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Abstract

After exploring the relationship between solidarity and human rights, I argue that, when considering civic solidarity, the right to solidarity as a human right may be understood as the negative right not to be hindered by social vulnerabilities in the exercise of citizen rights. I define social vulnerabilities as those vulnerabilities that result from structures of society. As a negative right, the right to solidarity shifts attention away from what is necessary for basic flourishing and toward what social structures hinder full participation in other civic or political obligations and rights. The analysis of a human right to solidarity provides a useful framework for understanding the crisis in solidarity in the European Union and helps to elucidate the obligations of other regional and global solidarity relations.

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... Placing that relation central, I propose we think of the reciprocal relations of solidarity as shared social risk (Scholz 2014;Tosam et al. 2018). Shared social risk means that solidaristic actors accept that their actions may put themselves and their fellow actors at risk. ...
... The point is to emphasize our interconnectedness. In order to do that, we need to be aware of the different social risks that solidaristic actors take; social risks can exacerbate vulnerabilities and cause unintentional harm (Scholz 2014); if they are not shared equitably (Scholz 2018), social risks of CE could erode the trust necessary for effective engagement. Equitable sharing of social risk does not mean that every person carries every risk; it means instead that there is a reciprocal exchange of risks throughout the relationship. ...
... Equitable sharing of social risk does not mean that every person carries every risk; it means instead that there is a reciprocal exchange of risks throughout the relationship. No one person or one entity carries so much risk that they are made vulnerable because of it (Scholz 2014). CE research must be aware of both direct social risk and indirect social risk. ...
... Relational ethics emphasize the importance of context and social position, especially with regard to social vulnerability or inequality. This is seen in solidarity through the relative assessment of risk within the relation as well as within the action undertaken in concert (Scholz 2014;. Solidarity creates a new sociality. ...
... Assuming that solidarity is a social relation, then it too carries risks within the relation itself. Rather than emphasizing equal vulnerability, the sociality of solidarity seeks to foster awareness of the varying risks within larger contexts of social inequality that solidary actors face (Scholz 2014) and the unique power that each contributes. Trust within the solidary relation is built through a continual process of evaluating risks on fellow participants and readjusting the relation to ensure an equitable sharing of the social risks of the relationship itself. ...
... This solidarity usually requires that the state within the framework of a social contract demands that the population and in particular citizens give up some of their freedoms in favor of their protection and in order to provide for those who cannot take care of themselves. However, the very idea of the social contract and the rights it contains (civil, political and social citizenship) only becomes meaningful when "sociality, social cooperation or social solidarity" (Scholz 2014: 50) make the social contract and rights possible. According to Scholz, the Enlightenment and the related notions of brotherhood and equality represent an attempt to formulate universal principles of solidarity that achieve a "minimal understanding of our shared interests in order for rights to be meaningful in a society" (Scholz 2014: 53), and this consists of ascribing dignity and granting rights to people. ...
... Surprisingly, the cosmopolitan demand for cross-national or rather global solidarity was revitalized and codified as global solidarity in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Thus, since the Second World War, the United Nations guarantee a minimal understanding of common interests across nation states and solidary validity and implementation of rights (Scholz 2014) within the imagined global community (Anderson 1983). ...
... Yet, though neighbourly support and mutual aid are undeniably crucial and deservingly commendable, they cannot replace the responsibility of the state to be responsive, as it is a main actor in engineering social institutions and thus plays a central role in addressing the dynamics between individuals and communities. A responsive state should not only remedy past discrimination but also create just and inclusive social institutions that enhance the future resilience of vulnerable subjects and that do not breed injustices in the first place (Fineman, 2020;Scholz, 2014). Law and politics should reveal, sustain, and democratise the communal ties and social forces that shape our identities and vulnerabilities. ...
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Consumer protection is an integral part of the current phase of the European integration project. However, eclipsed by market-building, the image of European consumers is homogeneously defined by individual economic interests against a uniform metric. This article proposes the alternative image of an “embedded consumer” to align with the imaginary of the constitutional person under primary EU law, especially the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Under the Charter, a constitutional person is fundamentally shaped and significantly enabled by their communities and thus bears “duties and responsibilities” towards the community. This obligation does not always amount to individual legal responsibility as individuals are inevitably vulnerable (when social structures lack fairness) and rely on social institutions to build up their resilience. Accordingly, the embedded consumer is also socially responsible and humanly vulnerable. This entails that a responsible consumer policy should move beyond individual responsibilisation and involve public obligations and corporate responsibilities to create a conducive framework for sustainable and responsible consumption. A responsible framework is a balanced one, on the one hand, which consciously navigates the conflicts between the various rights of the consumer as a person and between the consumer’s rights and the community’s interests. On the other hand, it also takes consumer vulnerability as the starting point for consumer policy. Such an “embedded consumer” is not merely futuristic but represents a transformation underway in the EU. EU consumer law and policy should be informed by the embedded consumer and the collective vision it reflects.
... 129 Solidarity can in this way support already powerful voices and silence more diverse ones. 130 It is important, then, to also always think of the hard cases, where right and wrong, moral or legal, might not appear so clear-cut, and to constantly remind ourselves that the values and interests claimed in the common good are unlikely to be universally held or at the very least will represent a particular position. This involves also paying attention to who is determining the common good. ...
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The notion of solidarity, although not new to the humanitarian sector, has re-emerged in recent discussions about effective and ethical humanitarian action, particularly in contexts such as Ukraine and Myanmar where the traditional humanitarian principles have been facing certain pressures. Because solidarity appears as a good but can also involve selectivity and privilege, and because it risks continued militarism and normalization of civilians participating within that militarism, the notion of solidarity merits rich and rigorous thinking. This article explores how the notion of solidarity is being utilized by those currently re-emphasizing its importance and what it might mean in practice in today's humanitarian contexts. The article argues that if solidary action involves not only a political stance but solidary working methods, the recent calls for solidarity demand respect for the variety of principles and practices within the humanitarian ecosystem, while nevertheless upholding mutual obligations owed within that professional community – that is, within careful limits as to what is considered humanitarian action.
... The proposal that a particular set of rights can be understood as "solidarity rights"or a third generation of rights requiring cooperation and responsibilities transcending nation-state boundarieshas been debated in international human rights law for some time (Alston 1982;Scholz 2014). Whereas some scholars have pointed to the challenges of rights proliferation or establishing rights that have little opportunity for remedy, Alston (1982: 318) asserted that "solidarity is an essential ingredient in the promotion and realization of all human rights." ...
... The proposal that a particular set of rights can be understood as "solidarity rights"or a third generation of rights requiring cooperation and responsibilities transcending nation-state boundarieshas been debated in international human rights law for some time (Alston 1982;Scholz 2014). Whereas some scholars have pointed to the challenges of rights proliferation or establishing rights that have little opportunity for remedy, Alston (1982: 318) asserted that "solidarity is an essential ingredient in the promotion and realization of all human rights." ...
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The 2019 COVID-19 pandemic has amplified inequalities and human rights challenges; in some states, COVID-19 policies have been introduced that further curtail human rights. Although some limits may be justified in the time of a public health emergency, other rights are vital to secure precisely because of pandemic conditions. Following a discussion of the concept of political solidarity, we examine how COVID-19 has underscored democratic “deficits” and human rights failures within the United States and India. Emergency “stay-at-home” orders and social distancing measures make political dissent challenging, yet this extreme moment has created opportunities for solidarity, initially in restrained ways via the internet or local forms of collective support and protest, and later through mass mobilizations to end racial injustice (in the United States). Our assessment of the challenges and promises of solidarist action in two of the largest democracies offers reasons for guarded optimism.
Article
O texto tem como objetivo analisar a categoria filosófica cuidado na perspectiva heideggeriana como fundamento da solidariedade na dimensão jurídica. Isto deve-se ao fato de Heidegger designar o cuidado como ser- -no-mundo ao vincular a relação do cuidado consigo e com o mundo, interligando a vida como um todo. A partir desta compreensão, encontra-se a relação direta com a solidariedade (também como comando normativo), já que ser solidário implica responsabilizar-se pela própria vida e pelo mundo a sua volta a partir de si, constituindo direito e dever jurídicos. Assim, a solidariedade, mesmo no âmbito jurídico, manifesta o cuidado consigo e com o outro (mundo). Manifesta-se as dimensões individual e social. O método empregado é o dedutivo, pois ao estabelecer alguns parâmetros da teoria de Heidegger, situou-se os elementos vinculados à concepção de Direito adotada neste trabalho. Os instrumentos de pesquisa, como requer a natureza do tema, foram bibliográficos.
Article
Bu çalışma, tarihimizin en şiddetli depremlerinden biri olan 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş depremi sebebiyle, ülkemizin tüm kesimlerinin dahil olduğu maddi ve manevi yardım faaliyetleriyle gündeme gelen “dayanışma” kavramının, sosyoloji, felsefe ve hukuk perspektifinden kısa bir analizini yapma amacındadır. Bu bağlamda dayanışma kavramının unsurlarına değinerek deprem sonrasındaki seferberliğin dayanışma olarak nitelendirilip nitelendirilmeyeceği değerlendirilecektir. Çalışmanın temel iddiası bu faaliyetlerin “dayanışmadan” (solidarity) ziyade “yardımlaşma” (charity) kavramına uygun olduğudur. Dayanışma, yardımlaşmayı içeren ancak bununla yetinmeyen bir kavram olarak, modern çağın sorunlarına daha etkili, sürdürülebilir ve kalıcı çözümler sağlamaktadır. Eksik bir dayanışma faaliyeti olarak yardımlaşma ise hem zaman hem de miktar olarak sınırlı ve palyatif çözümlerle yetinmek durumundadır.
Chapter
This entry offers an overview of the concept “solidarity.” After a brief description of the chief sociological accounts, the article turns to examine solidarity as it is used in movements for social change. Included is a discussion of solidarity as a commitment made by the powerful to aid the powerless in struggles for justice. Solidarity as welfare state obligations and as a human right are also presented. The article ends with mention of the normative justifications for solidarity and two possible challenges to solidarity relations.
Chapter
The failure of the EU and its Member States to adequately respond to increased refugee movements since 2015, has caused disagreement on how the principle of solidarity and fair sharing of responsibility should be given effect in the context of a reformed European policy on migration. In September 2020, the European Commission proposed the new Pact on Migration and Asylum which was meant to promote a new pragmatic approach to solidarity for achieving ‘a fair, workable and sustainable EU migration system’. This chapter seeks to interrogate this new approach to solidarity with a view to establishing the extent to which it provides a viable remedy to current and future challenges for refugee protection in Europe. The main proposition is that the conception of pragmatism promoted in the Pact emphasizes excessive formalism through calculative rules and complex procedures sidestepping questions of political organization, community and belonging that solidarity has squarely brought to the table in 2015. A re-imagining of solidarity in the CEAS as a particular form of conducting regional and global politics is suggested as the way forward.
Article
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O texto versa sobre a relação do princípio da proibição do retrocesso social com o princípio da solidariedade, impresso no Art. 3°, I, in fine, da Constituição Federal (CF). Trata-se da aplicação do princípio da proibição do retrocesso em consonância com os parâmetros normativos estabelecidos pelos objetivos fundamentais do Estado brasileiro: construir uma sociedade solidária. Objetiva-se mostrar a densificação do sentido da vedação do emprego de medidas jurídicas socialmente retrocessivas por meio do princípio da solidariedade, inserido como cláusula transformadora. Para realizar a pesquisa, foram empregados os métodos analítico e hipotético-dedutivo. O primeiro foi utilizado visando esmiuçar as categorias jurídicas do princípio da proibição do retrocesso social e do princípio da solidariedade impresso na cláusula transformadora do Art. 3°, I, in fine, da CF. O segundo auxiliou na busca do resultado da incidência desses dois princípios assente em uma hipótese jurídica. Devido à natureza do tema e da pesquisa, utilizou-se de fontes bibliográficas.
Article
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O texto objetivou analisar quantitativamente como o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) aplica o princípio da solidariedade (Art. 3°, I, da CRFB). A partir de pesquisa jurisprudencial realizada no período de 1988 a 2020, tirou-se duas conclusões: a maioria das decisões do STF utiliza o princípio de forma retórica e há relativa falta de critério teórico para estabelecer como tal princípio incide normativamente. Para isso, definiu-se primeiramente de que modo ocorre a incidência da solidariedade. Em seguida, estabeleceu-se a metodologia de coleta de dados, que consistiu em pesquisa documental, através da catalogação de acórdãos prolatados no interstício supramencionado, conforme três recortes, com as palavras-chaves “solidariedade”, “Art. 3º, I, da CRFB/88” e “princípio ADJ2 solidariedade”. Após leitura do ementário das 653 decisões encontradas, foi possível observar tendências na concretização do princípio, sendo selecionadas 67 decisões nas quais a solidariedade opera como ratio decidendi. Por fim, interpretou-se os dados extraídos destas decisões (tipo de ação, matéria e pertinência) cotejando-os com a base teórica de aplicação do princípio. Assim, foi possível constatar que esta aplicação ainda é incipiente no STF, e que, não obstante isso, trata-se de uma tendência crescente no Direito, especialmente na esfera previdenciária, na qual atua como relevante vetor hermenêutico.
Article
Este trabalho tem o objetivo de discutir o papel do voluntariado na concretização dos direitos sociais dos refugiados no Brasil e suas consequências para a efetivação do princípio jurídico da solidariedade e a responsabilização do Estado. O estudo propõe-se, primeiramente, um caminho de fundamentação teórica sobre o Estado Social e o princípio jurídico da solidariedade. Em segundo lugar, o trabalho trata especificamente do voluntariado no contexto de influxo de refugiados no Brasil. Pode-se verificar que as ações de voluntariado promovidas por entidades não-governamentais promovem a solidariedade social de modo que isso implique esvaziamento do papel do Estado na proteção dos direitos sociais dos refugiados. Também, observou-se uma forte presença de entidades eclesiásticas no apoio a tais indivíduos, o que acentua a discussão sobre a natureza moral do princípio republicano da solidariedade.
Article
This paper aims to establish a common ground for solidarity requirements at the international level, in special between Brazil and the European Union. This essay departs from an initial international solidarity assumption, i.e., the common idea of human dignity both in international statements and in State constitutions, as well as from rules of Community law. As to restrictions, the paper is based on the European Community law and the Brazilian constitution, and thereby discusses a common element worthy of legislative protection, which is the human being rather than the citizen. Thus, both in Community and in Brazilian law, one's foreign, native or community condition should not interfere with the human being access to social rights. Therefore, by defending the respective regulatory scopes, such dimensions are committed to promoting human dignity in terms of social rights, in solidarity with the human condition itself, in whatever it requires. The study made use of the deductive method, once it is developed from general premises in order to find an answer to a specific situation, that of the international solidarity between Brazil and the European Union. The text included a literature review and consultation to legislative documents.
Chapter
This entry first presents some of the definitions and theoretical approaches to solidarity. Then, five different uses of solidarity within global bioethics are discussed: public health, welfare, universal health care, a right to health care, and a focus on the vulnerable.
Chapter
This entry first presents some of the definitions and theoretical approaches to solidarity. Then, five different uses of solidarity within global bioethics are discussed: public health, welfare, universal health care, a right to health care, and a focus on the vulnerable.
Article
Using relations of solidarity in global contexts, this article explores some of the debates about what constitutes solidarity. Three primary forms of solidarity are discussed, with particular attention to the different nature of the solidaristic relations and their moral obligations.
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