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A Model for the Sustainable Competitiveness of Tourism Destinations

  • February 2013
Authors:
Antonio Magliulo at University of Florence
Antonio Magliulo
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http://www.ejthr.com/info/ver_pagina.php?tab=paginas&id=11 The sustainable competitiveness of tourism systems is a subject that has stimulated growing interest amongst scholars and public operators. The purpose of this work is to contribute to the preparation of a simple territorial planning model that can be applied to small and large destinations. The essay is divided up into three parts. In the first part, I seek to establish, in view of the latest literature, exactly what the sustainable competitiveness of tourism destinations really is. In the second part, I present a possible measurement system. In the third and final part I show how this system can be included in a territorial planning model.
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Research
EJTHR Tourism
Research
EJTHRTourism
European Journal of
Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation
Research
EJTHR Tourism
Research
EJTHRTourism
European Journal of
Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation
European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation
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A MODEL FOR THE SUSTAINABLE
COMPETITIVENESS OF TOURISM
DESTINATIONS
1Antonio Magliulo
“Luspio” University of Rome
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R3B-?&=.B>F.5(?)$2.*@ .&'$.D**F2.B>F.2$(E?)$2.*@@$($F#
H'$.?>F?)B&*(2.5(*5*2$F.O=.^UbLH*3_.B($.32$@3-.B>F.?>&$($2&?>D#.
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B>F.?>F?)B&*(2#.j3&.&'$($.B($.B.D($B&.+B>=.?>F?)B&*(2.@*(.2*+$.*O%$)6
&?E$20."'?-2&.@$".@*(.*&'$(2.B>F.>*&.B--.B($.&(3$.?>F?)B&*(2#
h=.5(*5*2B-.?2.2?+5-$P.&*.BFF.B>.$-$E$>&'.5?--B(.6.5(?)$.)*+5$&?&?E$6
>$22.6.B>F.O$&&$(.2$-$)&.&'$.?>F?)B&*(2#
C>.?>F?)B&*(.?2.>B&3(B--=.B.(B&?*.*@ .&"*.2&B&?2&?)B-.?&$+2.*@ .FB&B#.H'?2.
(B&?*.)B>.)*+5B($.F?@@$($>&.5'$>*+$>B.O$&"$$>."'?)'.&'$($.?2.B.-*D?6
)B-.)*>>$)&?*>.*(.&'$.2B+$.5'$>*+$>*>.B&.F?@@$($>&.+*+$>&2.?>.&?+$#
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6
5-$0."$.+B=."?2'.&*.M>*".&'$.5$()$>&BD$.*@ .1&B-?B>.K*(.@*($?D>N.B((?EB-2.*3&.
*@.&'$.&*&B-.>3+O$(.*@.B((?EB-2.*(.&'$.5$()$>&BD$.*@.5$*5-$.$+5-*=$F.?>.
&'$.&*3(?2+.?>F32&(=.B2.)*+5B($F.&*.&'$.&*&B-.>3+O$(.*@ .5$*5-$.$+5-*=$FP
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B($.5B(&.*@ .B."'*-$#.H*.2B=.&'B&.4.+?--?*>.5$*5-$."$($.?>.B.D?E$>.-*)B6
&?*>.+$B>2.BO2*-3&$-=.>*&'?>D.?@ .&'$.?>@*(+B&?*>.?2.>*&.)*+5B($F."?&'.
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B.($2*3>F?>D.23))$220.@*(.B.-B(D$(.*>$0.B.)*+5-$&$.@B?-3($#.H'$.?>F?)B6
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&'B&.)*+5B($2.&'$.5($2$>)$.*@ .&*3(?2&2."?&'.&'$.>3+O$(.*@ .($2?F$>&2P
C.GF$(?EB&?*>.(B&?*J.)*+5B($2.)*>>$)&$F.5'$>*+$>B#.d$.+B=."?2'.
&*.M>*".&'$.>3+O$(.*@ .)=)-$.5B&'2.?>.B.D?E$>.-*)B&?*>#.H*.2B=.&'B&.&'$($.
B($./8.M+4.*@ .5B&'2.+$B>2.BO2*-3&$-=.>*&'?>D#.H'?2.+B=.O$.B.D($B&.F$B-.
@*(.bB+O(?FD$0.O3&.E$(=.-?&&-$.@*(.A*>F*>#.d$.>$$F.&*.($-B&$.&'?2.?>@*(6
+B&?*>.&*.&'$.M+4.*@ .&'$.+3>?)?5B-.&$((?&*(=#.H'$.@*--*"?>D.?>F?)B&*(.?2.B.

)=)-$.5B&'2."?&'.&'$.F?2&B>)$.*@ .&'$.+3>?)?5B-.&$((?&*(=.*@ .B.F$2&?>B&?*>P
C.hZ`UA.eZ_.HIU.LaLHC1^CjAU.bZh<UH1H1,U^ULL
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H'$.2$)*>F.&=5$.*@ .?>F?)B&*(2.B($.G?>)($B2?>D.(B&?*2J.B>F.B($.32$F.
&*.+$B23($.)'B>D$2.?>.($-B&?*>.&*.B.5'$>*+$>*>.*E$(.&?+$#.d$."B>&.
&*.M>*".?@ .&'$.$(*2?*>.*@ .O$B)'$2.*(.2*?-.)*>23+5&?*>.)*>&?>3$2.*(.
'B-&20.*(. "'$&'$(.&'$. >3+O$(. *@ .B((?EB-2.B>F. 5($2$>)$2.?>)($B2$2.*(.
F$)($B2$2#.H'$.$B2?$2&."B=.?2.&*.)B-)3-B&$.&'$.5$()$>&BD$.)'B>D$#.j3&.

*>$.=$B(0.B>F.&'$>.2+B--.?>)($B2$2.&'$.@*--*"?>D.=$B(2.B>F.>*&.3>F$(6
2&B>F.?@ .B>F."'$>."$.'BE$.($&3(>$F.&*.5($6)(?2?2.-$E$-2#.C.+*($.$@@$)6
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    
"'?)'.($@$(2.&*.B.OB2$.=$B(.KCjN.B>F.&'$.*&'$(0.&'$.>3+$(B&*(0."'?)'.
($@$(2.&*.B.=$B(.O$?>D.)*>2?F$($F.KCbN#

($25$)&.&*.O*&'.&'$.5($E?*32.=$B(.B>F.&'$.OB2$.=$B(.B>F0.&'$($@*($0.2'*".

6
&B?>.F$2&?>B&?*>.)*+5(?2$F.:0888.'$)&B($2.*@.@*($2&.B>F.>B&3($.5B(M2#.1>.

&*.&'$.*5$>?>D.*@ .B.>$".>B&3($.5B(M0.?&.(*2$.&*.:0988.'$)&B($2#.1>.48990.&'$.
F$2&?>B&?*>.($)*(F$F.B.!#4ku.?>)($B2$.?>.?&2.>B&3(B-.B22$&2."?&'.($25$)&.&*.
&'$.5($E?*32.=$B(0.O3&.*>-=.:u."?&'.($25$)&.&*.&'$.OB2$.=$B(.K488kNP
d$.B($.B--.B"B($.&'B&.232&B?>BO-$.)*+5$&?&?E$>$22.*O%$)&?E$2.($@$(.
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)*+5$&?&?E$>$22.*@ .5(?)$.*@ .B.F$2&?>B&?*>.2'*3-F.)*>2?F$(0.?>.B.)*+6
5B(B&?E$.@B2'?*>0. &'$.5(?)$.*@ .B--.D**F2. B>F.2$(E?)$2.($R3?($F. F3(?>D.

$&)#.KZUb`P.l46llN#.j3&.?&.?2.E$(=.(B($.&'B&.B--.FB&B.>$$F$F.?2.BEB?-BO-$#
C2.1.2$$.?&0.&'$.?>F?)B&*(2.2'*3-F.O$.2$-$)&$F.*>.&'$.OB2?2.*@ .&'($$.
2?+5-$.)(?&$(?B#.H'$=.2'*3-F.O$.+$B>?>D@3-0.BEB?-BO-$.B>F.)*+5B(BO-$#
H'$.&BO-$.O$-*".-?2&2.&'$.99.232&B?>BO-$.)*+5$&?&?E$>$22.*O%$)&?E$2.K&'$.
98.*@ .^UbLH*3_.B>F.&'$.$-$E$>&'.*>.5(?)$.)*+5$&?&?E$>$22N.B>F.@*(.$B)'.
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
 
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.
97
Table 1: Objectives and indicators of sustainable competitiveness
PILLARS/OBJECTIVES Result indicators
9#.H*.-?+?&.&'$.$>E?(*>+$>6
&B-.?+5B)&.*@ .&(B>25*(&
B#.bZ4
O#.M+4.)=)-$.5B&'2vM+4.+3>?)?5B-.&$((?&*(=
)#.>*#.$)*-*D?)B-.53O-?).&(B>25*(&.E$'?)-$2v&*&B-.53O-?).&(B>26
5*(&.E$'?)-$2
4#.H*.?>)($B2$.&'$.R3B-?&=.*@ .
-?@$.*@ .($2?F$>&2
B#.B((?EB-2vM+4
O#.5($2$>)$2v($2?F$>&2
)#.K($2?F$>&2.w.5($2$>)$2NvM+4
:#.H*.?>)($B2$.&'$.R3B-?&=.*@ .
$+5-*=+$>&
B#.$+5-*=$$2.?>.&*3(?2+.B))*(F?>D.&*.D$>($v&*&B-.$+5-*=$$2.
?>.&*3(?2+
O#.2$B2*>B-.$+5-*=$$2.?>.&*3(?2+v&*&B-.$+5-*=$$2.?>.&*3(?2+
)#.3>$+5-*=$F.&*3(?2+."*(M$(2v&*3(?2+."*(M@*()$
/#.H*.($F3)$.&'$.2$B2*>B-?&=.
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B#.23+.*@ .5($2$>)$2.?>.&'$.&'($$.O32?$2&.+*>&'2v23+.*@ .
5($2$>)$2.?>.&'$.&'($$.-$B2&.O32=.+*>&'2
O#.BE$(BD$.HZ.*@ .&'$.:.O32?$2&.+*>&'2vBE$(BD$.HZ.*@ .&'$.:.
-$B2&.O32=.+*>&'2
)#.BE$(BD$.'*&$-.5(?)$2.F3(?>D.&'$.&'($$.O32?$2&.+*>&'2vBE$(6
BD$.'*&$-.5(?)$2.F3(?>D.&'$.&'($$.-$B2&.O32=.+*>&'2
l#.H*.5(*&$)&.&'$.)3-&3(B-.
'$(?&BD$
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

7#.H*.5(*&$)&.&'$.$>E?(*>6
+$>&B-.'$(?&BD$
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>*#.*@ .O32?>$22$2.B($B
6
&?*>v&*&B-.>*#.*@ .&*3(?2+.O32?>$22$2
)#.5(*&$)&$F.D($$>.B($B2v&*&B-.+3>?)?5B-.23(@B)$.
!#.H*.5(*&$)&.&'$.?F$>&?&=.*@ .
F$2&?>B&?*>2
B#.5($2$>)$2v($2?F$>&2.
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O$(N.

g#.H*.($F3)$.B>F.*5&?+?W$.
&'$.32$.*@ .>B&3(B-.($2*3()$2.
B>F."B&$(.?>.5B(&?)3-B(
B#."B&$(.)*>23+5&?*>vK($2?F$>&2.w.5($2$>)$2N
O#.5$(.)B5?&B."B&$(.)*>23+5&?*>.?>.&'$.&'($$.O32?$2&.+*>&'2v
5$(.)B5?&B."B&$(.)*>23+5&?*>.?>.&'$.&'($$.-$B2&.O32=.+*>&'2.

k#.H*.($F3)$.B>F.*5&?+?W$.
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B#.$-$)&(?)?&=.)*>23+5&?*>.?>.p"'vK($2?F$>&2.w.5($2$>)$2N
O#.5$(.)B5?&B.$>$(D=.)*>23+5&?*>.?>.&'$.&'($$.O32?$2&.
+*>&'2v5$(.)B5?&B.$>$(D=.)*>23+5&?*>.?>.&'$.&'($$.-$B2&.
O32=.+*>&'2
)#.($>$"BO-$.$>$(D=v$>$(D=.F$+B>F
98#.H*.($F3)$.B>F.+B>BD$.
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O#.5$(.)B5?&B."B2&$.5(*F3)&?*>.?>.&'$.&'($$.O32?$2&.+*>&'2v
5$(.)B5?&B."B2&$.5(*F3)&?*>.?>.&'$.&'($$.-$B2&.O32=.+*>&'2
)#.($)=)-$F."B2&$v&*&B-."B2&$
99#.H*.?>)($B2$.5(?)$.)*+6
5$&?&?E$>$22
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O#.BE$(BD$.>*>6'*&$-.2&(3)&3($.5(?)$2.B))*(F?>D.&*.&=5$.


C.hZ`UA.eZ_.HIU.LaLHC1^CjAU.bZh<UH1H1,U^ULL
9!

B>F. BFF?&?*>B-. ?>F?)B&*(2. )B>. O$. ?>)-3F$F#. I*"$E$(0. B&. -$B2&. ?>. &'$.
6
+B&?*>.2=2&$+.?>.2355*(&. *@ .&'$. 2&(B&$D?).F$)?2?*>2. &'B&.?>2&?&3&?*>2.
B>F.*5$(B&*(2.*@ .B--.F$2&?>B&?*>2.B($.)B--$F.&*.+BM$#
C.HU__1HZ_1CA.<AC^^1^n.hZ`UAP.
THE BALANCED SCORECARD
H'$($.B($.EB(?*32.F?@@$($>&.&$((?&*(?B-.5-B>>?>D.+*F$-2#.C--0.'*"$E6
$(0.&*.B.D($B&$(.*(.-$22$(.F$D($$0.2$$M.&*.B>2"$(.&'($$.($-B&$F.R3$2&?*>2P.
"'$($."$.B($0."'$($."$."B>&.&*.D*.B>F.'*"."$.)B>.B)'?$E$.&'?2.Kn*F6
@($=.q.b-B(M$0.4888m.dHZ0.488!m.A*WB&*6n?*&B(&.et al0.4894N#
H'$. jB-B>)$F.L)*($)B(F. KjLbN.?2. *>$.*@ . &'$2$.+*F$-2#. 1&2.+B?>.

&'?2.?>&*.B.F$&B?-$F.2&(B&$D=0.2&(3)&3($F.?>&*.*O%$)&?E$20.?>F?)B&*(20.B)6
&?*>2.B>F.+*>?&*(?>D.KpB5-B>.q.^*(&*>0.9kk7m.488/N#
L&B(&?>D.@(*+.&'$.9kk820.&'$.jLb.'B2.O$$>.B55-?$F.23))$22@3--=.?>.B.
6


)B((?$F.*3&.?>.48840.5(*+*&$F.O=.&'$.U3(*5$B>.b*++?22?*>.K4884N0.B.
2)'$+$."B2.5(*5*2$F.&'B&0.3>@*(&3>B&$-=0."B2.>*&.@*--*"$F635.*>#
1>.&'$.*(?D?>B-.E$(2?*>0.F$2?D>$F.@*(.5(?EB&$.O32?>$22$2.@*)32?>D.*>.
6

@3>)&?*>B-.&*.&'$.E?2?*>.B>F.2&(B&$D=.5($5B($F.O=.&'$.+B>BD$+$>&.Ke?D#.9NP
Figure 1: Balanced Scorecard
hCnA1aAZ
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9g
H'$.&$((?&*(?B-.5-B>>?>D.+*F$-.5($2$>&$F.'$($.?2.?>25?($F.O=.&'$.jLb.
B>F.2&(3)&3($F.?>&*.&'($$.2&BD$2#


$2&BO-?2'?>D.)B32$v$@@$)&.($-B&?*>2.O$&"$$>.&'$.EB(?*32.EB(?BO-$2.*(.5$(6
25$)&?E$2#.Z3(.'=5*&'$2?20."'?)'.?2.E$(=.5-B32?O-$.?>F$$F0.?2.&'B&.F$E$-6
*5+$>&.F$5$>F2.*>.&'$.232&B?>BO-$.)*+5$&?&?E$>$22.*@ .&'$.F$2&?>B&?*>#
1&.?2.&'$($@*($.B.R3$2&?*>.*@ .F(B"?>D.35.&'$.F$E$-*5+$>&.(*3&$.&*.
O$.&BM$>.O=.&'$.F$2&?>B&?*>#
H'$.2&B(&?>D.5*?>&.?2.B>.B>B-=2?2.*@ .($2*3()$2.BEB?-BO-$#.d$.>$$F.&*.
B2M.*3(2$-E$2P.F*$2.&'$.F$2&?>B&?*>.'BE$.B>=.&*3(?2+.B22$&2c.`*$2.?&.
'BE$.>B&3(B-0.B(&?2&?).*(.)3-&3(B-.B&&(B)&?*>2c.1@ .?&.'B2.>*&'?>D0.*(.E$(=.
-?&&-$0.?&.?2.3>-?M$-=.&*.O$.23))$22@3-#.j3&.$E$(=*>$.'B2.2*+$&'?>D#.H'$($.
?2.B-"B=2.B.genius loci 
6
)?$>&.32$.*@ .&'$.($2*3()$2.BEB?-BO-$0.*@@$(?>D.R3B-?&=.&*3(?2+.2$(E?)$2.

B(&?2&?).*(.)3-&3(B-.6.=$&.O$.3>BO-$.&*.&(B>2@*(+.&'$+.?>&*.D**F2.B>F.
2$(E?)$2.&'B&.B&&(B)&.&'$.+B(M$&#.Z(.?&.+B=.5(*F3)$.5**(.R3B-?&=.D**F2#
H'$.5(*O-$+.&'$>.-$BF2.32.&*.B>*&'$(.R3$2&?*>P.B($.&*3(?2&2.2B&?26

O$0.B>F.=$&.2&?--.5($@$(.*&'$(.F$2&?>B&?*>2.&'B&.&'$=.)*>2?F$(.O$&&$(.?>.
&$(+2.*@ .R3B-?&=.B>Fv*(.5(?)$2#
L*."$.&'$>.>$$F.&*.B2M.*3(2$-E$2P.F*$2.&'$.F$2&?>B&?*>0.?>.)*+5$&?6
&?*>."?&'.(?EB-.-*)B&?*>20.B&&(B)&.&'$.F$2?($F.>3+O$(.*@ .&*3(?2&2."'?-2&.
5($2$(E?>D.&'$.&$((?&*(?B-.B22$&2c.1&.?20.?>.@B)&0.B.+B&&$(.*@ .5-B>>?>D.2326

B>F.&*3(?2&20."'?-2&.2B@$D3B(F?>D.BEB?-BO-$.($2*3()$2#
e?>B--=P.F*$2.&'$.F$2&?>B&?*>.D$>$(B&$.'?D'.*(.D(*"?>D."$--6O$?>D.
6
E$2&+$>&2.>$$F$F.&*.5($2$(E$.&'$.B22$&2c.1@0.?>.@B)&0.&'$.&*3(?2+.)($6
B&$2.?>)*+$. B>F.$+5-*=+$>&0. &'$>.&'$($.+32&.O$. &'$.5*22?O?-?&=. *@ .
*5&?+?W?>D.&'$.B22$&2.D$>$(B&?>D.&'B&."$--6O$?>D#
6
25$)&?E$2.@*(.&'$.)*+5$&?&?E$0.232&B?>BO-$.F$E$-*5+$>&.*@ .&'$.&*3(?2+.
F$2&?>B&?*>2#
Resource perspective:.`*$2.&'$.F$2&?>B&?*>.'BE$.B>=.&*3(?2+.B22$&2c
Offer perspective:
($2*3()$2.BEB?-BO-$0.*@@$(?>D.R3B-?&=.&*3(?2+.2$(E?)$2.B>F.D**F2c
Demand perspective:
2$(E?)$2.*@@$($F.O=.&'$.F$2&?>B&?*>c
Sustainable competitiveness perspective:.`*$2.&'$.F$2&?>B&?*>0.
?>.)*+5$&?&?*>."?&'.(?EB-.-*)B&?*>20.B&&(B)&.&'$.F$2?($F.>3+O$(.*@ .&*3(6
?2&2."'?-2&.5($2$(E?>D.&'$.&$((?&*(?B-.B22$&2c
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9k
Performance perspective:.`*$2.&'$.F$2&?>B&?*>.D$>$(B&$.'?D'.*(.


C>F.&'32."$.'BE$.&'$.G2&(B&$D?).+B5J.2$&&?>D.*3&.&'$.(*3&$.@*(.F$6
E$-*5+$>&.Ke?D3($.4NP
Figure 2: Strategic map
H'$.2$)*>F.2&$5.&'B&.F$2&?>B&?*>.+B>BD$+$>&.?2.)B--$F.&*.)*+5-$&$.

&'$($@*($.O$.)*>2&(3)&$F.B>F.&'$.5*2?&?*>?>D.*@ .&'$.F$2&?>B&?*>."?&'?>.
&'$.($@$($>)$.+B(M$&.O$.F$&$(+?>$F#
H'?2.?2.>*.$B2=.&B2M#.I$($0."$.*>-=.2$$M.&*.5(*E?F$.2*+$.?>F?)B6
&?*>2.*@ .+$&'*F#
A$&.32.2&B(&."?&'.($2*3()$2#.H*3(?2+.B22$&2.B($.B--.($2*3()$2.>$$F$F.
&*.5($5B($.B>.*@@$(.*@ .&*3(?2+.D**F2.B>F.2$(E?)$2#.H'$=.?>)-3F$.>B&3(B-0.
B(&?2&?)0.)3-&3(B-0.?>&$--$)&3B-.B>F.?>@(B2&(3)&3(B-.($2*3()$2#.H'$=.)B>.O$.
+$B23($F.32?>D.B.2?+?-B(.2=2&$+.*@ .?>F?)B&*(2.B2.&'B&.5($2$>&$F.5($E?*32-=#

O$.+$B23($F#
^*".-$&.32.+*E$.*>&*.&'$.*@@$(#.H'$.&=5?)B-.&*3(?2+.)'B?>.?>)-3F$2.
?>&$(+$F?B&?*>0.&(B>25*(&.B>F.'*25?&B-?&=.2$(E?)$20."?&'.B.)*($.2$(E?)$.
&'B&.F?2&?>D3?2'$2.B.D($B&.+B>=.F$2&?>B&?*>2P.+32$3+2.?>.)?&?$2.*@ .B(&0.
OB&'?>D.@B)?-?&?$2.?>.)*B2&B-.-*)B&?*>20.2M?.($2*(&2.?>.+*3>&B?>.F$2&?>B6
&?*>20.$&)#.KHBO-$.:N#
H'$. &*3(?2+. F$+B>F. ?2. D$>$(B--=. 3>2&BO-$0. E$(=. 2$D+$>&$F. B>F.

&'$.OB2?2.*@ . BEB?-BO-$.FB&B0. "$.>$$F.&*.$2&?+B&$. &'$.-$E$-0.2$B2*>B-?&=.
B>F.2$D+$>&B&?*>.*@ .-*)B-.F$+B>F.B>F0."?&'.($D3-B(.2B+5-$.23(E$=20.
+*>?&*(.&'$. -$E$-.*@ . 2B&?2@B)&?*>.*@ .($2?F$>&2. B>F.&*3(?2&2.B>F. +$F?6
3+6&$(+.&($>F2.KHBO-$./N#
hCnA1aAZ
.
48
Table 2: Resource perspective
_$2*3()$2 _$23-&.?>F?)B&*(2
^B&3(B-.($2*3()$2P
C?(.R3B-?&= B>>3B-.BE$(BD$.F32&.KxDv+:Nv($D?*>B-.BE$(BD$
:Nv($D?*>B-.BE$(BD$
B>>3B-.BE$(BD$.*W*>$.KxDv+:NvB>>3B-.BE$(BD$
dB&$(.R3B-?&= >*#.*@ ."B&$(.)*3(2$2.'BE?>D.B)'?$E$F.&'$.U3(*5$B>.$)*-*D?6
)B-.*O%$)&?E$v>*#.*@ ."B&$(.)*3(2$2


e*($2&2.B>F.5B(M2 
b3-&3(B-.B>F.B(&?2&?).B22$&2P
a^ULbZ.2?&$2 >*#.*@ .F$2&?>B&?*>.2?&$2v>*#.*@ .($D?*>B-.2?&$2
b'3()'$2.B>F.+*>3+$>&2 >*#.*@ .)'3()'$2.B>F.+*>3+$>&2.?>.F$2&?>B&?*>v>*#.*@ .
)'3()'$2.B>F.+*>3+$>&2.?>.($D?*>
h32$3+2.B>F.)3-&3(B-.2?&$2 >*#.*@ .+32$3+2.B>F.)3-&3(B-.2?&$2.?>.F$2&?>B&?*>v>*#.*@ .+36
2$3+2.B>F.)3-&3(B-.2?&$2.?>.($D?*>
1>&$--$)&3B-.B22$&2P
I3+B> 2$)*>FB(=.2)'**-.D(BF3B&$2v($2?F$>&2
L*)?B-.B>F.($-B&?*>B- >*#.*@ .+$+O$(2.*@ .25*(&20.($)($B&?*>B-0.)3-&3(B-0.5*-?&?)B-.
B>F.E*-3>&$$(.B22*)?B&?*>2v($2?F$>&2
*(

1>@(B2&(3)&3(B-.B22$&2P
H(B>25*(& BE$(BD$.&?+$.KO=.)B(0.&(B?>.*(.B?(N.@(*+.&'$.+B?>.($@$($>)$.

L5*(&2.@B)?-?&?$2 
Table 3: Offer perspective
H*3(?2+.*@@$( _$23-&.?>F?)B&*(2
1>&$(+$F?B&?*> 

H(B>25*(& BE$(BD$.&?+$.KO=.)B(0.&(B?>.*(.B?(N.@(*+.&'$.+B?>.($@$($>)$.)?&=v)?&?$2.K?>6

I*25?&B-?&= >*#.*@ .O$F2v($2?F$>&2
>*#.*@ .O$F2vM+4
>*#.*@ .&*3(?2+.O32?>$22$2v&*&B-.>*#.*@ .O32?>$22$2
>*#.*@ .B))*++*FB&?*>.O32?>$22$2v&*&B-
>*#.*@ .&*3(?2+.O32?>$22$2
>*#.*@ .'*&$-2v&*&B-.>*#.*@ .B))*++*FB&?*>.O32?>$22$2
>*#.*@ .:6/6l.2&B(.'*&$-2v&*&B-.>*#.*@ .'*&$-2
BE$(BD$.5(?)$.*@ .:6/6l.2&B(.'*&$-2vBE$(BD$.5(?)$.?>.($D?*>
b*($.2$(E?)$  


Z(.


$&)#
C.hZ`UA.eZ_.HIU.LaLHC1^CjAU.bZh<UH1H1,U^ULL
49
Table 4: Demand perspective
H*3(?2+.F$+B>F _$23-&.?>F?)B&*(2
A$E$- B((?EB-2v($2?F$>&2
5($2$>)$2v($2?F$>&2.
BE$(BD$.-$>D&'.*@ .2&B=.?>.F$2&?>B&?*>v($D?*>B-.BE$(BD$.-$>D&'.*@ .2&B=
L$B2*>B-?&= 
L$D+$>&B&?*> 1&B-?B>.5($2$>)$2v&*&B-.5($2$>)$2
-$?23($.5($2$>)$2v&*&B-.5($2$>)$2
$-F$(-=.5($2$>)$2v&*&B-.5($2$>)$2
LB&?2@B)&?*> 2B+5-$.23(E$=2
H($>F 2B+5-$.23(E$=2
6
25?&$.&'?20.2&?--.5($@$(.*&'$(.F$2&?>B&?*>2#.C.)*+5-$&$.?>@*(+B&?*>.2=2&$+.
2'*3-F.$>BO-$.B.O$>)'+B(M?>D."?&'.(?EB-.F$2&?>B&?*>2.B>F.'$-5.3>F$(6

4.$+?22?*>2.B($.O$6
?>D.($F3)$F0.*(.&'$.2&*)M.*@ .>B&3(B-.B22$&2.?>)($B2$F#
L32&B?>BO-$. )*+5$&?&?E$>$22. ?2. +$B23($F. 32?>D. &'$. $-$E$>. 5?--B(2.
5($2$>&$F.?>.&'$.5($E?*32.5B(BD(B5'.B>F.*@ ."'?)'.B.($+?>F$(.?2.D?E$>.
'$($.KHBO-$.lN#
e?>B--=0. &'$. ?+5B)&.*@ . &*3(?2+.?2. $22$>&?B--=. B22$22$F.?>.&$(+2. *@ .
6
*+=.KHBO-$.7N#
C&.&'?2.5*?>&0.F$2&?>B&?*>.+B>BD$+$>&.2'*3-F.O$.BO-$.&*.F(B@&.B>.

Resource perspective:   
2'*3-F.B--*".@*(.&'$.5($5B(B&?*>.*@ .B>.$2&?+B&$0.F?B)'(*>?).+*>?&*(6
?>D.B>F.&'$.2=>)'(*>?).)*+5B(?2*>."?&'.(?EB-.F$2&?>B&?*>2#
Offer perspective:
($2*3()$2.BEB?-BO-$.B($.32$F.?>.@3--0.?@0.&'$($@*($0.&'$.F$2&?>B&?*>.'B2.B>.
*3&53&.DB5.O$&"$$>.&'$.5*&$>&?B-.*@@$(.B>F.$@@$)&?E$.*@@$(P.B($.&'$($.
)'3()'$20.+*>3+$>&20.5B(M20.B()'B$*-*D?)B-.2?&$2.)-*2$F.&*.&'$.53O-?)c.
C($.&'$($.B>=.F$&$(?*(B&$F.B($B2c
C($.&'$($.B>=.BOB>F*>$F.O$B)'$2c
Demand perspective:.&'$.?>F?)B&*(2.2$-$)&$F.)B>.5(*E?F$.32$@3-.
?>F?)B&*(2.O=."'?)'.&*.+$B23($.&*3(?2+.5($223($0.2$B2*>B-?&=.(B&$2.B>F.
E?2?&*(.2B&?2@B)&?*>.-$E$-2#
Sustainable competitiveness perspective:.@*(.$B)'. 5?--B(0.&'$=.
)B>.O$.+*>?&*($F.B>F.)*+5B($F."?&'.*&'$(2#
Performance perspective:.53O-?).B>F.5(?EB&$.2&BM$'*-F$(2.2'*3-F.
B22$22."'$&'$(.*(.&*3(?2+.)*>&(?O3&?*>.&*.&'$.-*)B-.$)*>*+=.?>.&$(+2.

hCnA1aAZ
.
44
Table 5: Sustainable competitiveness perspective
L32&B?>BO-$.)*+5$&?&?E$>$22 _$23-&.?>F?)B&*(2
H*.-?+?&.&'$.$>E?(*>+$>&B-.
?+5B)&.*@ .&(B>25*(&
bZ4
M+4.)=)-$.5B&'2vM+4.+3>?)?5B-.&$((?&*(=
>*#.$)*-*D?)B-.53O-?).&(B>25*(&.E$'?)-$2v&*&B-.53O-?).&(B>25*(&.
E$'?)-$2
H*.?>)($B2$.&'$.R3B-?&=.
*@ .-?@$.*@ .($2?F$>&2
B((?EB-2vM+4
5($2$>)$2v($2?F$>&2
K($2?F$>&2.w.5($2$>)$2NvM+4
H*.?>)($B2$.&'$.R3B-?&=.
*@ .$+5-*=+$>&
$+5-*=$$2.?>.&*3(?2+.B))*(F?>D.&*.D$>($v&*&B-.$+5-*=$$2.
?>.&*3(?2+
2$B2*>B-.$+5-*=$$2.?>.&*3(?2+v&*&B-.$+5-*=$$2.?>.&*3(?2+
3>$+5-*=$F.&*3(?2+."*(M$(2v&*3(?2+."*(M@*()$
H*.($F3)$.&'$.2$B2*>B-?&=.
 23+.*@ .5($2$>)$2.?>.&'$.&'($$.O32?$2&.+*>&'2v23+.*@ .5($26
$>)$2.?>.&'$.&'($$.-$B2&.O32=.+*>&'2
BE$(BD$.HZ.*@ .&'$.:.O32?$2&.+*>&'2vBE$(BD$.HZ.*@ .&'$.:.
-$B2&.O32=.+*>&'2
BE$(BD$.'*&$-.5(?)$2.F3(?>D.&'$.&'($$.O32?$2&.+*>&'2vBE$(BD$.
'*&$-.5(?)$2.F3(?>D.&'$.&'($$.-$B2&.O32=.+*>&'2
H*.5(*&$)&.&'$.)3-&3(B-.
'$(?&BD$



H*.5(*&$)&.&'$.$>E?(*>+$>6
&B-.'$(?&BD$

*@ .O32?>$22$2

&*&B-.>*#.*@ .&*3(?2+.O32?>$22$2
5(*&$)&$F.D($$>.B($B2v&*&B-.+3>?)?5B-.23(@B)$.B($B
H*.5(*&$)&.&'$.?F$>&?&=.*@ .
F$2&?>B&?*>2
5($2$>)$2v($2?F$>&2


H*.($F3)$.B>F.*5&?+?W$.&'$.
32$.*@ .>B&3(B-.($2*3()$2.
B>F."B&$(.?>.5B(&?)3-B(
"B&$(.)*>23+5&?*>vK($2?F$>&2.w.5($2$>)$2N
5$(.)B5?&B."B&$(.)*>23+5&?*>.?>.&'$.&'($$.O32?$2&.+*>&'2v
5$(.)B5?&B."B&$(.)*>23+5&?*>.?>.&'$.&'($$.-$B2&.O32=.+*>&'2

H*.($F3)$.B>F.*5&?+?W$.$>6
$(D=.)*>23+5&?*>
$-$)&(?)?&=.)*>23+5&?*>.?>.p"'vK($2?F$>&2.w.5($2$>)$2N
5$(.)B5?&B.$>$(D=.)*>23+5&?*>.?>.&'$.&'($$.O32?$2&.+*>&'2v
5$(.)B5?&B.$>$(D=.)*>23+5&?*>.?>.&'$.&'($$.-$B2&.O32=.+*>&'2
($>$"BO-$.$>$(D=v$>$(D=.F$+B>F
H*.($F3)$.B>F.+B>BD$.
"B2&$
"B2&$.5(*F3)&?*>vK($2?F$>&2.w.5($2$>)$2N
5$(.)B5?&B."B2&$.5(*F3)&?*>.?>.&'$.&'($$.O32?$2&.+*>&'2v5$(.
)B5?&B."B2&$.5(*F3)&?*>.?>.&'$.&'($$.-$B2&.O32=.+*>&'2
($)=)-$F."B2&$v&*&B-."B2&$
H*.?>)($B2$.5(?)$.)*+5$&?6
&?E$>$22



C.hZ`UA.eZ_.HIU.LaLHC1^CjAU.bZh<UH1H1,U^ULL
4:
Table 6: Performance perspective
<$(@*(+B>)$ Result indicators
($2?F$>&2i.?>)*+$ n`<.@*(.&*3(?2+vn`<.@*(.F$2&?>B&?*>.*(.5($2$>)$2v($2?F$>&2
($2?F$>&2i.$+5-*=+$>& &*3(?2+.$+5-*=$$2v&*&B-.$+5-*=$$2.*(.'*&$-.$+5-*=$$2v&*&B-.
$+5-*=$$2
 
5(?)$vBE$(BD$.($D?*>B-.'*&$-.5(?)$
d?&'.&'$.?>@*(+B&?*>.)*--$)&$F0.&'$.F$2&?>B&?*>.+B>BD$+$>&.2'*3-F.
B-2*.O$.BO-$.&*.5($5B($.B.LdZH.B>B-=2?20.F$&$(+?>?>D.*55*(&3>?&?$2.
B>F.&'($B&20.2&($>D&'2.B>F."$BM>$22$2.*@ .&'$.F$2&?>B&?*>#
 
2&(B&$D=#.H'$.+?22?*>.?2."'B&."$.?>&$>F.&*.B)'?$E$#.C.F$2&?>B&?*>.+B=.
F$)?F$.&*.F*">2?W$.&'$.(*-$.5-B=$F.O=.&*3(?2+0.5(?E?-$D?>D.*&'$(.B)6
&?E?&?$2.*(0.B2.?2.+*($.*@&$>.&'$.)B2$0.&*.($>$".&'$.*@@$(#.H'$.E?2?*>.?2.
B.@3&3($.5(*%$)&?*>.*@ ."'B&.?&."?2'$2.&*.O$)*+$#.C.+*3>&B?>.F$2&?>B6
&?*>.25$)?B-?W$F.?>."?>&$(.25*(&2.+B=."?2'.&*.O$)*+$.B.5-B)$.?>."'?)'.
)3-&3(B-.&*3(?2+.?2.B-2*. 5*22?O-$#.H'$. 2&(B&$D=.?2.B.)**(F?>B&$F.2$&.*@ .
*O%$)&?E$20.?>F?)B&*(20.B)&?*>20.+*>?&*(?>D.B>F.2&(B&$D?).-$B(>?>D#.H*.O$6

+B=.O$.>$)$22B(=.&*.*5$>.B.+32$3+.*>.-*)B-.&(BF?&?*>20.5(*+*&$.&'$.
@3>F?>D#.C>F.&'$>.&*.)'$)M."'$&'$(.*(.
>*&.&'$.*O%$)&?E$2.'BE$.O$$>.B)'?$E$F.B>F0.?@ .B55(*5(?B&$0.($F$2?D>.&'$.
5-B>2.?>.B.)*>&?>3*32.5(*)$22.*@ .2&(B&$D?).-$B(>?>D#
 6
25$)&?E$2#.C&.&'$.$>F.*@ .$B)'.=$B(0.&'$.2&BM$'*-F$(2.5($5B($.B.2*)?B-.
OB-B>)$.*@ .&'$.=$B(.%32&.$>F$F.B>F.2$&.>$".*O%$)&?E$20."'?)'.+B=.($6
6
E?2?*>.*@ .>$".2$(E?)$20.B.)*++3>?)B&?*>.)B+5B?D>0.B)&?*>.&*.5(*&$)&.
&'$.-*)B-.?F$>&?&=0.$&)#
6
&?>B&?*>.'BF.5-B>>$F.&*.*5$>.B.+32$3+.*>.-*)B-.&(BF?&?*>2.B>F.&'B&0.
F3$.&*.-B)M.*@ .@3>F?>D0.?&.'B2.>*&.O$$>.5*22?O-$.&*.)*+5-$&$.&'$."*(M#
d'$>.F(B"?>D.B.2*)?B-.OB-B>)$0.&'$.2&BM$'*-F$(2.F$)?F$.&*.5B(&?)?6

)3-&3(B-.&*3(?2+.*@@$(#.H'$2$.B)&2.B($.($)*(F$F.?>.&'$._$2*3()$.<$(6
25$)&?E$.KHBO-$.!N#
1>.&'$.2B+$."B=0.?>.)*+5-$&?>D.&'$.*&'$(.&BO-$2."$.)B>.*O&B?>.B>.
356&*6FB&$.)*+5B(B&?E$.@(B+$"*(M.*@ .&'$.$)*>*+?).5*2?&?*>.?>."'?)'.

hCnA1aAZ
.
4/
Table 7: The perspective of the resources of a mountain destination
_$2*3()$2 HB(D$&

_$23-&
?>F?)B&*(2.
bB32$.
B>B-=2?2 ZO%$)&?E$2 HB(D$&
5(*D(B++$F C)&?*>2
Natural resources:
C?(.R3B-?&=
dB&$(.R3B-?&=
e*($2&2.B>F.5B(M2
Cultural and artistic
assets:
a^ULbZ.2?&$2
b'3()'$2.B>F
h*>3+$>&2
h32$3+2.B>F
b3-&3(B-.2?&$2
1 museum on
local traditions
0 museums lack of
funding
strengthen the
cultural offer
1 museum on
local traditions
participate
EU call
Intellectual assets:
I3+B>
L*)?B-.
_$-B&?*>B-
Infrastructural
assets:
H(B>25*(&
L5*(&2.@B)?-?&?$2
bZ^bAaL1Z^L
d$.)B>.>*".23+.35."'B&."$.'BE$.2$$>#
H'$.-B(D$.*(.2+B--.)*(5*(B&$.*(.)*++3>?&=.F$2&?>B&?*>.?2.&'$.($B-.
5(*F3)&.&'B&.&'$.&*3(?2&.)'**2$20.B55($)?B&$2.*(.F?2)B(F2#.1>.)*++36
>?&=.F$2&?>B&?*>20.&'$.5(*F3)&.+B=.O$.5($5B($F.*>-=.&'(*3D'.B.5B&?$>&.
2*)?B-.F?B-*D3$.O$&"$$>.B--.2&BM$'*-F$(2#.H'$.F$2&?>B&?*>.?2.5$(+B>$>&6
-=.)*+5$&?&?E$0.>B+$-=.232&B?>BO-$0.?@ .?&.)B>.B223($.'?D'.*(.?>)($B2?>D.
"$--6O$?>D.&*.($2?F$>&2.B>F.&*3(?2&20.5($2$(E?>D.&'$.&$((?&*(?B-.B22$&2#
H'$($.?2.>*.&(BF$6*@@ . O$&"$$>.)*+5$&?&?E$>$22.B>F. 232&B?>BO?-?&=#.
1>F$$F0.232&B?>BO?-?&=.?2.B.F(?E$(.*@ .)*+5$&?&?E$>$22#
L)'*-B(2.'BE$.5($5B($F.EB(?*32."B=2.?>."'?)'.&*.+$B23($.&'$.)*+5$&?6
&?E$>$220.232&B?>BO?-?&=.B>F.232&B?>BO-$.)*+5$&?&?E$>$22.*@ .&$((?&*(?$2#.Z3(.
5(*5*2B-.?2.&*.&BM$.35.B>F.2355-$+$>&.&'$.B55(*B)'.BF*5&$F.O=.^UbL6
H*3_.BFF?>D.B>.$-$E$>&' .5?--B(.&* .&'$.&$>.5?--B (2.*@ .232&B?> BO-$.)*+5$&?6
&?E$>$220.)*>2?2&?>D.*@ .5(?)$.)*+5$&?&?E$>$220.B>F.2$-$)&?>D.&'$.2&B&?2&?)B-.

L)'*-B(2.'BE$.B-2*. 5($5B($F.EB(?*32.F?@@$($>&.&$((?&*(?B-.5-B>>?>D.
+*F$-2#.I$($.B.+*F$-. 'B2.O$$>.5(*5*2$F.?>25?($F.O=.&'$. jB-B>)$F.
L)*($)B(F.B>F."'?)'.?>)*(5*(B&$2.&'$.2=2&$+.*@ .232&B?>BO-$.)*+5$&?6
&?E$>$22.?>F?)B&*(2.5($5B($F.O=.^UbLH*3_#
C.2?+5-$.&$((?&*(?B-.5-B>>?>D.+*F$-.?2.B.32$@3-.&**-.O=."'?)'.&*.+$B26
3($.B>F.+*>?&*(.&'$.5$(@*(+B>)$.*@ .&*3(?2+.F$2&?>B&?*>2.B>F.D3?F$.&'$.
2*)?B-.F?B-*D3$.*@.2&BM$'*-F$(2#.j3&."?&'*3&.$E$(.@*(D$&&?>D.L'BM$25$B($i2.
C.hZ`UA.eZ_.HIU.LaLHC1^CjAU.bZh<UH1H1,U^ULL
4l
"B(>?>D0.5(*)$$F?>D.B2.D(BF3B--=.B2.>$)$22B(=.B>F."?&'.&'$.B"B($>$22.
&'B&.&'$.($B-?&=.?2.B-"B=2.D($B&$(.&'B>.B>=.*@ .*3(.+$B23($+$>&2#
Cbp^ZdAU`nUhU^HL
1."*3-F.-?M$.&*.&'B>M. e#.C>&*-?>?0. A#.bB>*EB0.,#.`$--B.b*(&$0.C#.
n?32&?0.n#.A?O$(B&*($0.C#.<$WWB>*.B>F.A#.,B((B.@*(.B--.&'$?(.32$@3-.)*+6

_UeU_U^bUL
6
($2$>&B&?*>.@*(.&'$.hB>BD$+$>&.*@ .B.b*+5$&?&?E$.B>F.L32&B?>BO-$.H*3(?2+.
`$2&?>B&?*>0.?>.bC_Aabb1.`#0.LbI1ahC.n#0.K4898N0.Proceedings of the 5th
IFKAD - Intellectual Capital in a Complex Business Landscape0.4/6.47.t3>$.48980.
hB&$(B0.1&B-=#.55#.4k#
b$(?>B0.e#0.hB(MB>F=B0.C#0.q.h)C-$$(0.h#.K4898N#.Economics of sustainable
tourism0.A*>F*>.B>F.^$".r*(M0._*3&-$FD$#
b*++?22?*>.*@ .&'$.U3(*5$B>.b*++3>?&?$2.K488!N#.Agenda for a sustain-
able and competitive European tourism,.j(322$-2#
`?%M2&(B0.A#0.C>>*>?0.<#0.q.p*W*E2MB0.p#.K4899N#.C.^$"._$D?*>B-.b*+6
6
?>D.<B5$(2.6.C.2$(?$2.*@2'*(&.5B5$(2.*>.($D?*>B-.($2$B()'.B>F.?>F?)B&*(2.5(*6
F3)$F.O=.&'$.`?($)&*(B&$6n$>$(B-.@*(._$D?*>B-.<*-?)=0.^y.4#
U3(*5$B>.b*++?22?*>.K4884N#.Early warning system for identifying declining
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U3(*5$B>.b*++?22?*>.K4898N#.Europe, the world’s No 1 tourist destination – a
new political framework for tourism in Europe0.j(322$-2#
e(B>)'0.h#.K4898N#.Marketing delle destinazioni turistiche0.h?-B>0.h)n(B"6I?--#
n*F@($=0.p#0.q.b-B(M$0.t#.K4888N#.The Tourism Development Handbook. A prac-
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pB5-B>0._#.L#0.q.^*(&*>0.`#.<#.K9kk7N#.The Balanced Scorecard. Translating
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pB5-B>0._#.L#.q.^*(&*>0.`#.<#.K488/N#.Strategy Maps. Converting intangible assets
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Management du Tour-
ism0.<B(?20.<$B(2*>.e(B>)$#
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hCnA1aAZ
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47
^?E$>0.<#._#.K488gN#.Balanced Scorecard: Step-by-step for Government and Non-
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_?&)'?$0.t#._#.j#0.q.b(*3)'0.n#.1#.K488:N#.The Competitive Destination. A Sus-
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U3(*5$B>.a>?*>.K488!N#.Action for More Sustainable European Tourism#._$6
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,B((B0.A#.K4894N#.Dal dato diffuso alla conoscenza condivisa. Competitività e sos-
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port 20110.n$>$EB#
dHZ.K488/N#.Indicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinations. A
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Submitted: 15th March, 2013
Final version: 29th May, 2013
Accepted: 27th June, 2013
Refereed anonymously
C.hZ`UA.eZ_.HIU.LaLHC1^CjAU.bZh<UH1H1,U^ULL
... Inspired by the work of Antonio Magliulo on cyber security awareness in the tourism market (Magliulo, 2013(Magliulo, , 2016Magliulo & Wright, 2014), this paper argues for the need to change the paradigm commonly used in cyber security with the purpose of making a contribution to the development of a new framework specially designed for independent hotels. In fact, on the one hand, big companies, like hotel chains, manage to industrialize and share the cyber security processes, and on the other hand, small organizations, like independent hotels, struggle with complexity. ...
... Collecting data will allow to better understand 4 (Magliulo, 2016) the phenomenon in order to increase the competitiveness of a destination already vastly discussed by scholars (Magliulo, 2013 We see that of the 14 pillars for competitiveness shown by the WEF, only one relates to security, but it is more oriented toward physical and material safety (e.g., wars, crime) than information, data, or cyber security. Another, dealing with ICT readiness, does not consider cyber security problems either. ...
A Cyber Security Framework for Independent Hotels
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Jun 2018
Cyber security is becoming a mandatory asset for the tourism market. While chain hotels have already started to implement their cyber security strategies, independent hotels are struggling with the complexity of digital security. We do not yet have standard indicators to measure the economic impact of a cyber threat or the return on investment of infrastructure or training; nevertheless, evidence exists that for independent hotels the impact of a cyber-attack could be disastrous. While scholars debate about establishing shared indicators to identify the economic impact of a cyber security breach, companies and governmental agencies are acting with standard countermeasures. Nevertheless, independent hotels need a more specialized approach due to their peculiar nature and organization. Therefore, instead of using general frameworks, we suggest a cyber security paradigm specifically created for the tourism market. Our goals are to simplify the language, clarify the organizational hierarchy, and keep the attack surface as small as possible. In brief, inspired by an Italian Cyber Security Framework for small business enterprises, we propose a prototype of a customized cyber security framework for independent hotels that, we think, will have a direct effect on the protection of the hotels' data and on the safeguards for business and leisure travelers' privacy: two essential pillars for the growth of hotel competitiveness.
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... According to the Norton Cybercrime Report (September 2012), the number of victims in Italy in the previous 12 months was 8 Analysing a sample of Italian cyber attacks in 2012, Clusit (2013) shows that the government is still the most attacked sector and that Hacktivism remains the main activity (see Figures 1 and 2, cited by Sapienza, University of Rome, 2013: 11). ...
... There is a huge literature on the concept of tourism competitiveness: seeMagliulo (2013). ...
Cyber Security and Tourism Competitiveness
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2016
Until a few years ago, markets were basically physical spaces, more or less large, where sellers and buyers could meet. The exchanges happened through physical contacts at the local as well as the international level. Security meant, basically, to protect people against tangible threats (frauds, thefts etc.). Nowadays, we are facing a new challenge. Markets are mainly becoming a cyberspace where sellers, dealers and buyers can meet without the need for physical contact. Security also has to mean protecting people against cyber threats (internet frauds, identity thefts etc.). In this paper, we would like to deal with an issue that, maybe, has not attracted much attention from scholars, that is, the importance of cyber security for the development of tourism destinations.
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... Questo crollo è particolarmente significativo nel mercato del turismo in cui un attacco informatico pu avere un impatto non solo sul business dell'azienda, ma sulla privacy e sulla sicurezza dei clienti. In generale, un basso livello di sicurezza informatica pu a lungo termine in uire sulla reputazione di un'intera destinazione (Magliulo, 2013), ovvero pu comprometterne gravemente il proprio profilo competitivo. Si pu pertanto affermare che la cybersicurezza intervenga come asset fondamentale della competitività del settore turistico (Magliulo, 2016), in quelle destinazioni che attivano all'interno della propria filiera processi di digitalizzazione. ...
Smart Destination e competitività in ambito turistico. Il ruolo della Cyber Security
Article
  • Jan 2018
The process of digitizing tourist destinations requires global structural modernization of technological system and the procedures within. In particular, the processing and transmission of information becomes a focal point of the hospital- ity industry, which requires a new conceptual framework of the spaces involved in the reception of touristic flows and product offerings. The paper defines the perimeter of action in which this system operates: the cybernetic space; through cyber security the risks connected to the management of information flows are investigated, identifying solutions to better protect the tourism sector, including the web reputation of the companies operating in the territory. The link between tourism competitiveness and cyber security is analyzed, to derive a new taxonomy of information ownership, more ap- propriate to tourist accommodation facilities. The goal is to enlighten the stakeholders to cyber hygiene, to decrease the short-term risks of attacks and contribute to the realization of smart destinations, suitable to accommodate flows that characterize the tourist-digital geographical area.
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... How can we increase the competitiveness of a destination? (see Magliulo, 2013). ...
Consumer Protection - selected issues of the information safety
Book
Full-text available
  • Sep 2014
Consumer policy is builded on legally guaranteed principles of equal opportunities, also activities of organizations, businesses and national authorities constitute an essential element of consumer culture. Fair trade, competition and accurate information in the marketplace have undergone a profound change in recent years the foregoing also applies to the scope of consumer protection, which has been widened and the legal control in this respect has been strengthened. European Commissioner for Consumer - Neven Mimica Protection on 3rd June 2013 emphasised that „more targeted information to consumers, expressed in clear and simple language (...) gives consumers the evidence and confidence that they are protected and that they have clear, enforceable rights”. It should be stressed that observance of cunsumers’ rights and interests, especially their right to information ashall constitute the foundation of consumers’ safety on goods and services market in a broad sense. This book has three fundamental purposes - it is intended to be help to researchers and students widely understood consumer protection system in European Union Member States with particular focus on its enforcement in Republic of Poland, which is primarily related to Poland’s accession to the EU and introduction of European Community legal system. Second, it represents broad attempt to make an original contribution to the literature on EU policy-making and politics. And our third, and equally important, task is to bring current knowledge of selected areas of consumer protection policy. It is impossible ti present all described issues associated with consumers protection in such a short introduction - thus individual problems were taken and developed by the authors of published papers. Editors would like to express deep feeling of gratitude to the Reviewers - prof. Florian Lempa - professor at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (Poland) and Prof. Aladag Cadgas Hakan - profesor at the Hacettepe University (Turkey)for their invaluable suggestions and help. Special words of thanks are also due to all Authors who have prepared interesting contributions published in this volume. Editors hope that this book will satisfy several interests.
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Evaluation of Touristic Risks While Visiting Ukraine and the Risk Perception by Travelers
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2021
International tourist arrivals increase every year. Ukraine has always been a popular country for spending a vacation. However, many foreign tourists have very bad expectations about the trip to Ukraine. The reason is the military conflict in the East of the country. This article aims to explain whether Ukraine is a risky destination for tourists. For this purpose the determination, estimation and prediction of the risks for tourists in the summer of 2018 was conducted. This study shows that the risk is the main motivation of traveller's destination choice. The methodology to assess risks for foreign tourists who visit Ukraine is proposed in the article. To confirm the tourist threats evaluation model, an investigation was conducted, which included gathering information about potential touristic risks. The list of probably dangerous and mid-level dangerous touristic risks was determined in the summer n of 2019 in Ukraine. The fact that trips to the territory of Ukraine are safe was established.
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Evaluation of Touristic Risks While Visiting Ukraine and the Risk Perception by Travelers
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2021
International tourist arrivals increase every year. Ukraine has always been a popular country for spending a vacation. However, many foreign tourists have very bad expectations about the trip to Ukraine. The reason is the military conflict in the East of the country. This article aims to explain whether Ukraine is a risky destination for tourists. For this purpose the determination, estimation and prediction of the risks for tourists in the summer of 2018 was conducted. This study shows that the risk is the main motivation of traveller’s destination choice. The methodology to assess risks for foreign tourists who visit Ukraine is proposed in the article. To confirm the tourist threats evaluation model, an investigation was conducted, which included gathering information about potential touristic risks. The list of probably dangerous and mid-level dangerous touristic risks was determined in the summer n of 2019 in Ukraine. The fact that trips to the territory of Ukraine are safe was established.
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Research of the impact of the terrorism and other factors on the consumers behavior
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2020
The purpose of this study is to identify the main factors influencing consumer’s behavior while travelling to Ukraine. The object of the study was the sample of people who are consumers of touristic services in Ukraine. The main hypothesis of the study was that consumer’s behavior depends on variety of factors in Ukraine, including but not limited to military conflict or terrorism. To improve the knowledge about various factors impact on consumer’s behavior the factor analysis was used, joined by a method of a principal components analysis in SPSS. Using the SPSS the main factors were determined.
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Research of the impact of the terrorism and other factors on the consumers behavior
Article
  • May 2020
The purpose of this study is to identify the main factors influencing consumer's behavior while travelling to Ukraine. The object of the study was the sample of people who are consumers of touristic services in Ukraine. The main hypothesis of the study was that consumer's behavior depends on variety of factors in Ukraine, including but not limited to military conflict or terrorism. To improve the knowledge about various factors impact on consumer's behavior the factor analysis was used, joined by a method of a principal components analysis in SPSS. Using the SPSS the main factors were determined.
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Making Sense of the Competitiveness Debate
Article
The debate over national competitiveness is marked by some basic misperceptions. With few exceptions, those who use the term have a crude, essentially mercantilist view of world trade, in which competition among nations is just like competition between corporations. Not only do the authors and readers of reports on national competitiveness usually not understand comparative advantage, they are unaware of the most basic adding-up constraints. Economists, however, find it hard to believe that seemingly well-informed people can really be this naive, and assume that there must be more sophisticated ideas lying behind what they say. The rationales offered by economists, in turn, offer false comfort to the would-be sophisticates who like the term "competitiveness"; they believe that they have transcended conventional economic theory, when the fact is that they have failed to comprehend it. In short, the actual level of discussion is lower than any of the participants imagines. Copyright 1996 by Oxford University Press.
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The Tourism Development Handbook. A practical approach to planning and marketing The Balanced Scorecard. Translating Strategy into Action
  • Jan 1996
  • K Godfrey
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Godfrey, K., & Clarke, J. (2000). The Tourism Development Handbook. A practical approach to planning and marketing, Stamford, Cengage Learning. Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, d. P. (1996). The Balanced Scorecard. Translating Strategy into Action, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.
The Competitive Destination. A Sustainable Tourism Perspective European Union Action for More Sustainable European Tourism. Report of the Tourism Sustainability Group
  • Jan 2003
  • J R B Ritchie
  • G I Crouch
Ritchie, J. R. B., & Crouch, G. I. (2003). The Competitive Destination. A Sustainable Tourism Perspective European Union (2007). Action for More Sustainable European Tourism. Report of the Tourism Sustainability Group. In http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/ tourism/docs/tsg (February).
Balanced Scorecard: Step-by-step for Government and Non- , Hoboken Studies on Tourism The Competitive Advantage of Nations
  • Jan 1988
  • P R Niven
Niven, P. R. (2008). Balanced Scorecard: Step-by-step for Government and Non- , Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons Inc. OECd (2011). Studies on Tourism. Italy: Review of Issues and Policies, Paris. Porter, M. (1988). The Competitive Advantage of Nations, New York, Free press.
A New Regional Com--ing Papers -A series ofshort papers on regional research and indicators produced by the directorate-General for Regional Policy, Nº 2
  • Jan 2002
  • F Cerina
  • A Markandya
  • M Mcaleer
  • Brussels
  • L Dijkstra
  • P Annoni
  • K Kozovska
Cerina, F., Markandya, A., & McAleer, M. (2010). Economics of sustainable tourism, London and New York, Routledge. Commission of the European Communities (2007). Agenda for a sustainable and competitive European tourism, Brussels. dijkstra, L., Annoni, P., & Kozovska, K. (2011). A New Regional Com--ing Papers -A series ofshort papers on regional research and indicators produced by the directorate-General for Regional Policy, Nº 2. European Commission (2002). Early warning system for identifying declining tourist destinations, and preventive best practices European Commission (2010). Europe, the world's No 1 tourist destination -a new political framework for tourism in Europe, Brussels. Franch, M. (2010). Marketing delle destinazioni turistiche, Milan, McGraw-Hill.
The Tourism Development Handbook. A practical approach to planning and marketing
  • Jan 2000
  • K Godfrey
  • J Clarke
Godfrey, K., & Clarke, J. (2000). The Tourism Development Handbook. A practical approach to planning and marketing, Stamford, Cengage Learning.
Action for More Sustainable European Tourism. Report of the Tourism Sustainability Group
  • Jan 2003
  • J R B Ritchie
  • G I Crouch
Ritchie, J. R. B., & Crouch, G. I. (2003). The Competitive Destination. A Sustainable Tourism Perspective European Union (2007). Action for More Sustainable European Tourism. Report of the Tourism Sustainability Group. In http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/ tourism/docs/tsg (February).