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Marantaceae in the Philippines

Authors:

Abstract

The Marantaceae are represented in the Philippines by 2 genera, Donax and Phrynium with 8 native species of which 3 are endemic and three near-endemic. All species are poorly documented in the literature and the most contemporary taxonomic treatments are more than 80 years old. We provide an up to date taxonomic treatment of the Philippine Marantaceae including a key to the species, morphological descriptions, and notes on their distribution, vernacular names, ecology and uses. Three species are lectotypified; two species is neotypified, and one new combination is made.
Taiwania
, 55
(1): 28-36, 2010
28
Marantaceae in the Philippines
Piyakaset Suksthan
(1*)
, Domingo A. Madulid
(2)
and Finn Borchsenius
(3)
1. Herbarium, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
2. Botany Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
3. Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
* Corresponding author. Email: piyakas@yahoo.com
(Manuscript received 15 June 2009; accepted 10 September 2009)
ABSTRACT: The Marantaceae are represented in the Philippines by 2 genera, Donax and Phrynium with 8 native species of which
3 are endemic and three near-endemic. All species are poorly documented in the literature and the most contemporary taxonomic
treatments are more than 80 years old. We provide an up to date taxonomic treatment of the Philippine Marantaceae including a key
to the species, morphological descriptions, and notes on their distribution, vernacular names, ecology and uses. Three species are
lectotypified; two species is neotypified, and one new combination is made.
KEY WORDS: Donax, Monophrynium, Phacelophrynium, Phrynium, Marantaceae, Philippines.
INTRODUCTION
The Philippines consist of more than 7,000 islands
located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. Due to a
strong degree of isolation from both the Asian mainland
and the Malesian archipelago the flora of the Philippines
is unique with species level endemism exceeding 60
percent. At the generic level endemism is less
pronounced, ca. 1.7 percent (Madulid, 1991). Much of
the flora of the Philippines remains poorly known as
illustrated by the fact that some of the best general
sources of knowledge of the Philippine flora are
Merrill’s publications made almost a century ago
(Merrill, 1912, 1922-26).
A general problem facing the study of the Philippine
flora is the relatively few existing herbarium specimens.
The herbarium of the Philippine National Museum was
destroyed during World War II and although efforts have
been made to rebuild these collections the ca 200,000
specimens at PNH are clearly not enough to give a
reasonable representation of the country's estimated at
more than 8,000 vascular plant species (Lim et al., 2000).
Nevertheless the PNH herbarium represents the largest
single collection of Philippine plants.
The pantropical prayer plant family Marantaceae
includes about 29 genera and 550 species worldwide
(Andersson, 1998, Suksathan et al., 2009), most of which
occur in the Neotropics. Six genera with about 55 species
occur in tropical Asia. Two genera, Donax: (1 sp.) and
Phrynium (6 spp., incl. Phacelophrynium and
Monophrynium) reach the Philippines. The genus
Schumannianthus, a close relative to Donax that is
distributed in Indochina and west Malesia, has not been
recorded in the Philippines. Likewise Stachyphrynium, a
prominent taxon in the Indochinese area and in Borneo,
is absent from the archipelago. Most of the Marantaceae
that do occur in the Philippines are endemic or
sub-endemic to that country and hence warrant special
attention. Nevertheless, their taxonomy is poorly known,
and the most contemporary treatments are more than 80
years old (Ridley, 1909; Merrill, 1925).
In this paper we provide a taxonomic account of the
Philippine Marantaceae. The data presented is based on
examination of available herbarium specimens from a
range of herbaria (AAU, BK, BO, C, E, K, KEP, KLU,
MO, NY, P, PNH, PUH, QBG, S, SING, US) together
with field observations made in September 2003. For
taxa that have been included in recent floristic treatments
for other regions only short diagnoses are provided. Less
well documented taxa are described in more detail. A list
of all specimens seen is appended. Generic delimitation
follows Suksathan et al. (2009). Descriptive terminology
regarding inflorescence structure follows Clausager and
Borchsenius (2003). The term 'special paraclade' refers
to the basic unit of the inflorescence while 'fertile bracts'
refer to those bracts that subtend a special paraclade.
Key to the species of Marantaceae in the Philippines
1a. Stem tall and richly branched; fruit a berry, white at maturity ……...
………………...…………...…………..… 1.1. Donax canniformis
1b. Stem short and unbranched, terminated in an inflorescence; fruit a
capsule, green to red, never white [Phrynium]. ……….…..….….. 2
2a. Fruits red; inforescence capitate two outer staminodes ..……...……
………...………………………………... 2.5. Phrynium pubinerve
2b. Fruits green brown or orange; inflorescence usually with clearly
discernable branches; one outer staminode. …………….……..… 3
3a. Flowers solitary; inflorescence branches fasciculate. …...…………
………………...…………………….. 2.2. Phrynium fasciculatum
3b. Flowers in pairs; inflorescence branches not fasciculate. …….….. 4
4a. Inflorescence branches short and thick; fruits evenly spaced,
scattered along the branches, or hidden by the inflorescence
bracts. …………………………………………………………… 5
4b. Inflorescence branches long and slender; fruits clearly visible,
borne in clusters separated by long internodes. ….………………. 6
March, 2010 Suksthan et al.: Marantaceae in the Philippines
29
5a. Inflorescence bracts small, less than 1 cm long. ……………………
….………………………………….. 2.4. Phrynium minutiflorum
5b. Inflorescence bracts large, more than 2 cm long. ……………..……
………………………………...……… 2.1. Phrynium bracteosum
6a. Plant up to 2 m tall; fruit orange. …….. 2.3. Phrynium interruptum
6b. Plant to 1 m tall; fruit green. ………...…….. 2.6. Phrynium simplex
TAXONOMIC TREATMENTS
1. Donax Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1: 11. (1790).
One species ranging from India (Andaman islands)
to the New Hebrides (Vanuatu islands) in the South
Pacific Ocean. The genus is diagnosed by its caulescent
habit and by the combination of ultimate flower clusters
with extended axes; flowers arranged in pairs; presence
of glandular (nectariferous) bracteoles on the pedicels;
and fleshy, indehiscent fruit.
1.1. Donax canniformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum. Fig. 1A
Donax canniformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum., Bot.
Jahrb. Syst. 15(4): 440. (1893). Basionym: Thalia
canniformis G. Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr.: 1 (1780). Type:
Vanuatu islands, The New Hebrides, J.G.A. Forster s.n.
(holotype, BM!). There are numerous synonyms of this
name. For a full nomenclatural account see Suksathan &
Borchsenius (2005).
Plant to 3 m tall, with a richly branched aerial stem.
Leaves clustered towards the tip of the branches; blades
to 30 cm long and 20 cm wide. Inflorescences several,
lax or richly branched, composed of 2-3 major branches
of increasing orders, each to 30 cm long. Flower white,
25-30 mm long, with 2 outer staminodes. Fruit globose,
white at maturity, c 1 cm in diameter.
Distribution: Andaman Islands, India to Vanuatu
islands, the New Hebrides, north to Taiwan (Orchid
Island).
Habitat: Lowland dipterocarp forest from sea level
to c 400 m alt.
Vernacular names: Aralu (Lanao–Mindanao;
Rocero, Sr. M. 205), Bamban (Tagalog; Liborio Ela
Ebalo 827, 878, Mendoza, D.R. 65-119), Banban
(Tagalog- Polillo Island & Mindoro; Fox, R.B. 34),
Basayan (Agta-E Cagayan-NE Luzon; Allen, M.S.
41-81), Binbin (Casiguran-Tagalog - Polillo Island; Fox,
R.B. 34), Bonbon (Bicol–Camarines; Canvocar, P. 59),
Buldong (Palawan; Ebalo, L. 1370), Bunban (Bisaya-
Mindanao; Ebalo, L.E. 1093), Manban (Samar-Bisaya;
Sulit, M.D. 2803).
Uses: Stems are used in construction of drying
racks. Epidermis fibers are used to tie together material
in house construction. Fibers are also used for making
baskets (Polillo Island).Young shoots are used as a betel
nut substitute (NE Luzon).The ripe fruit is edible.
Discussion: A widespread and common species
throughout SE Asia. Philippine populations of D.
canniformis tend to have flowers that are larger than in
other areas (25-30 mm long vs. 15-25 mm in Borneo and
Thailand). Also, inflorescences tend to have fewer
branches (2-3 vs. up to 10 in other areas). Full botanical
descriptions of Donax canniformis in Borneo and
Thailand, respectively, can be found in Clausager &
Borchsenius (2003) and Suksathan & Borchsenius
(2008).
2. Phrynium Willd, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 (Willdenow) 1(1): 1,
17 (1797).
About 35 species of rosulate forest plants ranging
from India and Sri Lanka to Indo-China and throughout
the Malesian region to New Guinea. Six species occur in
the Philippines. The genus is diagnosed by the
combination of a rosulate habit, brachyblastic flower
groups (i.e., with axes strongly condensed), 0 (-1)
b
racteole, sepals at least half as long as the corolla tube,
and an ovary with three fertile locules. The former
genera Monophrynium K. Schum. and Phacelophrynium
K. Schum. are included in synonymy following
Suksathan et al. (2009).
2.1. Phrynium bracteosum (Warb. ex K. Schum.)
Suksathan & Borchs. comb. nov. Fig. 2A
Phrynium bracteosum (Warb. ex K. Schum.)
Suksathan & Borchs., comb. nov. Basionym:
Phacelophrynium bracteosum Warb. ex K. Schum.,
Pflanzenr. (Engler) Marant. 123 (1902). Lectotype
(selected by Clausager & Borchsenius 2003): Vidal 3976
(K!), Philippines, Luzon, Albay province
Rosulate, clustering herb, to 1.5 m tall, often
forming large clones. Leaf blade 26-56 cm long and 9-19
cm wide. Inflorescence 12-20 cm long; first order
branches 3-6, erect, to 11 cm long, distichously arranged,
the proximal ones usually with a few higher order
branches; fertile bracts up to 20 per branch, arranged in 2
rows forming an c. angle of 60-70 degrees, 3-4 cm long,
pale green to whitish; flower pairs 3-4 per special
paraclade, associated prophylls 2.5 x 1 cm, interphylls c.
2 x 0.6 cm. Flowers white, 27-30 mm long; sepals 8-10
mm long; corolla tube 10-12 mm long, lobes 13-14 x c. 5
mm; outer staminode 1, the free part 7-8 x c. 5 mm,
entire; callose staminode c. 7 mm long, including a short,
to 8 mm wide petaloid flap; cucullate staminode c. 4 mm
long; fertile stamen c. 4 x 1 mm. Fruit ellipsoid, c. 10 mm
long, green to brown, dehiscent; seeds 3, 7-8 mm long,
brown; aril white, bilobed, c. 5 mm long.
Distribution: Philippines and N Borneo.
Habitat: Lowland dipterocarp forest, lower montane
forest and disturbed areas from sea level to c. 1,000 m
alt.
Vernacular names: Bunbun (Cebuano, Mindanao;
A.N.U. 1678), Hagikhik (Samar; Sulit, M.D. 4145),
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Fig. 1. A: Donax canniformis. B: Phrynium minutiflorum, near Summit village, Catanduanes Island, Sep 2003. C: P. pubinerve.
D: P. fasciculatum, Aurora Province, Sep 2003.
Fig. 2. A: Phrynium bracteosum, Gigmoto, Catanduanes Island, Sep 2003. B: Phrynium maximum, Borneo, Sabah, road Kota
Kinabalu-Tenom, km 39, Sep 2004). C: Comparison of flowers of P. maximum (left) vs P. bracteosum (right), same locality.
March, 2010 Suksthan et al.: Marantaceae in the Philippines
31
Luket (S-Cotabato-Mindanao; Gutierrez,Yen & Reynoso
22), Talipopo (Samar; Gutierrez, H.G. et al. PNH no.
117519).
Uses: "Leaves occasionally used as G-string" (S
Cotabato-Mindanao; Gutierrez,Yen & Reynoso 22).
Discussion: Clausager & Borchsenius (2003)
included P. bracteosum in synonymy of P. maximum
(Blume) Suksathan & Borchs. (Fig. 2B) as they found
that the characters used in the literature to distinguish the
two were not useful. Detailed studies of fresh and
pickled flower material, however, demonstrate that
differences do exist. Phacelophrynium bracteosum has
smaller flowers (27-30 mm long) than P. maximum
(30-35 mm long) with shorter sepals (8-10 mm vs. 13-15
mm) and a shorter and broader petaloid lobe of the
callose staminode (c 7 x 8 mm vs. 10 x 7 mm; Fig. 2C).
Furthermore, its inflorescence bracts are whitish green to
pale brown, versus green to chestnut brown in P.
maximum, and they tend to be inserted at a wider angle.
Some of the differences listed above were noticed by
Clausager and Borchsenius, who suggested that two
forms of P. maximum occurred in N Borneo. The
material available to them was, however, inadequate to
substantiate the differences, particularly with respect to
flower size. DNA sequence data (Suksathan et al. 2009)
support the conclusions drawn from morphology.
Bornean Phrynium maximum (as Phacelophrynium
maximum 1) clustered with Phrynium aurantium
Clausager & Borchs., a Bornean endemic species, while
Phrynium bracteosum from the Philippines (as
Phacelophrynium maximum 2) clustered with Bornean
material with similar flower morphology (as
Phacelophrynium maximum 3). Some geographic
variation occurs among the two subpopulations of P.
bracteosum. In the Philippines bracts are typically
whitish green and flowers are white while in Borneo
bracts are often pale brown and flowers are yellow to
orange. Flower morphology is, however, similar as is
bract structure and overall inflorescence shape.
2.2. Phrynium fasciculatum (Presl.) Horan. Fig. 1D
Phrynium fasciculatum (Presl.) Horan., Prod.
Scitam.: II (1862); Monophrynium fasciculatum (Presl.)
K. Schum., Pflanzenr. (Engler) Marant. 68 (1902).
Basionym: Calathea fasciculata Presl., Reliq. Haenk. 1:
108 (1830). Lectotype (here designated): Plate in Reliq.
Haenk. 1: tab XVI (1830).
Monophrynium congestum Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C. 4: 197
(1909); Phrynium congestum (Ridl.) Suksathan & Borchs.,
Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 159: 394 (2009). – Type: Curran For. Bur.
9548 (holotype PNH destroyed). Philippines, Luzon,
Laguna-Tayabas, from Paete to Piapi. Neotype (here
designated): Fenix, E. sn., Bureau of Science no. 28245
(SING!; isotype: BO!), Philippines, Luzon, Kalinga-Apayao
prov.
Rosulate, clustering herb, to 1 m tall. Shoots spaced
2-3 cm along the rhizome, the fertile shoots with a 30-50
cm tall stem, bearing one basal, petiolate leaf and one
sesssile leaf inserted immediately under the
inflorescence. Leaves of variable shape and colour, from
lanceolate and dark green in shady, moist environments
to elliptic or ovate and lighter green in more exposed
areas; leaf blade 20-40 cm long and 5-9 cm wide.
Inflorescence with 2-3 basal branches, the longest to 13
cm, each supporting 1-5 higher order branches
b
earing
up 25 equally spaced, distichous, clearly overlapping
fertile bracts, these brown, pubescent, c. 10 mm long;
special paraclades with a single, 1-flowered flower
group; prophyll associated with the flower group 6-7 mm
long. Flowers white, 9-10 mm long; sepals 2-2.5 mm
long; corolla tube 3-4 mm long, lobes 5-7 x 2-3 mm;
outer staminodes 2, the free lobes 5-5.5 x 3-4.5 mm;
callose staminode 7-8 mm long, petaloid lobe c. 4 mm
wide; cucullate staminode c. 4 mm long; fertile stamen c.
4 x 1 mm. Fruit green, triangular in cross-section, 7-8
mm tall, the sides c. 10 mm wide; seeds angular, c. 5 mm
long, 5 mm maximum width, dorsally with a series of
transverse ridges; aril white, bilobed, lobes 3-4 mm long.
Distribution: Philippines (no records from Mindoro
and Palawan) to E Indonesia (Maluku).
Habitat: Dipterocarp and lowland evergreen forest,
0-700 m alt., often in areas with some influence from
ultramafic rock.
Vernacular names: Hagikhik (Samar-Bisaya;
Gutierrez, H.G. et al. 690).
Discussion: Phrynium fasciculatum is a clearly
distinct species that has been recorded in several
localities in the NE part of Luzon Island in moist to wet
mountain forest. In the mountains W of Baler it is quite
common in the forest understory. According to the
original description P. congestum resembles P.
fasciculatum in having solitary flowers but is different in
its strongly condensed, capitate inflorescence. The type
was lost in the fire of the PNH herbarium in the last days
of the Second World War. As neotype we have selected a
collection from the Kalinga-Apayao province in N
Luzon (E. Fenix, B.S. 28245, BO!, SING!) referred to P.
congestum by Merril (1925), who had access to the type
collection before this was destroyed. This collection is
no different from P. fasciculatum and the name seems
merely to represent a depauperate form of P.
fasciculatum.
2.3. Phrynium interruptum (Warb. ex K. Schum.)
Suksathan & Borchs. Figs. 3A & B
Phrynium interruptum (Warb. ex K. Schum.)
Suksathan & Borchs., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 159: 394 (2009).
Basionym: Phacelophrynium interruptum Warb. ex K.
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Vol. 55, No. 1
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Fig. 3. A-B: Phrynium interruptum, Mt. Maquiling, Sep 2004. C: P. simplex, Luzon, Mt. Banahao, Majayjay Falls, Sep 2003.
Schum., in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4(48): 121 (1902).
Syntypes: Warburg 12495 (B destroyed), Philippines,
Manila, Mt. Alban, March, 1888; Warburg 12160 (B
destroyed), Philippines, N Luzon, Eurile; Warburg
14585 (B destroyed) Philippines, Mindanao, Davao, Mt.
Dagatpan. Neotype Philippines, Luzon, Sorsogon prov.,
Mt. Balusan, Irosin, Oct, 1915 A.D.E. Elmer 14552,
(PNH!; isotypes: BO!, NY!, P!, S!; designated here).
Rosulate, clustering herb, to 2 m tall, often forming
large clones. Leaf blade 26-56 cm long and 9-19 cm
wide. Inflorescence varying in size, from 8 cm long with
just 1-2 basal branches, to > 50 cm long with 4-5 basal
branches; each branch with a number of widely spaced
bracteate nodes from which higher order branches that
repeat the structure of the mother-branch emerge. Fertile
bracts c. 14 mm long, brown, pubescent, clustered
towards the tip of the branches, typically 3-5 per branch
inserted over a distance of 1.5-3 cm; special paraclades
with 1 (-2) flower pairs, the second apparently never
developing beyond small buds; prophyll associated with
the first flower pair 9-10 mm long; interphyll c. 8 mm
long. Flowers white, 8-10 mm long; sepals 5-6 mm long;
corolla tube 2-3 mm long, lobes 4-5 x 2-4 mm; tapering;
outer staminode 1, the free part 6 x 3 mm, bilobed;
callose staminode 5-6 mm long, petaloid flap c. 4 mm
wide, bilobed; cucullate staminode c. 3 mm long; fertile
stamen c. 3 x 1 mm. Fruit orange, triangular in
cross-section with rounded corners, c. 12 mm tall, the
sides to 13 mm wide; pedicel 3-7 mm long; seeds black,
angular, 7-8 mm long, c. 5 mm wide, dorsally with a
series of transverse ridges; aril orange, with two blunt
lobes, c. 2 mm long.
Distribution: Philippines to E Indonesia (Maluku).
Habitat: Lowland forest and disturbed areas from
sea level to 500 m alt.
Vernacular names: Bayenhon (Cebu, Bisaya
and-Mindanao; A.N.U. 1723), Hagikhik
(Tagalog-Luzon; Sulit, M.D. 1658), Uddin
(Ifugao-Luzon; Banlugan et al. 276).
Uses: Basket weaving (NE Luzon; Ramos, M.
Bureau of Science no. 1041).
Discussion: Phrynium interruptum is the most
commonly collected species of Marantaceae in the
Philippines, found throughout the archipelago in forest
as well as in disturbed vegetation, roadsides, or even
plantations. It is easily identified by its lax, richly
b
ranched inflorescence, small flowers, and orange
capsular fruit with black seeds and a conspicuously
orange aril. We have not been able to locate any of the
Warburg syntype collections cited by Schumann (1902).
As neotype we have chosen the collection
A
.D.E. Elmer
14552, Irosin (Mt. Balusan), Sorsogon prov., Luzon, as
this collection corresponds precisely to the original
description and includes five duplicates distributed to
major herbaria worldwide.
2.4. Phrynium minutiflorum Suksathan & Borchs.
Fig. 1B
Phrynium minutiflorum Suksathan & Borchs., Bot. J.
Linn. Soc. 159: 394 (2009). Basionym:
Phacelophrynium cylindricum Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C
13: 269 (1918). Type: Philippines, Catanduanes, Mt.
Mariguidon, Nov. 23, 1917, in damp forests,
M
. Ramos
30503 (holotype PNH destroyed. Lectotype (here
selected): K!; isotype US!).
Rosulate herb, to c. 1 m tall, forming clones up to 2 m
in diam. Rhizome creeping, with densely positioned
erect shoots, each with 1-2 leaves. Leaf blade 20-25 x
12-13 cm. Inflorescence terminal, borne on a slender
March, 2010 Suksthan et al.: Marantaceae in the Philippines
33
peduncle in the axil of an accompanying leaf, peduncle
5-10 cm long, inflorescence branches 1-3, 2-7.5 cm long,
cylindrical, with numerous densely inserted spirally
arranged fertile bracts, 1-1.5 cm long; special paraclades
with 1 flower pairs, prophyll c. 9 x 4 mm, interphyll 4-5
mm long. Flowers inconspicuous, white, to 12 mm long;
sepals 6-9 mm long; corolla tube 4-7 mm long, lobes 4-5
x 2-4 mm, rolled back; outer staminode 1, the free part
2.5-3 x c. 2 mm, bilobed; callose staminode with a
petaloid flap c. 3 x 2.5 mm almost square, just briefly
emarginate at tip; cucullate staminode 2-3 mm long;
fertile stamen c. 3 x 1 mm. Fruit green, mostly triangular
in cross-section with 3 seeds, but occasionally flat with
only 2 seeds, c. 1 cm long. Seeds straw-coloured, c. 5
mm long, with a pale bifid aril c. 2 mm tall.
Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines (SE Luzon:
Catanduanes Island; Panay Island).
Habitat: Mountain-ridge scrubs, 600-700 m alt.
Vernacular names: Hagikhik (Bicol-: Catanduanes;
Suksathan, P. & Borchsenius, F. 3531, referring to the
heckling sound made by the leaves when they rubble
together in the breeze).
Discussion: Phrynium minutiflorum is immediately
distinguishable by its short, erect inflorescence branches
with numerous, small, spirally arranged bracts (Fig. 1D),
almost giving the appearance of a Cyperaceae
inflorescence. It is known only from a small number of
collections in two localities. The type was collected in
the central part of Catanduanes Island by M. Ramos in
1917 and that population was recently relocated by the
authors. A second collection was made by M. Ramos and
G. Edaño in Panay Island in 1918 but the status of that
population is unknown. The extant population in
Catanduanes Island appears to be of a reasonable size,
but occurs in a disturbed region of grazing land and
could be vulnerable. In spite of its unusual morphology,
DNA analyses indicate a close relationship between P.
minutiflorum and other small-flowered Philippine
species such as P. interruptum, P. simplex and P.
fasciculatum.
2.5. Phrynium pubinerve Blume Fig. 1C
Phrynium pubinerve Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 1: 38
(1827). Type: Indonesia, Java, Blume s.n. (holotype L!).
Phrynium philippinense Ridl., in Elmer, Leaflets Philipp. Bot.
ii. 570 (1909). Type: A.D.E. Elmer 7289 (holotype: PNH
destroyed; lectotype, designated by Suksathan & Borchsenius
in 2005, BO!; isotype NY!), Philippines, Leyte at Palo. There
are numerous other synonyms - for a full nomenclatural
account see Suksathan & Borchsenius (2005).
Rosulate plant 1-2(-3) m tall, sometimes forming
dense clusters up to several metres in diameter. Leaf
blade 23-82 x 9-30 cm. Inflorescence strongly
congested, capitate, 4-8 cm in diameter, bracts
subtending the proximal branches dark brown, partially
sheathing the entire inflorescence, quickly withering and
dissolving distally into a decaying fibrous mesh. Flowers
pinkish-white, c. 18 mm long. Fruits bright red, c. 15 mm
long, dehiscent. Complete botanical descriptions of P.
pubinerve are provided by Clausager & Borchenius
(2003) and Suksathan & Borchsenius (2008).
Distribution: India, Myanmar, Indo-China, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea.
Habitat: Lowland forest from sea level up to 600 m
alt.
Vernacular names: Ahuket (Agta-E Cagayan, NE
Luzon; Allen, M.S. PNH no. 150112), Agi-git
(Tagbanwa-Palawan; Reynoso, E.J. sn. PNH. No.
87851), Buldo-buldong (Palawan; Ebulo, L. 1376).
Discussion: Phrynium pubinerve is readily
recognized by its capitate inflorescence, with tattering
b
rown bracts, and red capsular fruits with gray seeds.
Plants are strongly variable in size at reproductive
maturity. The Philippine population has been described
as separate species, P. philippinense, but shows no
differential characters relative to populations of P.
pubinerve in other areas.
2.6. Phrynium simplex (Elmer) Suksathan & Borchs.
Fig. 3C
Phrynium simplex (Elmer) Suksathan & Borchs.,
Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 159: 394 (2009). Basionym:
Monophrynium simplex Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 1:
276 (1908). Lectotype (here designated): Philippines,
Luzon, Tayabas prov., Lucban, Mt. Banahao, 750 m. alt.
near steams, A.D.E. Elmer 9147 (BO!; isotypes K!, US!).
Paratype: same locality, A.D.E. Elmer 7611 (K!).
Rosulate, clustering herb, to 1 m tall. Leaf blade
25-35 cm long and 7-10 cm wide. Inflorescence with 3-5
basal branches, to 40 cm long, these proximally with
widely spaced bracteate nodes, up to 18 cm apart,
distally with regularly spaced nodes, 1.5-3 cm apart,
each bract subtending a short side-branch with c. 2 fertile
bracts, occasionally the proximal nodes subtending a
higher order branch repeating the structure of the mother
branch. Fertile bracts c. 8 mm long, brown, pubescent;
special paraclades with 1-2 flower pairs; prophyll
associated with the first flower pair c. 6 mm long;
interphyll c. 6 mm long. Flowers white, 8-9 mm long;
sepals 5-6 mm long; corolla tube c. 2 mm long, lobes 5 x
3 mm; tapering; outer staminode 1, the free part 5 x 4
mm, bilobed; callose staminode 5 mm long, petaloid flap
c. 5 mm wide, bilobed; cucullate staminode c. 3 mm
long; fertile stamen c. 3 x 1 mm. Fruit green, triangular in
cross-section with rounded corners, c. 9 mm tall, the
sides to 11 mm wide; pedicel c. 4 mm long; seeds
angular, 7-8 mm long, c. 4 mm wide, dorsally with a
Taiwania
Vol. 55, No. 1
34
series of transverse ridges; aril white, with two tapering
lobes, c. 4 mm long.
Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines (Luzon:
Tayabas, Apayao; Camarines Sur, Mt. Isarog).
Habitat: Mountain forest, at low elevations, near
streams.
Discussion: Phrynium simplex was originally
described by Elmer (1908) as a species of
Monophrynium, but examination of its inflorescence
reveals that flowers are in fact paired and not solitary as
characteristic of that former genus. It strongly resembles
P. interruptum, from which it differs in the branching
pattern of the inflorescence. In P. simplex each main
branch has a series of regularly spaced, very short side
branches with just 1-2 fertile bracts. Long side branches
repeating the structure of the mother branch are rare. In
P. interruptum, long side branches are common from the
proximal nodes of the main branches, and fertile bracts
are clustered towards the tip of the branches, typically
3-5 in number. The color of the mature fruits also differs
between the two species (green at maturity in P. simplex
versus orange in P. interruptum) and finally P. simplex is
a smaller plant, typically just about 1 m tall, while P.
interruptum often achieves twice that size. Phrynium
simplex is endemic to the Philippines where it has been
recorded in a few localities on Luzon Island and on
Camarines Sur. Very few herbarium collections exist. In
contrast, P. interruptum has been collected frequently in
most parts of the Philippines. Given the morphological.
similarity of the two species it seems unlikely that the
apparent rarity of P. simplex should be a collection
artifact
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to Leonardo L. Co and Ray Ong
for their assistance. We are grateful to the staff of the following
herbaria for making material available for study: AAU, BK,
BO, C, E, K, KEP, KLU, MO, NY, P, PNH, PUH, QBG, S,
SING, UPLB and US. This work was supported financially by
the DANCED project:’Capacity Building in Biodiversity-
Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden’ through a grant for the first
author to conduct studies for a PhD degree at the University of
Aarhus and by the Carlsberg Foundation (grant number
2007_01_0626 to the third author).
LITERATURE CITED
Andersson, L. 1998. Marantaceae. pp 278-293 in Kubitzki, K.
(ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants Vol. 4
(Springer Verlag: Berlin).
Clausager, K. and F. Borchsenius. 2003. Marantaceae of
Sabah. Kew Bull. 58: 647-678.
Elmer, A. D. E. 1908. A Century of New Plants: Marantaceae.
Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 1: 276.
Lim, M., J. de Leon and D. A. Madulid. 2000. Threatened
Species Listing in the Philippines: Status, Issues and
Prospects. In: Proc. Regional Training Workshop on Red
Listing of Threatened Plants and Animals Based on the
IUCN Categories, Colombo, Sri Lanka, pp. 1-9.
Madulid, D. A. 1991. The endemic genera of flowering plants
in the Philippines. Acta Manilana 38:41-56.
Merrill, E. D. 1912. A Flora of Manila. Bur. Sci. Publ. 5:
1-490.
Merrill, E. D. 1922-26. An Enumeration of Philippine
Flowering Plants. Bur. Sci. Publ. 18, 4 vols,
Merrill, E. D. 1925. Marantaceae. Bur. Sci. Publ. 18: 248-251.
Ridley, H. N. 1909. The Scitamineae of the Philippine Islands.
Philipp. J. Sci., C45: 155-199.
Schumann, K. 1902. Marantaceae. in: Engler, A. (ed.), Das
Pflanzenreich IV. 48: 1-148. Verlag von Wilhelm
Engelmann, Leipzig.
Suksathan, P. and F. Borchsenius. 2005. Nomenclatural
synopsis of the Marantaceae in Thailand. Taxon 54:
1083-1090.
Suksathan, P. and F. Borchsenius. 2008. Marantaceae. Flora
of Thailand 9: 123-142.
Suksathan, P., M. H. Gustafsson and F. Borchsenius. 2009.
Phylogeny and generic delimitation of Asian Marantaceae.
Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 159: 381-395.
APPENDIX 1: List of specimens examined
Donax canniformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum.
LUZON: Bagio Cove, Cagayan, Mar 1981, Allen, M.S. 41-81,
PNH no. 150124, (PNH); Mt. Maquiling, Laguna prov., Apr. 1948,
Canicasa, E. 167, (PNH); Tabalago, Pili, Camarines Sur, Jun 1947,
Canvocar, P. 59, (PNH); Anibawan, Polillo Island, Dec. 1948, Castro,
A.P. 059, (PNH); Irosin, Sorsogon prov., May 1957, Edaño, G. &
Gutierres H. 73, (PNH); Mt. Cadig, Camarines Norte, Jun. 1959,
Edaño, G.E. PNH no. 9558, (PNH); Polillo Island, Nov.-Dec. 1948,
Fox, R.B. 34, (PNH); Mt. Pinatubo, Zambales prov., Jun.-Jul. 1948,
Fox, R.B. 68, (PNH); Mangoratao, Ilocos Norte, 22 August 1992,
Gaerlan, F.J.M. et al. 9865, (KEP); Atimonan, Tayabas prov., Aug.
1904, Gregory, V.B. 100, (PNH); Camiguin Island, Babuyan Islands,
Nov. 1964, Hatusima, S. & Sata, M. 29307, (PNH); Manluluwag,
Pangasinan, Feb. 1974, Madulid & dela Cruz 3157, (PNH); Bo,
Katimo, Tagkawayan, Quezon prov., Mar. 1967,
M
endoza, D.R.
65-119, (PNH); Kiangan, Ifugao, 15 Aug. 1992,
R
eynoso, Sagcal &
Garcia 7282, (KEP); Mt. Palay Palay National Park, Cavite, 23 Mar.
1995, Reynoso, E., Sagcal & Fuentes 14966, (KEP); Maquiling
National park, Laguna prov., May 1946, Salvoza, F.M. 1010, (PNH);
Bo. Lube, Polillo Island, Jun. 1946, Salvoza, F.M. 1069, (PNH);
Tagaytay City, Nov. 1956, Steiner, M.L. 1142, (PNH); Atimonan,
Quezon prov., Jun. 1958, Steiner, M.L. 1389, (PNH); Garden Manila,
Mar. 1956, Steiner, M.L. 816, (PNH); Paete, Laguna prov., Sep. 2003,
Suksathan, P. & Borchsenius, F. 3524, (AAU, PNH, QBG); Mt.
Maquiling, Laguna prov., May 1947, Sulid, M.D. 1642, (PNH); Mt.
Makiling, Laguna province, May 1947, Sulid, M.D. 8315, (BK); Mt.
Yagaw, Mansalay, Mindoro prov., Nov.-Dec. 1952, Sulit, M.D. &
Conklin, H.C. 4641, (PNH); LEYTE: So-ong Lake, Palo, Mar. 1957,
Frohne, G.M. 57-36, (PNH); So-ong Lake Road, Tacloban, Apr. 1957,
Frohne, G.M. 57-50, (PNH); Curahan trail, Palo, Jun. 1957,
F
rohne,
G.M. 57-84, (PNH); MINDORO: Calapan, Mindoro Or., May 1953,
Briton, B.B. sn. PNH no. 19520, (PNH); Boliran, Naujan, Sep. 1947,
Celestino, M. & Castro A. 105, (PNH); Mts. Budburan and Namalayan,
Nov. 1939, Ebalo, L.E. 221, (PNH); Bongabon and Pinamalayan,
Feb.-Apr. 1941, Maliwanak, E. 182, (PNH); Pangalkagan, Sablayan,
Occidental Mindoro, Oct. 1961, Reed, R. 51, (PNH); Sabang river,
Dec. 1964, Reed, R. b 27, (PNH); NEGROS: Cuernos De Negros,
March, 2010 Suksthan et al.: Marantaceae in the Philippines
35
Negros Oriental, May 1949, Edaño, G.E. PNH no. 7274, (PNH); Maeti
Dam, Negros Oriental, 27 May 1991, Reynoso, E.J., Fuentes & Garcia
1148, (KEP); PALAWAN: West of Talakaigan, R. Apis, Aborian,
Aug. 1947, Ebalo, L. 1370, (PNH); Quezon, Apr. 1964, Espiritu, R.A.
sn. PNH no. 91459, (PNH); Baraki, Dec. 1950, Fox, R.B. 1, (PNH); St.
Paul's Bay, Mt. Bloomfield, 4 May 1984, Podzorski, A.C. 2008, (KEP);
Puerto Princesa, 28 June 1996, Reynoso & Majaducon, R. 24340,
(KEP); SAMAR: Liquilocon, Wright, Apr.-May-1948, Sulit, M.D.
2803, (PNH); Loquilocon, Wright, April-May 1948, Sulid, M.D. 6073,
(BK); MINDANAO: Tungao, Agusan prov., May 1950, Añonnuevo, P.
PNH no. 13730 , (BK, PNH); Between Mindagat & Malitbog,
Bukidnon prov., Mar.-Apr. 1950, Añonnuevo, P. PNH. No. 13546,
(PNH); Tungao, Agusan Norte, 11 May 1991, Barbon, E.B., Romero,
E.M. & Fernando, L.S. 1754, (KEP); UP grant, Isabela, Basilan Island,
Oct. 1953, Briton, B.B. sn., (PNH); Gubang and Mt. Mupo, Mar. 1941,
Ebalo, L.E. 1093, (PNH); Taglawig sitio, Maco, Davao prov., Oct.
1946, Edaño, G.E.1100, (PNH); Paglaum, Dumalinao, Zamboanga del
sur, Jun 1985, Filomena, Sr. 143, (PNH); Dikus, Zamboanga del Norte,
Sep. 1957, Frake C. & C. PNH no. 35972, (PNH); Cotabato prov.,
Oct.-Nov. 1956, Kerr, H., (PNH); Mt. Lina Sanito, near Kabasalan,
Dec. 1940, Liborio Ela Ebalo 827, (PNH); Isabela de Basilan, Land
grant of UP, Jan 1941, Liborio Ela Ebalo 878, (PNH); Tungao, San
Mateo, Butuan, Agusan river, Agusan prov., May-Jun. 1961, Mendozo,
D.R. 61-166, (PNH); Mt. Koronon, Santa Cruze, Dacao, Apr. 1964,
Reynoso, E.J. 29, (PNH); Linao, Tuguegarao, Cagayan, Jun. 1980,
Rocero, Sr. M. 205, (PNH); Coronon valley near Santa Cruz, Davao
prov., Apr. 1964, A.N.U. 1712, (PNH); Biliran, Dec. 1972, Leyuno,
C.C. 85, (PNH).
Phrynium bracteosum (Warb. ex K. Schum.) Suksathan & Borchs.
LUZON: Sarapan, Camarines, Oct. 1928, Edaño, G.,B.S. no.
76178, (NY); Irosin (Mt. Bulasan); Sorsogon prov., Dec. 1915, Elmer,
A.D.E. 15240, (K, MO, NY, P); Mt. Buluzan, Sorsogon prov., May
1916, Elmer, A.D.E. 16145, (NY, PNH, S); Catanduanes, Jul.-Sep.
1928, Ramos, M.& Edaño, G. sn.,B.S. no. 75324, (NY, SING); Road
Gigmoto-Summit, Catanduanes, Sep. 2003, Suksathan, P. &
Borchsenius, F. 3530, (AAU, PNH, QBG); Mt. Buluzan, Sorsogon
prov., Jul.-Aug. 1947, Sulit, M.D. 1820, (MO, PNH); Albay province,
Vidal, (lectotype: K); LEYTE: Lake Danao, Ormoc, Mar. 1950, Edaño,
G. 2195, (PNH, SING); Mt. Mamban, Ormoc, Apr. 1950,
Edaño,
G.E.2580, (PNH); Mt. top Dagami, Jul. 1957, Frohne, G. 57-133,
(PNH); Jun. 1913, Wenzel, C.A. 232, (MO); PALAWAN: Panalingajan
river, Mar. 1929, Edaño, G.,B.S. no. 77390, (NY); SAMAR: Mt.
Sohoton, Basey, Mar.-Apr. 1970, Gutierrez, H.G. et al. PNH no.
117519, (K, PNH); Catubig river, Oct. 1906, Merrill, E.D. 5206, (NY);
Mt. Cansayao, Catarman, Mar.-Apr. 1959, Sulit, M.D. 4145, (PNH);
Sulit, M.D. 5259-4, (PNH); Mt. Cansayao, Catarman, Mar.-Apr. 1959,
Sulit, M.D. sn., PNH no. 14337, (PNH); Loquilocon, Wright, Apr.-May
1948, Sulit, M.D. sn., PNH no. 6170, (PNH); Mt. Calbiga, Wright,
Apr.-May 1948, Sulit, M.D. sn., PNH no. 6395, (PNH). MINDANAO:
Gumate dist., E slope of Mt. Apo, Apr. 1964, A.N.U. 1678, (PNH); UP
land grant, Isabela de Bisilan, Zamboaga prov., Jan. 1941, Ebalo, L.E.
913, (PNH); Dikus, Zamboanga del Norte, Sep. 1957, Frake, C. & C.
121, (PNH); Tasaday forest, S Cotabato, Jul.-Aug. 1972, Gutierrez,Yen
& Reynoso 22, (PNH); Lingayao, Tungao, Gogg. Camp. Mindanao,
Jan. 1968, Mabesa, C. & Escolinas, J. 67-97, (PNH); Florida, San
Mateo, Batuan, Agusan prov., May-Jun. 1961, Mendoza, D.R. 61-514,
(PNH); Agusan river, Butuan subprovince, Oct. 1910, Merrill, E.D.
7288, (P); 70 Km. NE of Zamboanga, Santa Cruz,Sapamoro, Dec.
1961, Olsen, S. 925, ©, Sax river, Zamboanga prov., Feb. 1905,
Williams R.S. 2320, (NY); Dansalan, Lanao prov., Sep.1938, Zwickey,
A.L. 223, (NY).
Phrynium fasciculatum (Presl.) Horan.
LUZON: Mt. Pico de Loro, Ilocs Norte prov., Feb.-Mar, 1953,
Edaño, G.E. 5120, (K, PNH); Mt. Magnas, Apayao subprov., Jun.
1953, Edaño, G.E. 6281, (PNH); Cayatalay, Laguna prov., , Edaño,
G.E. sn. PNH no. 6481, (PNH); Apayao sub-prov., May 1917, Fenix E.
sn., B.S. no. 28082, (P); Apayao sub-prov., May 1917,
enix, E. sn.,
B.S. no. 28245, (BO, SING); Mt. Binuang, Tayabas prov., May 1917,
Ramos, M.& Edaño, G., B.S. no. 28589, (BO, P); Llavac, 250-350 m,
Mar. 1975, Stone, B.C. 12207, (KLU); Km 172-180 Road from Manila
to Baler, Aurora prov., Sep. 2003, Suksathan, P. & Borchsenius, F.
3526, (AAU, PNH, QBG); SAMAR: Tagaslian Borongan, Jun. 1948,
Castro, A PNH no. 5785, (PNH); Mt. Sohoton, Basey, Mar.-Apr. 1970,
Gutierrez, H.G. et al. 690, (PNH); Mt. Calbiga, Wright, Apr.-May
1948, Sulit, M.D. 2984, (PNH); Mt. Cansayao, Catarman, Mar.-Apr.
1959, Sulit, M.D. 4146, PNH no. 14338, (KEP, PNH, SING);
VISAYAS: Mt. Suiro (N. slope); Biliran, Apr.-May 1954, Sulit, M.D.
5289, (PNH).
Phrynium interruptum (Warb. ex K. Schum.) Suksathan & Borchs.
LUZON: Lugu, Banauc, Mountain prov., Aug. 1961,
B
anlugan et
al. 276, (PNH); Magapit, Cagayan prov., Oct. 1935,
B
artlett, H.H.
14858, (PNH); mud springs, Mt. Maquiling, Laguna prov., Sep. 1935,
Bartlett, H.H. 15665, (PNH); Irosin (Mt. Balusan); Sorsogon prov.,
Oct, 1915, Elmer, A.D.E. 14552, (neotype PNH; isotypes BO, NY, P,
S); Mt. Maquiling, Laguna prov., Jun.-Jul. 1917, Elmer, A.D.E. 17502,
(BO, P), Los Baños (Mt. Maquiling); Laguna prov., Jun.-Jul. 1917,
Elmer, A.D.E. 17823, (BO, MO, NY, P, S); Sarsogon prov,, Nov. 1905,
Elmer, A.D.E. 7316, (BO, NY); Baguio, Benguet prov., Mar. 1907,
Elmer, A.D.E. 8955, (BO, E, NY); Polillo Island, Nov.-Dec. 1948,
F
ox,
R.B. 39, (PNH); Mt. Pinatubo, Zambales prov., Jun.-Jul. 1948,
F
ox,
R.B. 494, (PNH); Norzagaray, Bulacan prov., Jan. 1914,
F
oxworthy,
F.W. sn.,B.S. no. 12285, (BO); Manilla, Nov 1836, Gaudichaud, M.
1191, (P); Paete, Laguna prov., Oct 1894, Langlasse s.n., (P); Rio
Marcep, Montalban, Loher., A. sn., (K); Tanay, Rizal prov., May 1903,
Merrill, E.D. 2263, (NY); Laguimanoe, Tayabas prov., Mar. 1905,
Merrill, E.D. 4014, (NY); Montalban, Rizol prov., Mar. 1906,
M
errill,
E.D. 5058, (NY); Batangas prov., Aug. 1914, Ramos, M. 1885, (BO,
MO, NY, P, SING); Mar. 1909, Ramos, M. 7729, (BO); Bosoboso,
Rizal prov., Jul. 1906, Ramos, M. sn., B.S. no. 1041, (BO, NY, SING);
Rizal prov., Aug. 1914, Ramos, M., B.S. 13557, (P); Mt. Bagacay,
Camarines prov., Nov.-Dec. 1918,
R
amos, M.& Edaño sn, B.S. no.
33915, (NY); Alabat, Sep.-Oct. 1926,
R
amos, M.& Edaño, G. sn., B.S.
no. 48115, (NY); Peñablanca, Cagayan prov., Mar.-May 1929,
R
amos,
M. sn., B.S. no. 76738, (NY); Rizal prov., May 1909,
R
obinson, C.B.
sn,, B.S. no. 6770, , (P); Infanta, Tayabas, Laguna prov., Aug. 1909,
Robinson, C.B. sn., B.S. no. 6809, (BO); Polillo, Aug 1909,
R
obinson,
C.B., B.S. no. 9219, (E); Los Baños, Laguna prov., Feb. 1954, Steiner,
M.L. 521, (PNH); Paete, Laguna prov., Sep. 2003, Suksathan, P. &
Borchsenius, F. 3523, (AAU, PNH,QBG); Road Baler-Dipacuiao,
Aurura prov., Sep. 2003, Suksathan, P. & Borchsenius, F. 3527, (AAU,
PNH,QBG); near Gigmoto fall, Catanduanes, Sep. 2003, Suksathan, P.
& Borchsenius, F. 3528, (AAU, PNH, QBG); Mt. Maquiling, Laguna
prov., May 1947 , Sulit, M.D. 1658, (PNH); LEYTE: Palo, Leyte prov.,
Jan 1905, Elmer, A.D.E. 7297, (BO, E, NY); NEGROS: Kinabkaban
river, Negros Oriental, Mar. 1954, Edaño, G.E. PNH no. 7239, (PNH);
Cuernos De Negros, Negros Oriental, May 1948, Edaño, G.E. PNH no.
7243, (PNH); Dumaguete (Cuernos Mts.) Negros Oriantal prov., Jun.
1905, Elmer, A.D.E. 10243, (E, MO, NY); PANAY: Jamindan, Capiz
prov., Apr.May 1918, Ramos, M.& Edaño, G. sn., B.S. no. 31234, (BO,
P); SAMAR: Bo Kagpolangi, Dolores, Dec. 1973,
D
ela Cruz, F. 103,
(PNH); Mt. Cansayao, Catarman, Mar.-Apr. 1959, Sulit, M.D. PNH no.
56725, (SING). MINDANAO: Coronon valley, near Santa Cruz,
Davao prov., Apr. 1964, A.N.U. 1723, (PNH); Davao, Mar. 1904,
Copeland, E.B. 469, (NY, P); Mt. Kapok, Davao prov., Aug.-Sep.
1949, Edaño, G.E. 1720, (PNH); Mt. Kapok, Davao prov., Aug.-Sep.
1949, Edaño, G.E. 1764, (PNH); Baguan river, Davao prov., Mar.
1949, Edaño, G.E. 759, (PNH); Todaya (Mt. Apo); Davao prov., Jul.
1905, Elmer, A.D.E. 11068, (BO, E, MO, NY); Lake Mainit, Surigao
prov., Mar.-Apr. 1931, Ramos, M. & Convocar sn., B.S. no. 83401,
(NY); Santa Cruz, Davao prov., May 1905, Williams, R.S. 2768, (NY);
Catalnan, Davao, Aug. 1933, Kanehira, R. 2496, (NY).
Phrynium minutiflorum Suksathan & Borchs.
Taiwania
Vol. 55, No. 1
36
LUZON: Mt. Mariguidon, Catanduanes, Nov.-Dec. 1917, Ramos,
M. 30503, (lectotype K; isotypes P, US); Summit village, trail to
Gigmoto, Catanduanes, Sep. 2003, Suksathan, P. & Borchsenius, F.
3531, (AAU, PNH, QBG); PANAY: Jamindan, Capiz Province,
April-May 1918, Ramos, M.& Edaño, G., B.S. no. 31271, (K).
Phrynium pubinerve Blume
LUZON: Bagio Cove, Cagayan, Mar 1981, Allen, M.S. PNH no.
150112, (PNH); Mt. Isarog, Camarines sur prov., Jun. 1947, Convocar,
P. 192, (PNH); Irosin, Sorsogon prov., May 1957, Edaño, G. &
Gutierres, H. 114, (PNH); Mt. Juban, Sorsogon prov., Jun. 1956,
Edaño, G.,B.S. no. 37113, (PNH); Kilingkiling river, Cagayan prov.,
Jun. 1930, Edaño, G.,B.S. no. 79567, (NY); Irosin (Mt. Bulasan);
Sorsogon prov., Nov. 1915, Elmer, A.D.E. 14994, (MO, NY); Haribon
Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources (Bicol National
Park). Camarines Sur, Ocampo Del Rosario access track facing PLDT.
To summit. Alt. 110-800 m., May 16-20 1991, Hernaez, B.F. and
Cajano, M.A.O. 57540, (UPLB); Haribon Foundation for the
Conservation of Natural Resources (Bicol National Park). Camarines
Sur, Ocampo Del Rosario access track facing PLDT. To summit. Alt.
110-800 m. , May 16-20 1991, Hernaez, B.F. and Cajano MAO 57541,
(UPLB); Alabat, Dec. 1916, Merrill, E.D. 10456, (NY, P); Mt.
Makiling, , Odona et al. 801, (UPLB); Peñablanca, Cagayan prov.,
Mar.-May 1929, Ramos, M. sn., B.S. no. 76852 , (NY); Los baños,
Laguna prov., Apr. 1909, Robinson, C.B., B.S. no. 6712, (NY); Mt.
Maquiling, Laguna prov., May 1947, Sulit, M.D. 1681, (PNH); Mt.
Buluzan, Sorsogon prov., Jul.-Aug. 1947, Sulit, M.D. PNH no. 3680,
(MO); Atimonan, Tayabas prov., Aug-Sep 1904, Whitford, H.N. 634 ,
(P); LEYTE: Lake Danao, Ormoc, Mar. 1950, Edaño, G.E. 2098,
(PNH); Palo, Leyte prov., Jan. 1906, Elmer, A.D.E. 7289, (type of
Phrynium philippinense: lectotype, BO; isotype, NY); Palo, Apr. 1941,
Piper, C.V. sn. (P); PALAWAN: W Talakaigan R., Apis, Aborlan,
Aug. 1947, Ebulo, L. 1376, (PNH); Tarateon river, Aborlan, Mar.-Apr.
1951, Edaño, G.E. 2699, (PNH); Baraki, Dec. 1950, Fox, R.B. 78,
(PNH); Taytay, May 1913, Merrill, E.D. 9328, (NY, P); Penigisan,
Sep. 1961, Olsen, S. 255, (C); Makagwa, Sep. 1961, Olsen, S. 380, (C);
Bo. Undergrownd, Quezon, Dec. 1963, Reynoso, E.J. sn. PNH. No.
87851, (PNH); PANAY: Libacao, Capiz prov., May-Jun. 1919,
Martelino, A. and Edaño, G. BoS 35427, (P); MINDANAO: Tawitawi
Island, Sulu Aechipelago, Jan. 1940, Alcasid, G. & Celestino, M. sn.
PNH no. 7495, (PNH); Tungao, Agusan, Aug. 1967, De Leon, M. 810,
(PNH); Madaum, Davao prov., Oct. 1946, Edaño, G. 1137, (PNH);
Todaya (Mt. Apo); Davao prov., Jul. 1909, Elmer, A.D.E. 11234, (NY);
Cabadbaran (Mt. Urdaneta); Agusan prov., Aug. 1912, Elmer, A.D.E.
13512, (C, MO, NY, P); Tawi-tawi Island, Sulu Aechipelago, Jan.-Feb.
1957, Kondo, Y. & Edaño, G.E. 8967, (PNH); Tuñgao, So., San Mateo
Ba, Butuan, Agusan prov., May-Jun. 1961, Mendoza, D.R. 61-388,
(PNH); MINDORO: Baco river, Jul. 1909, McGregor, R.C, 314, (NY);
ORIGIN UNKNOWN: no locallity, Elmer, A.D.E. 18056, (C, NY, P).
Phrynium simplex (Elmer) Suksathan & Borchs.
LUZON: Mt Isarog, secondary forest, Camarines Sur, June 1947,
Convocar, P. 177, (AAU); Lucban, Tayabas prov., May 1902, Elmer,
A.D.E. 7611, (BO); Lucban, Tayabas prov., May 1902, Elmer, A.D.E.
9147, (lectotype, BO; isotypes, K, NY, US); Lucban, Tayabas prov.,
May 1902, Elmer, A.D.E. 9149, (BO); Kalinga-Apayao prov., Felix
sn., Bur. Sci. 28266, (US); Mt. Banahao, Majayjay falls, Lucban, Sep.
2003, Suksathan, P. & Borchsenius, F. 3525, (AAU, PNH, QBG).
菲律賓竹芋科之分類研究
Piyakaset Suksthan
(1*)
, Domingo A. Madulid
(2)
and Finn Borchsenius
(3)
1. Herbarium, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
2. Botany Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
3. Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
* 通信作者。 Email: piyakas@yahoo.com
(收稿日期:2009 6 15 日;接受日期:2009 9 10 )
摘要:菲律賓竹芋科包括竹葉蕉屬 (Donax) 及柊葉屬 (Phrynium) 8 個原生種 (其中 3 種為
特有種,另 3 種為近似特有種),然除了與這些物種相關文獻稀少外,最近的分類處理也
已經是 80 年前。本文除了更新菲律賓產竹芋科分類處理外 (包括 3 物種的選模式標本、2
物種的新模式標本及 1 組合名稱),並提供種之檢索表、分類描述、分布、生態環境、俗名
及用途。
關鍵詞:DonaxMonophrynium
Phacelophrynium
Phrynium、竹芋科、菲律賓。
... (Sierra-Madre, Tagalog), dilang-aso, bamban (Western Mindanao), banban (Polillo Island, Mindoro), basayan (Cagayan), binbin (Casiguran), bonbon (Bicol), buldong (Palawan), bunban (Bisaya), manban (Samar); Thailand: khlum (General), klah, blah, klum (Central, Surat Thani, Trat); Vietnam: dong s[aaj]y (Amanina et al. 2017;Apal et al. 2018;Arisandy and Triyanti 2020;Hariyadi and Ticktin 2012;Kamaludin 2018;Kulip 2003;Kulip and Majawat 2000;Liyanti et al. 2015;Malabrigo et al. 2014;Malini et al. 2017;Milow et al. 2011;Neamsuvana et al. 2015;Nordin and Zakaria 2016;Ong et al. 2011;Slamet et al. 2020;Slamet and Andarias 2018;Suksthan et al. 2010;Syarief and Yafie 2017;Sebua and Nuñeza 2020;Teo 2003) ...
... Malaysia: Green fruits of D. canniformis are eaten raw (Kulip and Majawat 2000;Ong et al. 2011). Philippines: The ripe fruit is edible (Suksthan et al. 2010) and can be eaten raw as snacks (Langenberger et al. 2009). ...
... It imparts a characteristic flavor to the wrapped foods (Mustafa et al. 2012). Philippines: The young shoots are used as a betel nut substitute by the local people in North East Luzon Island (Suksthan et al. 2010). ...
... (Sierra-Madre, Tagalog), dilang-aso, bamban (Western Mindanao), banban (Polillo Island, Mindoro), basayan (Cagayan), binbin (Casiguran), bonbon (Bicol), buldong (Palawan), bunban (Bisaya), manban (Samar); Thailand: khlum (General), klah, blah, klum (Central, Surat Thani, Trat); Vietnam: dong s[aaj]y (Amanina et al. 2017;Apal et al. 2018;Arisandy and Triyanti 2020;Hariyadi and Ticktin 2012;Kamaludin 2018;Kulip 2003;Kulip and Majawat 2000;Liyanti et al. 2015;Malabrigo et al. 2014;Malini et al. 2017;Milow et al. 2011;Neamsuvana et al. 2015;Nordin and Zakaria 2016;Ong et al. 2011;Slamet et al. 2020;Slamet and Andarias 2018;Suksthan et al. 2010;Syarief and Yafie 2017;Sebua and Nuñeza 2020;Teo 2003) ...
... Malaysia: Green fruits of D. canniformis are eaten raw (Kulip and Majawat 2000;Ong et al. 2011). Philippines: The ripe fruit is edible (Suksthan et al. 2010) and can be eaten raw as snacks (Langenberger et al. 2009). ...
... It imparts a characteristic flavor to the wrapped foods (Mustafa et al. 2012). Philippines: The young shoots are used as a betel nut substitute by the local people in North East Luzon Island (Suksthan et al. 2010). ...
Chapter
Synonyms Actoplanes canniformis (G.Forst.) K.Schum.; Actoplanes grandis (Miq.) K.Schum., Actoplanes ridleyi K.Schum.; Arundastrum canniforme (G.Forst.) Kuntze; Arundastrum grande (Miq.) Kuntze; Clinogyne canniformis (G.Forst.) K.Schum.; Clinogyne dichotoma Salisb. ex Benth.; Clinogyne grandis (Miq.) Benth. & Hook.f.; Donax arundastrum Lour.; Donax gracilis K.Schum.; Donax grandis (Miq.) Ridl.; Donax parviflora Ridl.; Ilythuria canniformis (G.Forst.) Raf.; Maranta arundastrum (Lour.) M.R.Almeida; Maranta arundinacea Blanco; Maranta dichotoma D.Dietr.; Maranta grandis Miq.; Maranta tonchat Blume; Phrynium canniforme (G.Forst.) Schrank; Phrynium dichotomum Roxb.; Thalia canniformis G.Forst. (POWO 2020). Local Names Brunei Darussalam: bamban, banban batu; Cambodia: draem run; Indonesia: bamban, bumban, bomban (General), banban (Malay, Javanese, Sundanese), bangban (West Java), bemban (Ketapang, Sanggau, Musi Rawas), bemban or jemban (Serampas), bamban, mboeyo (Buton Island), moa, obiyawa (Togutil), mboue (Bau-bau), moa (Moluccas); Malaysia: babalit (Lundayeh), bamban (Negeri Sembilan), bemban (Tok Ngah, Serawak), bemban hutan (Pahang), lias (Sabah), bemben, bembanayer, buluhleck (Kelabit); Philippines: aralu (Lanao-Mindanao), bamban, banban (Tagalog,
... The genus Phrynium Willdenow (1797: 17), estimated to comprise 20 species (Andersson 1998, Wu & Kennedy 2000, Clausager & Borchsenius 2003, Suksathan & Borchsenius 2005 to 35 (Suksathan et al. 2010) or 40 species (Suksathan et al. 2009), is distributed from India and Sri Lanka to Indo-China and throughout the Malesian region to New Guinea (Suksathan et al. 2010). During the past decades, several new species have been published, such as Phrynium hainanense T. L. Wu & S.J.Chen (1981: 176) and P. pedunculiferum D. Fang (2002: 250) in China, P. grandibracteatum Clausager & Borchsenius (2003: 661) and P. stenophyllum Clausager & Borchsenius (2003: 666) in Malaysian state of Sabah in northern Borneo. ...
... The genus Phrynium Willdenow (1797: 17), estimated to comprise 20 species (Andersson 1998, Wu & Kennedy 2000, Clausager & Borchsenius 2003, Suksathan & Borchsenius 2005 to 35 (Suksathan et al. 2010) or 40 species (Suksathan et al. 2009), is distributed from India and Sri Lanka to Indo-China and throughout the Malesian region to New Guinea (Suksathan et al. 2010). During the past decades, several new species have been published, such as Phrynium hainanense T. L. Wu & S.J.Chen (1981: 176) and P. pedunculiferum D. Fang (2002: 250) in China, P. grandibracteatum Clausager & Borchsenius (2003: 661) and P. stenophyllum Clausager & Borchsenius (2003: 666) in Malaysian state of Sabah in northern Borneo. ...
... During the past decades, several new species have been published, such as Phrynium hainanense T. L. Wu & S.J.Chen (1981: 176) and P. pedunculiferum D. Fang (2002: 250) in China, P. grandibracteatum Clausager & Borchsenius (2003: 661) and P. stenophyllum Clausager & Borchsenius (2003: 666) in Malaysian state of Sabah in northern Borneo. There are five species of Phrynium distributed in China (Wu & Kennedy 2000), nine species in Borneo (Clausager & Borchsenius 2003, Suksathan et al. 2009), six species in Thailand (Suksathan & Borchsenius 2005) and six species in Philippines (Suksathan et al. 2010). The genus is recognized by the following combination of features: long leaf sheath and petiole, congested and capitate inflorescence, spirally arranged bracts, longer sepals compared with corolla tube, 3-locular ovary, and dehiscent fruit (Wu & Chen 1981, Wu & Kennedy 2000, Suksathan & Borchsenius 2008. ...
Article
Phrynium yunnanense, a new species from Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. It is closely related to P. hainanense T.L.Wu & S.J.Chen and P. pedunculiferum D.Fang, but it is distinguished by having long peduncle (20–45 cm), bright orange bracts and fruits. A comparison table and the line illustration are presented.
... Thaumatococcuss daniellii shares many morphological similarities either in vegetative or reproductive parts with other Zingiberales species such as Donax canniformis and Phrynium Willd species (Marantaceae), Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) and Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) (Andersson, 1998;Clausager & Borchsenius, 2003;Suksthan, Madulid, & Borchsenius, 2010). Each rhizome node develops a shoot bud which grows into a tiller that is made up of short stem (Ley & Claßen-Bockhoff, 2012), long petiole, pulvinus and a single large leaf blade (Andersson, 1998;Tomlinson, 1961). ...
... Marantaceae species such as Phrynium bracteosum and P. maximum (Suksthan et al., 2010). The detailed floral structures of some Marantaceae species has already been described elsewhere (Andersson, 1998;Ley, 2008;Ley & Claßen-Bockhoff, 2009). ...
Article
Full-text available
Thaumatococcus daniellii is a rhizomatous monocotyledonous, perennial herb species of the Marantaceae family. The fruit aril contains thaumatin, a sweet protein with sweetness intensity that is about 1,600–3,000 times that of sucrose and is extensively employed as a natural sweetener. The species has potential as an imperative economic crop if cultivated under proper agronomic practices. Phenological development and thermal time requirements are critical to ensuring a high yield. The aim of this study was to determine the phenological stages according to the BBCH scale and growing degree days (GDDs) under different irradiance and fertiliser levels. Seedlings were raised from rhizomes and grown on the field using a randomised complete block design with four treatments and three replications. The study was carried out at the Botanical Garden, Shah Alam, Malaysia, from July 2014 to February 2017. The treatments consisted of combinations of two irradiance and two fertiliser levels, which were designated as high irradiance with either low (T1) or high fertiliser (T2) and low irradiance with either low (T3) or high fertiliser (T4). A detailed phenological development using two‐ and three‐digit coding systems was conducted on 12 clumps (one clump/replicate/treatment). The species has eight principal stages, which include bud and leaf development, formation of side tillering, petiole elongation, emergence of synflorescence, flowering, fruit development and fruit maturity. Both irradiance and fertiliser levels affected certain phenological stages; with leaf, tiller, synflorescence and fruit strongly influenced by irradiance levels. Leaf growth was more vigorous under high irradiances compared with low irradiances and took about 36 to 42 days to attain full maturity. The clump growth or size is a function of tiller numbers. The tiller number increased with increase in clump age. The onset of certain phenological stages was associated with clump age. The clumps commenced production of synflorescence when tiller number was in the range of 30 to 40, and started fruit formation when tiller number reached 70. Both events occurred under a combination treatment of high irradiance with high fertiliser. The GDD requirement of any phenological stage or development of any plant part is contingent upon the duration of a particular stage or process, as measured in days after emergence or transplanting. The longer the duration, the higher the GDD and it varies with treatments. The total GDD required for the completion of the single leaf growth ranged from 852 to 1,022°C, while the emergence of synflorescence under high irradiance occurred with GDD of 5621 (T2) and low irradiance at 9387°C (T3). Fruit formation was observed only under high irradiance with GDD ranging from 9030 (T2) to 13,147°C (T1) during the study period. A description of phenological development according to BBCH scale and GDD requirements in response to differences in irradiance and fertiliser is imperative. It provides a detailed knowledge based on T. daniellii development vis‐à‐vis growth and environmental requirements. This will pave the way for attainment of an efficient crop agronomic practice.
... (formerly in the genus, Monophrynium K.Schum. but now synonymized in Phrynium) in Marantaceae (Suksathan et al. 2010). However, flower groups are mostly brachyblastic in both Phrynium and in our plant. ...
Article
Full-text available
Myanmaranthus Nob.Tanaka, Suksathan & K.Armstr., a new genus of Marantaceae from northern Myanmar, is described with a single species, M. roseiflorus Nob.Tanaka & K.Armstr. Its relationship to all other genera in Asian Marantaceae is investigated through morphological examination and molecular phylogenetic analyses based upon chloroplast (rps16 intron, trnL�trnF) and nuclear (ITS and ETS) sequences. Myanmaranthus differs morphologically from the most closely related genus, Phrynium Willd., in having a combination of the following characters: a rosulate habit, a loose paniculate inflorescence arising from the rhizome, the absence of interphylls and bracteoles, and fertile bracts each holding a single pink flower. Thus far, this new taxon is known only from the type locality in Kachin State, Myanmar. A key to the genera of Asian Marantaceae is provided.
... Perennial herb is represented by Phrynium pubinerve and Calathea zebrina ( Figure 2j). The distribution of P. pubinerve in India, Myanmar, Indo-China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea [8]. ...
Article
Full-text available
This research was conducted to gather basic information to support recovery coal mining area with study of flora biodiversity. Plants inventory were conducted explorative in Besiq Bermai forest. Some observations were conducted on plants as integral part of the documentation process. The result showed that there are 203 numbers of plant. They consist of 51 families of flora collection to be conserved in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. There are 53 species of orchid that collected from this forest, including of rare species and endemic orchid. There are 70 numbers of 1000 specimen floras to be collected in Nursery of coal mining to be used in reclamation program. There are 20 species of flora that be conserved because it is threatened species that based on IUCN. Ten species can be chosen to become pioneer species in reclamation of coal mining area. Biodiversity concept can be used in reclamation of post mining area. Prospective conservation area that called Arboretum is provided for in-situ conservation program. Some practical considerations are suggested for future reclamation projects.
... The Philippines consists of more than 7,000 islands and due to a strong degree of isolation from both the Asian mainland and the Malesian archipelago, its flora is unique with species level endemism exceeding 60 percent (Suksthan, et. al., 2010). However, there is sustained degradation of resources, hence the Philippines is known as one of the biodiversity hotspots in the world. Several books have been published regarding Philippine Pteridophytes. Foremost is the three-volume work of Copeland ...
... Perennial herb is represented by Phrynium pubinerve and Calathea zebrina ( Figure 2j). The distribution of P. pubinerve in India, Myanmar, Indo-China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea [8]. ...
Article
Full-text available
This research was conducted to gather basic information to support recovery coal mining area with study of flora biodiversity. Plants inventory were conducted explorative in Besiq Bermai forest. Some observations were conducted on plants as integral part of the documentation process. The result showed that there are 203 numbers of plant. They consist of 51 families of flora collection to be conserved in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. There are 53 species of orchid that collected from this forest, including of rare species and endemic orchid. There are 70 numbers of 1000 specimen floras to be collected in Nursery of coal mining to be used in reclamation program. There are 20 species of flora that be conserved because it is threatened species that based on IUCN. Ten species can be chosen to become pioneer species in reclamation of coal mining area. Biodiversity concept can be used in reclamation of post mining area. Prospective conservation area that called Arboretum is provided for in-situ conservation program. Some practical considerations are suggested for fu-ture reclamation projects.
... Daun tunggal, bertangkai, helai daun berbentuk bulat telur lebar hingga jorong. Panjang helai daun 30 cm dan lebar 20 cm (Suksthan et al., 2010). Perbungaan sering bercabang dipangkal, panjang hingga 20 cm, bunga berwarna putih. ...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
ABSTRAK Salah satu alternatif cara pengendalian hama dan penyakit yang lebih berwawasan lingkungan dan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dalam pengendalian hama terpadu adalah pengendalian secara biologi dengan menggunakan tumbuhan yang mempunyai aktivitas sebagai pestisida. Salah satu pendekatan untuk mendapatkan bahan atau tumbuhan yang berkhasiat sebagai pestisida adalah berdasarkan penggunaannya dalam pengobatan tradisional atau pengetahuan tentang aktivitas biologi lainnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan di daerah sepanjang pantai dan lahan basah yang ada di sejumlah desa dalam wilayah Sumatera Bagian Selatan, mulai bulan April sampai dengan November 2015. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada 12 jenis tumbuhan obat di pesisir pantai dan lahan basah yang berpotensi besar digunakan sebagai bahan baku pestisida nabati, diantaranya adalah pelawan (Tristaniopsis merguensis), bintaro (Cerbera manghas), simpur (Dillenia indica), kelebuk (Ficus sp.) dan mensirak (Ilex cymosa). Kata kunci: fitokimia, lahan basah, pantai, pestisida nabati, tumbuhan obat I. PENDAHULUAN Salah satu kendala dalam pembangunan hutan tanaman adalah adanya serangan hama dan penyakit. Tindakan pengendalian yang paling sering digunakan untuk mengatasi serangan hama dan penyakit pada tanaman adalah menggunakan pestisida kimia sintetis. Sampai saat ini pestisida sintetis masih dianggap cara yang paling ampuh untuk pengendalian organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT). Petani masih mengandalkan penggunaan pestisida sintetis untuk pengendalian hama karena mudah didapat dan efektif, walaupun banyak menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan dan kesehatan manusia, diantaranya resistensi, ledakan hama sekunder, terbunuhnya organisme bukan target dan pencemaran lingkungan serta menyebabkan penyakit akut pada manusia. Oleh karena itu perlu dicari alternatif cara pengendalian lain yang dampak negatifnya terhadap lingkungan dan manusia dapat diminimalisasi. Pengendalian hama dan penyakit dengan menggunakan pestisida nabati merupakan alternatif yang sesuai dengan persyaratan tersebut karena cara pengendalian ini lebih berwawasan lingkungan dan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dalam pengendalian hama terpadu (PHT) serta efektivitasnya tidak kalah dengan pestisida sintetis. Menurut Prijono (2003), salah satu pendekatan untuk mencari bahan pestisida nabati adalah berdasarkan penggunaannya dalam pengobatan tradisional atau pengetahuan tentang aktivitas biologi lainnya, misalnya senyawa penghambat ekdisis plumbagin yang diisolasi dari tumbuhan yang biasa digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional di Afrika, dan penggunaan akar tuba (Derris sp.) sebagai insektisida yang diilhami oleh sifatnya sebagai racun ikan. Metabolik sekunder yang dihasilkan oleh tumbuhan selain berkhasiat sebagai obat fungsi utamanya adalah sebagai alat untuk mempertahankan diri dari kondisi lingkungan yang kurang menguntungkan, satu diantaranya untuk mengatasi serangan hama dan
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A taxonomic treatment is provided for the Marantaceae of the Malaysian state of Sabah in northern Borneo. Thirteen species are recognised, four of which are described as new to science: Phacelophrynium aurantium, Phacelophrynium laxum, Phrynium grandibracteatum and Phrynium stenophyllum. One new combination is made: Stachyphrynium placentarium (Lour.) Clausager & Borchs. Keys to the genera and species are provided together with illustrations of the four new species.
This work was supported financially by the DANCED project:'Capacity Building in BiodiversityQueen Sirikit Botanic Garden' through a grant for the first author to conduct studies for a PhD degree at the University of Aarhus and by the Carlsberg Foundation
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