No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Antidiabetic effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus in alloxan induced diabetic mice
Abstract
Phyllanthus amarus Schum. Thonn. is an indigenous medicinal plant, which has a folk reputation in central and southern India as hypoglycemic agent. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Blood glucose levels and body weights of control and diabetic mice were monitored. In the present study activities of liver enzymes such as glucokinase, glucose -6-phosphatase and fructose -1-6-diphosphatase were also determined. Glibenclamide an antidiabetic oral drug was used as reference in the present investigation. Oral administration of ethanolic leaf extract (400 mg/kg body weight) for 45 days resulted in a significant (P<0.05) decline in blood glucose from 310.20 to 141.0 mg/dl and significant recovery in body weight of diabetic mice. There was also a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1-6-disphosphatase in liver, further there was significant (P<0.05) increase in the activity of glucokinase in liver of diabetic mice when compared with that of diabetic control. The study clearly shows that the ethanolic leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus possesses potent antidiabetic activity.
... Another study regarding the administration of Phyllanthus amarus ethanolic extract (400 mgkg -1 b.w for 7 weeks and three days) also have similar results as in our study (Shetti et al., 2012). The prolonged management period with P. amarus may be considered more effective than V. thapsus, however this hypothesis needs to be further verified in the future. ...
... Other similar studies involving Ficus bengalensis and foenumgreacum plant treatments demonstrated similar result in increasing body weight of Alloxan induced diabetic rats (Srinivasulu et al., 2015;Schwechter et al., 2003;Mowla, 2009). In a study regarding the oral administration of C. hirsutus aqueous leaf extract for four weeks showed significant increases in body weight, suggesting positive influence of the treatment (Shetti et al., 2012). ...
A severe endocrine condition known as diabetes mellitus (DM) is defined by excessive blood sugar levels brought on by an absolute or relative lack of insulin synthesis or activity. At present, the existing diabetes mellitus drugs have many adverse reactions. Therefore, it is needed to investigate novel methods to improve DM treatment. Thus plant-based management could be a possible antidiabetic strategy. The objective of the most recent study was to assess Verbascum thapsus’s ability to combat hyperlipidemia and diabetes. Mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150 mg kg-1, b.w.) to cause diabetes. There were five groups of mice (n=10): group 1 (normal control) received normal food and water, group 2 (diabetic control) received normal food and clean water, group 3 (diabetic mice) received 200 mg of methanolic plant extract, group 4 (diabetic mice) received 400 mg of methanolic extract, and group 5 (diabetic mice) received 10 mg of the medication Glibenclamide for 28 days. Glucose was measured four times and after 28 days, blood samples were collected to measure the lipid profile. The result showed that methanolic extract of V. thapsus significantly (P>0.05) reduced the blood glucose level, TC, TG, LDL, increase HDL and body weight at 400mg kg-1 compared to 200 mg and 10 mg of the standard drug after 28 days of treatment. The results of our study suggested that methanolic extract of V. thapsus have potent anti-diabetic activity, with comparatively less toxicity for its use in ethno-medicine for diabetes management.
... The plant Debregesea salicifolia is commonly used plant in traditional treatment and having anti-bacterial activity (El-Mahmood et al., 2008;Shetti et al. 2012). The phytochemical screening of the D. salicifolia extract show the existence of various types of active components like Alkaloids, Tannins, aponins, Flavonoids, Anthraquinines, anthraquinones and tannins. ...
... Glucose-lowering medicines like sulfonylureas, biguanides and insulin have also been linked to increased body weight and hypoglycemia (Mukundi et al., 2015). Therefore, the provision of effective medicines that have low associated side effects remain to be challenge (Shetti et al., 2012). Herbal remedies and traditional approaches are getting significant consideration from modern medicine practitiones, worldwide medicinal exploration and training organizations (Arif et al., 2021;Ashfaq et al., 2021;Siddique et al., 2021). ...
Diabetes mellitus (DM), an endocrine syndrome characterized by high blood glucose levels due to abrogated insulin activity. The existing treatments for DM have side effects and varying degrees of efficacy. Therefore, it is paramount that novel approaches be developed to enhance the management of DM. Therapeutic plants have been accredited as having comparatively high efficacy with fewer adverse effects. The current study aims to elucidate the phytochemical profile, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-diabetic effects of methanolic extract D. salicifolia (leaves) in Alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Alloxan was injected intraperitoneally (150 mg kg-1, b.w), to induced diabetes in mice. The mice were divided into three groups (n=10). Group 1 (normal control) received normal food and purified water, Group II (diabetic control) received regular feed and clean water and group III (diabetic treated) received a methanolic extract of the plant (300 mg kg-1) for 28 days with a typical diet and clean water throughout the experiment. Blood samples were collected to checked serum glucose and concentration of LDL, TC, TG. The extract demonstrated significant antihyperglycemic activity (P<0.05), whereas improvements in mice's body weight and lipid profiles were observed after treatment with the extract. This study establishes that the extract has high efficacy with comparatively less toxicity that can be used for DM management.
... Alongside antioxidant properties, some plants have also shown potentials for reducing cellular oxidative stress related ailments such as diabetics, cancer and deleterious effect of certain enzymes, most especially tyrosinase present in the skin (Shetti et al., 2012;Ahmed et al., 2013;Wesam et al., 2016). Tyrosinase is a copper-containing enzyme which catalyzes the first two stages during the process of melanogenesis (Te-Sheng, 2009). ...
... Tyrosinase inhibition (%) = (Shetti et al., 2012;Ahmed et al., 2013;Wesam et al., 2016;Popoola et al., 2019;Ohunayo et al., 2020). The detection and presence of these phytochemicals in plants is greatly influenced by the nature of the plants, chemical nature of the soil and environment in which the plants grow and also the ability of the solvent to extract the compounds responsible for biological activities. ...
Antioxidant and inhibition of premature skin ageing activities of medicinal plants, in addition to varying degree of health benefits have received global recognition. The present study investigated the quantification of phytochemicals in the body parts of C. sativa [root, leaf, stem, seed, seed plus leaf (SK)]. Total antioxidant capacities of the plant extracts in hexane, pet-ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, butanol and water as well as their anti-lipid peroxidation (LPO) and tyrosinase (TYR) inhibitory activities were also investigated in-vitro. The class of compounds contained in the respective plant extracts were investigated using assays of phenolics, flavonoid, flavonol and flavanol, while the total antioxidant capacities were determined in the evaluation of trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assays. The outcome of this study showed that leaf contained highest levels of flavonoids (532 ± 0.92 mg 2021 74(1) 74 QE/g), phenolics (264 ± 8.73 mg GAE/g), flavanol (144 ± 2.70 mg CE/g) and flavonol (102 ± 3.78 mg QE/g). Aqueous extract of the leaf was found to contain highest level of FRAP of 1589 ± 20.4 μM AAE/g greater than the control antioxidant [Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) of 1429 ± 0.82 μM AAE/g]. The SK had the highest level of TEAC 3172 ± 1.38 μM TE/g which was also greater than the control [EGCG 2932 ± 9.97 μM TE/g]. The seed extract of hexane had the highest level of LPO (89.1 ± 1.55 mg/mL), whilst the leaf extract of methanol had the highest TYR value of 82.2 ± 4.77 mg/mL. The results showed that the plant extracts contents could be used to reduce oxidative stress as well as inhibiting deleterious effects of skin enzymes responsible for the formation of pigments on the surface of the skin as well as perishable agricultural products.
... 11 Hasil penelitian pada ekstrak meniran menunjukkan bahwa meniran dapat menurunkan berat badan mencit diabetes yang diinduksi aloksan. 12,13 Hasil penelitan lain menunjukkan terjadi perbaikan resistensi insulin pada tikus obesitas yang diberi kombinasi metformin dan ekstrak air meniran 14 . ...
... 20 Berbagai penelitian pada tikus diabetik yang diinduksi streptozotocin menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak meniran dapat menurunkan berat badan. 12,13 Senyawa saponin dapat menghambat absorpsi karbohidrat melalui penghambatan enzim perncernaan, penghambatan transport aktif glukosa melalui brush border usus, dan penundaan laju pengosongan alat pencernaan. 21 Selain itu kehadiran alkaloid bersama plavonoid dengan jumlah besar dalam ekstrak air meniran dalam saluran pencernaan mengurangi penyerapan glukosa makanan. ...
Latar Belakang: Perubahan gaya hidup dan pola makan menyebabkan tingginya angka kejadian obesitas di seluruh dunia yaitu 13% padat tahun 2016. Perbaikan status obesitas dapat dilakukan melalui jalur farmakologik ataupun non farmakologik. Metformin dan meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) mempunyai fungsi untuk menurunkan penyerapan asupan makanan.
Tujuan: menganalisis pengaruh kombinasi metformin dan ekstrak air meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) terhadap perbaikan status obesitas tikus Sprague Dawley jantan.
Metode: multigroup time series design. Dua puluh empat ekor tikus dibuat obesitas dengan cara diberi pakan tambahan lemak sapi cair dan fruktosa terhadap pakan dasar AIN93G selama 5 minggu. Obesitas ditentukan dengan indeks Lee > 300. Sampel dikelompokkan menjadi 4 kelompok, kelompok 1 diberi metformin 45 mg/kg BB/hari, kelompok 2 diberi ekstrak air meniran 400 mg/kg BB/hari, kelompok 3 diberi kombinasi keduanya, dan kelompok 4 kontrol.
Hasil: Selama penelitian ada perbedaan berat pakan dan asupan kalori pada setiap kelompok perlakuan. Setelah 28 hari perlakuan ada perbedaan kenaikan berat badan dan perubahan indeks Lee antara ketiga kelompok perlakuan (ρ < 0,05), walaupun indeks Lee > 300.
Kesimpulan: pemberian kombinasi ekstrak air meniran dan metformin dapat mengendalikan kenaikan berat badan dan menurunkan indeks Lee.
... These findings suggest that B. malabarica may possess both central and peripheral analgesic properties. The extracts may modulate pain via interacting with the central nervous system and peripheral chemoreceptors, as evidenced by their ability to reduce abdominal constrictions induced by acetic acid [32][33][34][35]. ...
This study investigates the potential biological effects of organic soluble fractions from the crude methanol extract of the leaf and bark of Bauhinia malabarica Roxb (B. malabarica), which is traditionally used for various ailments. Plant materials were collected, dried, and extracted using methanol. They were then extracted into aqueous fractions, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and petroleum-ether. The methanolic leaf extract demonstrated excellent antioxidant activity during the DPPH assay for antioxidant testing, with an IC50 value of 12.15 μg/mL, which is similar in efficacy to the standard ascorbic acid (IC50 = 5.8 μg/mL). The cytotoxicity assay was carried out using brine shrimp nauplii. All test samples of B. malabarica showed significant membrane-stabilizing activity as determined by the hemolysis induced by hypotonic solutions and heat. The plant samples from leaf extract and bark extract also exhibited significant anthelmintic and analgesic activity in a dose-dependent manner. These plant extracts exerted analgesic effects that were characterized by elongation of tail immersion time and reduction in abdominal writhes. The test samples reduced the quantity of diarrhea caused by castor oil in mice in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the extract extended the sleep duration and delayed the onset of action compared to the control group. Based on our findings, B. malabarica could be a rich source of bioactive compounds, meriting further exploration for its potential in traditional medicine.
... The reduction in the blood glucose could be due to the increase in blood insulin which helps in the utilization of glucose. Hypoglycaemic activity of the ethanolic extract was achieved by the activation of the pancreatic b cells and increased secretion of insulin (Shetti and Kaliwal 2015). Similarly, Adedapo et al. (2013) reported that administration of methanolic extract of P. amarus (Schum. ...
Side effects associated with the use of synthetic drugs have led to renewed interest in plants for safer alternatives. Phyllanthus amarus (Schum. and Thonn) is a weed that has, in the past, been considered a waste but has found applications extensively in traditional medicine and has drawn the attention of researchers over time regarding its chemical components. This review study shows the nutritive, elemental composition and explores the frontiers of applications of P. amarus. The plant is a reservoir of diverse phytochemicals including alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, polyphenolic compounds and lignans that are responsible for various medicinal effects. Several biological activities of the plant, including antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatitis, analgesic, antimicrobial, hepato-protective, anti-plasmodium, and antioxidant, among others, are revealed in this study. The plant is also fast becoming a key instrument in boosting agricultural production, in the removal of pollutants and in the inhibition of corrosion in industrial processes. Overall, Phyllanthus amarus is a weed of great importance that could be a potential nuclei in drug discovery and various industrial processes.
... Phyllanthus amarus, a member of the Euphorbiaceae family, is conventionally utilized for gonorrhea, dysentery, kidney ailments, pain, and diabetes. Phyllanthus amarus has been reported to have the following properties: anti-oxidant properties (Deora et al., 2021), anti-inflammatory properties (Deora et al., 2021), anti-diabetic properties (Shetti et al., 2012), and Anticancerous properties (Lee et al., 2011). Phyllanthus amarus contains such principal constituents as phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, corilagin, geraniin, amariin, repandusinic acid, phyllanthusiin D, rutin and quercetin 3-O-glucoside; all of which are reported to potently scavenge free radicals in a range of systems (Londhe et al., 2008). ...
... Herbal preparations and herbs are used more widely to treat and control diabetes mellitus instead of modern hypoglycemic drugs (Bashir et al., 2018). Using alloxan-induced diabetic model, previous investigations revealed that the ethanolic extracts of P. fraternus whole plant and P. amarus leaf have antidiabetic effect and significantly improved blood glucose levels (Garg et al., 2008;Shetti and Kaliwal, 2015). Another in vivo study indicated that ethanolic fruit extract of P. emblica had significant hypoglycemic activity and can imporve insulin resistance by enhanced insulin sensitivity in the peripheral tissues (Bashir et al., 2018). ...
... It is called "Iyin Olobe" in Yoruba, "Ebebenizo" in Bini, and "Oyomokeisoamankedem" in E k [10]. Additionally, research on the leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus has revealed anti-hepatitis B activity, hepatoprotective, anti-cancerous, and antibacterial characteristics [11]. ...
Background:
Some plants are toxic, but not all plants or compounds are equally toxic to all parts of a living system.
This is because many chemicals' harmful effects only appear in specific organs, which are their intended
targets for toxicity. The study aims to evaluate how an ethanolic leaf extract of Phyllantus amarus
affects the kidneys of alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats.
Methods:
A total of 25 albino rats of either sex weighing 86–150 g were assembled and divided into five groups
(control, 1, 2, 3, and 4) of five rats each. The control group received no treatment and no induction with
diabetes; group 1 received P. amarus treatment without induction; group 2 received P. amarus treatment
and was induced with diabetes on the eighth day of treatment; and groups 3 and 4 were induced with
diabetes and received P. amarus treatment. For 21 days, rats in groups 1, 2, and 3 received 300 mg/kg
body weight of P. amarus leaf extract orally, while group 4 received 500 mg/kg body weight of the extract,
and the control group received only water. For biochemical parameters, blood samples were collected in
plain containers. Standard methods were used to measure urea, creatinine, albumin, and protein levels.
Results:
When compared to the control, there was a significant increase in the mean urea level in the groups that
received 300 mg/kg body weight of P. amarus (4.170 ± 23 vs 5.770 ± 55, 6.000 ± 12, and 5.900 ± 60; P >
0.05). However, there was no significant difference in creatinine, albumin, or protein levels in alloxan-
induced rats compared to the control group for any of the groups. Again, there was no significant
increase in the mean weight of the rats after the administration of P. amarus.
Conclusions:
Therefore, caution should be exercised when consuming P. amarus because prolonged use may result in
changes in urea concentration.
... Bhui amla exhibit antiviral activity against HIV [35] as well as used as antiviral effect against dengue fever [36]. Thus, plant reveal more antiviral activity against Herpes Simplex Virus type -1 and Herpes Simplex virus type -2 which is anticipated to its action in the early stage of replication and infection [37]. ...
Ethnomedicinal plants are especially important for human health by prevention of various human diseases. One of such ethno medicinal plant species which used, widely to Phyllanthus amarus. Phyllanthus amarus belongs to family Euphorbiaceae. Stone breaker, Gala of wind, Bhumi Amla, Jangli Amla and carry me seeds are called unique name of this plant. It is popular in aboriginal system of medicine like Siddha, Ayurveda, and Unani homeopathy and is used for its antidiabetic, antitumor, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, and analgesic, anti - inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. This plant is used in diarrhoea, intermittent fevers, cold, jaundice, dropsy and has used as a good anti - viral activity against hepatitis-B virus. The whole plant of Phyllanthus amarus is rich store house of several types of
phytochemicals such as quercetin, geraniin, phylanthin, hypothylanthin, rutin, norsecurinine etc. Phyllanthus amarus has also served for various experimental investigations that detailed its pharmacological uses and phytochemical
constituents. The present review compiles ethnomedicinal uses phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Phyllanthus amarus.
... They showed how the extract prepared from this plant could help mitigate hyperglycemia and the phenolic nature could help combat stress induced by hyperglycemia. The ethanolic leaf extract of P. amarus also possesses a potent hypoglycemic activity, and the possible mechanism may be the stimulation of β cells and subsequent release of insulin and activation of the insulin receptors-this was shown in the study by Shetti and Kaliwal [391], where the hypoglycemic activity in mice was comparable to that of the reference drug glibenclamide. A similar study for antidiabetic evaluation comparable with that of glibenclamide, along with in-vitro and in-vivo studies were conducted with polyherbal hydro-alcoholic extracts of P. amarus and other herbs [128]. ...
Unlabelled:
Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn., a globally distributed herb is known for its several therapeutic potentials. P. amarus has a long history of use in the traditional system of medicine for over 2000 years owing to its wide array of secondary metabolites that confer significant medicinal attributes. Research on various aspects including ethnobotany, phytochemistry to bioactivity, or pharmacological studies has been conducted over the past several decades on this potent herb. P. amarus extracts have shown a broad range of pharmacological activities like hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimalarial, nephroprotective, diuretic, and several other properties. The present review compiles and covers literature and research of several groups across past decades to date and focuses on how the therapeutic significance of this plant can be further explored for future research either as herbal formulations, alternative medicine, or in the pharmaceutical industry.
Supplementary information:
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13237-022-00409-z.
... Hyperglycemia, lipoprotein abnormalities, an increased basal metabolic rate, enzyme deficiency, and an elevated level of oxidative stress are all signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus, which causes damage to the pancreatic acinar cells. They are the most common type of endocrine disorder, affecting glucose homeostasis and resulting in severe diabetic outcomes such as retinal, angiogenic, and neuropathy [2], as well as neurological ailments caused by a disruption in glucose use. In earlier days, before introducing the insulin and the other synthetic drugs, the local practitioners used to treat diabetes with the herbal compounds. ...
... Rats made diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate is an experimental model that allows to study the activity of antidiabetic agents. The action of alloxan is explained by the fact that it induces a decrease in the storage of hepatic glucose by the alteration of insulin secretion l'insuline (Elsner et al., 2000 ;Shetti et al., 2012 ;Kahou et al., 2016). This diabetrogen irreversible induces the destruction of beta cells of the islets of Langerhans located in the pancreas, insulin-producing cells (Grover et al., 2000;Salah et al., 2017). ...
In Côte d'Ivoire, people use Rauwolfia vomitoria (Apocynaceae) as traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study is to bring out the potentiel antidiabetic effect of an aqueous extract of roots devoid of Rauwolfia vomitoria bark (EARv), in rats made diabetic by alloxan monohydrate, a diabetogen substance, compared with the effect of glibenclamide, a reference antidiabetic substance. For this, the blood glucose level and weight evolution of healthy rats (normoglycemic), diabetic control rats and diabetic rats treated with EARv or glibenclamide are measured, as well as variations in transaminase levels during 28 days of experimentation. Administration of alloxan induces in rats made diabetic characterized by a significant and permanent increase in blood sugar, a decrease in body mass, followed by an increase in the level of serum transaminases, a sign of liver toxicity in rats. In rats made diabetic and treated daily with EARv at a dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight (B.W), there is a decrease in blood sugar and an increase in body mass, in the sense of their normalization, during the 28 days of treatment. In diabetes rats, EARv also results in normalization of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration and a significant decrease in aspartate aminotransferase (AST). These effects of EARv at 1000 mg/kg B.W are similar to those of glibenclamide at 10 mg/kg B.W. These results show that, just like glibenclamide, EARv is an antidiabetic, hepatoprotective substance and tends to correct body mass loss in diabetic rats. These effects of EARv justify the use of Rauwolfia vomitoria in traditional medicine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
... After 72 hours, fasting blood glucose level (FBG) was measured by a glucometer and mice with a FBG value of 11.1 mmol/L or above were considered as diabetic. [10] At 15 (fifteen) days interval, FBG values were measured and pancreas was collected after the mice were ethically sacrificed at the end of the experiment for routine histological examination. ...
Background: Because of the unfavorable side effects and higher cost of synthetic anti-diabetic medicines, an alternative approach to manage diabetes mellitus from an herbal source would be safe and within the affordability of the common people. Hence we investigated the hypoglycemic and pancreatic islets restoration effect of Syzygium cumini seed extract using glibenclamide as positive control. Methods: Six (06) normal control mice and eighteen (18) alloxan induced diabetic mice grouped as diabetic control, Syzygium cumini and standard drug, were used for this experiment. In comparison to a reference drug-glibenclamide (@600μg/kg body weight), Syzygium cumini seed ethanolic extract (@500mg/kg body weight) was given orally once daily for thirty days to counteract alloxan induced alteration in blood glucose level and pancreatic cells morphology. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) level was evaluated at 15 days intervals, whereas mice were ethically sacrificed to collect pancreas at the completion of the experiment and processed for histological examination. Results: Research results revealed that in both the Syzygium cumini and standard drug treated groups, FBG level were significantly lower than the diabetic control group (P < 0.05). Histologically, smaller islets and necrosis, present in the pancreas of diabetic mice were returned to normal following treatment with Syzygium cumini seed extract and standard anti-diabetic drug. Conclusion: Syzygium cumini seed extract could be recommended as anti-diabetic for humans and animals especially in developing and under developed countries where this plant is readily available and affordable.
... It is also an important plant in Indian traditional medicine [25] , African traditional medicine [26], and Chinese traditional medicine ,in which it is used for the treatment of digestive disease, jaundice, and renal calculus [27]. The compounds extracted from this plant have hepatoprotective [28], nephroprotective [29], antibacterial [30], antiviral [23], antiplasmodial [31], antinflammatory [32], antidiabetic [33] , antimalarial [34] , anticancer [35] , and antioxidant [36] properties in humans. Different parts of the Phyllanthus amarus plant are rich in phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids [37]. ...
Phyllanthus amarus, also known as Bhui Korma in India, is well known for its medicinal properties and is used to treat several diseases worldwide. This study aims to identify phytochemicals from P. amarus and assess their anti-viral activity through in silico methods against the main protease (MPro) enzyme of the novel coronavirus. 190 compounds were obtained from literature and docked against 3CLPro and 16 compounds showed great binding affinity with 3CLPro with their values lying between -8.9 kcal/mol to -9.6 kcal/mol. The top two compounds, Myricitrin (CID: 5352000) and Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (CID: 12004528) gave high binding affinity values of -9.6 kcal/mol and -9.4 kcal/mol respectively and also display favourable binding interactions with the MPro. Both the compounds were further subjected to molecular dynamics simulation and MM-PBSA based binding free energy calculations. ADMET and drug-likeness properties were studied to assess the pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds. Favourable pharmacokinetic results reinforced the applicability of the compounds assessed. Along with continuous studies being carried out with chemical compounds, research needs to expand into all areas, including the use of natural compounds as drug compounds. The identified hits from this study can be taken further for in vitro and in vivo studies to examine their efficacy against COVID-19.
... All plants as a source of new drugs are still poorly explored and only a small percentage has been investigated phytochemically and their pharmacological properties (Table 3). Anti-viral [27] Anti-diabetic Activity Oral administration of ethanolic leaf extract (400 mg/kg body weight) for 45 days resulted in vital decline in blood glucose and increase in the activity of glucokinase in the liver of diabetic mice [35] . The methanolic extract of P. amarus was found to reduce the blood sugar in alloxan diabetic rats by 6 percent at a dose level of 200 mg/kg body weight and 18.7 percent reduction in blood sugar [36] . ...
Phyllanthus amarus is a member of the family Euphorbiaceae. Carry me seeds, stone breaker, gala of wind, bhumi amla and jangli amli are some common name of this plant. Ethno-botanically and pharmacologically it is an important showing antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancerous, anti-inflammatory, antivenom hepato protective properties because whole plant is rich store house of different types of phytochemicals such as rutin, quercetin, geraniin, phylanthin, hypothylanthin, norsecurinine etc. The plant is also useful to cure various types of diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery, dropsy, jaundice, intermitted fever, urinogenital and disorder. The object of this review is to compile all the informations related to ethnic, phytochemicals and pharmacological potential of Phyllanthus amarus to highlight the medicinal possibilities of this plant.
... Ocimum gratissimum, Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus amarus, Eclipta alba and Vernonia amygdalina [8][9][10][11][12][13]. The ethnopharmaceutical and ethnomedicinal applications of these plants are due to their varying degree of bioactive phytochemical constituents as well as their characteristic antioxidant properties [14][15][16][17]. ...
... Insulin and other antidiabetic agents are the available diabetes therapies. Most of the antidiabetic agents are accompanied by serious side effects (Shetti et al., 2012). It has been noted that medicinal plants with antidiabetic activity are a useful tool to find safer hypoglycaemic agents (Sunila et al., 2012). ...
... Several studies also confirm the presence of bioactive constituents in P. amarus aerial parts, notably lignans and phenolics, whose quantitative distribution may change due to geographical locations. These display strong antidiabetic effects by reducing glycemia in mice or rats (Adeneye, Amole, & Adeneye, 2006;Lawson-Evi et al., 2011;Mbagwu et al., 2011;Raphael, Sabu, & Kuttan, 2002;Shetti, Sanakal, & Kaliwal, 2012) and also possess antioxidant properties which suggests that it has great potential in the food industry as functional food ingredient (Kumar, Singh, & Kumar, 2017;Lim & Murtijaya, 2007;Pereira et al., 2017). ...
For the first time, a complete study, including the fresh and dried aerial parts of Phyllanthus amarus was performed using Guadeloupe's population traditional extraction methods. In this study, the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of P. amarus infusion and decoction in water with short boiling time, were evaluated using glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme in H4IIE hepatic cells inhibition and stimulation of glucose uptake in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, as well as using 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. A compound, caffeoyl hexaric acid, was tentatively identified for the first time in P. amarus extracts, using UHPLC-HRMS. Only dried aerial parts extracts exhibited strong stimulation of glucose uptake similar to that of insulin with an increase of 23%. The infusion of fresh material appeared to be the best way for aerial parts maximal anti-hyperglycemic activity with 55.8 ± 2.61% of glucose-6-phosphatase inhibition.
... Beberapa penelitian telah membuktikan bahwa meniran bersifat hipoglikemik, dapat menurunkan kolesterol dan trigliserida pada tikus yang diinduksi aloksan (Okoli et al., 2011), dan hipotensif pada kelinci jantan (Amaechina & Omogbai, 2007). Selain itu dilaporkan bahwa meniran dapat mencegah dan atau menyembuhan penyakit infeksi dan degeneratif (Oyewo et al., 2012); memperbaiki resistensi insulin pada tikus yang diinduksi 10% sukrosa (Adejuwon Adewale Adeneye, 2012); memberikan efek anti apoptosis; dan menghambat inflamasi (Kandhare et al., 2013); serta mampu mereduksi berat badan mencit diabetes yang diinduksi aloksan (Adeneye et al., 2006;Shetti et al., 2012). ...
Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) is a medicinal plant that can reduce obesity status, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, and have antioxidant activity. Meniran has been long used as a medicinal plant, but its utilization in a form of water infusion is still rare. This research is a continuation study which aims to identify the biomolecules that have antioxidant activity in water infusion of meniran. The making of water infusion of meniran requires drying process, which can be done by room temperature drying and sun drying. Phenol and fl avonoid compounds in meniran are assumed to have antioxidant activity. Both compounds are easily oxidized and isomerized due to sun exposure. It is assumed that the drying method will aff ect the presence of phenol and fl avonoid compounds and its antioxidant activity. The study began with the process of sun drying and room temperature without direct sun exposure. Then the extraction process used water soxhlet by soxhlet extraction method. The extract was then tested qualitatively using the DPPH IC50 method. The results of the qualitative analysis with meniran color visualization are positive containing fl avonoids and phenols. The results of quantitative analysis of meniran which are dried by sun drying; fl avonoids 0.90% w/w and 1.65% w/w phenols, in samples stored at room temperature: 2.00% w/w fl avonoids and phenol 56.16% w/w. The antioxidant activity of IC50-DPHH in extract concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20 ppm) of dried meniran at room temperature 18.48 ppm, sun drying cannot be determined.
... STZ induced diabetes significantly increased blood glucose on one hand and decreased insulin on the other. These findings are in agreement with that of Kaliwal et al (2012) and Gupta and Sharma (2017). Hyperglycemia observed in the diabetic group was due to cell toxicity of pancreatic beta cell caused by STZ which finally leads to cell death (Eleazu et al, 2013;Busineni et al, 2015). ...
Hyperglycemia leads to a state of amplified free radical production. The aim of our present study was to note the effect of melatonin on oxidative stress in lung of diabetic albino rats. We checked the oxidative stress of lung tissue by noting down the variation in lipid peroxidation in terms of malondialdehyde level and status of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) along with expression of RORα under different treatment conditions. Streptozotocin treatment increased lipid peroxidation and upregulated expression of RORα and decreased enzyme activity. Melatonin treatment decreased lipid peroxidation and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes as well as downregulated the expression of RORα. These findings suggest that melatonin might be acting as a potential antioxidant in lung during diabetic condition. Variation in the expression of RORα also shows that melatonin might be acting through this nuclear recptor.
... Ocimum gratissimum, Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus amarus, Eclipta alba and Vernonia amygdalina [8][9][10][11][12][13]. The ethnopharmaceutical and ethnomedicinal applications of these plants are due to their varying degree of bioactive phytochemical constituents as well as their characteristic antioxidant properties [14][15][16][17]. ...
... The health implications and deleterious effects of free radicals as well as other oxidizing agents have been shown to rescind by plants containing phytochemicals such as flavanol, glycosides flavonoids, flavonol and phenolics [4][5][6]. The free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant properties of medicinal plants depend largely on their phytochemical constituents while the potential use of plants with these properties for treating human ailments and oxidative stress related diseases have been reported in past and recent literatures [1], [7][8][9]. Some medicinal plants characterized with antioxidant properties have been shown to inhold enzymes inhibition properties. ...
... STZ induced diabetes significantly increased blood glucose on one hand and decreased insulin on the other. These findings are in agreement with that of Kaliwal et al (2012), Gupta and Sharma (2017). High glucose level observed in the diabetic group was due to cell toxicity of pancreatic beta cell caused by Stz which finally leads to cell death (Eleazu et al, 2013;Busineni et al, 2015). ...
The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of melatonin and different photoperiods on lung biomarkers of pulmonary fibrosis in diabetic albino rat. Experiment was performed in two sets. In set-1, the rats were made diabetic and then treated with melatonin and in set-2 diabetic rats were treated with different photoperiods such as Long Photoperiod (LP; 20L:4D), Short Photoperiod (SP; 4L:20D) and natural day length for control group. Circulatory glucose level, insulin, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7 and surfactant proteins as well as accumulation of collagen fibres in lung tissue increased in diabetic rats. Treatment with melatonin and short photoperiod decreased accumulation of collagen in lung tissue as well as circulatory glucose level, insulin, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7 and surfactant proteins. Long photoperiod increased all the parameters. Such relationship between all the studied biomarkers shows that diabetes could be one of the factors responsible for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and melatonin and short photoperiod might be helpful in treatment of secondary complications of diabetes.
... (2012), [16], indicated that the ethanolic leaf-extract of Phyllanthus amarus significantly and dose-dependently reduced the blood sugar levels in alloxan induced diabetic mice. However the intraperitoneal induction of alloxan in the rats showed significantly (p<0.05) ...
This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-diabetic effect of ethanol leaf-extract of Pterocarpus santalinoides in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats using a glucometer. Twenty-five Wister albino rats weighing between 100-200g were used. The animals were randomly assigned into five different groups of five rats each. The animals in group E served as negative control while those in group D served as the positive control. Groups A, B and C were induced with diabetes and treated with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight of the Pterocarpus santalinoides leaf-extract respectively. The treatment was done twice daily through oral intubation for twelve days. The glucose levels were determined using glucometer. The results revealed that there were dose dependent and significant (p<0.05) reductions in glucose levels of the rats treated with ethanol leaf-extract of P. santalinoides. The extract also significantly increased the body weights of the animals. This indicated that ethanol leaf-extract of Pterocarpus santalinoides could be encouraged for management of diabetes mellitus.
... Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test showed that after 12 hours and 24 hours of taking tea, the Syrian hamster got lower its blood glucose level. This research is similar to the study of Shetti et al. [32] about the investigation carried out to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Phyllanthusamarus in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Blood glucose levels and body weights of control and diabetic mice were monitored. ...
Tea is one of the most consumed beverages around the world and commonly produced from Camellia sinensis. This study developed and analyzed the physicochemical qualities of tea from serpentina (Rauwolfiaserpentina) leaves. Further, the developed tea with the best sensory evaluation was tested in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetusauretus) to determine its potency. Utilizing the experimental research design, the study revealed that sun-dried white tea obtained the highest water total dissolved solids (TDS) value parts per million (ppm) with 381.00 mg/L and the freeze-dried white tea acquired the highest water conductivity with 769.00 mcS/cm. The highest scores for the color, taste, aftertaste, bitterness, and astringency were obtained from freeze-dried yellow tea and for the aroma, it was obtained from sun-dried yellow tea. The potency revealed that after 12 hours the blood glucose level of hamsters fall from 16.30 mmol/L to 8.20 mmol/L and after 24 hours the blood glucose level fall from 10.53 mmol/L to 5.63 mmol/L. The chemical properties like TDS value ppm and electrical conductivity were affected by tea processing but not by the drying methods. The physical properties such as aroma, color, taste, aftertaste, bitterness, and astringency were not affected by the tea processing and drying methods. The levels of blood glucose after the treatment of serpentina tea from different concentrations significantly affected by the time since after 12 and 24 hours the blood glucose levels of the Syrian hamsters were lowered.
... Since antioxidant property of the plant extract enhances the inhibitory effect Table 3. Experimental errors and the relevant precautionary methods [36] [38]. ...
... Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test showed that after 12 hours and 24 hours of taking tea, the Syrian hamster got lower its blood glucose level. This research is similar to the study of Shetti et al. [32] about the investigation carried out to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Phyllanthusamarus in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Blood glucose levels and body weights of control and diabetic mice were monitored. ...
Tea is one of the most consumed beverages around the world and commonly produced from Camellia sinensis. This study developed and analyzed the physicochemical qualities of tea from serpentina (Rauwolfiaserpentina) leaves. Further, the developed tea with the best sensory evaluation was tested in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetusauretus) to determine its potency. Utilizing the experimental research design, the study revealed that sun-dried white tea obtained the highest water total dissolved solids (TDS) value parts per million (ppm) with 381.00 mg/L and the freeze-dried white tea acquired the highest water conductivity with 769.00 mcS/cm. The highest scores for the color, taste, aftertaste, bitterness, and astringency were obtained from freeze-dried yellow tea and for the aroma, it was obtained from sun-dried yellow tea. The potency revealed that after 12 hours the blood glucose level of hamsters fall from 16.30 mmol/L to 8.20 mmol/L and after 24 hours the blood glucose level fall from 10.53 mmol/L to 5.63 mmol/L. The chemical properties like TDS value ppm and electrical conductivity were affected by tea processing but not by the drying methods. The physical properties such as aroma, color, taste, aftertaste, bitterness, and astringency were not affected by the tea processing and drying methods. The levels of blood glucose after the treatment of serpentina tea from different concentrations significantly affected by the time since after 12 and 24 hours the blood glucose levels of the Syrian hamsters were lowered.
... increase in the activity of glucokinase in liver of diabetic mice when compared with that of diabetic control. The study clearly shows that the ethanolic leaf extract of P.amarus possesses potent antidiabetic activity (Shetti et al., 2012). ...
... Researchers showed in vitro antidiabetic activity affecting glucose uptake in Hep G2 cells following their exposure to extracts of Lauridia tetragon 24 . Antidiabetic effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus in alloxan induced diabetic mice was studied 25 . Recently, evaluated of hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effect of aqueousmethanolic leaves extract of two medicinal plants of Meghalaya in mice 26 . ...
Diabetes is a notorious and growing clinical and public health issue. The International Diabetes Federation assumes that 592 million had diabetes by 2035 and that by 2040 the number will increase to 642 million. Cardiovascular corollary accounts for four million deaths annually attributable to diabetes. Evidence reveals that certain glucose-lowering phytochemicals can improve vascular outcomes with type 2 diabetes, which, together with better understanding of using multiple therapies concurrently, offers opportunities for beneficial personalization of medication regimens. Anthocyanins are coloured pigments and are natural antioxidants. Keeping this in focus, this study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro antidiabetic activity in the petals of wild Impatiens balsamina L. The anthocyanin was extracted from floral petals of wild balsam species and purified to homogeneity using chromatographic techniques. Evaluation of in vitro antidiabetic properties of anthocyanin extract revealed a dose-dependent increase in the inhibitory effect on the alpha-glucosidase (200 μg/ml) and alpha-amylase enzymes (500 μg/ml) and was comparable with the standard acarbose drug (189 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml). These results indicated that anthocyanin could be used as a source of functional food and nutraceuticals. This information from wild species will be useful in finding more potent antidiabetic principle from the natural resources for the clinical development of antidiabetic therapeutics. Future studies are planned to substantiate the antidiabetic power of anthocyanin using in vivo animal models. Keywords: Alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase, diabetes, herbal remedies, Impatiens balsamina L.
... According to WHO, hypoglycemic agents of plant source are very important because of their effectiveness, minimal side effects, and relatively low cost. Traditional plant medicines are used throughout the world for treatment of diabetes mellitus [38]. The current research is an earliest screening of organic soluble fractions of C. ...
Background
Campsis radicans L. is a flowering plant in Bangladesh, traditionally used for the treatment of several human diseases. In this study, in vitro antioxidant, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing and in vivo analgesic, hypoglycemic, anti-diarrheal and CNS antidepressant activities of organic soluble fractions of crude methanol extract of C. radicans leaf were investigated using appropriate experimental models.
Methods
The leaves of C. radicans were collected, authenticated, dried and extracted with methanol at room temperature for 30 days. The concentrated methanol extract was partitioned to petroleum-ether (PESF), dichloromethane (DMSF) and ethyl acetate (EASF) soluble fractions. The antioxidant activity of these fractions was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging method. Total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau’s spectrophotometric method. The thrombolytic activity was assessed by measuring clot lysis ability whereas the membrane stabilizing activity was evaluated by heat- and hypotonic solution-induced hemolysis assay. Tail immersion procedure and acetic acid- induced writhing model were used to measure the analgesic activity of C. radicans . The hypoglycemic, anti-diarrheal and CNS antidepressant activities were determined by oral glucose tolerance test, castor oil-induced diarrheal model and thiopental-sodium induced sleeping time test in mice, respectively.
Results
All the organic soluble fractions of C. radicans contained phenolic compounds varying from 6.38 to 60.13 mg of GAE/gm of extractive, while in DPPH assay, EASF showed the highest free radical scavenging activity with IC 50 is 4.69 μg/ml. The PESF exhibited highest thrombolytic activity (57.14% clot lysis) and the DMSF showed maximum 53.95% inhibition of heat-induced hemolysis of human RBCs. In both tail immersion and acetic acid induced writhing models, the PESF, DMSF, EASF at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, induced a significant ( P < 0.001) decrease in the painful sensation in mice. Substantial ( P < 0.05) anti-hyperglycemic activity of test samples was found in mice loaded with glucose at the same doses mentioned earlier. Castor oil induced diarrheal test of the plant extractives has shown significant effect in comparison to control group. In CNS antidepressant activity assay, the test samples were able to reduce the duration of sleep in mice caused by thiopental administration.
Conclusion
All these findings revealed that C. radicans possess significant antioxidant, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, analgesic, hypoglycemic, anti-diarrheal and CNS antidepressant activities.
... Various studies on meniran extract showed that meniran extract was hypoglycemic, lowered cholesterol and triglycerides in alloxan-induced mice 6 and streptozotocin-induced 7 , hypotensive in male rabbits 8 . It can be used as the healing and / or prevention of infectious and degenerative diseases 9 , for improving insulin resistance in 10% sucrose-induced mice 10 , for providing anti-apoptotic effects and inhibiting inflammation 11 , and for reducing the weight of diabetic mice induced by alloxan 12,13 . In obese male rats, meniran water extracts can control weight gain, decrease blood glucose levels, increase HDL levels and reduce triglyceride levels 14 . ...
... Along with it, loss of inflammation is also associated with insulin resistance in PKCδ deficient mice. Therefore, inhibition of PKCδ may also offer a treatment for metabolic syndrome [64]. ...
Objective: Diabetes associates not only rise in blood glucose level but also several diseases. One of the basic diseases is diabetic nephropathy. This is also called end stage diabetes. Method: The various factors which are responsible for the disease are elevated metabolism, hypertension, and blockage of various molecular pathways such as AGE, RAAS, PKC, Hexsomamine and polylol. When we considered for its treatment, is associated with various multiple risk factor approach. Along with allopathic medicine herbal medicine had provided a sensible and better approach for the treatment of various kidney diseases. Effective approaches must be applied for the prevention of development Hyperlipidemia, decrease GFR and sustaining the progression to later stages of nephropathy may be beneficial. Conclusion: This review mainly explains the pathophysiology and all the basic causes of diabetic nephropathy along with the potential herbs which may be useful for the treatment of disease.
Forty-eight swiss albino mice, weighing between 25-30 grams were used in this experiment. There are a total of six mice in each group and each group was divided into eight equal sections. Diabetes was induced in group 2,3,4,5,6,7 using alloxan monohydrate of (150 mg/kg body weight) administered intraperitoneally to overnight fasted animals. Group 1:- Served as the control. Group 2:- Mice induced with diabetes .Group 3:- Diabetic induced mice treated with metformin of 75 mg /kg body weight. Group 4:- Diabetic induced mice treated with Epicarp 45 mg/kg body weight. Group 5:- Diabetic mice treated with Epicarp of 75 mg/kg body weight. Group 6:-Diabetic induced mice treated with Endo mesocarp of 45 mg/kg body weight. Group 7:-Diabetic mice treated with Endo mesocarp of 75 mg/g body weight. Treatments were administered via orogastric intubation for 27 days. All animals had free access to pellet feed and water throughout the experiment. On the 28th day, the animals were sacrificed, and the peritoneium was opened to collect the pancreas, kidneys, and liver, which were preserved in 10% formaldehyde for histological observation using the haematoxyline and eosin staining technique. Histological analysis showed regenerative changes in pancreas, liver, kidney of mice treated with epicarp of 45 mg/kg body weight and endo mesocarp of 75 mg/kg body weight.
This volume presents information about protocols for micropropagation of more than 40 species of medicinal plants. The contents combine knowledge about the scientific principles of micropropagation with state of the art updates in tissue culture techniques presented by plant scientists.
The readers will learn about techniques required to grow plants in challenging conditions that aim to reduce the impacts of injudicious harvesting, deforestation, climate change, pollution, urbanization and other factors that limit the ability to meet current demand. General topics such as biotization and pharmaceutical investigation are also included to guide readers about the significance of these plants in research and development for new medicines.
The book provides protocols for micropropagation of important medicinal plants like Rauvolfia serpentina, Catharanthus roseus, Withania somnifera, Tylophora indica, Bacopa monnieri, Aloe vera, Phyllanthus amarus, Allium sativum, Moringa oleifera, Operculina turpethum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Pterocarpus marsupium, Vetiver grass, Ruta graveolens, Tinospora cordifolia, Kaempferia, Hedychium, Decalepis hamiltonii, Saraca asoca, Wrightia tinctoria, Wrightia arborea, Artemisia absinthium, Aegle marmelos, Atropa acuminata, Atropa belladonna, Alpinia species, Hedychium species, and Cissus species.
This book is a handy reference for medicinal chemists, horticulturists and pharmacists who want to learn about the growth and conservation of important medicinal herbs and plants.
The aim of this study was to explore medicinal plants from upper Songkhla lake, Songkhla and Phatthalung provinces. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven key informants to get information regarding to the local names, parts and utilization, method of preparation, route of administration and properties of plants. Voucher specimens were prepared, identified and deposited. In total, 95 species belonging to 82 genera in 46 families were found. Among them 26 groups of ailments could be classified, and most of herbal plants were used for antipyretic (24.30%). However, only 39 medicinal plants were related to biological activities previously reported. Therefore, it is interesting to focus on these activities of remaining plants to confirm folk utilization of local healers. This compilation of medicinal plants will promote their practical use and be the data evidence for further conservation of the plants.
Background of the study: Phyllanthus amarus has high nutritional value and is beneficial in managing and treating diverse ailments. This study assessed the role of aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus on Paraquat (PQ) induced neurotoxicity in the substantia nigra of Wistar rats.
Materials and methods: The role of aqueous leaves extract of Phyllanthus amarus was assessed using an open field test (OFT) for motor activity, oxidative stress biomarkers [Catalase (CAT), and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)], histological examination (H and E stained) for cytoarchitectural changes and immunohistochemical studies using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as a marker for dopaminergic neurons. Forty-two (42) rats were categorized into six groups (n = 7); group 1: control was administered 0.5 ml/kg distilled water, group 2: received 10 mg/kg PQ + 10 mg/kg L‑dopa as reference drug, group 3; received 10 mg/kg PQ, while group 4: received 10 mg/kg PQ + 200 mg/kg P. amarus, group 5: received 10 mg/kg PQ + 300 mg/kg P. amarus, and group 6: received 10 mg/kg PQ + 400 mg/kg P. amarus respectively, for 14 days. All administrations were done orally; a significant difference was set at p<0.05.
Results and discussion: The study's open field test (OFT) revealed no motor activity deficit with Paraquat (PQ) exposure. Also, cytoarchitectural distortions were not observed with Paraquat (PQ) only treatment group compared to the control and other groups pretreated with P. amarus and L-dopa. Moreover, the Paraquat (PQ) only treatment group showed oxidative stress by significantly decreasing the antioxidant enzyme (SOD) compared to the control and L-dopa pretreated group. A significant decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressing dopaminergic neurons was also observed in Paraquat (PQ) only treatment. However, P. amarus treatment showed therapeutic properties by significantly increasing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressing dopaminergic neuron levels relative to control.
Conclusion:Aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus possesses therapeutic properties against Paraquat (PQ) induced changes in the substantia nigra of Wistar rats.
Amrtottara Kvatha [KNM3] (AK) is a widely used Ayurvedic preparation, primarily utilized for hyperpyrexia (‘Jwara’). In the present study we evaluated the antidiabetic effect of AK against streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic murine model. The effects of AK on normoglycemic rats and glucose tolerance were also studied. The antidiabetic effect of AK was evaluated in streptozotocin (STZ, 55 mg/kg, i.p.) induced diabetic rats. AK was administered orally at four doses AK (1/4), AK (1/2), AK (T) and AK (DD) for fourteen days to examine the antidiabetic activity with glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) as reference standard. The effect of AK on blood glucose and insulin levels, biochemical parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers and histopathological examinations were studied. Oral administration of AK at doses AK (1/4), AK (1/2), AK (T) and AK (DD) to rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes showed significant (P<0.01) decrease in blood glucose levels with improved insulin levels, liver glycogen and pancreatic protein content. The oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde and advanced oxidation protein products) were reduced in all AK treated groups with a significant (P<0.01) increase in antioxidant enzyme status. Histopathological studies also supported the findings. The present study reports for the first time the antidiabetic effects of Amrtottara Kvatha by suppressing oxidative stress induced by streptozotocin in Wistar rats.
In the present investigation the glucose lowering potential of the leaf extracts of Crinum asiaticum were prepared using cold maceration technique in solvents of varying polarity. The extracts exhibited the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics and tannins. The oral toxicity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts was determined and these two extracts were used of evaluating the antidiabetic activity. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed and diabetes was induced using alloxan (150 mg/kg) in rats. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts at two dose levels (200 mg/kg and 400mg/kg) were used for evaluating glucose lowering capability. Both the aqueous and the ethanolic extracts were found to significantly reduce glucose levels with the aqueous extract at dose level 200 mg/kg being the most effective (50% reduction) whereas the ethanolic extract was able to reduce the blood glucose by around 35% at the same dose level.
Abstract
Ficus vogelii is a member of fig genus that belongs to the family of moraceae. The plant is available in many parts of Africa,
and it has been commonly used to treat high blood pressure, diarrohea and diabetes. This study was aimed at providing
additional knowledge to the biological roles and importance of the plant by evaluating its antimicrobial activities and
prevalence of microorganisms on the phyllosphere of the plant. The plant’s leaves were prepared and extracted with both
ethanol and n-Hexane. The plant’s extracts were screened against Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis and results showed the methanolic extract could not inhibit the selected microorganisns
while the n-Hexane extract was able to inhibit the microorganisms at higher concentrations with Bacillus subtilis being the
most susceptible of the bacteria. The antimicrobial activities of the plant were extractant and concentration dependent. The
isolated microorganisms (bacteria) were identified by Gram staining technique and biochemical profiling. Both Gram
positive and Gram negative bacteria were isolated from the phyllosphere of the Ficus vogelii (leaf). Majority of the isolates
were Gram positive cocci (87%) while minority was Gram negative (13%). Biochemical tests revealed the presence of
Veillonella sp (6%), Rhodococcus sp (6%), Acinetobacter parvus (6%), Micrococcus sp (13%), Heloccocus pyogens (6%),
Sarcina ventriculi (6%), Peptostroptococcus sp (13%) and Staphylococcus aureus (44%). Staphylococcus aureus (44%) was
the most predominant isolated bacteria on the plant’s leave. This research therefore provides background information on the
microbial profile of the leaf and antimicrobial activities of Ficus vogelii extracts.
Keywords: Antimicrobial activities; Ficus vogelii; phyllosphere; Micrororganisms; Isolation; ethnomedicine
The present summarized paper on medicinal plants that have been reported by researchers on experimental or clinical anti-diabetic evidence and that have been used in traditional systems of medicine. A diabetes mellitus disease is one of the most frequent non-communicable diseases worldwide. A complete review was conducted to pile up information about anti-diabetic medicinal plants. It is a metabolic disorder disease of the endocrine system and affecting almost 10% of the population all over the world also the number of those affected is increasing day by day. In this review covered the following sections such as anti-diabetic medicinal plant, bioactive molecules, and experimental model. Future perspectives of Anti-diabetic bioactive molecules and are also discussed.
Diabetes Mellitus is the most prevalent metabolic disorder which has made it a major health threat worldwide. The available synthetic drugs for the cure of Diabetes mellitus are associated with high cost, various side effects and several limitations. Medicinal plants are the rich depots of the phytochemicals which can be useful for the treatment of chronic disorders. These plants are the better alternative to chemical drugs causing less or no harm to the body. Several plants are traditionally known for their antidiabetic properties but the detail investigation of their active molecules is required in order to be developed as therapeutic drug. Therefore, the present review aims to provide comprehensive information on various Indian medicinal plants, their constituents and mechanism of action for the cure of diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorder, where in a person has high blood sugar, either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. Due to the elevated blood sugar level it results in major illness, complications like nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiomyopathy and death may occur all over the world. In fact and with other studies the diabetic people cannot be cured and has no report that some recovered fully from diabetes. For the treatment of diabetes, synthetic drugs which are currently available are found to be connected with many adverse effects. Currently existing anti-diabetic drugs like sulphonylureas, biguanides, including insulin and other hypoglycaemic agents, control the elevated blood sugar level as long as they are administered regularly and they also produce a number of side effects. To avoid this situation use of plants in medicine is an age-long practice in various parts of the globe for both precautionary and therapeutic purposes. The novel drug can be developed by pharmacological screening and using chemical constituents which is present in the medicinal plants and herbs. For the treatment of diabetes many medicinal plants have been used all over the world, but only a few have been analysed and quantified as per the modern system of medicine. The use of these medicinal plants might delay the development of diabetic related complications and correct the metabolic abnormalities also. In recent scenario there is a need for the advance research to develop and characterize some natural drugs from plants and other natural sources with the aid of better screening methods.
Pseudarthria hookeri (Fabaceae) is a plant used in traditional medicine in Ivory Coast to treat diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of the aqueous extract of Pseudarthria hookeri (EAPh) on the release and storage of hepatic glucose in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The administration of EAPh, at a dose of 1200 mg/kg body weight for 28 days, leads to a significant decrease of glycaemia in diabetic rats. The oral administration of EAPh, at doses of 800 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg body weight, reduced for 60 min, in a dose-dependent manner, the release of hepatic glucose in normoglycemic rats. Moreover, for 90 days of treatment, EAPh significantly promotes the storage of hepatic glucose in diabetic rats. It appears that the aqueous extract of Pseudarthria hookeri has antidiabetic properties and acts by promoting the storage of hepatic glucose (glycogenesis), and by inhibiting the release of glucose from the liver (glycogenolysis). These results justify the use of Pseudarthria hookeri in traditional medicine to effectively treat diabetes.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Diabetes mellitus remains the most lethal metabolic disease of contemporaneous times and despite the therapeutic arsenal currently available, research on new antidiabetic agents remains a priority. In recent years, the revitalization of Thai Traditional Medicine (TTM) became a clear priority for the Thai government, and many efforts have been undertaken to accelerate research on herbal medicines and their use in medical services in various hospitals. Additionally, and particularly in rural areas, treatment of diabetes and associated symptomatology frequently relies on herbal preparations recommended by practitioners of TTM. In the current work, medicinal plants used in Thailand for treating diabetes, as well as their hypoglycaemic pharmacological evidences and potential therapeutic use for diabetes-related complications were reviewed.
Materials and methods
Ethnopharmacological information on the plant materials used in TTM for diabetes treatment was collected through literature search in a range of scientific databases using the search terms: diabetes, folk medicine, Thailand medicinal plants, traditional medicine. Information regarding scientific evidence on the antidiabetic effects of surveyed species was obtained considering not only the most common taxonomic designation, but also taxonomic synonyms, and including the keywords ‘diabetes’ and ‘hypoglycaemic effect’.
Results
A total of 183 species known to be used for diabetes management in TTM were reviewed, with 30% of them still lacking experimental evidences to support claims regarding the mechanisms and phytochemicals underlying their antidiabetic properties. Moreover, a total of 46 bioactives displaying effective antidiabetic effects have been isolated from 24 species, their underlying mechanism(s) of action being fully or partially disclosed.
Conclusions
We deliver the most extensive survey dealing with the ethnomedicinal knowledge of Thai medicinal plants utilized on diabetes management. We are certain that the current review will spark further research on Thai plants for the development of new standardized phytomedicines through drug discovery programmes.
Ficus vogelii is a member of fig genus that belongs to the family of moraceae. The plant is available in many parts of Africa,
and it has been commonly used to treat high blood pressure, diarrohea and diabetes. This study was aimed at providing
additional knowledge to the biological roles and importance of the plant by evaluating its antimicrobial activities and
prevalence of microorganisms on the phyllosphere of the plant. The plant’s leaves were prepared and extracted with both
ethanol and n-Hexane. The plant’s extracts were screened against Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis and results showed the methanolic extract could not inhibit the selected microorganisns
while the n-Hexane extract was able to inhibit the microorganisms at higher concentrations with Bacillus subtilis being the
most susceptible of the bacteria. The antimicrobial activities of the plant were extractant and concentration dependent. The
isolated microorganisms (bacteria) were identified by Gram staining technique and biochemical profiling. Both Gram
positive and Gram negative bacteria were isolated from the phyllosphere of the Ficus vogelii (leaf). Majority of the isolates
were Gram positive cocci (87%) while minority was Gram negative (13%). Biochemical tests revealed the presence of
Veillonella sp (6%), Rhodococcus sp (6%), Acinetobacter parvus (6%), Micrococcus sp (13%), Heloccocus pyogens (6%),
Sarcina ventriculi (6%), Peptostroptococcus sp (13%) and Staphylococcus aureus (44%). Staphylococcus aureus (44%) was
the most predominant isolated bacteria on the plant’s leave. This research therefore provides background information on the
microbial profile of the leaf and antimicrobial activities of Ficus vogelii extracts.
Presently, the traditional medicines are still popular as an alternative in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, the mechanism of action in lowering blood sugar of most folk recipes remains unproven. In this study, the 37 medicinal plants selected from two Thai folk antidiabetic recipes (Mor-Phon recipe and the recipe of Wang-Nam-Yen hospital, Thailand) were investigated their potential anti-diabetic mechanisms via α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. The highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was observed in the ethanolic extracts of Salacia chinensis, Vitex glabrata, Senna siamea, Terminalia catappa, and Phyllanthus amarus and the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity was observed in the ethanolic extracts of T. catappa, V. glabrata, P. amarus, S. chinensis, and S. siamea. The stem bark of V. glabrata was identified as the most bioactive plant and was thus isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation to obtain six known compounds, lupeol (1), β-amyrin (2), α-amyrin (3), betulin (4), betulinic acid (5), and scopoletin (6). The α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of those isolated compounds were tested. The highest α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities were observed by lupeol (1) (IC50 7.4 µM) and β-amyrin (2) (IC50 32.33 µM), respectively. However, compounds 3 - 5 also showed the good inhibition in both digestive enzymes.
- I Sajeeth
- P K Manna
- R Manavalan
I. Sajeeth, P. K. Manna, R. Manavalan, Der Pharmacia Sinica., 2011, 2 (2), 220-226.
- W Marshal
- S K Bangret
W. Marshal, S. K. Bangret, Clinical Chemistry Elsevier Limited., 2004, pp. 191-217.
Insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs in Lippincott's illustrated Reviews
- J M Mycek
- S Harvey
- P C Chape
J. M. Mycek, S. Harvey, P. C. Chape, Insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs in Lippincott's illustrated
Reviews, Pharmacology 2 nd (Edn) Lipincott Williams and Wilkins, USA, 2000.
- R Vadivelan
- M Dipanjan
- P Umasankar
- S P Dhanabal
- M N Satishkumar
- S E K Antony
- Lango
R. Vadivelan, M. Dipanjan, P. Umasankar, S. P. Dhanabal, M. N. Satishkumar, S. Antony E. K. lango,
Advances in Applied Science Research, 2011, 2 (3), 179-185.
- K V Syamasunder
K. V. Syamasunder, J. Ethnopharmocol., 1985, 14(1), 41-44.
- A Mazumder
- A Mahato
- R Mazumder
A. Mazumder, A. Mahato, R. Mazumder, Not prod Res., 2006, 20 (4), 323-6.
- N Rajeshkumar
N. Rajeshkumar, J. Ethnopharmac., 2000, 73(1-2), 215-19.
- P B Aswar
- B S Kuchekar
P. B. Aswar, B. S. Kuchekar, Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 2011, 1(3),91-102.
- A N Nagappa
A.N. Nagappa, Journal of Ethnopharmacolog., 2003, 88, 45-50.
- J E Okokon
- A L Bassey
- J Obot
J. E. Okokon, A. L. Bassey, J. Obot, Afr J.trad. 2006, 37(4), 21-26.
- R Vadivelan
- P Umasankar
- M Dipanjan
- S P Dhanabal
- A Shanish
- M N Satishkumar
- K Elanko
R. Vadivelan, P. Umasankar, M. Dipanjan, S. P. Dhanabal, A. Shanish, M. N. Satishkumar, K. Elanko, Der
Pharmacia Sinica, 2011, 2 (2), 299-304
- J Ananthi
- A Prakasham
- K V Pugalendi
J. Ananthi, A. Prakasham, K. V. Pugalendi, Yale journal of biology and medicine, 2003, 76, 97-102.
- R Sowmia
- K Kokolaavani
- Gurusamy
Sowmia, R. Kokolaavani, K. Gurusamy, Research journal of Biotechnology., 2009, 4(1), 15-19.
- M Tomada
- K Shimada
- C Konno
M. Tomada, K. Shimada C. Konno and H.J. Hikin Phytochemistry., 1985, 24, 2431-2433.
- G Recher
- M Slijepcevic
- L Krans
G. Recher, M. Slijepcevic, L. Krans, Planta med., 1991, 57, A57-A58.
- M D Ivorra
- M Paya
- Villar
M. D. Ivorra, M. Paya, Villar. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1989, 27, 243-275.
- M S Karawya
- S A Wahab
M. S. Karawya, S. A. Wahab, J.Nat. produc., 1984, 47, 775-780.
- P Khanna
- S C Jain
P. Khanna, S. C. Jain, J. Nat. product., 1981, 44, 648-655.
- R K Goyal
- S S Bhullar
- R Singh
R. K. Goyal, S. S. Bhullar, R. Singh, Plant Physio Biochem., 1999, 28, 755.
- S Lanjhiyana
- D Garabadu
- D Ahirwar
- P Bigoniya
- A C Rana
- C Kartik
- S K Patra
- M Lanjhiyana
- Karuppaih
S. Lanjhiyana, D. Garabadu, D. Ahirwar, P. Bigoniya, A. C. Rana, Kartik C. Patra, S. K. Lanjhiyana, M.
Karuppaih, Advances in Applied Science Research, 2011, 2 (1), 47-62
- G Arati
- S Sachdanandam
G. Arati, S. Sachdanandam, J. Phar and Pharmacol., 2003, 55, 1283-1290.
- N Z Baguer
N. Z. Baguer, Anal.real. Acad. Frama., 1998, 64, 147-180.