Clove: A champion spice
Abstract and Figures
Clove may be looked upon as a champion of all the antioxidants known till date. The Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (ORAC) test is a scale developed by U.S. Department of Agriculture for comparing anti-oxidant activity. The ORAC score, of clove is over 10 million. A drop of clove oil is 400 times more powerful as an anti-oxidant than wolf berries or blueberries. Health benefits from the use of clove have been known over the centuries. It is beneficial as a home remedy in curing several ailments / diseases. In addition to its culinary uses, the clove buds have an abundance of medicinal and recreational uses. The major part of the world’s consumption of the clove spice is in the home kitchens. However, commercial use of the clove is for the production of clove oil that contain active constituents, which possess antioxidant, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, anesthetic, pain reliving and insect repellent properties. Eugenol is the main constituent responsible for the medicinal properties of the clove bud. In the light of above, we thought it worthwhile to compile an up-to-date review article on clove covering its, synonyms, chemical constituents, phytopharmacology and medicinal uses.
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... The spice known as clove corresponds to the dried unopened flower buds of the plant. Clove is used for culinary purposes and ethnomedicine [87][88][89]. The stems, leaves, and fruits of E. caryophyllata can also be used for medicinal and cooking purposes [87]. ...
... Clove is used for culinary purposes and ethnomedicine [87][88][89]. The stems, leaves, and fruits of E. caryophyllata can also be used for medicinal and cooking purposes [87]. Clove is reputed for its beneficial effects on a variety of ailments, including dental problems, nausea, liver, bowel and stomach disorders, vomiting, flatulence, scabies, cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, bacterial and protozoal infections, and food-borne pathogens. ...
... A clove extract has been reported to act like insulin by reducing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) gene expression in hepatocytes and hepatoma cells [87]. Tannins, flavonoids, ellagic acid, gallic acid, and their glycosides isolated from an alcoholic and aqueous extract of clove buds have also been reported to exert hypoglycemic activity [90]. ...
Diabetes mellitus (DM) comprises a range of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by defects in insulin release, insulin action, or both. DM is a widespread condition that affects a substantial portion of the global population, causing high morbidity and mortality rates. The prevalence of this major public health crisis is predicted to increase in the forthcoming years. Although several drugs are available to manage DM, these are associated with adverse side effects, which limits their use. In underdeveloped countries, where such drugs are often costly and not widely available, many people continue to rely on alternative traditional medicine, including medicinal plants. The latter serves as a source of primary healthcare and plant-based foods in many low-and middle-income countries. Interestingly, many of the phytochemicals they contain have been demonstrated to possess antidiabetic activity such as lowering blood glucose levels, stimulating insulin secretion, and alleviating diabetic complications. Therefore, such plants may provide protective effects that could be used in the management of DM. The purpose of this article was to review the medicinal plant-based foods traditionally used for the management of DM, including their therapeutic effects, pharmacologically active phytoconstituents, and antidiabetic mode of action at the molecular level. It also presents future avenues for research in this field.
... The spice known as clove corresponds to the dried unopened flower buds of the plant. Clove is used for culinary purposes and in ethnomedicine [87][88][89]. The stems, leaves, and fruits of E. caryophyllata can also be used for medicinal and cooking purposes [87]. ...
... Clove is used for culinary purposes and in ethnomedicine [87][88][89]. The stems, leaves, and fruits of E. caryophyllata can also be used for medicinal and cooking purposes [87]. Clove is reputed for its beneficial effects in a variety of ailments including dental problems, nausea, liver, bowel and stomach disorders, vomiting, flatulence, scabies, cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, bacterial and protozoal infections, and food-borne pathogens. ...
... A clove extract has been reported to act like insulin by reducing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6 phosphatase (G6Pase) gene expression in hepatocytes and hepatoma cells [87]. Isoeugenol has proved beneficial for T2DM management owing to its inhibitory effects against α-glycosidase and α-amylase [93]. ...
Diabetes mellitus (DM) comprises a range of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by defects in insulin release, insulin action, or both. DM is a widespread condition that affects a substantial portion of the global population, causing high morbidity and mortality rates. The prevalence of this major public health crisis is predicted to increase in the forthcoming years. Although, several drugs are available to manage DM, these are associated with adverse side effects, which limits their use. In underdeveloped countries, where such drugs are often costly and not widely available, many people continue to rely on alternative traditional medicine, including medicinal plants. The latter serve as a source of primary healthcare and plant-based foods in many low and middle-income countries. Interestingly, many of the phytochemicals they contain have been demonstrated to possess antidiabetic activity such as lowering blood glucose levels, stimulating insulin secretion and alleviating diabetic complications. Therefore, such plants may provide protective effects that could be used in the management of DM. The purpose of this article was to review the medicinal plant-based foods traditionally used for the management of DM, including their therapeutic effects, pharmacologically-active phytoconstituents and antidiabetic mode of action at the molecular level. It also presents future avenues for research in this field.
... The trees are usually spaced 8 to 10 m apart to achieve adequate sunlight and air circulation [4]. Clove trees take approximately 5 to 7 years to reach maturity and produce their first crop of flowers [5]. The flowers are typically harvested by hand between July and September when they are still blossoming. ...
This review article provides an overview of the bioactive compounds of clove, their health benefits, and their potential application in food and beverages. Cloves are rich in phenolic compounds, mainly eugenol, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, and wound-healing properties. Traditional methods of clove extraction, such as Soxhlet and maceration, have limitations. Green extraction methods, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction, have shown promising results. The potential application of clove extract in various food and beverage products are also discussed. Finally, future perspectives and challenges for clove extraction are highlighted. Overall, the review highlights the potential of clove extract as a natural source of bioactive compounds for various applications in the food and beverage industry.
... Clove contains 10-13% of tannins, which have a chemical composition such as gallotanic acid. It also contains 2% triterpene and oleanolic acid (Milind et al., 2011). Clove has strong antioxidant activity that is comparable to the antioxidant activity of synthetic antioxidants such as butyl hydroxyl anisole and pyrogallol (Dorman et al, 2000). ...
... The utilised clove bud powder in the current study had 1.6% essential oil yield indicating that this quantity of oil could have supplied the active chemicals that induced the observed anaesthesia. The oil yield in the current study is within 1.5 -3% oil yield reported by Chemik (2012) but lower to the reported values in Milind and Deepa, (2011). This divergence could be as a result of processing methods as inferred by Safrudin et al (2015). ...
The need to characterise optimum dosage of farmer preferred cheap and locally available dried clove bud (DCB), liable to induce anaesthesia to surgical stage in Clarias gariepinus brood-stocks necessitated this study. DCB was characterised for content of essential oil (CEO) and its chemical composition through hydro-distillation and gas chromatography (GC-MS) respectively. Ten random samples (5male and 5female) of C. gariepinus brooders(mean weight, 1.63±0.33kg) were immersed in 0.00 g/l (T1), 0.1g/l (T2), 0.2g/l (T3), and 0.3g/l (T4) concentrations of aqueous DCB, observed for time (minutes) to reach anaesthesia induction-IT, sedation-SeT, surgery-ST; and recovery-RT; then, survival (%) at 3weeks post-experimentation period. Data were analysed for differences and regression at P<0.05. DCB yielded 1.60% CEO; composed 52 chemicals containing 91.76% eugenol derivatives. Significantly, IT and SeT varied from 2.63±0.21min (T4) to 4.23±0.27mins (T2) and 5.73±0.22mins (T4) to 8.74±0.50mins (T2); ST occurred and was similar across T3 (13.95±1.69mins) and T4 (14.15±1.65mins); RT varied at 1.49±0.13mins post-SeT (T2) to 3.78±0.36 mins post-ST (T4), while survival was 100.00% in T1-T4. The IT, SeT, ST, RT, and survival were similar across sexes in T2-T4. Significantly, DCB regressed at concentration = 0.016 + 0.936 (RT)-0.074 (SeT). DCB has low CEO but contain chemicals liable to induce surgical anaesthesia at 0.3g/l (T4) for about 4mins, without causing mortality in C. gariepinus brooders. Meanwhile, increased concentration would further delay recovery time.
... It is also used in dentistry when the clove oil is used for dental emergencies as anodyne. In addition, cloves also possess certain other medicinal properties such as anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant etc. Clove oils are also used in the production of antibiotics for its antimicrobial properties [41] . ...
Siddha System of Medicine is one of the folklore medicines practised by people in South India since several years about 12000 yrs back. Ancient people were aware of knowledge in herbs and its uses. They were also handled several such pandemic conditions on that period itself by Notification, Isolation and used some concoction one such medicine is Kabhasura Kudineer (KSK). It is the Siddha formulation contain 15 ingredients mainly prescribed by Siddha Physicians against Viral Diseases like COVID-19 etc., Covid 19 disease is caused by the virus SARS-COVID virus which is come under CORONA Virus. It causes severe acute respiratory syndrome. This virus is highly contagious through nasal and oral secretions caused a pandemic of acute respiratory disease, which threatens human health and public safety. Several crores were affected and several deaths were recorded for the past 2 years. KSK prescribed for COVID-19 diseases in South India because of the ingredients contain Anti –inflammatory, Anti pyretic and Anti – viral activity. This article ensures the chemical constituents of the KSK ingredients and its actions. Furthermore, preclinical study required for confirmation of the action of the KSK.
The clove is usually known as "lavang". Due to the increase in nutrition and medicinal properties, Plants' importance in human life has increased every day. Clove is the topical evergreen Myrtaceae family tree native to the islands of Maluka in east Indonesia. It is commonly used for tooth care. Clove is used extensively in dental care for relieving toothache, sore gums and oral ulcers. Gargling with clove oil can also aid in sore throat conditions and bad breathe. This is commonly used as an expectorant for the treatment of dental discomfort, the digestive problem, oral ulceration, mosquito repellent. Clove is a pharmacologically active medicinal plant that includes Anti-oxidant, anti-pyretic, anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-platelet, anti-stress, anti-disease, and anti-carcinogenic in cervical cancer. Clove is amongst the most essential sources of Phenolic compounds, including eugenol (80% -90%), eugenyl acetate (15% -17%), and beta-caryophyllene (5% -12%), alpha-humulene (0.55%), alpha-terpenyl acetate (0.1%), and methyl eugenol (0.2%). The clove oil extracted from the dried floral buds of the clove provide as a topical treating pain and as a healing factor. The flowers, stalks and clove tree leaves are obtained from the distillation of clove oil. Eugenol is the clove’s principal bioactive ingredient. For oral diseases, it is used as an antiseptic. Cloves are used in the cuisine of Asian, African, Middle East countries and used to give aromatic and flavor qualities to hot beverages. A mine component of clove plant parts is eugenol, that it has not been classified for its potential toxicity. Other important essential oil of clove is acetyl eugenol, beta-caryophyllene and vanillin, crategolic acid, tannins such as bicornin, gallotannic acid, methyl salicylate, the flavonoids eugenin, kaempferol, rhamnetin, and eugenitin, triterpenoids such as oleanolic acid, stigmasterol, and campesterol and several sesquiterpenes. Thus, foods should be preserved against the microbial spoilage throughout the storage periods. In addition to clove extracts could affects as anti-oxidative, fungicidal, and antibacterial effects on foods. It has been reported that clove essential oil is one of the natural fungicides and antibacterial phytomaterial. The active essential oil in clove, eugenol, has been shown to act as an effective platelet inhibitor, preventing blood clots. The major constituents in bud and leaf oils were reported to be eugenol and caryophyllene. Main constituent’s flower buds of clove essential oil are phenylpropanoids such as carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde. Clove bud oil contained primarily eugenol, eugenyl acetate and caryophyllene. The high concentration of eugenol in leaf and buds oil makes it potentially useful in the medicines because they exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory activity, insecticidal and antioxidant properties, and are used traditionally as flavouring agent and antimicrobial material in food. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) buds and flowers are utilized for its essential oil. Eugenol is the main component of clove oil, which has strong antioxidant activity. Eugenol is the chief bioactive constituent of clove, which is present in concentrations ranging from 9 381.70 to 14 650.00 mg/100 g of fresh plant weight. With regard to the phenolic acids, gallic acid is found in higher concentration (783.50 mg/100 g fresh weight). Cloves contain appreciable amounts of volatile oil (used for flavouring foods and pharmaceuticals), which is mainly confined in aerial parts of plant. Other phenolic acids found in clove are caffeic, ferulic, elagic and salicylic acids. Flavonoids including kaempferol, quercetin and its derivates (glycosilated) are also found in trace amounts. Appreciable amounts of essential oil are present in aerial parts of clove. Good quality clove bud contains volatile oil (15 to 20%), which mainly comprises of eugenol (70 to 85%), eugenyl acetate (10 to 15%), and beta-caryophyllene (5 to 12%). Approximately, 15-20% volatile oil can be produced from dried buds. Clove improves memory by relieving mental fog, drowsiness, and depression. Clove oil is mosquito repellent. Clover oil exhibited significant inhibition against tested strains, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.312-1.25% (v/v) for clove oil, and 0.312- 5% (v/v) for rosemary oil.
A multidimensional anal. was used to distinguish clove bud and clove stem oils from Madagascar by detg. the content of <15 components. More data are needed to realize a differentiation independent of the year of prodn. or to detect and adulteration of clove bud oil with clove stem oil. [on SciFinder(R)]
From the dried leaves of Syzygium aromaticum MERR. et PERRY (Myrtaceae), eleven new compounds, i.e., eugenol 4-O-β-D-(6'-O-galloyl)glucopyranoside (17), 2-methyl-5,7-dihydroxychromone 8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (18) and its 6'-O-gallate (19), 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone 3-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (20) and its 2'-O- (21), 6'-O- (22), 2',3'-di-O- (23), 2',6'-di-O- (24), 2',3',6'- tri-O- (25), 2',3',4',6'-tetra-O-gallate (26) and 2',3'-di-O-galloyl-4',6'- O-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl ester (27) were isolated, together with sixteen known tannins and related compounds. The structures of these compounds were established on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence.
A new ellagitannin, eugeniin was isolated from cloves, the dried flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllata THUNB., and the structure was determined to be 1, 2, 3-trigalloyl 4, 6-hexahydroxydiphenoyl β-D-glucopyranose.
The polyoxygenated chromone C-glucoside, isobiflorin (5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromone-8-C-β-d-glucopyranoside), and biflorin were isolated from an ethanolic extract of cloves (Eugenia caryophyllata), and characterized by chemical and spectral analysis.
The chemical composition of bud and leaf oils of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry was studied by GC/MS. Thirty-six and 31 volatile compounds have been identified in the bud and leaf oils, respectively. The major components of the bud oil were eugenol (69.8%), β-caryophyllene (13.0%) and eugenyl acetate (16.1%), whereas the leaf oil contained only eugenol (78.1%) and β-caryophyllene (20.5%) as main constituents.