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Effect of Different Rootstocks on Photosynthesis and Nutritional Response of Grapevines Cultivar 'Sultanina' under Flooding Stress
Abstract
The effect of flooding on young grapevine plants grafted onto two rootstocks: Harmony and Freedom was evaluated. Grafted and non-grafted plants were grown in plastic pots under normal and flooding conditions. Flooding condition was obtained by keeping the water three cm above the soil and the oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) was 0.2 μg O2 cm-2 min-1: In control ODR was 1.7 μg O2 cm-2 min-1. Net CO2 assimilation and stomata conductance were evaluated in developing and mature leaves. In general, at the beginning of flooding, plants grafted on Harmony showed a rapid reduction in net CO2 assimilation. This reduction reached a minimum after at seven days of flooding treatment. By contrast, the plant grafted on Freedom did not show any reduction on net CO2 assimilation until seven days of flooding. This indicates that this last rootstock confers to the scion a tolerance to hypoxia. On the other hand, the reduction in net CO2 assimilation was well correlated with dry matter production and leaf area in both rootstocks. Harmony grafted plants presented the highest reduction (54%) in dry matter accumulation, while Freedom grafted plants presented 36% of reduction. After the flooding treatment, a significant increase in the accumulation of P was found in plants grafted on Harmony. This raises questions on the role of this element in the plant metabolism under low oxygen conditions. Finally, after the results obtained in dry matter reduction under flooding condition, we conclude that in 'Sultanina' grafted plants, Freedom rootstock induced a better tolerance to hypoxia than Harmony.
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Soils with unfavourable natural conditions for root development can affect both yield and fruit quality of table grapes, mainly due to an inadequate soil air/water ratio. The objective of this study was to generate information about the adaptation of own-rooted or grafted 'Thompson Seedless' vines grown in soils with different soil air capacity (ACf). The experiment was carried out in pots containing four different soil textural classes (sandy, sandy loam, clay loam and silty loam) that generated different soil air contents (AC). Plants of cultivar 'Thompson Seedless' were grafted on five different rootstocks (110 Richter, Harmony, Ramsey, 1616 Couderc and Freedom), and an own-rooted vine was used as a control. The ACf values ranged between 9-26%, and had a direct relation with oxygen diffusion rates (ODR), which ranged between 0.25 to 0.70 µg cm -2 min -1 . The leaf stomatal conductance was high in soils with AC 22.63%, but not significantly affected by low soil AC. The midday stem water potential (SWPmd) was not affected by AC, and values ranged between -0.55 and -0.63 MPa. AC values higher than 20% decreased the pruning weight of 110-R, Harmony and Freedom, while Ramsey was the less affected in a wide range of AC. Own-rooted plants were significantly affected by low soil air content. In general, in aeration stress condition soils, rootstocks particularly 110-R and Ramsey promote vegetative growth of 'Thompson Seedless' vines, although results need to be confirmed at least one more season.
In order to clarify the effects of aeration on root nitrogen metabolism in rice seedlings, rice cultivars Guodao 6 (indica) and Xiushui 09 (japonica) were investigated for root growth, the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamic acid-pyruvic acid transaminase (GPT) and glutamic acid oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), the nitrate (NO3-N) concertration, the contents of free amino acids and soluble sugar in root under hydroponics with continuous aeration treatment. The results showed that rice seedlings grown in oxygenation solutions had higher root dry matter, longer root length, stronger root activity and larger root absorption area compared with the control. In addition, the contents of soluble sugar, root vigor and the activities of GS, GOT and GPT in the aeration solutions were higher than those in the control. The results also indicated that the activities of enzymes involved in root nitrogen metabolism of Xiushui 09 were enhanced by aeration, however, there was no significant influence on root nitrogen metabolism of Guodao 6, which suggested that effect of oxygenation on rice root nitrogen metabolism might be genotype-specific.
Pinot noir grapevines (self-rooted Pommard clone) were grown in a pot-in-pot sand culture vineyard to examine the impact of low N, P, and K supply on vine growth and physiology. Four-year-old vines were given either full nutrition (Control) or reduced levels of each N, P, and K supplied at 50%, 20%, or 10% of the Control rate with all other nutrients held constant over three years (2006-2008). Vine growth, nutrient status, photosynthetic parameters, yield, and berry quality were monitored. The N, P, and K status of vines was reduced by each of the intended treatments, although N and P concentrations in leaf blades and petioles were reduced earlier and to a greater extent than K. Low N treatments reduced dormant season cane weights in all years, shoot lengths and leaf area in 2008, and fruit yield in 2008. Yield reduction under low N supply in 2008 was primarily a result of reduced berry size. Low N also reduced single leaf photosynthesis and quantum efficiency of photosystem II in 2008, while low P and K did not. Juice YAN (yeast assimilable nitrogen) levels were greatly reduced by low N supply in 2007 and 2008, although YAN was lower in 2007 across all treatments. Low P and low K supply did not alter growth or yield. Low P supply reduced juice P concentrations, but low K supply did not alter juice K. Reduced yield, growth, and juice YAN levels in low N treatments provide a framework to refine leaf blade and petiole N standards for Pinot noir grown in the region, but limiting levels of P and K were not as clearly defined.
Rooting characteristics were compared in blue (Q. douglasii), valley (Q. lobata), and cork oak (Q. suber) seedlings under hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions. A 50 percent reduction in root growth occurred in all species at an oxygen level of 4 percent, or an oxygen diffusion rate of 0.3 μg cm -2 min -1 . Blue oak formed few lateral roots regardless of oxygen level, but valley and cork oak root production decreased under hypoxic conditions. Four percent soil oxygen might be viewed as a minimum requirement for sustaining root growth of oaks in the field, and differences in root branching morphology may be correlated with tolerance of root hypoxia. B lue oak (Quercus douglasii Hook. and Arn.), valley oak (Q. lobata Née), and cork oak (Q. suber L.) vary in tolerance to flooding, with blue oak considered the least tolerant and valley oak the most tolerant (Harris and others 1980, Whitlow and Harris 1979). Cork oak is considered moderately tolerant to flooding in its native, Mediterranean habitat (Cooke and others 1961). Blue and valley oaks are indigenous to California and are deciduous species in the subgenus Leucobalanus ("white oaks"). Blue oak occurs at elevations between 300 and 1,250 m, primarily on xeric slopes of the Sierra Nevada-Cascade foothills and coastal mountain ranges. Valley oak occurs at elevations between sea level and 1,200 m and is especially prevalent in deep, alluvial soils (Griffin and Critchfield 1976, Miller and Lamb 1985). Cork oak is an evergreen species in the subgenus Erythrobalanus ("black oaks"). It grows on coastal hills and mountains in the Mediterranean region, akin to the distribution of California live oak (Q. agrifolia Née) in California. It is also found in interior regions of Spain and Portugal at elevations from 500 to 1,300 m (Velaz de Medrano and Ugarté 1922). Cork oak was introduced into California in the mid-1800's for cork production and ornamental purposes (Metcalf 1947), and the species has become a common landscape tree there. Oaks are exposed increasingly to soil compaction, back-filling, turf irrigation, and other stresses associated with urban development in California. These practices can reduce soil aeration and oxygen diffusion to roots (MacDonald 1993). Low soil oxygen, or hypoxia, inhibits root growth and diminishes tree vigor (Kozlowski 1985). Moreover, hypoxia stress may predispose a plant to disease and insect pests, particularly root rots (Heritage and Duniway 1985, Miller and Burke 1977). Phytophthora root rot of cork oak and coast live oak occurs in mature trees grown under conditions of low soil aeration (Mircetich and others 1977). Jacobs and others (these proceedings) showed that oxygen levels below 3-4 percent, or an oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) of 0.3 μg cm-2min-1, significantly increased the incidence of Phytophthora cinnamomi root disease in cork oak seedlings. Costello and others (1991) and MacDonald (1993) note that even lower oxygen diffusion rates occur in irrigated turf sites associated with declining coast live and cork oaks.
Waterlogging frequently reduces plant biomass allocation to roots. This response may result in a variety of alterations in
mineral nutrition, which range from a proportional lowering of whole-plant nutrient concentration as a result of unchanged
uptake per unit of root biomass, to a maintenance of nutrient concentration by means of an increase in uptake per unit of
root biomass. The first objective of this paper was to test these two alternative hypothetical responses. In a pot experiment,
we evaluated how plant P concentration of Paspalum dilatatum, (a waterlogging-tolerant grass from the Flooding Pampa, Argentina) was affected by waterlogging and P supply and how this
related to changes in root-shoot ratio. Under both soil P levels waterlogging reduced root-shoot ratios, but did not reduce
P concentration. Thus, uptake of P per unit of root biomass increased under waterlogging. Our second objective was to test
three non-exclusive hypotheses about potential mechanisms for this increase in P uptake. We hypothesized that the greater
P uptake per unit of root biomass was a consequence of: (1) an increase in soil P availability induced by waterlogging; (2)
a change in root morphology, and/or (3) an increase in the intrinsic uptake capacity of each unit of root biomass. To test
these hypotheses we evaluated (1) changes in P availability induced by waterlogging; (2) specific root length of waterlogged
and control plants, and (3) P uptake kinetics in excised roots from waterlogged and control plants. The results supported
the three hypotheses. Soil P avail-ability was higher during waterlogging periods, roots of waterlogged plants showed a morphology
more favorable to nutrient uptake (finer roots) and these roots showed a higher physiological capacity to absorb P. The results
suggest that both soil and plant mechanisms contributed to compensate, in terms of P nutrition, for the reduction in allocation
to root growth. The rapid transformation of the P uptake system is likely an advantage for plants inhabiting frequently flooded
environments with low P fertility, like the Flooding Pampa. This advantage would be one of the reasons for the increased relative
abundance of P. dilatatum in the community after waterlogging periods.
We investigated the responses of seven woody Hakea (Proteaceae) species (two populations of each), to two months of waterlogging and subsequent drainage, in a controlled glasshouse experiment. The species originated from contrasting environments (winter-wetland versus non-wetland habitats), and differed in abundance (endangered ironstone species versus common species). Waterlogging arrested growth of the main root system, and stimulated the formation of superficial adventitious roots just below the root/shoot junction in all species. Wetland species produced at least twice the amount of adventitious root dry mass of that of non-wetland species, due to differences in number, length or degree of branching. Their adventitious roots also tended to have higher porosities (7–10% versus 5–6% gas spaces). The relative amount of adventitious roots formed was strongly, positively correlated with the maintenance of shoot growth, and only the non-wetland species showed significant shoot growth reductions (19%) upon waterlogging. Dry mass percentage of stems and leaves, and leaf dry mass per area (LMA) increased considerably during waterlogging in all species (averages of 15, 29 and 27%, respectively), returning to the values of continuously drained control plants after drainage. Similarly, upon drainage, a suppression of shoot growth (average 35%) and a stimulation of root growth (average 50%) restored the root mass ratios to those of control plants. We found a negative correlation between the maintenance of growth during waterlogging versus that after waterlogging, suggesting a trade-off in functioning of the superficial adventitious roots between waterlogged and drained conditions. The rare winter-wet ironstone endemics resembled the common winter-wet species in most of their responses to waterlogging and drainage. Therefore, the results presented here cannot offer an explanation for their different distribution patterns. Our results suggest that non-wetland species may be disadvantaged in a wetland environment, due to their lower capacity to form adventitious roots resulting in stronger growth reductions.
Morphological, anatomical and ecophysiological modifications caused by flooding in the growth and development of Tabebuia avellanedae Lor. ex Griseb. (Bignoniaceae) were studied and correlated with tolerance to the excess of water in the soil. Three-month-old plants, grown in a greenhouse, underwent a period of 56 days of flooding and a post-flooding period. Photosynthesis rate and growth decreased in T. avellanedae when flooding duration increased. Though not much tolerant, plant adapted itself to short flooding periods. This relative tolerance was probably due to the capacity of T. avellanedae in developing structures which lessened flooding effects and promoted internal diffusion of oxygen from the aerial part to the roots, such as stem fissures, superficial roots and hypertrophied lenticels in the roots. As there was no great variation in the internal anatomy of T. avellanedae leaves and roots, metabolic alterations might have helped in the survival of the species during flooding.
We determined whether root stress alters the output of physiologically active messages passing from roots to shoots in the transpiration stream. Concentrations were not good measures of output. This was because changes in volume flow of xylem sap caused either by sampling procedures or by effects of root stress on rates of whole-plant transpiration modified concentrations simply by dilution. Thus, delivery rate (concentration x sap flow rate) was preferred to concentration as a measure of solute output from roots. To demonstrate these points, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), abscisic acid, phosphate, nitrate, and pH were measured in xylem sap of flooded and well-drained tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv Ailsa Craig) plants expressed at various rates from pressurized detopped roots. Concentrations decreased as sap flow rates were increased. However, dilution of solutes was often less than proportional to flow, especially in flooded plants. Thus, sap flowing through detopped roots at whole-plant transpiration rates was used to estimate solute delivery rates in intact plants. On this basis, delivery of ACC from roots to shoots was 3.1-fold greater in plants flooded for 24 h than in well-drained plants, and delivery of phosphate was 2.3-fold greater. Delivery rates of abscisic acid and nitrate in flooded plants were only 11 and 7%, respectively, of those in well-drained plants.
An understanding of the mineral nutrition of plants is of fundamental importance in both basic and applied plant sciences. The Second Edition of this book retains the aim of the first in presenting the principles of mineral nutrition in the light of current advances. This volume retains the structure of the first edition, being divided into two parts: Nutritional Physiology and Soil-Plant Relationships. In Part I, more emphasis has been placed on root-shoot interactions, stress physiology, water relations, and functions of micronutrients. In view of the worldwide increasing interest in plant-soil interactions, Part II has been considerably altered and extended, particularly on the effects of external and interal factors on root growth and chapter 15 on the root-soil interface. The second edition will be invaluable to both advanced students and researchers.
A model that couples the diffusion of O 2 to plant roots at the microscale to diffusion of O 2 through the soil at the macroscale is derived. The solution is complex, but if the length scales (Z, and Z m ; see APPENDIX for list of symbols) are equated a simple analytical expression can be obtained. This model is used to investigate relationship between a critical air-filled porosity (θ m ) and the other parameters; viz temperature (T), O 2 concentration in the bulk soil (C*), O 2 concentration at the root surface (C,), root length density (L), the ratio of root radius (a ) to the water film radius (R), microbial respiration (M o ), and length scales (Z m and Z r ) related to the depth to which microbial and plant respiration are active in the model using sensitivity analysis. The model shows that θ m is not very sensitive to the O 2 concentration at the root surface (C,), or the ratio of root radius (a)/ water film radius (R), but is sensitive to all the other parameters in some part of their range. The results indicate that indices used to define soil aeration; O 2 diffusion rate (ODR) or O 2 flux, O 2 concentration, or air-filled porosity, which have been previously used, are related and a single critical value for these is unlikely. If a constant critical value exists for one of these indexes it cannot exist for the other two. It is also shown that it is highly unlikely that a universal critical parameter related to soil aeration exists for any of these parameters. It is concluded that more parameters than ODR, O 2 concentration, or air-filled porosity need to be measured if progress in soil aeration research is to be made.
Waterlogging affected the concentration and total content of nutrients in the leaves of 75 cultivars of the three subspecies of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum). In the plant tops the concentration of phosphorus, iron, manganese, and copper increased, zinc was unaffected and nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium decreased. Total leaf nutrient largely reflected differences in dry matter production. Iron content increased; nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and zinc decreased, but phosphorus and manganese content was unchanged. The results show a general pattern of subspecies differences in which the chemical composition of subspecies yanninicum was least affected by waterlogging, i.e., a result consistent with the overall better growth of this subspecies in waterlogged conditions.
Wetland plants possess various characteristics that enable them to survive periodic soil saturation and the accompanying changes in soil chemistry. These changes include the lowering of soil redox potential (Eh) which translates into a progressively greater demand for oxygen within the soil and hence additional stress on the roots. However, information on the relationship between flood-response of wetland plants and reducing soil conditions is limited. In particular, the relationship between soil reduction and plant photosynthesis is largely unknown, but the literature reveals a range of photosynthetic sensitivities to the intensity of soil reduction among wetland species. Initial reductions in net photosynthesis immediately after soil flooding are common among species representing various wetland ecosystems including marshes, forested wetlands, and riparian wetlands. At the whole-plant level, the photosynthetic reductions are attributed to diffusional limitations due to stomatal closure and to metabolic (non-stomatal) inhibition of photosynthesis. Low soil Eh may lead to photosynthetic reduction due to decreased leaf water potential resulting from root dysfunction, reduced activity of major photosynthetic enzymes, disruption in photosynthate transport, alteration in source-sink relationship or reduced sink demand. Furthermore, while root oxygen-deficiency may partially account for the reduction in net photosynthesis, soil phytotoxins produced as by-products of low soil Eh conditions may play a major role in the observed photosynthetic sensitivities. Clearly, the high oxygen demand in soil resulting from intense reduction exerts profound influence on oxygen transport and release to the rhizosphere. However, methods are needed to differentiate wetland plant responses to low oxygen conditions and soil phytotoxins that are byproducts of soil reduction.
A model that couples the diffusion of O2 to plant roots at the microscale to diffusion of O2 through the soil at the macroscale is derived. The solution is complex, but if the length scales (Zr and Zm; see APPENDIX for list of symbols) are equated a simple analytical expression can be obtained. This model is used to investigate relationship between a critical air-filled porosity (θm) and the other parameters; viz temperature (T), O2 concentration in the bulk soil (C*), O2 concentration at the root surface (Cr), root length density (L), the ratio of root radius (a) to the water film radius (R), microbial respiration (Mo), and length scales (Zm and Zr) related to the depth to which microbial and plant respiration are active in the model using sensitivity analysis. The model shows that θm is not very sensitive to the O2 concentration at the root surface (Cr), or the ratio of root radius (a)I water film radius (R), but is sensitive to all the other parameters in some part of their range. The results indicate that indices used to define soil aeration; O2 diffusion rate (ODR) or O2 flux, O2 concentration, or air-filled porosity, which have been previously used, are related and a single critical value for these is unlikely. If a constant critical value exists for one of these indexes it cannot exist for the other two. It is also shown that it is highly unlikely that a universal critical parameter related to soil aeration exists for any of these parameters. It is concluded that more parameters than ODR, O2 concentration, or air-filled porosity need to be measured if progress in soil aeration research is to be made.
In order to investigate the effects of rootstocks on plants of the genus Vitis subjected to gradually increased levels of water stress we studied the links between abscisic acid in leaves and the major leaf physiological parameters. Cuttings of Vitis vinifera cv. Müller Thurgau were grafted onto three hybrid rootstocks (H1, H8, H26) and grown in pots. Own-rooted plants of V. vinifera and own-rooted hybrids were also cultivated in an identical manner. Vines were tested during 7 and 14 days of water stress (i.e. daily water supply reduced to 66% of well-watered plants). Water stress reduced net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance with large differences between grafted and ungrafted vines. Significant differences were observed after only 14 days of water stress. In particular two grafting combinations, V. vinifera grafted on H1 (V/H1) and H8 (V/H8), did not show net photosynthesis reduction after 14 days of water stress. Water use efficiency increased with water stress whereas carboxylation efficiency was reduced. Net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and carboxylation efficiency were affected by the rootstock genotype combination, so that under water stress only some rootstock genotypes transferred drought tolerance to the scion. Abscisic acid in leaves increased significantly from Control to 7 and 14 days of water stress but the relations with CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and carboxylation efficiency appeared to be affected by the genotype of the vegetative apparatus. Our data show that the interaction between scion and rootstock with regard to production performance under water deficits may be an important consideration in vineyard planting strategies.
Selected oxygen-related processes in soil are reviewed with regard to different soil management and tillage systems. The processes under consideration comprise gas transport in the atmosphere–plant–soil continuum, soil air composition, redox transformations under anoxic conditions and environmental consequences such as emission of trace greenhouse gases.
The vulnerability of xylem conduits to cavitation theoretically determines the maximum flow rate of water through plants, and hence maximum transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and leaf area (A1). Field-grown Betula occidentalis with a favourable water supply exhibit midday xylem pressures approaching the cavitation-inducing range (- 1.42 to - 2.2 MPa). We studied the ability of the stomata to prevent cavitation-inducing pressures when whole-plant hydraulic conductance per leaf area (k1) was reduced by making overlapping transverse cuts in the main stem. Controls were intact, or had only the phloem cut in the same pattern. Reducing k1 caused two responses:
(1) variable gs, or E with Ypx falling into the cavitation range causing up to 98% embolism and 100% leaf death,
(2) decreased gs and E with Ypx remaining above the cavitation point and no leaf death or induction of cavitation. Shoots avoiding cavitation either produced new xylem and returned to control values of k1, gs, and E (experiments in June and July), or they showed continued decline in gs, and E associated with increasing Ypx and eventual premature senescence of leaves (experiments in August). Whether embolism occurred after reducing k, probably depended on the response time of stomata, and the proximity of Ypx to the cavitation range when the xylem was cut. Stomata probably responded indirectly to reduced k via small changes in leaf Y; root signalling was unlikely because of the constant rooting environment.
Oxygen deficiency in the rooting zone occurs with poor drainage after rain or irrigation, causing depressed growth and yield of dryland species, in contrast with native wetland vegetation that tolerates such conditions. This review examines how roots are injured by O2 deficiency and how metabolism changes during acclimation to low concentrations of O2. In the root apical meristem, cell survival is important for the future development; metabolic changes under anoxia help maintain cell survival by generating ATP anaerobically and minimizing the cytoplasmic acidosis associated with cell death. Behind the apex, where cells are fully expanded, ethylene-dependent death and lysis occurs under hypoxia to form continuous, gas-filled channels (aerenchyma) conveying O2 from the leaves. This selective sacrifice of cells may resemble programmed cell death and is distinct from cell death caused by anoxia. Evidence concerning alternative possible mechanisms of anoxia tolerance and avoidance is presented.
Portainjertos en uva de mesa: experiencias en el Valle de Aconcagua
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Sellés, G., Ferreyra, R., Pinto, M. and Ruiz, R. 2012. Portainjertos en uva de mesa:
experiencias en el Valle de Aconcagua. Boletín INIA Nº 251. Instituto de
Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Centro Regional de Investigación La Cruz, La Cruz,
Chile.
Evolution of net CO 2 assimilation (A) and stomatal conductance (B) in mature leaves of grafted plants of 'Sultanina' under control (open circle, mean of the two rootstocks) and plants grafted onto Harmony (S/H; filled circle) or onto Freedom (S/F; filled square), both under flooding conditions
- Fig
Fig. 5. Evolution of net CO 2 assimilation (A) and stomatal conductance (B) in mature
leaves of grafted plants of 'Sultanina' under control (open circle, mean of the two
rootstocks) and plants grafted onto Harmony (S/H; filled circle) or onto Freedom
(S/F; filled square), both under flooding conditions. Means ± SE (n=6). *Indicates
difference between treatment at a significance level of P<0.05.
Sustratos: Propiedades y Caracterización
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Ansorena, J. 1994. Sustratos: Propiedades y Caracterización. Mundi-Prensa, Madrid,
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Situación actual en el desarrollo de nuevas variedades frutales y uso de portainjertos en vides de Chile. Seminario de uva de mesa
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Bornscheuer, C. 2003. Situación actual en el desarrollo de nuevas variedades frutales y
uso de portainjertos en vides de Chile. Seminario de uva de mesa, Santiago, Chile.
Principales resultados catastro frutícola Región de Valparaiso
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