid in sage and sage-based remedies for the topical treatment of inflammatory diseases is proposed as a parameter for quality control purposes.
More than 50 compounds were identified in essential oils from stems and leaves of Salvia officinalis L. plants harvested in July, in Arouca, in northern Portugal. About 40 of those compounds were also present in flower essential oils, collected from the same plants. alpha-Thujone was the major compound, representing about 55, 30, and 18% of the essential oils from stems, leaves, and flowers, respectively. Significant percentage variations in the main compound classes of the essential oils from shoots sampled over the year were recorded at two different sites in northern Portugal. From December to April, oxygenated monoterpenes (MO) decreased from approximately 67-72% to values of 42-43% of the essential oils. During the same time interval, the percentage of monoterpene hydrocarbons (MH) rose from 8-11% to 17-22%. At both sites, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (SH) rose from approximately 7% in February to 19-22% in April, decreasing thereafter to approximately 9% in July. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (SO) increased from a minimum of approximately 5% in July to a maximum of 8-11% in February, decreasing thereafter. The compounds that mostly accounted for the essential oil composition variation were alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and camphene, as MH; alpha-thujone and camphor, as MO; alpha-humulene and beta-caryophyllene, as SH; and viridiflorol, as SO.
Essential oils of three different Salvia species [Salvia aucheri var. aucheri (endemic), Salvia aramiensis and Salvia pilifera (endemic)] were screened for their possible antioxidant and antimicrobial properties as well as their chemical compositions. According to the gas chromatography (GC)/EIMS (gas chromatography/electron impact mass spectrum) analysis results; 41 (97.2%), 51 (98.5%) and 83 compounds (98.2%) were identified, respectively. While 1,8-cineole (30.5%), camphor (21.3%) and borneol (8.50%) are the major compounds for S. aucheri var. aucheri oil, beta-pinene (10.3%), was the main constituent for S. aramienesis together with 1,8-cineole (46.0%) and camphor (8.7%). In the case of S. pilifera oil, alpha-thujene (36.1%) and alpha-pinene (13.8%) determined as the major compounds. Antioxidant activity was employed by two complementary test systems namely 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and beta-carotene/linoleic acid systems. Antioxidant activity of S. aramiensis was found to be higher than those of the others for the both systems (12.26+/-1.09 and 92.46%+/-1.64 microg mg(-1), respectively). Additionally, antioxidant activities of BHT, curcumin, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol were determined in parallel experiments. In the case of antimicrobial activity, similar activity pattern was obtained (both in disc diffusion and MIC tests). Antimicrobial activity of S. aramiensis was followed by S. aucheri var. aucheri and S. pilifera, respectively. In these experiments, the most sensitive microorganism Acinetobacter lwoffii was followed by Candida albicans.
This paper presents a suggestion for determining the antimicrobial efficacy of antiseptics in a phase 2/step 1 assay. Emphasis is placed on specific organic challenges to evaluate the efficacy of antiseptics used to rinse the oral cavity, mucous membranes, or wounds for either prophylactic or therapeutic reasons. Basic data are given concerning ready-to-use products based on Poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone-)iodine-complex (PVP-iodine), chlorhexidine, octenidine, or cetylpyridinium chloride. Hydrogen peroxide (3.0%) was included to assess a product with known limited efficacy only. Using Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, and Candida albicans, a 10(5)-fold reduction can be achieved in 10 min without interfering substances. In the presence of 10% albumin, 10% sheep blood, or 1% mucin, a 10(3)-fold reduction is yielded using products based on PVP-iodine, octenidine, or chlorhexidine. The combination of 4.5% albumin, 4.5% sheep blood, and 1% mucin was the most difficult organic challenge and only the products based on PVP-iodine, octenidine, or chlorhexidine remained active. The cetylpyridinium-based product and hydrogen peroxide were less effective. Based on these data, a proposal for a phase 2/step 1 assay for antiseptics is presented to promote the standardization efforts.
The chemical composition of the essential oils of Laurus nobilis, Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus, Thuja orientalis, Cupressus sempervirens ssp. pyramidalis, Pistacia palaestina, Salvia officinalis, and Satureja thymbra was determined by GC/MS analysis. Essential oils have been evaluated for their inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV and HSV-1 replication in vitro by visually scoring of the virus-induced cytopathogenic effect post-infection. L. nobilis oil exerted an interesting activity against SARS-CoV with an IC(50) value of 120 microg/ml and a selectivity index (SI) of 4.16. This oil was characterized by the presence of beta-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, alpha-pinene, and beta-pinene as the main constituents. J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus oil, in which alpha-pinene and beta-myrcene were the major constituents, revealed antiviral activity against HSV-1 with an IC(50) value of 200 microg/ml and a SI of 5.
Quadrupole Mass Spectra of Compounds Listed in Order of Their Retention Time on DB-5. Identification of Essential Oils Components by Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy Essential oil of Salvia multicaulis Vahl from Iran
- R P Adams
Adams, R.P., 2001. Quadrupole Mass Spectra of Compounds Listed in Order of Their Retention Time on DB-5. Identification of Essential Oils Components by Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy. Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol. Stream, IL, USA. p. 456. Ahmadi, L., Mirza, M., 1999. Essential oil of Salvia multicaulis Vahl from Iran. J. Essent. Oil Res. 11, 289–290.
Herbs and Natural Supplements: An Evidence-based Guide, second ed The antioxidant activity of the essential oils of Artemisia abyssinica and Juniperus procera
- L Braun
- M Cohen
Braun, L., Cohen, M., 2007. Herbs and Natural Supplements: An Evidence-based Guide, second ed. Elsevier, Australia, ISBN: 072953796X, 791p. Burits, M., Asres, K., Bucar, F., 2001. The antioxidant activity of the essential oils of Artemisia abyssinica and Juniperus procera. Phytoter. Res. 15, 103–108.
Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics -quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in food industrial, domestic, and institutional areas -test method and requirements
EN 1275, 1997. Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics -quantitative suspension
test for the evaluation of fungicidal activity of chemical disinfectants and
antiseptics used in food industrial, domestic, and institutional areas -test
method and requirements (phase 2, step 1) British Standard BS EN 1276:1997
BSI 17 September 2002 NF EN 1275 CEN 1997.
EN 1276, 1997. Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics -quantitative suspension
test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and
antiseptics used in food industrial, domestic, and institutional areas -test
method and requirements (phase 2, step 1) British Standard BS EN 1276:1997
BSI 17 September 2002 ISBN 0 580 28621 5.