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Antioxidant and Coloring Characteristics of Muicle (Justicia spicigera)
Abstract
Muicle (Justicia spicigera) is a plant that has been used in Mexico for centuries due to its coloring and medicinal properties. Several studies have shown that some properties are attributed to this plant, including cytotoxic activity against leukemia cells, breast cancer, immunomodulatory capacity [1], [2]; antitumor and anti-diabetic [3],[4]. Muicle has an important content of flavonoids [5], this makes it a good option as a natural colorant with antioxidant properties for use in Food and cosmetic industry with strategical technologies to maintain the colour and bioactive properties of this plant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of moisture content and extraction method on some physicochemical and antioxidant characteristics of J. spicigera extracts. Results Conclusions. For the phenolic compounds content, antioxidant capability and color properties is a good option for the manufacture of functional foods and natural drugs. Acknowledgements. Itzamna Baqueiro Pena is grateful to CONACyT
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Justicia spicigera is a native plant from Mexico used since prehispanic times to treat dysentery. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract (EE) and its hexanic fraction (HEE) on bacteria causing dysentery, as well as on Staphylococcus aureus and the yeast Candida albicans. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by resazurin assay. The EE inhibited the growth of Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus MIC ≤ 2.5 mg/mL. The HEE inhibited bacterial growth MIC ≤ 1.25 mg/mL. This fraction also inhibited Candida albicans with MIC = 0.25 mg/mL. These results support the empirical use of Justicia specigera to dysentery treatment. The volatile compounds of the HEE, a fragrant yellow oil, were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and identified by the NIST library: 3-pentenal,4-methyl; butanoic acid, 2-hydroxi-2-methyl-,methyl ester; ethanone, 1-(3-ethyloxiranyl)-; 1-butanol,4-(1-methylethoxy)-; 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyric acid; 3-butene-1,2-diol, 1-(2-furanyl)-; 2-hexenoic acid ethyl ester; 3-thiopheneacetic acid; 1,2-benzendicarboxilic acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester; benzene, 1,1'-(-1-phenyl-1,2-ethenediyl) bis[4-methoxy]. None of these compounds have been reported previously from Justicia spicigera.
Fascioliasis is a parasitic disease of worldwide distribution affecting mainly cattle and sheep. Its importance lies in the economic losses it produces in the livestock industry. Its control is carried out by using a chemical fasciolicide showing resistance problems and environmental contamination. Looking for an alternative control for this disease the present study was aimed at determining the hexane anti-Fasciola hepatica in the in vitro effect of some plant extracts and the minimum lethal dose of the mentioned extracts. All selected plants were tested in vitro at concentrations of 500, 250, 125 and 50 mg/L): Achilleamillefolium (plumajillo), Artemisiaabsinthium (wormwood), Artemisia mexicana (estafiate), Castelatortuousa (chaparroamargo), Chenopodiumgraveolens (epazote de zorrillo), Gymnospermaglutinosum (popote) Justicia spicigera (muicle), Limpia critridora (cedron), Lippiagraveolens (oregano), Menthapiperita (Mint), Populus alba (alamo) and Thymusvulgaris (thyme). Subsequently proceeded to perform a toxicity study with these fractions in CD1 male mice 10 -13 weeks of age, forming groups of 3 -5 animals they were administered a single oral dose being (5 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 2500 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg) and were kept under observation 20 days, later were sacrificed and a kidney and liver histology was performed, finding the safety of the extracts. To perform the toxicity study with these fractions, groups of five CD1 male-mice were formed, they were treated with oral doses of 5, 50, 500, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg, administered with a cannule. All mice were kept under observation for 20 days. Finally they were sacrificed to perform histology of the kidney and liver in search of possible side effects. Results show that none of the extracts exhibited that fasciolocide activity for mice CD1 even at the highest dose thereforefinding the safety of the extracts.
The in vitro. activity of 10 methanol extracts prepared from native plants collected in the Yucatan Peninsula [Byrsonima crassifolia. (L.) Kunth, Cupania dentata. DC., Diphysa carthagenensis. Jacq., Dorstenia contrajerva. L., Gliricidia sepium. (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp., Justicia spicigera. Schldl., Pluchea odorata. (L.) Cass., Spigelia anthelmia. L., Tridax procumbens. L., and Triumfetta semitriloba. Jacq.] was evaluated against Giardia lamblia. trophozoites. All the extracts showed activity against G. lamblia. trophozoites. T. procumbens. was most active, with an IC50 of 6.34 µg/ml, followed by C. dentata., 7.59 µg/ml, D. carthagenensis., 11.53 µg/ml, and B. crassifolia., 15.55 µg/ml.
In Ayurveda Chenopodium Linn. is well-known for its applications in the treatment of various ailments like pectoral complaints, cough, abdominal pain, pulmonary obstruction and in nervous affections. On the basis of recent pharmacological studies some additional medicinal properties of various species of the genus have been established. In the present paper an attempt has been made to summarize the traditional uses and reported biological activities of the genus for further studies.
Justicia spicigera is a Mexican plant employed in traditional medicine for treatment of anemia, stomach illness and skin diseases. Furthermore, it has been suggested that this plant has anticancer properties on leukemia patients and in other types of cancer. However, the scientific evidence supporting these properties is not sufficient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Justicia spicigera on proliferation and viability of the androgen-dependent human prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP.A polar extract was obtained by exhaustive maceration with water and ethanol (v/v) of the air parts of the plant. The phytochemical analysis by the color test and thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed the presence of antioxidant compounds like coumarins, flavonoids and anthocyanins, which was corroborated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (H1 NMR). At the same time, the extract showed the presence of polyphenolic compounds detected by the Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent. The reducing power and the free radical scavenging capacity, was not too high in comparison with other less polar extracts of this plant, this could be explained by the high rate of glycosylation of the compounds in the sample. In the other hand, the polar extract of Justicia spicigera showed an antiproliferative activity on LNCaP cells since 500 g/ml of extract, measured by the MTT assay and direct cell account. Interestingly, cell morphology was not affected under these conditions. Likewise, the same extract did not show a relevant citotoxic effect (MTT assay) or an affectation on cellular viability (trypan blue assay) of LNCaP cells. Our study showed an antiproliferative effect of the polar extract of Justicia spicigera on LNCaP cells suggesting a potential use as anticancer agent. Further studies should focus on the characterization of compounds responsible of the effects observed on LNCaP cells, as well as in the definition of the mechanisms by which they affect the growth of these cells.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):B50.
Palabras clave VIH terapias complementarias fitoterapia Key words HIV complementary therapies phytotherapy RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar uso de terapias alternativas/com-plementarias (TA/C) en pacientes infectados con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH+), así como tipo, tiempo y factores asociados. Métodos: estudio transversal en clínicas de VIH de tres instituciones líderes; participaron 293 sujetos a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario específico por personal estandarizado con información demográ-fica y de utilización de TA/C. Resultados: la prevalencia de uso de TA/C fue de 73.4 %; 71 % informó al médico tratante de su em-pleo; 51 % indicó usar suplementos alimenticios, 29.7 % herbolaria y 19 % agentes físicos, ejercicio, medicina china y terapia por contacto; 96.6 % de los usuarios percibió beneficio. Los pacientes con ba-jos ingresos, derechohabientes del IMSS y con tra-tamiento antirretroviral, fueron los mayores usuarios. Conclusiones: el uso de TA/C es una práctica co-mún entre pacientes VIH+. No se limita a un solo producto, siendo los polivitamínicos y los productos herbarios los más utilizados, la mayoría tiene pres-cripción por personal de salud y los usuarios mani-festaron algún beneficio. Se requieren otros estudios de seguimiento para establecer el impacto de las TA/C sobre la evolución de la enfermedad y la cali-dad de vida de los pacientes VIH+.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE: Justicia spicigera is a plant species used for the Teenak (Huesteca Potosina) and Mayan (Yucatan peninsula) indigenous for the empirical treatment of diabetes, infections and as stimulant.
To evaluate the cytotoxicity, antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of J. spicigera.
The effects of ethanolic extracts of J. spicigera (JSE) on the glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant murine 3T3-F442A and human subcutaneous adipocytes was evaluated. The antioxidant activities of the extract of JSE was determined by ABTS and DPPH methods. Additionally, it was evaluated the antidiabetic properties of JSE on T2DM model.
JSE stimulated 2-NBDG uptake by insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant human and murine adipocytes in a concentration-dependent manner with higher potency than rosiglitazone 1mM. JSE showed antioxidant effects in vitro and induced glucose lowering effects in normoglycemic and STZ-induced diabetic rats.
The antidiabetic effects of administration of J. spicigera are related to the stimulation of glucose uptake in both insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant murine and human adipocytes and this evidence justify its empirical use in Traditional Medicine. In addition, J. spicigera exerts glucose lowering effects in normoglycemic and STZ-induced diabetic rats.
The e�ffect of solvent and extraction temperature on the initial antioxidant activity (AA) and total phenolic content (TPC) of Muitle (Justicia spicigera) extracts and their decay upon storage at di�erent pH values was studied. Extraction with aqueous solvents, at either 25 or 60 �C, produced fresh extracts (pH 7.4) with higher initial TPC and AA. Extracts were adjusted to di�erent pH´s displayed di�erent TPC and AA decay rates upon storage. TPC had first order decay kinetics, characterized by a relatively quick constant (k1) at relatively short storage times followed by a relatively slow constant (k2) at relatively large storage times. ABTS and DPPH assays estimated di�erent AA in the extracts, attributed to compatibility di�erences between the bioactive species and the free radicals.