Article

THE ITALIAN IRIS SOCIETY: ITS GARDEN AND WORK

January 2000

Authors:

The Italian Iris Society was born in Florence (Italy) in 1959 to manage the International contest which started in 1957. This year (1998) we are going to celebrate the 42 nd edition. The aim is to judge new hybrids from all over the world. The breeders send their rhizomes to Florence three years prior to judgment, made during five days work by five international experts, which are changed every year. The venue of the contest is the Iris Gardens located at the foot of Michelangelo Square. The judgement is made on the general characteristics of the plant and flowers of each variety, in order to award the established prizes, of which the first is a reproduction of the Golden Florin. The contest is normally scheduled in the first half of May, this year 11 th -16 th , and the announcement of the winner is made in the solemnity of the Town Hall, the famous and well-known "Palazzo Vecchio".

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Article

Remarks upon Mr. Mallet's Theory of Volcanic Energy

January 1875 · Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society

O. Fisher

The theory of Mr. Mallet, F.R.S., contained in his now celebrated paper which was read before the Royal Society in 1872, has already been much discussed; but there seems to be still room for the following remarks, which I hope I shall not be thought presumptuous in laying before you. The treatise is of such considerable dimensions that the simplest plan will be to take the sections of it in order ... [Show full abstract] as they occur, passing over those which approve themselves, and discussing only those which appear to be open to question. There is nothing contained in the first eleven sections but what entirely commends itself to my judgment. Indeed some of the remarks of the distinguished author were anticipated in a paper of mine read at Cambridge in 1868, of which Mr. Mallet had no knowledge at the time when his theory was given to the world. In § 12 the opinion that the crust of the earth rests on a liquid nucleus is mentioned, but not with favour. Whatever its condition may be at a very great depth, the view which at present seems probable to me is, that there is, at any rate, a substratum in a state of igneous fusion beneath the crust. In § 15 Mr. Hopkins’s investigation upon precession, according to which he believed himself to have shown that the crust of the earth is at present from 800 to 1000 miles thick, is referred to, but not with approval. General Barnard, of the United-States

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Committees, “Comment Pollutions,” and the Governance of Universities

January 1979

Richard B. McKenzie

Committees are an integral part of the internal governance of colleges and universities. They are typically delegated major responsibilities such as determining admissions standards, developing curricula, handing out awards, and making policy recommendations on such important matters as internal resources allocation, grading systems, tenure, and other faculty and student welfare measures. ... [Show full abstract] Although one may like to think of the committee process as one in which learned men and women, through an in-depth evaluation of a problem area, make sound judgments, faculty members and administrators commonly characterize their committee meetings as dull, boring, and a monumental waste of time. They are also prone to suggest that what may appear to be informed judgments are often (though not always) nothing more than the personal expressions of members who throughout the committee sessions made little or no attempt to come to grips with the issues at hand (and it should be noted that, generally speaking, the larger the committee, the more common the complaints). If these criticisms are correct, not only may the university be employing its resources inefficiently through direct support of the committees themselves, but may be operating on the basis of very poor judgments.

Article

Full-text available

Mock Juror Sampling Issues in Jury Simulation Research: A Meta-Analysis

October 2016 · Law and Human Behavior

The advantages and disadvantages of jury simulation research have often been debated in the literature. Critics chiefly argue that jury simulations lack verisimilitude, particularly through their use of student mock jurors, and that this limits the generalizabilty of the findings. In the present article, the question of sample differences (student v. nonstudent) in jury research was meta-analyzed ... [Show full abstract] for 6 dependent variables: 3 criminal (guilty verdicts, culpability, and sentencing) and 3 civil (liability verdicts, continuous liability, and damages). In total, 53 studies (N = 17,716) were included in the analysis (40 criminal and 13 civil). The results revealed that guilty verdicts, culpability ratings, and damage awards did not vary with sample. Furthermore, the variables that revealed significant or marginally significant differences, sentencing and liability judgments, had small or contradictory effect sizes (e.g., effects on dichotomous and continuous liability judgments were in opposite directions). In addition, with the exception of trial presentation medium, moderator effects were small and inconsistent. These results may help to alleviate concerns regarding the use of student samples in jury simulation research.

Chapter

Beauty’s Return

January 2008

In the face of such strong expression of our human need for beauty in uncertain times, is it a coincidence that beauty appears to be on its way back? While Wendy Steiner is surely right to suggest that Venus was, for much of the twentieth century, “in exile,” there is plenty of evidence to suggest that beauty is once more, and increasingly, part of ongoing conversations in classrooms among ... [Show full abstract] students. As we noted earlier, the nature of aesthetic experience and its implications for the central acts in literary criticism of appreciation, judgment, and evaluation, have always been of great interest to students, but for several decades that interest was demoted in terms of its relevance to the study of literature. Our argument thus far has been that that demotion was not only negligent of the actual reading experience of vast numbers of students but also significandy detrimental to the well-being and integrity of English literature as a discipline and to those persons who make their living by it. It is therefore heartening that, in tandem with the more public nature of conversation about beauty, a significant number of scholarly works on the subject have been published in the last decade or so; and the very fact that such works originate from a range of disciplines—philosophy as well as art history, biology as well as literature—suggests that the consequences of a disregard for the importance of beauty have been felt as a wider impoverishment than perhaps we previously recognized.

Article

Series Thinking and the Art of Biography For Children

January 2009 · Children s Literature Association Quarterly

Linda Walvoord Girard

Biography for children in American literature is a genre in trouble. Despite Russell Freeman's 1988 Newbery award for his outstanding biography of Lincoln, professionals may well ask why this standard isn't approached more often in the writing and conception of work for children in this important field. Several concerns have been widely presented in critical discussion. Critics have suggested ... [Show full abstract] that the role-model function or idealizing habit prevents honest exploration of character and invites pedestrian work with a false tone. Other problems mentioned in the critical literature are low level of author commitment to research, choppy or immature writing, and the tendency to substitute easy fictionalizing for hard won narrative style. But these comments ignore a central issue. Blame for the weak state of biography has been focused on authors. A neglected but key fact about children's biography today is that over half of the books presented in the marketplace are generated in series presentation. Biography series might focus on lives of Jewish leaders, black leaders, scientists, or presidents, or the series might be uniform for target reader level, such as the "picture biography" series with minimal text. Or biography may be presented in a general "People to Remember" series. Thus, authors interested in biography can look for a slot in a series or can propose a biography to a publisher who will release it as a single, free-standing title. According to an American Library Association survey pubished in 1985, in the year of survey, 1983, eleven biography series were being produced among the following publishers: Children's Press with three series, Dillon, Hamish Hamilton, Harcourt, Lerner, Random, Troll, and Franklin Watts with two series (Witucke 45-53). Among the publishers who currently present single title biography are Atheneum, Dutton, Harper and Row, Houghton Mifflin (Clarion), Lippincott, Little Brown, Lothrop, Macmillan, Morrow, Putnam, Albert Whitman, and many more. A biography from these houses will compete for awards, review attention, and readers along with any other nonfiction title, in a blended list with picture books and fiction. In 1985, ALA reviewers summarized observations on style and method across more than forty sample titles, in series and out. The old habit of fictionalizing in biography was rarely found in either a 1978 survey, or in 1983. The habit is long dead. What has been found is that "some of the simpler books suffered from the condescension or stiltedness of authors unskilled in writing for children." And they repeat an old charge: "Few of the examined biographies appeared to be products of extensive research. Indeed, some were quite superficial, and reflected minimal investigation" (Witucke 48). The study also cited eleven biographies as models of good research and style; of these, all but two were independent titles. Only one series (Watts Impact) was represented, with two titles mentioned for adequate research and style. The other ten series in the judgment of the ALA reviewers appeared generally inadequate. The clear implication is that series presentation does not foster literary quality. Witucke comments, "The continuing ubiquity of biographical series is a mixed blessing." The blessings are low price and availability. Cautiously, Witucke adds that in series, "forcing content into a highly structure format . . . is not desirable" (50). Thus recent studies sketch a bleak picture. Leaders in library circles have been divided on whether boycotting most biographies or nursing along marginal books in hope of improvement is the best course.1 The problem for critics seems to be identifying the forces which have made biography a weak sister in a rosy overall climate of children's books today. One suggestion has been that lowered reading levels per se diminish a biography's potential. Biography responds to school demand for curriculum support, and this demand is originating at the third to sixth grade reading level. At least six of the eleven series discussed by the Witucke study are aimed at a readership in or below fifth grade—below the usual, traditional biography reader of decades past. And what was fourth grade reading thirty years ago is pegged at sixth grade today. But in the simpler series, vocabulary and sentence limits necessarily involve conceptual limits as well. Choppy writing, a frequent complaint from reviewers, may...

Article

Alamo in the Ardennes: The Untold Story of the American Soldiers who Made the Defense of Bastogne Po...

April 2008 · The Journal of Military History

Roger Cirillo

The writing of battle history is as old as history itself. John McManus has proven to be a master of this art in four previous books, and again proves his mastery in Alamo in the Ardennes, though the 'unknown story' subtitled by the publisher has been known and was officially recognized in the Army Official History by Hugh Cole and by Robert Phillips in To Save Bastogne, works acknowledged by the ... [Show full abstract] author. McManus, however, expands significantly on what has gone before, not simply by adding new eyewitness and soldier level accounts, but by a careful checking of events through the official records of both the Allies and Germans. He never loses sight of the soldiers' story, but carefully and unobtrusively places their action into the larger context of the battle without transforming the story into a mix of high and low level perceptions. The hardest test of soldier history beyond a library or source check, is visiting the scene. Like a detective working a crime scene, McManus did this, to understand and check the plausibility of his witnesses. Likewise, this book passed my test during a recent visit to sites and opened my mind to a deeper understanding of the actions at the soldier level that I had missed on numerous visits to that battlefield. McManus ends with a perceptive account of how some units who defended in front of Bastogne were denied unit citations, and how mistaken perceptions at the time drove award boards whose judgments, based on poor information, are upheld in most cases. Historians are inclined to reevaluate events in a new light, bureaucracies are not. McManus's work, however, poses a clear case for those whose valor is unchallengeable.

Article

Een pleidooi voor verdediging: Maurits Dekker en de retoriek van 'Waarom ik niet krankzinnig ben' (1...

January 2008

Lars Bernaerts

In the twenties and thirties of the twentieth century, the Dutch author Maurits Dekker (1898-1962) published a number of psychological novels in which madness plays a significant role. One of those novels, Waarom ik niet krankzinnig ben (Why I am not insane, 1929), was originally published as a mystification. As Dekker explains in the preface to the second edition, he wanted to lead his critics ... [Show full abstract] up the garden path and presented himself as a Russian author. Conspicuously, the rhetoric of his preface resembles the rhetoric of the allegedly mad narrator of Waarom ik niet krankzinnig ben. In the final section of the article, the opening paragraph of the novel will be analysed precisely in terms of rhetoric and speech acts. This enables us to specify the way in which the narrator accuses himself in his excuses, the way in which he verbally attacks the narratee even though he claims he is only defending himself against the judgments of the psychiatrists.

Article

25 Years in Continuing Medical Education: The Silver Anniversary of the AMA PRA

October 1993 · JAMA The Journal of the American Medical Association

A M Osteen

The American Medical Association Physician's Recognition Award (AMA PRA) was established by the AMA House of Delegates in December 1968. As the time approaches to celebrate the PRA's 25th anniversary, we take stock of the award, how it has changed, and how it has not. It is also an opportunity to look briefly at other ways in which the AMA has been involved in continuing medical education (CME). ... [Show full abstract] These other involvements have perhaps been more important to CME than the PRA award itself. The resolution establishing the award set out the following rationale and goals: To provide recognition for the many thousands of physicians who regularly participate in CME. To encourage all physicians to keep up-to-date and to improve their knowledge and judgment by CME. To provide reassurance to the public that America's physicians are maintaining their competence by regular participation in CME. To emphasize the AMA's position.

Article

Full-text available

ESMINIAI REGLAMENTO BRIUSELIS I PAKEITIMAI IR ARBITRAŽO ATEITIS JO TAIKYMO KONTEKSTE

April 2016 · Teisė

This Article focuses on the effects of amendments to the Brussels I Regulation, introduced by its new edition, Brussels I-bis. The analysed amendments are aimed at eliminating the shortcomings of the Regulation’s predecessor. Firstly, the article points out that the new version of the Regulation has solved the issue of unlimited lis pendens and effectively addressed the Italian Torpedo problem. ... [Show full abstract] Article 31(2) of Brussels I-bis presents an exception to lis pendens rule, according to which the court, whose exclusive jurisdiction has been agreed upon by the parties, shall have the priority to rule on its jurisdiction regardless of whether other member state courts were seized beforehand. Secondly, the Article explores the new discretion of applying the forum non conveniens doctrine under Articles 33 and 34 of Brussels I-bis. Thirdly, the abolition of exequatur is explained. These innovations address the criticism faced by the previous Regulation head-on by offering a better protection of the rights enshrined in the Regulation, speeding up the work of the judiciary and reducing the litigation costs. On the flipside, these improvements are complimented by certain tangible risks. Therefore additional safeguards may have to be put in place in order to eliminate the possibility of abuse. Particular attention in this Article is paid to novelties in relationship between Brussels I-bis and arbitration. Article 73(2) of Brussels I-bis and Article 12 its Preamble drastically strengthened the position of arbitration in Europe. West Tankers case rationale, which renders the Regulation applicable to preliminary questions of validity of an arbitration agreement and other arbitration-related issues, where the subject-matter of the proceedings comes within the scope of the Regulation, has finally been rejected. Brussels I-bis also expressly provides that recognition and enforcement of arbitration awards shall proceed according to the New York Convention, rather than Brussels I-bis. The practical implications of such changes have already seen the light of day in Advocate General Wathelet’s report in Gazprom case. Comparison of the latter with recent Advocate General Jaaskinen’s report in the CDC case clearly outlines a significant shift in the attitude towards arbitration. Mr. Wathelet’s report shows that Brussels I-bis provides arbitration with a much higher degree of autonomy from the Regulation, which makes arbitration a lot more appealing to both businesses and practitioners. Unfortunately, CJEU is yet to confirm the findings of Mr. Wathelet. The Court has shied away from entertaining the questions of the relationship between arbitration and Brussels I-bis in Gazprom judgment. Nevertheless, Mr. Wathelet’s report gives hope that future CJEU judgments will completely forego the West Tankers rationale as far as arbitration is concerned and arbitration community shall celebrate yet another victory.

Article

Full-text available

El sistema de recursos procesales en el ámbito civil en un estado democrático deliberativo

January 2008 · Ius et Praxis

Raúl Núñez Ojeda

The article approaches the change of paradigm that represents the establishment of the nullity recourse as the only mean of impugnation against final judgments, as it is intended to be in the projected reform of the Chilean civil procedural system. To understand the several edges of the problem, the author analyze the function that judges develops in the procedure of awarding in a context of Rule ... [Show full abstract] of Law, as well as the limitations that are presented in consideration of the organization criteria of the procedural protection that inspire the reform, and the adoption of the system of free appraisal of the evidence (or healthy criticism). El artículo aborda el cambio de paradigma que representa el establecimiento del recurso de nulidad, como único medio de impugnación en contra de las sentencias definitivas, que se pretende implementar en la proyectada reforma del sistema procesal civil chileno. Para alcanzar ha comprender las diversas aristas del problema se tematiza la función que desarrollan los jueces en el procedimiento de adjudicación en un Estado de Derecho, como las limitaciones que se presentan en atención a los criterios de organización de la tutela procesal que inspiran la reforma y la adopción del sistema de libre valoración de la prueba (o sana crítica).

Article

APA-Accredited Doctoral Programs in Clinical, Counseling, and School Psychology: 1983.

January 1983 · American Psychologist

No authorship indicated

• The Committee on Accreditation has accredited the doctoral training programs in clinical, counseling, and school psychology that are conducted by the institutions listed below. In the institutions listed, the accredited programs are directed by the department of psychology unless otherwise indicated. All programs, unless otherwise noted, are PhD programs. Programs that have not requested ... [Show full abstract] evaluation, and programs that have been evaluated but not accredited, are not included in the list. Readers desiring information on training goals and approaches of specific programs are encouraged to write directly to the departments in which the programs are offered. The criteria for evaluating these programs can be obtained from the Accreditation Office. There are three categories of accreditation. Full accreditation is awarded to any program that, in the professional judgment of the committee, meets the criteria in a satisfactory manner. Provisional accreditation is awarded to programs making initial application that, in the professional judgment of the committee, do not meet all the criteria but for which the committee believes there is a reasonable expectation that they will be met within a foreseeable period of time from the date of the initial site visit. Probation is the category into which a fully accredited program is placed when the committee has evidence that the program is not currently in satisfactory compliance with the criteria. Inclusion of an institution in this list indicates accreditation of doctoral programs in clinical, counseling, school, and combined professional-scientific psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) evaluation, and programs that have been evaluated but not accredited, are not included in the list. Readers desiring information on training goals and approaches of specific programs are encouraged to write directly to the departments in which the programs are offered. The criteria for evaluating these programs can be obtained from the Accreditation Office. There are three categories of accreditation. Full accreditation is awarded to any program that, in the professional judgment of the committee, meets the criteria in a satisfactory manner. Provisional accreditation is awarded to programs making initial application that, in the professional judgment of the committee, do not meet all the criteria but for which the committee believes there is a reasonable expectation that they will be met within a foreseeable period of time from the date of the initial site visit. Probation is the category into which a fully accredited program is placed when the committee has evidence that the program is not currently in satisfactory compliance with the criteria. Inclusion of an institution in this list indicates accreditation of doctoral programs in clinical, counseling, school, and combined professional-scientific psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)