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Gallic Acid in Ayurvedic Herbs and Formulations

  • November 2010
Authors:
Vinod Borde at Biostadt india limited, Mumbai .India
Vinod Borde
  • Biostadt india limited, Mumbai .India
P P Pangrikar
P P Pangrikar
P P Pangrikar
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S U Tekale
S U Tekale
S U Tekale
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Abstract and Figures

Thirty Ayurvedic herbs and formulations have been screened for the presence of gallic acid by the use of silica gel thin layer chromatography. The samples showing presence of gallic acid in screening by the silica gel thin layer chromatography were quantitatively analyzed for gallic acid by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The water extracts of nine samples out of thirty were found to contain gallic acid by TLC. All these samples contain a good amount of gallic acid with Amla 27.36mg/g ranking first followed by Triphala 18.24mg/g. The results demonstrated rich sources of gallic acid in some ayurvedic herbs and formulations, which might provide new light on uses of this medicinally important compound.
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Recent Research in Science and Technology 2011, 3(7): 51-54
ISSN: 2076-5061
www.scholarjournals.org
www.recent-science.com
51
RRST-Biochemistry
Gallic Acid in Ayurvedic Herbs and Formulations
V.U. Borde1*, P.P. Pangrikar2 and S.U. Tekale3
1Department of Biotechnology, Vinayakrao Patil Mahavidyalaya, Vaijapur, Dist. Aurangabad, (M. S.) India
2Department of Botany, Vinayakrao Patil Mahavidyalaya, Vaijapur, Dist. Aurangabad, (M. S.) India
3Department of Chemistry, Vinayakrao Patil Mahavidyalaya, Vaijapur, Dist. Aurangabad 431004, (M. S.) India
Article Info Abstract
Article History Thirty Ayurvedic herbs and formulations have been screened for the presence of gallic acid
by the use of silica gel thin layer chromatography. The samples showing presence of gallic
acid in screening by the silica gel thin layer chromatography were quantitatively analyzed for
gallic acid by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The water extracts of nine
samples out of thirty were found to contain gallic acid by TLC. All these samples contain a
good amount of gallic acid with Amla 27.36mg/g ranking first followed by Triphala
18.24mg/g. The results demonstrated rich sources of gallic acid in some ayurvedic herbs
and formulations, which might provide new light on uses of this medicinally important
compound.
Received : 18-01-2011
Revise
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: 28
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2011
A
ccepte
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: 29
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*Corresponding Author
Tel : +91-9970419218
Email:
avigoplani1@rediffmail.com
©ScholarJournals, SSR Ke
y
Words:
Gallic acid, A
y
urvedic herbs and formulations, TLC, FRAP assa
y
Introduction
A large number of plants are rich sources of gallic acid
either in free form or as a part of tannin molecule. It is present
in tea, red wine, fruits, beverages and various medicinal plants
(1-6).
Gallic acid is known to have anti-inflammatory,
antimutagenic, anticancer and antioxidant activity (7-13). It also
seems to have antifungal, antiviral (14) and antibacterial
properties (15). Gallic acid was found to show cytotoxicity
against cancer cells without harming healthy cells. Gallic acid
is used as a remote astringent in cases of internal
haemorrhage (14). It has been found very beneficial in uterine,
pulmonary, and nephritic haemorrhages. It has given benefit in
purpura (16). It is used to treat albuminuria and diabetes (14).
It is a known matrix-metalloproteinase inhibitor (17). All these
properties make gallic acid a pharmacologically important
compound.
Different ayurvedic herbs and formulations are already in
use in treatments of different diseases over years. This present
work deals with these herbs and formulations concerning with
determination of gallic acid by thin layer chromatography. A
rapid visualization is achieved by using Ferric
chloride/Potassium ferricyanide reagent. The samples showing
presence of gallic acid in screening were quantitatively
analyzed for gallic acid by ferric reducing antioxidant power
assay, and the amount of gallic acid in these samples was
estimated.
Materials and Methods
Chemicals
Gallic acid was purchased from HiMedia Laboratories Pvt.
Limited. 2, 4, 6-tripyridyl- 1, 3, 5-triazine (TPTZ) was
purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Silica gel 60 F254 plates were
purchased from Merck. All other chemicals used in the study
were of AR grade.
Ayurvedic Samples
Thirty Ayurvedic herbs and formulations (as shown in
Table1) were purchased from market.
Sample preparation
The powders of all herbs and formulations were defatted
with hexane, and then suspended in water (1:6) and kept
overnight. Next day all the extracts were centrifuged at
10×1000 rpm for five minutes and the supernatants were used
for further chromatographic analysis.
Standard preparation
For standard preparation 1 in 1000 solution of gallic acid
was used.
Thin layer chromatographic technique
This technique used was as previously described (18).
About 10µl of the sample and 10µl of the standard were
applied on silica gel plates. Thin layer chromatograms were
developed by using a mixture of 5 volumes of chloroform, 4
volumes of ethyl formate and 1 volume of formic acid as a
solvent system. The development was stopped when the
solvent front had advanced about 7.5 cm. After drying plates in
air, for sometime, a mixture of 1 volume of 1 in 100, 10%
ethanol solution of ferric chloride and 1 volume of 1 in 100,
50% ethanol solution of potassium ferricyanide was used as a
spraying agent for the detection. Gallic acid in the sample was
identified by comparison with the spot of the reference
standard.
V.U. Borde et al./Rec Res Sci Tech 3 (2011) 51-54
52
Quantification of gallic acid
Sample preparation
The samples showing presence of the gallic acid in
screening by the thin layer chromatographic technique were
again applied on the silica gel plates. Thin layer
chromatograms were developed by using the solvent system
described above. The portions of chromatograms containing
gallic acid were scrapped and suspended in a known volume
of water and kept overnight. Next day, extracts were
centrifuged at 10×1000 rpm for five minutes and supernatants
were quantitatively analyzed for the gallic acid by ferric
reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP Assay).
FRAP working solution
25 ml of acetate buffer (300 mM, pH 3.6), 2.5 ml of 2, 4, 6
tripyridyl -1, 3, 5-triazine (TPTZ) (10mM) in 40 mM HCl and 2.5
ml of ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3 6H2O) (20mM). The
reagent was prepared freshly before use.
FRAP assay
Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay was assessed
according to Benzie and Strain (19) using spectrophotometer.
The method is based on the reduction of Fe3+-TPTZ complex
to the ferrous form at low pH. This reduction is monitored by
measuring the absorption change at 593 nm. Briefly 3 ml of
working FRAP reagent prepared daily was mixed with the
adequate amount of the diluted sample; the absorbance at 593
nm was recorded after a 30-minute incubation at 37oC. FRAP
values were obtained by comparing the absorption change in
the samples with those obtained from the standard.
Gallic acid was used as a standard (100 µM-1000 µM)
and the data were based on the experiment carried out in
duplicate.
Results and Discussion
Thin layer chromatographic analysis has shown that nine
samples contain gallic acid (Figure 1). Further quantitative
analysis of these samples was done by ferric reducing
antioxidant power assay. These samples and formulations
contained 0.009-2.74% gallic acid with the Amla 2.74% ranking
first followed by Triphala 1.82% and Khair 0.009% ranking
lowest.
Table 2 shows the nine ayurvedic herbs and the
formulations with the amount of gallic acid they contain.
These ayurvedic herbs and formulations are widely used
in the treatment of different diseases; some of their properties
that co-relate with the gallic acid can be discussed as shown in
Table 3.
The pharmacological effects of these herbs and
formulations might be due to gallic acid or it might be one of
the contributors to these effects, however what contributory
role the gallic acid play to these effects needs to be studied.
Figure 1. Silica gel thin layer chromatography of ayurvedic herbs and formulations with standard gallic acid. Solvent system used- chloroform - ethyl formate -
formic acid (5: 4: 1). The numbers used in the figure indicate ayurvedic herbs and formulations : (1) Acacia arabica ( Babool), (2) Acacia catechu (Khair), (3)
Liquorice glycerriza (Jyeshthamadh), (4) Standard gallic acid, (5) Eugenia jambolana (Jamun), (6) Nardostachys jatamansi (Jatamansi), (7) Symplocos
racemosa (Lodhra), (8) Punica granatum (Dalimb), (9) Picrorhiza kurroda (Kutaki), (10) Teminalia chebula (Hirda), (11) Terminalia belerica (Behda), (12)
Allium sativum (Lasuna), (13) Azadirachta indica (Neem), (14) Phyllanthus emblica (Amla), (15) Mentha arvensis (Pudina), (16) Boswellia serrata (Shallaki),
(17) Triphala, (18) Chyavanprash, (19) Spirulina (Tablets). The thin layer chromatograms of the Alpinia galanga (Kulinjan), Piper longum ( Pippali), Cyperus
scariosus (Nagarmotha), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Jaswand), Aloe indica (Aloes), Tylophora asthmatica (Anantmul), Pterocarpus santalinus (Raktachandan),
Carica papaya (Papaya), Mimusops elengi (Bakul), Adhatoda vasica (Adulsa), Convolvulus pluricalis (Shankhapusphi), Rubia cordifolia (Manjishtha) are not
shown in figure, since the presence of the gallic acid has not been detected in these herbs.
Conclusions
The TLC analysis and the FRAP assay identified and
quantified the gallic acid in the nine ayurvedic herbs and
formulations. The results demonstrated that these herbs and
formulations contain a good amount of the gallic acid. In addition
they suggest possible novel sources of the gallic acid, which might
find pharmacological use. However, whether each of these herb
and formulation administered in traditional dosages is sufficient to
produce desired pharmacological effects needs to be investigated.
Table 1. Ayurvedic herbs and formulations
Sr.No. Sample Name Scientific Name
1. Jyeshthamadh Liquorice glycerriza
2. Babool Acacia arabica
3. Khair Acacia catechu
4. Kulinjan Alpinia galanga
5. Pippali Piper longum
6. Nagarmotha Cyperus scariosus
7. Jaswand Hibiscus rosa- sinensis
V.U. Borde et al./Rec Res Sci Tech 3 (2011) 51-54
53
8. Aloes Aloe indica
9. Anantmul Tylophora asthmatica
10. Jamun Eugenia jambolana
11. Raktachandan Pterocarpus santalinus
12. Jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi
13. Pappaya Carica papaya
14. Bakul Mimusops elengi
15. Adulsa Adhatoda vasica
16. Kutaki Picrorhiza kurroda
17. Hirda Terminalia chebula
18. Behda Terminalia belerica
19. Lodhra Symplocos racemosa
20. Dalimb Punica granatum
21. Pudina Mentha arvensis
22. Shankhapushpi Convolvulus pluricalis
23. Manjishtha Rubia cordifolia
24. Shallaki Boswellia serrata
25. Lasuna Allium sativum
26. Neem Azadirachta indica
27. Amla Phyllanthus emblica
28. Triphala ---
29. Chyvanprash ---
30. Spirulina (Tablets) ---
Table 2. Gallic acid content of ayurvedic herbs and formulations
Sr.No. Sample Name Gallic acid in Mg
Per gm the sample Percent (%) gallic
acid
1. Acacia Arabica (Babool) 0.593 mg 0.059%
2. Acacia catechu (Khair) 0.091 mg 0.009%
3. Eugenia jambolana (Jamun) 1.094 mg 0.109%
4. Terminalia chebula (Hirda) 7.144 mg 0.714%
5. Terminalia belerica (Behda) 6.46 mg 0.646%
6. Punica granatum (Dalimb) 1.915 mg 0.191%
7. Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) 27.36 mg 2.376%
8. Triphala 18.24 mg 1.824%
9. Chyavanprash 2.234 mg 0.223%
Table 3. Medicinal uses of ayurvedic herbs and formulations
Sr.No. Sample Name Medical Use References
1. Acacia Arabica (Babool) Diabetes (bark), Haemorrhagic
diseases, Styptic 20, 21
2. Acacia catechu (Khair) Antibacterial, Antifungal,
Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant (wood
extract), Astringent, Anticancer (bark)
20, 22
3. Eugenia jambolana (Jamun) Diabetes (fruit, powdered seed kernel
and it’s aqueous extract), Astringent
(bark, root, seed, leaves), Antibacterial
(leaves)
20, 23,
24, 25
4. Terminalia chebula (Hirda) Diabetes, Antibacterial,
Antioxidant, antitumor, Considerable
effect in inhibition of HIV virus (fruit),
Astringent
26, 27
5. Terminalia belerica (Behda) Astringent, Antibacterial (fruit) 20, 28
6. Punica granatum (Dalimb) Antibacterial (fruit rind and root bark),
Astringent 20
7. Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) Anticancer, Haemorrhage,
Antibacterial, Antiviral (dried fruit),
Astringent, Diabetes (fruit) , Antioxidant
28, 29,
30
8. Triphala Antibacterial, Antiviral, Antifungal, Anti-
inflammatory, Antioxidant, Antitumor 31
9. Chyavanprash Antibacterial, Antioxidant 32
V.U. Borde et al./Rec Res Sci Tech 3 (2011) 51-54
54
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Article
  • Mar 2020
Gallic acid (GA) is a bioactive phytoconstituent that has been reported to prevent a number of diseases. However, there is no systematic review to-date on its anti-diabetic and cardioprotective potential including molecular mechanisms for such activities. This review aims to summarize the anti-diabetic and cardioprotective effects of GA and further propose a molecular mechanism of its anti-diabetic effects. Accumulation of associated literature was conducted through the use of databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and Scopus databases. Articles published until December 2018 were extracted and all the retracted articles were sorted based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and relevant articles were further consulted for necessary information. We have found substantial investigations in animals and cultured cells that supports anti-diabetic and cardioprotective effects of GA with several underlying mechanisms including antioxidant enzyme systems and non-enzymatic defense mechanisms. The reported antioxidant activity of GA as well as the modulation of some key proteins linked to diabetes could be a part of the mechanisms by which GA showed anti-diabetic effect. In summary, it is evident that GA is one of the promising dietary phytochemicals that could be beneficial for the treatment and management of diabetes and associated myocardial damage. Abbreviation: AGEs: advanced glycation end products; Akt: protein kinase B; ALT: alanine transaminase; AMPKα: AMP-activated protein kinase-alpha; AMPKγ: AMP-activated protein kinase-gamma; ANP: atrial natriuretic peptide; AST: aspartate transaminase; b.w: body weight; CAT: catalase; CK: creatine kinase; CK-MB: creatine kinase-myoglobin binding; CPK: creatine phosphokinase; CRP: C-reactive protein; CsA: cyclosporine A; CVDs: cardiovascular diseases; Cx43: gap junction protein Connexin 43; CYP: cyclophosphamide; CTGF: connective tissue growth factor; DM: diabetes mellitus; D-MI: diabetes with myocardial infraction; DOX: doxorubicin; ECM: extracellular matrix; ERKs: extracellular signal-regulated kinases; GA: gallic acid; GSIS: glucose-stimulated insulin secretion; GLUT4: glucose transporter protein 4; GLUT2: glucose transporter protein 2; GR: glutathione reductase; GSH: reduced Glutathione reductase; GST: glutathione-S-transferase; GATA4: transcription factor GATA-4; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; H9c2(2-1): embryonic rat cardiomyocyte cell line; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; ISO: isoproterenol; JNKs: c-Jun N-terminal kinases; L-NAME: N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; LDL-C: LDL-cholesterol; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LOOH: lipid hydroperoxides; LPO: lipid peroxidation; LV: left ventricular; MDA: malondialdehyde; MHC-β: myosin heavy chain beta; MI: myocardial infraction; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase: sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase; Nox2: NADPH oxidase 2; PCO: protein carbonyls; PGC1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; PI: plasma insulin; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors- gamma; RAGE: receptor for AGE; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SC: serum creatinine; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; SHRs: spontaneously hypertensive rats; STZ: Steptozotocin; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; TIMP: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TnI: troponin-I; TZDs: thiazolidinediones; UA: uric acid; UCP2: uncoupling protein 2; XO: xanthine oxidase.
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... According to literature, gallic acid is cytotoxic typically to the cancerous cells devoid of harm to the healthy cells. In cases of internal hemorrhage, gallic acid acts as an excellent astringent 8 . The quantification of individual phenolic acids, stilbenes, flavonoids including anthocyanins, was done for the comparison of the novel process with conventional pomace extraction 9 . ...
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Chapter 4 - Natural products in the management of onchocerciasis
Chapter
  • Mar 2023
Onchocerciasis is known to impact several million people, mostly in Africa, as a filarial vector illness. The treatment and management of this disease have been focused on conventional medicine with limits and parasite resistance. The present treatment is ivermectin, which has been shown to have only microfilaricidal-caused parasite resistance in Onchocerca volvulus; additional medicines include ivermectin-albendazole, ivermectin-diethylcarbamazine-albendazole, among others. A viable alternative way of healing onchocercia is the use of natural products from plants (crude plant extracts, essential oils, and various other secondary metabolites (including alkaloids, flavonoids, and lignans)). Many investigations into numerous prospective medicinal plants may supply pure natural products compounds needed to find excellent leading candidates for onchocercose treatment.
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De novo transcriptome analysis of the critically endangered alpine Himalayan herb Nardostachys jatamansi reveals the biosynthesis pathway genes of tissue-specific secondary metabolites
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2020
The study is the first report on de novo transcriptome analysis of Nardostachys jatamansi, a critically endangered medicinal plant of alpine Himalayas. Illumina GAIIx sequencing of plants collected during end of vegetative growth (August) yielded 48,411 unigenes. 74.45% of these were annotated using UNIPROT. GO enrichment analysis, KEGG pathways and PPI network indicated simultaneous utilization of leaf photosynthates for flowering, rhizome fortification, stress response and tissue-specific secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Among the secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes, terpenoids were predominant. UPLC-PDA analysis of in vitro plants revealed temperature-dependent, tissue-specific differential distribution of various phenolics. Thus, as compared to 25 °C, the phenolic contents of both leaves (gallic acid and rutin) and roots (p-coumaric acid and cinnamic acid) were higher at 15 °C. These phenolics accounted for the therapeutic properties reported in the plant. In qRT-PCR of in vitro plants, secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathway genes showed higher expression at 15 °C and 14 h/10 h photoperiod (conditions representing end of vegetative growth period). This provided cues for in vitro modulation of identified secondary metabolites. Such modulation of secondary metabolites in in vitro systems can eliminate the need for uprooting N. jatamansi from wild. Hence, the study is a step towards effective conservation of the plant.
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Spices as antioxidants
Article
  • Mar 1996
Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) have been used widely for many years to retard lipid oxidation. Concern about the safety of synthetic antioxidants together with consumer preference for natural products has resulted in increased research on natural antioxidants. Many spices have been shown to impart an antioxidative effect in foods. This article summarizes the literature on the antioxidative effects of spices. The term spice is defined as dry plant material that is normally added to food to impart flavour.
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Constituents of natural medicines with scavenging effects on active oxygen species - Tannins and related polyphenols
Article
  • Jan 1995
An ESR study showed that tannins scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, a model free radical in lipids generating the signals of their phenoxy radicals. Tannins were also shown to scavenge the superoxide anion radical. Therefore, the inhibitory effects of tannins on lipid peroxidation seems to be related to their radical-scavenging activity. By this study, caffeoyl esters from some plant species of the families of Compositae and Labiatae, were shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation, and several licorice polyphenols to have scavenging effects on DPPH and superoxide anion radicals.
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Spices as antioxidants
Article
Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) have been used widely for many years to retard lipid oxidation. Concern about the safety of synthetic antioxidants together with consumer preference for natural products has resulted in increased research on natural antioxidants. Many spices have been shown to impart an antioxidative effect in foods. This article summarizes the literature on the antioxidative effects of spices. The term spice is defined as dry plant material that is normally added to food to impart flavour.
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Induction of mouse lung adenomas by amines or ureas plus nitrite and by N-nitroso compounds: effect of ascorbate, gallic acid, thiocyanate, and caffeine
Article
  • Oct 1975
Lung adenomas were induced in strain A mice by chronic treatment with N-nitroso compounds (given in drinking water) and with amines or ureas in food plus NaNO2 in drinking water. We studied the effects of varying the concentrations of three N-nitroso compounds and NaNO2 concentration in the morpholine plus NaNO2 and methylurea plus NaNO2 systems. Sodium ascorbate (NaASC) at the highest level tested (11.5 or 23 g/kg food) gave 89-98% inhibition of adenoma induction by the NaNO2 plus piperazine, morpholine, and methylurea systems. In 7 groups, NaASC produced increases of 15-59% in adenoma induction by nitrosomorpholine (NM) and mononitrosopiperazine (MNP), possibly because the mice consumed more of the nitrosamine solution. Adenoma induction by morpholine plus NaNO2 was strongly inhibited by gallic acid, moderately inhibited by caffeine, and unaffected by thiocyanate (all added to the food). Gallic acid inhibited or had no effect on the action of NM and MNP. We discussed the proposal that NaASC (or perhaps gallic acid) be administered with readily nitrosatable drugs.
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Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Gallic Acid
Article
  • Jan 1993
Gallic acid was found to possess antiinflammatory activity towards zymosan-induced acute food pad swelling in mice. In vitro studies on the mode of action of gallic acid revealed that this compound interferes with the functioning of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Scavenging of superoxide anions, inhibition of myeloperoxidase release and activity as well as a possible interference with the assembly of active NADPH-oxidase may account for the inhibition of inflammatory process by gallic acid. Structure-activity relationship analysis showed that the o-dihydroxy group of gallic acid is important for the inhibitory activity in vitro.
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Two Types of Antimutagenic Effects of Gallic and Tannic Acids towards N-nitroso Compounds – Induced Mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella Assay
Article
  • Feb 1987
The frequency ofhis + revertants induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in the strain TA100 ofSalmonella typhimurium was decreased by gallic and tannic acid. In weak buffer solutions, the inhibition effects of gallic acid towards MNU and MNNG mutagenicity was caused primarily by a decrease of pH in the incubation mixtures. At adjusted pH (pH 5.0 and 6.5), the antimutagenic effects are largely the result of an interaction between MNU or MNNG with phenolic acids outside the cells.
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Inhibition of the mutagenicity of bay-region diol-epoxides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by tannic acid, hydroxylated anthraquinones and hydroxylated cinnamic acid derivatives
Article
  • Mar 1985
Tannic acid and several hydroxylated anthraquinone and cinnamic acid derivatives inhibited the mutagenic activity of (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo [a]pyrene (B[a]P 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-2), an ultimate mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolite of benzo [a]pyrene. The mutagenic activity of 0.05 nmol of B[a]P 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-2 towards strain TA 100 of Salmonella typhimurium was inhibited 50% by incubation of the bacteria and the diol-epoxide with tannic acid (0.5 nmol), anthraflavic acid (7 nmol), rufigallol (7 nmol), quinalizarin (10 nmol), alizarin (30 nmol), purpurin (60 nmol), and danthron (88 nmol). Dose-dependent, but weaker antimutagenic activity was observed for quinizarin, and a number of hydroxylated cinamic acid derivatives. Gallic acid and m-digallic acid, major components of tannic acid, possessed less than 1% of the anti-mutagenic activity of tannic acid, although m-digallic acid was over 3 times more active than gallic acid. The anti-mutagenic activity of tannic acid was a result of its interaction with B[a]P 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-2 since the rate of disappearance of the diol-epoxide from cell-free solutions in 1:9dioxane:water was markedly stimulated by the polyphenol. Tannic acid was a highly potent inhibitor of the mutagenic activity of the bay-region diol-epoxides of benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]pyrene and dibenzo[a,i]pyrene, but higher concentrations of tannic acid were needed to inhibit the mutagenicity of the chemically less reactive benzo[a]-pyrene 4,5-oxide and the bay-region diol-epoxides of benz[a]-anthracene, chrysene and benz[c]phenanthrene.
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[Tannins, a new family of bio-active natural organic compounds (questions and answers)]
Article
  • Mar 1995
Twelve questions concerning tannin selected from questions raised by other workers on the author's research were picked up. The answers of each question are as follows. 1. What is tannin?--the differences between the old concept and the new definition of tannin. 2. Is tannic acid the same as tannin? 3. How could each tannin be analyzed as a pure compound? 4. Which tannin found in recent years is implicated with the change of the concept of tannin in medicinal plants? 5. Is it possible that one to several chemical structures represent tannins contained in each plant species? 6. Which tannin-containing plants met in the human life are rich in tannins? 7. Is tannin produced by all species of plants?--a correlation between the occurrence of hydrolyzable tannins and the plant evolution system. 8. When and where are the hydrolyzable tannin oligomers produced, in the plant or after extraction? 9. Are tannins bound to other substances in the plants? 10. Is it appropriate to call tannins "plant polyphenols"? 11. Is it true that tannins are inhibitors of enzymes? 12. What kind of biological activities have been found for tannins.
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Selective Induction of Cell Death in Cancer Cells by Gallic Acid
Article
  • Dec 1995
Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a naturally occurring plant phenol obtained by the hydrolysis of tannins and is know to show some pharmacological activities. In screening anti-cancer agents in traditional Chinese medicines, gallic acid was found to show cytotoxicity against all cancer cells that we examined in this study (IC50s: 4.8-13.2 micrograms/ml). Gallic acid was found to show cytotoxicity against primary cultured rat hepatocytes and macrophages, and lesser cytotoxicity against fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Cell death in dRLh-84 cells occurred within 6h after gallic acid treatment at a concentration of more than 20 micrograms/ml. A study of structurally related compounds suggested that the cytotoxicity shown by gallic acid was not a common feature in phenolic compounds, but was a fairly specific characteristic of gallic acid. That is, three adjacent phenolic hydroxyl groups of gallic acid were responsible for the cytotoxicity, and the carboxyl group was not responsible, but seemed to be implicated in distinguishing between normal cells and cancer cells.
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