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Evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant potential of essential oil from Amyris balsamifera against multi drug resistant clinical isolates

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Research Article
EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM
AMYRIS BALSAMIFERA AGAINST MULTI DRUG RESISTANT CLINICAL ISOLATES
PRAVEEN DAHIYA1*, AKSHI MANGLIK1
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University- Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Email: pdahiya@amity.edu/praveen_sang@yahoo.com
Received: 30 July 2013, Revised and Accepted: 24 August 2013
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the phytochemical constituents, TLC bioauto graphy and antioxidants of Amyris balsamifera e ssential oil. The antimicr obial
potential was also determined against various multi drug resistant clinical isolates.
Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed. The antimicrobial potential of essential oil from Amyris was evaluated by agar well
diffusion method against multi drug resistant clinical isolates. T he antibacterial effect was investigated using the TLC -bioautographic method. The
antioxidants analyzed include catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase.
Results: Phytoconstituents analysis demonstrated the presence of few phytochemicals present including saponins, terpenoids and phlobatanins.
Amyris balsamifera essential oil was further investigated for its antimicrobial activity against twelve Multi drug resistant pathogenic bacteri a and
three fungi respectively. The oil showed broad antimicrobial activity against MDR Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria and fungal
isolates such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella paratyphi, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The highest in vitro
inhibitory activity was observed for Klebsiella pneu moniae with wide inhibition zone diameters (20±0.11 mm) followed by Staphylococcus aureus
(18±0.15) mm. Among fungal isolates, the growth of only Candida albicans was inhibited. Thin layer chromatogra phy bioautography assay
demonstrated one large growth inhibition zone observed at Rf values of 0.63 against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus 1. Amyris
balsamifera essential oil was found to be rich in antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione -S-transferase and glutathione reductase.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that, Amyris essential oil with good antimicrobial activity against several multi drug resistant clinical isolates and
possessing antioxidant activity, thus can be used in the treatment of various microbial infections.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Antifungal activity; Antioxidant potential; Amyris balsamifera; TLC bioautography
INTRODUCTION
The spread of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria is one of the
most serious threats to successful treatment of microbial diseases as
it may render the current antimicrobial agents insuffici ent to control
the diseases. The continuous emergence of multi drug resistant
organisms poses serious threat to the treatment of infectious
diseases. Down the ages essential oils and other extracts of plants
have evoked interest as sources of natural products. They have been
screened for their potential uses as alternative remedies for the
treatment of many infectious diseases [1]. World Health
Organization (WHO) noted that majority of the world's population
depends on traditional Medicine for primary healthcare. Various
infectious diseases have been known to be treated with herbal
remedies for the betterment of mankind throughout the globe. Thus,
scientists are increasingly turning their attention to natural
products, either as pure compounds or as standardized plant
extracts, looking for new leads to develop better drugs against
microbial infections [2].
Essential oils (also called volatile oils) are the concentrated,
hydrophobic liquids containing volatile aromatic compounds from
plants. They are naturally synthesized by plants for different reasons
according to t heir needs. They are called “essential- because they
carry the very essence, and undoubtedly the most important part of
the plant. They can be obtained by expression, fermentation or
extraction but the method of steam distillation is most commonly
used for commercial production. Essential oils are a rich source of
biologically active compounds [3]. Their potential antimicrobial
traits are due to compounds synthesized in the secondary
metabolism of plants.
Amyris balsamifera known as torchwood belongs to the family
Rutaceae. A. balsamifera is a small evergreen tree grows in the
Caribbean area and along the Gulf of Mexico. It is also found in
tropical Asia especially India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia and
Taiwan. Amyris oil or West Indian sandal wood oil is obtained by
steam distillation of the wood from this tree which is pleasantly
woody with a balsamic to uch. It is much cheaper than sandalwood
oil and is used as a fixative in perfumes. Amyris oil is rich in
sesquiterpene alcohols, six sesquiterpenes were isolated a nd
identified to be 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, α-agarofuran, 4-
hydroxydihydroagarofuran, valerianol, β-eudesmol and elemol [4].
Sandalwood oil has been used to treat skin eruptions and
inflammatory diseases in India for centuries. Amyris oil has
historically been associated wi th antiseptics, wound cleaners,
childbirth recovery, diarrhea and influenza. It is also reportedly used
in Chinese medicine for the relief of stomach ache, vomiting and
gonorrhoea. In Europe it was also used for the treatment of pains,
fevers and ‘strengthening the heart’ [5].
The present study aimed at evaluating the phytochemical screening,
in vitro antimicrobial activity and antioxidant potentials of Amyris
balsamifera essential oil against multi drug resistant clinical isolates.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Acquisition of Amyris balsamifera essential oil
Commercial brands of Amyris balsamifera oil (Amyris) was
purchased from Delhi, India. As per manufacturer’s information, it
was prepared by steam distillation. The oil was further distilled by
rotary evaporator. The essential oil was dissolved in methanol (0.3
ml oil/ 2 ml methanol). The oil was transferred into sterile vials and
stored at 4oC till further analysis.
Microbial cultures and Growth conditions
The microbial cultures included multi-drug resistant isolates of
Enterobacter sp, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhi,
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp. The cultures of
bacteria were maintained in their appropriate agar slants at 4°C
throughout the study and sub-cultured on to nutrient broth for 24 h
prior to testing. Three fungal isolates studied includes Candida
albicans, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus nigricans. The cultures were
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Dahiya et al.
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 6 Suppl 5, 2013, 57-60
58
maintained on potato dextrose agar at 4°C. These microbial isolates
served as test pathogens for antimicrobial activity assay.
Phytochemical analysis
The oil dissolved in methanol (0.3 ml oil/ 2 ml methanol) was
subjected to phytochemical screening for the presence of saponins,
tannins, steroids, phlobatanins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides,
alkaloids, reducing sugars and flavonoids by using wet reactions [6-
7].
Antimicrobial activity assay
The agar well diffusion method was employed with slight
modifications to determine the antibacterial activities of Amyris oil
in methanol [8]. About 25 ml of nutrient agar and potato dextrose
agar was poured into each petri plate. Once the agar solidified, the
cultures were inoculated on the surface of the plates (1 × 108
cfu/ml). Subsequently, the surface of the a gar was punched with a 6
mm diameter wells. Each well was filled with 50 μl of oil in
methanol. The concentration of the extracts employed was 20
mg/ml. Control wells containing the same volume of methanol were
made. After 24 h incubation at respective temperatures, the plates
were observed for zones of growth inhibition, and the diameter of
these zones was measured in millimeters. All tests were performed
in triplicate and t he antimicrobial activity was expressed as the
mean of inhibition.
TLC bioautography assay
Amyris essential oil exhibiting significant antimicrobial potential
against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus 1 as
determined by agar well diffusion method (Table 2) was analyzed
using TLC bioautography assay. About 10 μl of oil in methanol was
applied on glass coated silica gel plates. The plates were developed
with toluene and ethyl acetate (93:7 v/v). The TLC plates were run
in duplicate. One of the strips was visualized under UV light to see if
the separated spots were UV active after which it was sprayed with
2% vanillin sulphuric acid reagent, the second strip was used for
bioautography assay. Individual Rf for each spot was measured. TLC
bioautography was carried out using the selected strains of bacteria.
The developed TLC plates were thinly overlaid with molten nutrient
agar inoculated with an overnight culture of bacteria. The plates
were incubated in a dark and humid chamber overnight at 37°C.
Subsequently, the bioautogram was sprayed with an aqueous
solution of 2, 3, 5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride and further
incubated for at 37°C for 4 h. Microbial growth inhibition appeared
as clear zones against a pink background. The Rf values of the spots
showing inhibition were determined.
Antioxidant activity of essential oil
Amyris oil was evaluated for the presence of various antioxidants
including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-
s- transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid
peroxidation. Superoxide dismutase activity was measured by the
NBT reduction [9]. Catalase activity was estimated by measuring the
rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxi de at 240nm [10]. Assay of
glutathione-s- transferase was done according to Habig et al. [11].
Lipid peroxidation was measured by using the TBA method as per
Ohkawa et al. [12]. Glutathione activity (GSH) was assayed based on
the reaction with DTNB [13]. Data was expressed as mean± standard
deviation (SD).
RESULTS
Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Amyris essential oil
demonstrated the presence of few phtyochemicals including,
saponins, terpenoids and phlobatanins. Most of the phytochemicals
tested including tannins, glycosides, steroids, anthraquinones and
reducing sugars were not observed in Amyris oil (Table 1).
Table 1: Phytochemical analysis of Amyris balsamifera oil
Phytoconstituens
Amyris oil
Tannins
-
Saponins
+
Reducing sugars
-
Steroids
-
Glycosides
-
Terpenoids
+
Phlobatanins
+
Flavonoids
-
Anthraquinone
-
a) +: Positive, b) −: Negative
Table 2: Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Amyris
essential oil determined by agar well diffusion assay
Test Microorganism
Zone of Inhibition (in mm)
Bacterial Isolates
Acinetobacter sp.
13±0.22
Escherichia coli 1
9±0.10
Escherichia coli 2
9.6±0.12
Enterobacter aerogenes
-
Klebsiella pneumonia
20±0.11
Salmonella typhi
-
Salmonella paratyphi
11±0.09
Staphylococcus aureus 1
18±0.15
Staphylococcus aureus 2
9.2±0.085
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-
Fungal Isolates
Candida albicans
10.8±0.12
Aspergillus niger
-
Rhizopus nigricans
-
Zone of inhibition is expressed as mean± standard deviation, -: no
inhibition
Amyris balsamifera essential oil was further investigated for its
antimicrobial activity against twelve Multi drug resistant pathogenic
bacteria and three fungi r espectively (Table 2). The oil showed
broad antimicrobial activity against MDR Gram-positive bacteria and
Gram-negative bacteria and fungal isolates such as Staphylococcus
aureus, Salmonella paratyphi, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae
and Candida albicans. The highest in vitro inhibitory activity was
observed for Klebsiella pneumoniae with wide inhibition zone
diameters (20±0.11 mm) followed by S. aureus 1 (18±0.15) mm and
Acinetobacter sp (13±0.22). The oil showed poor antifungal activity
and inhibited the growth of only Candida albicans. No inhibitory
activity was observed against the fungal isolates Aspergillus niger
and Rhizopus nigricans.
TLC Bioautographic assay are usually used to screen the
antimicrobial activity by separating components onto the surface of
chromatographic plates and overlaying the TLC plate with molten
bacterial agar. TLC analysis revealed the presence of saponins in the
essential oil tested ( data not show n). TLC bioautography was
performed for Amyris essential oil against Klebsiella pneumoniae and
Staphylococcus aureus 1 isolates. One large inhibitory zone with Rf
value 0.63 was observed against the growth of isolates Klebsiella
pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus 1 on the TLC plates B and C
as white spot on pink b ackground when sprayed with aqueous
solution of 2, 3, 5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (Figure 1).
Antioxidants namely SOD, CAT, GSH, GST and lipid peroxidation in
Amyris balsamifera oil were analyzed as re ported in Table 3. Amyris
was found to possess high amount of GSH ( 19.89±0.091µg/mg) and
GST (14.2±0.132µg/mg) followed by SOD (10.2±0.035 U/mg). Small
amount of CAT and lipid peroxidation was observed.
Dahiya et al.
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 6 Suppl 5, 2013, 57-60
59
Table 3: Level of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in Am yris balsamifera essential oil
Species
Glutathione -S-
transferase (μg/mg)
Catalase
(μg/mg)
Super oxide
dismutase (U/mg)
Lipid peroxide
assay
(μg/mg)
Amyris
balsamifera
19.89±0.091
14.2±0.132
2.62±0.072
10.2±0.035
4.43±0.163
Plate A) (Plate B) (Plate C)
Fig. 1: Chromatogram for (Plate A) and Bioautograms (Plates B
and C) for Amyris essential oil against Klebsiella pneumoniae
and Staphylococcus aureus 1
Plate A: arrow indicates spot visualized when sprayed with 2%
vanillin sulphuric acid reagent. Zones of inhibition (Plates B and C)
are observed as clear spots against pink background. Mobile phase:
Toluene/Ethyl acetate (93:7 v/v)
DISCUSSION
Plant essential oils have immense potential to be used as
antimicrobial compounds. Thus, they can be used in the treatment of
infectious diseases caused by the numerous resistant
microorganisms present. Technically, essential oils are not true oils
as they contain no lipid content. The essential oil is made up of a
variety of complex, volatile compounds so they are a rich source of
biologically active compounds. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect a
variety of plant compounds in these oils with specific as well as
general antimicrobial activity and antibiotic potential [14]. An
estimated 3000 essential oils are known, of which 300 are
commercially important in fragrance market [15]. These are also
used in food preservative, aromatherapy, as muscle relaxant a nd as
stimulant. Essential oils have been shown to possess antibacterial,
antifungal, antiviral insecticidal and antioxidant properties [16-17].
Some oils have been used in cancer treatment [18]. In the present
study, medicinally important Amyris balsamifera essential oils was
screened for the presence of phytoconstituents, antimicrobial
potential, separation and analysis of bioactive compounds by TLC
bioautography and anti oxidant enzyme analysis.
Phytoconstituents anaysis of Amyris oil showed that the oil contains
few of the phytoconstituents including saponins, t erpenoids and
phlobatanins. Beek et al. [19] reported that the oil consisted of
17.5% sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and 82.5% oxygenated
sesquiterpenes. Terpenoids encompass a diversity of structures and
have many functional roles in nature, including protection against
pest arthropods. Naturally occurring sesquiterpenes contained in
Amyris oils are significantly repellent to a spectrum of arthropod
pests and ticks [20-21].
In vitro antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method of
Amyris essential oil was quantitatively assessed on the basis of zone
of inhibition. Amyris oil in methanol exhibited varying degree of
inhibitory effect against the selected multi drug resistant bacterial
and fungal clinical isolates. The results are consistent with the
reports of previous investigators. The antimicrobial activity of
Amyris oil against the yeast Candida albicans, the Gram-positive
bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative
bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella
pneumonia has al so been reported by Jirovetz et al. [22]. Kloucek et
al. [23] and Setzer et al. [24] reported antibacterial activity against of
Amyris oil against S. aureus.
TLC was carried out in order to separate the bioactive components
present. TLC is an easy and cost-efficient technique used in the
separation of components of complex mixtures, commonly used for
natural products. The main benefits of this technique include low
cost analysis, high-throughput screening of samples, and minimal
sample preparation [25]. An additional benefit is that the
chromatograms can be screened for antimicrobial activity. The
bioactive components were separated on TLC followed by TLC
bioautography of Amyris essential oil against clinical isolates K.
Pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus 1. One large inhibitory zone
with Rf value 0.63 was observed against the growth of both K.
Pneumoniae a nd Staphylococcus aureus 1 on the TLC plates B and C
as white spot on pink b ackground when sprayed with aqueous
solution of 2, 3, 5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. It is possible that
the observed inhibition was likely due to one or more active
compounds which overlap possibly due to the solvent system used
for screening. Synergism might play a major role in extracts that
were active when the MIC of the mixture was determined, while the
separated components showed no antimicrobial activity.
Amyris balsamifera oil was analyzed for the presence of various
antioxidants. Amyris was found to possess high level of GST, GSH
followed by SOD and small amount of CAT and lipid peroxidation.
Catalase is regarded as one of the most significant antioxidant
enzyme that can protect plants by scavenging fr ee radicals and H 2O2.
Low level of catalase was observed in Amyris balsamifera whereas
significant amount of SOD was recorded. SOD prevents the
formation of .OH and provides essential defence against the
potential toxicity of oxygen. High level of GST and GSH are observed
in Amyris essential oil. GST offers protection against LPO by the
conjugation of toxic effect with GSH [26].
CONCLUSIONS
The results of the present study support partially the use of the
selected essential oil in traditional medicine notably in the treatment
of microbial infections. A good antimicrobial compound coupled
with high antioxidant activity is a very interesting lead compound to
fight with the present scenario of multidrug resistance. It would
have a dual role to inhibit the growth of MRSA and reduce the
inflammation triggered by this pathogen by its high antioxidant
activity. However further elucidation of the chemical structures of
the biologically active compounds will be required along with
studies in animal model to generate a potent drug.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity
University, Noida, U.P, India for providing infrastructural facilities to
carry out this study.
Conflict of interest statement
We declare that we have no conflict of interest.
Dahiya et al.
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 6 Suppl 5, 2013, 57-60
60
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... Average/Standard Deviation/Statistical Difference In this study, the EO of A. balsamifera L. showed the best antimicrobial activity with the disc diffusion test against S. aureus with an inhibition zone of 16.50 mm. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values obtained with the broth microdilution method were 1.59 µL/mL against S. aureus, S. capitis, one strain of S. epidermidis, 10 strains of S. haemoliticus, and three strains of S. hominis. A. balsamifera was reported to possess antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella paratyphi, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and microscopic fungi [46]. ...
... In this study, the EO of A. balsamifera L. showed the best antimicrobial activity with the disc diffusion test against S. aureus with an inhibition zone of 16.50 mm. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values obtained with the broth microdilution method were 1.59 µL/mL against S. aureus, S. capitis, one strain of S. epidermidis, 10 strains of S. haemoliticus, and three strains of S. hominis. A. balsamifera was reported to possess antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella paratyphi, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and microscopic fungi [46]. B. carterii Birdw. ...
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Natural bioactive compounds are molecules’ treasure trove for nutraceuticals, food additives, and functional foods, as they exhibit several structures and activities. Some of these chemicals, such as polyphenols, can be found in high concentrations in nature. However, others are present in such low concentrations that significant harvesting is vital to achieving sufficient quantities, and chemical synthesis is unprofitable due to their structural diversity and complexity. Because screening and synthesizing these compounds are complex, new technologies have been created. The most common approach is traditional liquid or solid–liquid extraction also termed solvent extraction, although modern approaches comprise supercritical and subcritical extractions, pressured liquid extraction, along with microwave and ultrasound-assisted extractions. Such technologies could give a novel technique for increasing the construction of bioactive and usage of such particular compounds as nutraceuticals or as ingredients in functional foods.KeywordsPressured liquid extractionBioactive componentsSolid–liquid extractionFunctional potential
... Microbial growth inhibition appeared in the form of the zone of clearance against a pink backdrop. The R f values corresponding to the spots possessing clearance zone were determined (Dahiya and Manglik 2013). Direct bioautography is found suitable for both spores forming fungal cultures like Aspergillus and Penicillium sp. and for bacteria such as Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp., and E. coli. ...
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One of the most critical uses in the food business is the encapsulation of food components. Bioactive components are being used in food applications due to growing consumer interest in natural ingredients. Encapsulation is a promising method for improving the stability of bioactive components while allowing for regulated release. This chapter presents an overview of various encapsulation procedures, viz. spray drying, freeze-drying, extrusion, emulsification, coacervation, cocrystallisation, supercritical fluid method, and different encapsulated bioactive compounds, which have been used to fortify food components and deliver them into various functional foods.
... Microbial growth inhibition appeared in the form of the zone of clearance against a pink backdrop. The R f values corresponding to the spots possessing clearance zone were determined (Dahiya and Manglik 2013). Direct bioautography is found suitable for both spores forming fungal cultures like Aspergillus and Penicillium sp. and for bacteria such as Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp., and E. coli. ...
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Plants are used as medicinal agents due to their wide range of structural diversity and pharmacological activities. The biologically active compounds that are present in plants are referred to as phytochemicals. These phytochemicals are derived from different parts of plants such as leaves, barks, seed, seed coat, flowers, roots, and pulps. The plants are the natural reservoirs of structurally diverse secondary metabolites. The extraction of bioactive compounds from the plants and their quantitative and qualitative estimation is important for the exploration of new biomolecules, which can be used in various industrial applications directly or can be used as a lead molecule to synthesize more potent compounds. This chapter highlights various methodologies used for the analysis of bioactive compounds present in the plant extracts involving the applications of chromatographic techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and its detection through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS). The chapter also covers the conventional techniques (Soxhlet method, cold maceration method, hydro-distillation method) for extraction of phytochemicals that generally require large amounts of organic solvents, are high energy expenditure, and are time-consuming. Hence, the new technologies of extraction viz. supercritical fluid extraction (SFC), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) that are referred to as clean or green technologies are also discussed here. These recent techniques used to extract bioactive compounds from natural sources can reduce or eliminate the use of toxic solvents and thus preserve the natural environment and its resources.
... The diameter of the inhibition zone ranges from 10mm to 25mm (Sokovic et al., 2005). Odds-on the antibacterial activity of EOMs were recorded to the percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes and monoterpene hydrocarbons ( Dahiya and Manglik, 2013). Subsequently, the rich present of carbon, limonene, cineole, can explain the good antibacterial effect that EOMs had. ...
... They act as free radical molecule scavengers (Michalak 2006;Rastgoo et al. 2011). CAT is considered to be highly significant enzyme which can scavenge free radicals and H 2 O 2 and SOD supports essential defense against the toxicity of oxygen (Dahiya and Manglik 2013). Figure 4 shows plant defense system against the impact of heavy metals. ...
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Fly ash (FA) is a solid waste generated from coal combustion processes every year from thermal power plant. FA was considered as a problem for the environment, but also proves to be beneficial for the agricultural crops. This review begins with the utilization of FA as a soil ameliorant, its role in enhancing the plant growth and impact of elemental uptake from FA on plant growth. FA improves the physical, chemical and biological property of the soil which thereby enhances the crop productivity. Then, it focusses on phytotoxicity of various heavy metals in plants such as chromium, arsenic, lead, zinc, etc., followed by analyzing the defense mechanism of the plants against these heavy metal stresses which is due to the presence of toxic heavy metals present in FA resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species which further causes oxidative stress. Finally, the review analyzes the influence of heavy metals on the antioxidative system of various plant species which helps in understanding the usage of optimum concentration of FA amendment in the soil for plant cultivation and to further explore the key features regulating the heavy metal damage and utilization of FA in agriculture.
... The agar well diffusion method was employed with slight modifications to determine the antibacterial activities of Mentha species essential oils in methanol (Dahiya and Manglik, 2013). All tests were performed in triplicate and the antimicrobial activity was expressed as the mean of inhibition. ...
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The aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of essential oils (Canarium luzonicum CLEO, Melaleuca leucadenron MLEO, Amyris balsamifera ABEO). There was Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis used for the characteristic of the semiquantitative composition of the essential oils. The DPPH method was used to determine the antioxidant activity. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of essential oils against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were analyzed in a 96-well plate. The broth microdilution method was used for the minimal inhibitory concentration. A gas-phase antimicrobial assay was used to determine inhibitory concentrations in a food model. CLEO proved to be the best with the lowest MIC 50 and 90 of 6.67 µL.mL-1 respectively 6.81 µL.mL-1 and antioxidant activity of 33.43% among the tested essential oils. The main volatile compounds CLEO were limonene 36.38%, elemol 16.65%, α-fellandren 12.18% and elemicin 9.59%. It showed inhibition of S. maltophilia growth in the food model at the lowest concentrations among the essential oils.
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Dill (Anethum graveolens) seed oil has been evaluated for phytochemical constituents, antibacterial activity (agar well diffusion) and TLC bioautography assay. Phytochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of tannins, glycosides, saponins, steroids, terpenoids and reducing sugars. Antibacterial activity of Dill seed oil was assessed on eight multi-drug resistant (MDR) clinical isolates from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and two standard strains. It showed broad antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus MRSA, Enterococcus sp. and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae. The highest in vitro inhibitory activity was observed for MDR Enterococcus sp. with wide inhibition zone diameters (15±0.11 mm) followed by standard S. aureus ATCC 25923 (14±0.12 mm). Thin layer bioautography assay demonstrated a single large well-defined growth inhibition zone against Enterococcus sp. and S. aureus MRSA observed at Rf value of 0.74. This established a good support to the use of this essential oil in herbal medicine and as a base for the development of novel potent drugs and phytomedicine.
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The antimicrobial activities of various solvent extracts of Alangium salviifolium and Piper longum were evaluated against clinically proved multidrug resistant bacteria (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus sp., Klebsiella sp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp. and reference strains of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922) by using agar well diffusion assay. The patterns of inhibition varied with the plant extract, the solvent used for extraction, and the organism tested. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus sp. were the most inhibited microorganisms. The highest antimicrobial potentials were observed for the hexane and acetone extracts of A. salviifolium and P. longum, displaying maximum inhibitory zone of 18 mm against Enterococcus sp. Acinetobacter sp. was susceptible only to hexane extract of A. salviifolium. However, aqueous extracts did not present any antibacterial activity. Phytochemical screening showed that all the extracts contain alkaloids and reducing sugars while anthraquinones were absent in all the extracts tested. Hexane and acetone extracts were separated using TLC and relative mobilities of bioactive components showing significant inhibitory zones against S. aureus MRSA and Enterococcus sp. were determined by bioautography agar overlay assay.
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The study was conducted to screen for in vitro antibacterial activity of crude ethanol, acetone and aqueous seeds extract of Garcinia kola at different treatment regimes against some selected clinical bacterial isolates comprising of Gram positive and negative organisms namely; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginos a and the major chemical groups responsible for the activity were determined. The agar well diffusion method was employed to determine the inhibitory effects of the seeds extract on the test microorganisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration exerted by the extracts against the bacterial isolates ranged between 3.125 and 25 mg/ml. The zones of inhibition exhibited by the extracts against the tested bacterial isolates ranged between 4.0 and 10.5 mm. The crude ethanol extract was found to exhibit more significant (P<0.01) inhibitory action against all the bacterial isolates at the various treatment regime. Also, compared to crude acetone and aqueous extracts, it was also notably found to exhibit significant (P<0.05) effects against the bacterial isolates. The preliminary phytochemical test revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, sterols and terpenes as the major chemical groups in the plant extracts. The results of this study revealed that the in vitro antibacterial activity exhibited by the seeds extract may be attributed to the presence of these phytochemical compounds. Key words : In vitro antibacterial activity, phytochemical, Garcinia kola seeds, bacterial isolates.
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Introduction: Four aromatic plants used in traditional "bush" medicine on Abaco Island, Bahamas were studied. Amyris elemifera (Rutaceae), "white torch", is taken as a febrifuge and applied to sores and wounds, to treat influenza, and as an external bath and general tonic. Eugenia axillaris (Myrtaceae), "white stopper", is used as an aphrodisiac, as well as to treat diarrhea and for bathing women after childbirth. Lantana involucrata (Verbenaceae), "wild sage", is used to treat itching of the skin, measles and chicken pox. Myrica cerifera (Myricaceae), "bayberry", is taken as a general tonic and diuretic. Methods: The leaf essential oils of the four aromatic plants were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger, and the in-vitro cytotoxicity of the oils on MDA-MB-231, MCF7, Hs 578T, Hep G2, and PC-3 human tumor cells have also been examined. Results: The most abundant components of Amyris elemifera were limonene (45.0%) and linalool (20.8%). Eugenia axillaris leaf oil was largely composed of α-pinene (15.5%) and dihydroagarofuran (9.2%). The leaf oil of Lantana involucrata was made up largely of germacrene D (21.1%), α-humulene (15.2%), and β-caryophyllene (13.7%). The most abundant essential oil components of Myrica cerifera were 1,8-cineole (30.7%) and α-terpineol (14.2%). L. involucrata leaf oil showed slight antibacterial activity against B. cereus and Staph. aureus and was weakly cytotoxic against our panel of cell lines. Neither A. elemifera, E. axillaris, nor M. cerifera leaf oils were appreciably antimicrobial or cytotoxic. Conclusions: The reported biological activities of the major constituents of A. elemifera leaf oil are consistent with the ethnopharmacological uses of this plant. The major components in the leaf oil and slight antimicrobial activity are consistent with the ethnobotanical use of L. involucrata to treat itching skin.
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The antibacterial effect of some selected Indian medicinal plants was evaluated on bacterial strains like Bacillus cereus ATCC11778, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC13048, Escherichia coli ATCC25922 and Klebsiella pneumoniae NCIM2719. The solvents used for the extraction of plants were water and methanol. The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar disc diffusion and agar well diffusion method. The most susceptible Gram-positive bacteria was B. cereus, while the most susceptible Gram-negative bacteria was K. pneumoniae. The extracts of Abrus precatorius, Cardiospermum halicacabum and Gmelina asiatica could not inhibit any of the bacterial strains investigated. The most active antibacterial plant was Caesalpinia pulcherrima. The significant antibacterial activity of active extracts was compared with the standard antimicrobics, piperacillin (100 μg/disc) and gentamicin (10 μg/disc). The results obtained in the present study suggest that Caesalpinia pulcherrima can be used in treating diseases caused by the test organisms.