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Approach to some hematological variables of healthy captive "yaguareté" (Panthera onca) from Northeast Argentina
Abstract
Mussart, N.B.; Koza, G.A.; Solis, G.; Coppo, J.A.: Approach to some hematological vari-ables of healthy captive "yaguareté" (Panthera onca) from Northeast Argentina. Rev. vet. 20: 1, 50–53, 2009. Samples of three healthy Panthera onca from a Northeast Argentina re-serve were analyzed through spectrophotometry, electrophoresis, densitometry, and micros-copy in order to obtain hematological and biochemical reference values. Means and standard deviation for hematocrit, hemoglobin, red and white blood cells, leukocyte differential count, total protein, albumin, globulins, glucose, total cholesterol, lipoproteins, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, urea, creatinine and some enzymatic activities, were obtained. Usefulness of studied parameters to evaluate sanitary and nutritional state on captive P. onca, is empha-sized. Resumen Mussart, N.B.; Koza, G.A.; Solis, G.; Coppo, J.A.: Aproximación a algunas variables hematológicas de "yaguaretés" (Panthera onca) cautivos en el nordeste argentino. Rev. vet. 20: 1, 50–53, 2009. Muestras de tres ejemplares clínicamente sanos de Panthera onca alojados en una reserva del nordeste argentino, fueron analizadas por espectrofotometría, electroforesis, densitometría y microscopía para establecer intervalos de referencia hemato-lógicos y bioquímicos. Se obtienen valores para hematocrito, hemoglobina, glóbulos rojos y blancos, fórmula leucocitaria, proteínas totales, albúmina, globulinas, glucosa, colesterol total, lipoproteínas, calcio, fósforo inorgánico, urea, creatinina y algunas actividades enzi-máticas. Se enfatiza la utilidad de los parámetros estudiados para evaluar el estado sanitario y nutricional de P. onca en cautiverio. Palabras claves: Panthera onca, hematología, valores bioquímicos séricos.
... Blood samples (15cc) were drawn from each animal using a vacutainer needle by saphenus venepuncture of the hind leg while the animals were under chemical restraint (combination of ketamine 300mg/ kg and xylazine 10 mg/kg body weight) following the procedure adopted by Mussart et al. (2009). The samples were placed in sterile serum clot vacutainer tubes and later centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes for serum extraction. ...
In Pakistan, a scant number of Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) are being kept at various zoos or in certain wildlife sanctuaries, and there is a dearth of literature regarding the eff ect of captivity on their physiological parameters. Th e present study was hence conducted to determine and compare the hematological alterations in tigers of Bengal origin (Panthera tigris tigris) kept in captivity at Lahore Zoo (LZ) (n = 4) and in the seminatural environment of Lahore Wildlife Park (LWP) (n = 6), Pakistan. Th e results refl ect a signifi cantly higher (P < 0.05) total leucocyte count and platelet count and a lower packed cell volume in animals kept at LWP as compared to those of animals kept at LZ. No other signifi cant diff erences in hematology were noted for the 2 captive forms. Despite the limitation of sample size in the present study, it was concluded that captivity has a signifi cant eff ect on various hematological parameters in Bengal tigers. Th ese baseline data will lay a foundation in the therapeutic evaluation and physical monitoring of tigers kept in various forms of captivity not only in Pakistan, but also in other countries such as India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, as well.
This retrospective: study was initiated because of the perceived high incidence of mammary gland cancer in zoo felids in which progestin contraception has been used. Our purpose was to describe the clinical behavior of these tumors and identify risk factors for their development. Clinical and historic records were reviewed from 31 captive wild felids with palpable and histologically confirmed mammary gland neoplasia. All mammary masses were classified histopathologically as carcinomas, with cribiform, solid, cyst-papillary, and adenocarcinoma patterns. Thoracic radiography was a sensitive antemortem procedure to detect metastases. Although other abnormalities (anorexia/lethargy, ventral mass or ulcer visible, anemia, neutrophilia, hypercalcemia, or azotemia) were noted, concurrent geriatric diseases often confounded clinical interpretation. Therefore, these findings were not specific for a diagnosis of cancer. Metastases were most common in lymph node, lung, and liver. Mammary cancer was most common in animals that had been implanted with melengestrol acetate (MGA)-impregnated silastic devices (n = 29, 94%). This association was statistically significant (P < 0.002). There was no significant difference in age at diagnosis of mammary cancer in MGA-treated felids (x̄ ± SD = 13.87 ± 2.60 yr) versus nontreated felids (16.33 ± 0.94 yr). Mammary cancer behaves as aggressively in wild felids as in domestic cats, and long-term exogenous progestin exposure is a risk factor in its development. Zoos using MGA in felids should be cognizant of the strong association between progestin exposure and mammary cancer development and should employ alternative contraceptive methods whenever possible.
Eight Panthera onca (Po), 13 Felis concolor (Fc), 7 Felis yagouaroundi (Fy), 7 Felis tigrina (Ft) and 5 Felis pardalis (Fp) specimens from São Paulo State zoos were used. All animals were restrained with darts containing 10 mg/kg ketamine and 1 mg/kg xylazine. Venous blood samples were collected as soon as possible (within 15-20 min) and serum was frozen until the time for cortisol quantification. Cortisol was determined using a solid phase radioimmunoassay with an intra-assay coefficient of 8.51%. Data were analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test, and the one-sample t-test, with the level of significance set at P < 0.05. Data are reported as means +/- SEM. Cortisol levels differed among the captive felines: Po = 166 +/- 33a, Fc = 670 +/- 118b, Fy = 480 +/- 83b, Ft = 237 +/- 42ab, Fp = 97 +/- 12a nmol/l (values followed by different superscript letters were significantly different (P < 0.001)). Since most of the veterinary procedures on these species involve chemical restraint, these results show the necessity of preventive measures in order to minimize the effect of restraint stress on more susceptible species.
[Veterinary World 2008; 1(6.000): 173-174]
Serum concentrations of several nutrients were measured in 12 captive wild felid species including caracal (Felis caracal), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), cougar (Felis concolor), fishing cat (Felis viverrinus), leopard (Panthera pardus), lion (Panthera leo), ocelot (Felis pardalis), pallas cat (Felis manul), sand cat (Felis margarita), serval (Felis serval), snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and tiger (Panthera tigris). Diet information was collected for these animals from each participating zoo (Brookfield Zoo, Fort Worth Zoo, Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens and North Carolina Zoological Park). The nutritional composition of the diets at each institution met the probable dietary requirements for each species except for the pallas cat. Blood samples were collected from each animal (n = 69) and analyzed for lipids (total cholesterol, triacylglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol), vitamin D metabolites [25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)(2)D)], vitamin A (retinol, retinyl stearate and retinyl palmitate), vitamin E (alpha- and gamma-tocopherol) and selected carotenoids. Species differences were found for all except triacylglycerides and 1,25(OH)(2)D. Genus differences were found for retinol, retinyl palmitate, retinyl stearate, gamma-tocopherol and beta-carotene. Circulating nutrient concentrations for many of the species in this study have not been reported previously and most have not been compared with the animals' dietary intakes. The large number of animals analyzed provides a substantial base for comparing the serum nutrient concentrations of healthy animals, for both wild and captive exotic species.
1. Basic haematological values in 34 animals of eight carnivorous species are reported. 2. In four Northern lynxs (Lynx lynx lynx), two male and two female animals, the mean values are given: erythrocyte counts 8.51 X 10(12)/l, haematocrit 0.392/l, haemoglobin content 148.0 g/l and leukocyte count 7.92 X 10(9)/l. 3. In six male pumas (Puma concolor missolensis) the mean values estimated are: erythrocyte count 9.35 X 10(12)/l, haematocrit 0.43/l, haemoglobin content 163.9 g/l and leukocyte count 7.73 X 10(9)/l. Individual values in one female puma are also given. 4. In six jaguars (Panthera onca), three male and three female animals, the mean values are given: erythrocyte count 8.27 X 10(12)/l, haematocrit 0.37/l, haemoglobin content 137.1 g/l and leukocyte count 15.15 X 10(9)/l. 5. Only individual values are reported in one clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), in one leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor), in one Corbett's tiger (Panthera tigris Corbetti) and in one Altaic tiger (Panthera tigris Altaica). 6. In four lions (Panthera leo leo), two male and two female animals, the mean estimated values are: erythrocyte count 10.14 X 10(12)/l, haematocrit 0.462/l, haemoglobin content 159.0 g/l and leukocyte count 11.05 X 10(9)/l. In six female cheetahs (Acinonox jubatus jubatus) the mean values estimated are: erythrocyte count 7.86 X 10(12)/l, haematocrit 0.373/l, haemoglobin content 142.8 g/l and leukocyte count 8.65 X 10(9)/l. For three male cheetahs only individual values are reported. 8. All results achieved are compared with those abstracted from the literature and discussed.
Normal haematological values and fibrinogen levels were obtained from a number of healthy adult Felidae in the collection of the Zoological Society of London. The group comprised 29 pumas (Felis concolor), 32 lions (Panthera leo), 27 tigers (P tigris), 19 leopards (P pardus), 18 jaguars (P onca) and 22 cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). The values provided a basis for identifying abnormalities in the blood of sick individuals of these species and for undertaking interspecies comparisons.
Hyperlipidemia was identified in an 11-yr-old male cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and three related 3-yr-old male cheetah littermates. Hyperlipidemia in these four cheetahs was characterized by hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia. The mean percentages of chylomicron and beta-lipoproteins were greater (P < 0.05) and the mean percent of alpha-lipoproteins was lower (P < 0.05) than the respective means for a group of 20 nonhyperlipidemic and clinically normal cheetahs. The etiology of the hyperlipidemia in these four cheetahs was not determined. However, the older cheetah also had chronic renal insufficiency and a parathyroid adenoma, conditions that have been associated with hyperlipidemia.
To determine whether FIV infection in captive African lions is associated with changes in immune cell variables similar to those detected in domestic cats infected with FIV.
5 captive African lions naturally infected with FIV (FIV+) and 5 lions not infected with FIV (FIV-).
Peripheral blood samples were collected from FIV+ lions during annual examinations conducted during a 7-year period and at a single time point from the FIV- lions. From results of CBC and flow cytometry, lymphocyte subsets were characterized and compared.
Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the percentage and absolute number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly lower in FIV+ lions, compared with these values in FIV- lions. In FIV+ lions, severe depletion in the absolute number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was detected, although this did not correlate with clinical signs. Muscle wasting was the most consistent clinical sign of infection.
Results suggest that FIV+ African lions develop lymphocyte deficiencies, including significant decreases in the absolute number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells; these findings of immune dysfunction are similar to those defined for FIV+ domestic cats. It is important to monitor the number of CD4+ T cells in infected animals as a measure of disease progression.
The aim of this research was to obtain basic values for the evaluation of thyroid function in nondomestic felids. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations (thyroxine, T4; triiodothyronine, T3) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 145 cats, representing nine species of captive nondomestic felids: jaguar (Panthera onca), n = 49; puma (Puma concolor), n = 10; ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), n = 22; oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus), n = 12; geoffroy (Oncifelis geoffroyi), n = 4; jaguarundi (Herpailurus yaguarondi), n = 8; margay (Leopardus wiedii), n = 7; lion (Panthera leo), n = 26; and tiger (Panthera tigris), n = 7. For each species, mean +/- SEM of T3 and T4, respectively, were as follows: jaguar, 0.56 +/- 0.03 and 9.7 +/- 0.8 ng/ml; puma, 0.67 +/- 0.04 and 11.2 +/- 1.2 ng/ml; ocelot, 0.48 +/- 0.03 and 13.8 +/- 1.5 ng/ml; oncilla, 0.43 +/- 0.03 and 10.0 +/- 1.6 ng/ml; geoffroy, 0.44 +/- 0.04 and 8.0 +/- 0.16 ng/ml; jaguarundi, 0.7 +/- 0.03 and 5.0 +/- 1.0 ng/ml; margay, 0.48 +/- 0.04 and 12.2 +/- 2.3 ng/ml; lion, 0.43 +/- 0.02 and 5.7 +/- 2.6 ng/ml; and tiger, 0.66 +/- 0.03 and 12.6 +/- 0.9 ng/ml. Within species, T3 and T4 concentrations did not differ (P > 0.05) between males and females.
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