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Phytochemical screening and in-vitro antioxidant activities of Colubrina asiatica Brong
Abstract
The accumulation of free radicals in the body result in oxidative stress related diseases in humans. Recent era is directed towards finding natural antioxidants of plants origins. Present study was aimed to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activities, phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Colubrina asiatica Brong [Family Rhamnaceae]. The antioxidant potential and phytochemical constituents of crude aqueous extract of leaves and stems involving DPPH, FRAP, Reducing power was assessed. The flavonoid and phenolic contents of the extract were also determined using standard phytochemical reaction methods. Composition of seed oil and their antimicrobial activity were also determined. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins and total polyphenols. The total phenolic content of the aqueous leaf extract was 12.499 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of extract powder in leaves & 0.867 in stem. The total flavonoid contents in leaves were 6.8 ± 0 & 2.8 ± 0.1 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of extract in stem respectively. The percentage inhibition of DPPH of oxidation showed antioxidant activity of 57% in leaves and 43% in stem compared to those of BHT (84.6%) and gallic acid (96%). Also, the reducing potential in stem and leaves was found significant. The total antioxidant activity measured by FRAP assay in leaves was 137 ± 4.8 and 170 ± 38 μM Fe2+ in stem. Our findings provide evidence that the crude aqueous extract of C. asiatica is a potential source of natural antioxidants, some pharmaceutically important compounds in oil. © 2014, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. All rights received.
... No hay reportes de estos metabolitos relacionados con tolerancia a muérdago, no obstante, en el trabajo en árboles de aguacate "Hass", reportado por García-Rodríguez et al. (2016), identificaron el SM α-cubebeno (4.83 %) en mayor abundancia relativa que en el presente trabajo (0.33 %), el cual presenta actividad antioxidante, antibacterial (Nivas & Gaikwad, 2014) y atrae escarabajos portadores de hongos patógenos para la planta (Kendra et al., 2016). ...
... There are no reports of these metabolites related to mistletoe tolerance, however, in the work on "Hass" avocado trees, reported by García-Rodríguez et al. (2016), they identified the MS α-cubebeno (4.83 %) in higher relative abundance than in the present work (0.33 %). This compound presents antioxidant, antibacterial activity (Nivas & Gaikwad, 2014) and attracts beetles carrying pathogenic fungi for the plant (Kendra et al., 2016). Besides, the α-felandreno and β-copaeno compounds ( Table 2) Figure 1. ...
The avocado drymifolia is sensitive to the attack of mistletoe, while, “Hass” and “Mendez” exhibit tolerance. This difference could be related to the secondary metabolites produced by the plant. The biochemical profile of drymifolia, Hass and Mendez avocados was determined, as well as the relationship with mistletoe sensitivity/tolerance. Twenty-seven drymifolia individuals, one Hass and one Mendez, from three localities of Michoacan, Mexico, were evaluated. The extraction and analysis of the volatile compounds were carried out by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and the results were compared with the spectra of the NIST library. The most abundant secondary metabolites were estragole, caryophyllene, (+)-4-carene and γ-terpinene, with 95.0, 88.0 and 90.1 %, of the total of 116 compounds identified, in drymifolia, Hass and Mendez, respectively. In avocado Hass 1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2,5,5-trimethyl-2H-2,4aethanonaphthalene (0.84 %), α-Cubebene (0.33 %), 2,4,6-octatrienoic acid (0.24 %) and α-phellandrene (0.21 %) were identified and in Mendez, thymol (0.06 %) but these compounds were not identified in any avocado drymifolia. In addition, 2,5-bisbenzaldehyde showed 21.7X and 19.7X times more concentration in Hass and Mendez, respectively, than in drymifolia. The avocado drymifolia presented more secondary metabolites, but the most abundant compounds were shared in the three varieties. The secondary metabolites not found in avocado drymifolia could be related to mistletoe tolerance.
Previous tribal classifications of Rhamnaceae have been based on fruit characters, resulting in the delimitation of large and otherwise heterogeneous groups. We evaluated the most recent classification with DNA sequences of two regions of the plastid genome, rbcL and trnL-F, from 42 genera of Rhamnaceae and representatives of the related families Elaeagnaceae, Barbeyaceae, Dirachmaceae, Urticaceae, Ulmaceae, Moraceae, and Rosaceae. The trnL-F trees have higher consistency and retention indices than the rbcL trees, and patterns of change in rbcL and trnL-F are compared. The closest relatives of Rhamnaceae are Dirachmaceae and Barbeyaceae, followed by the urticalean families. The plastid trees support the monophyly of the family and provide the basis for a new tribal classification. Three strongly supported clades are identified, but morphological characters could not be found to underpin a formal taxonomic description of these three clades as subfamilies. We therefore only recognize groups that are also defined by morphological characters. The biogeography of Rhamnaceae is discussed with reference to the molecular trees.
To evaluate the antibacterial activity of 21 plant essential oils against six bacterial species.
The selected essential oils were screened against four gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris) and two gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus at four different concentrations (1:1, 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20) using disc diffusion method. The MIC of the active essential oils were tested using two fold agar dilution method at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 25.6 mg/ml.
Out of 21 essential oils tested, 19 oils showed antibacterial activity against one or more strains. Cinnamon, clove, geranium, lemon, lime, orange and rosemary oils exhibited significant inhibitory effect. Cinnamon oil showed promising inhibitory activity even at low concentration, whereas aniseed, eucalyptus and camphor oils were least active against the tested bacteria. In general, B. subtilis was the most susceptible. On the other hand, K. pneumoniae exhibited low degree of sensitivity.
Majority of the oils showed antibacterial activity against the tested strains. However Cinnamon, clove and lime oils were found to be inhibiting both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Cinnamon oil can be a good source of antibacterial agents.
The present work is carried out to study the antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of Alstonia scholaris Linn. (Apocynaceae) using various in vitro tests including 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH.) free radical scavenging, metal ion chelating, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, and ferric thiocyanate reducing ability. Ethanolic extract of Alstonia scholaris had significant (p<0.01) (DPPH .) free radical scavenging (63%), metal ion chelating (74.88%), hydrogen peroxide scavenging (72.28%), superoxide anion radical scavenging (67.66%) and significant (p<0.05) ferric thiocyanate reducing activities. These various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), l- ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol. The results indicated that ethanolic extract of Alstonia scholaris Linn. possessed antioxidant property. The results observed were comparable to antioxidant properties of BHA, BHT, l-ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol.
Although the percentage of total acid present may be determined by direct titration with N alkali to phenolphthalein, 1 ml N = 0.06005 g, the purity of glacial acetic acid is best determined by specific gravity and freezing-point. All likely impurities cause a lowering of both freezing-point and specific gravity, with the exception of small percentages of water which have the effect of raising the specific gravity of concentrated acetic acid. Richmond and England1 constructed tables correlating these constants with percentages of acid, and the following values taken from their figures may be used for interpolation.
A taxonomic treatment is presented for the recognized species ofColubrina L. C. Rich. ex Brongn., with keys, synonymies, descriptions, typifications, and range maps or citations of specimens. A key
is provided by whichColubrina can be distinguished from related genera. The 31 species ofColubrina are grouped in two subgenera. Within the subgen.Colubrina are recognized four sections: sect.Barcena (Dugès) M. C. Johnston with two species in Mexico and Central America; sect.Cowania M. C. Johnston, sect. nov., based onHybosperma Urban (as a genus), with six tropical American species and includingC. retusa var.latifolia (Reissek) M. C. Johnston, comb, nov., based onCormonema spinosum var.latifolium Reissek; sect.Capuronia M. C. Johnston, sect. nov., based onMacrorhamnus Baillon (as a genus), with four Malagasy species and includingC. faraloatra var.sinuata (H. Perrier) M. C. Johnston, comb. nov., based onZiziphus sinuata H. Perrier, andC. faraloatra var.trichocarpa (R. Capuron) M. C. Johnston, comb. nov., based onC. faraloatra ssp.trichocarpa R. Capuron; and sect.Colubrina with one species in Hawaii and four species in the American tropics, includingC. obscura (Schrank) M. C. Johnston, comb. nov., based onRhamnus obscura Schrank, andC. glandu losa var.antillana (M. C. Johnston) M. C. Johnston, comb. nov., based onC. rufa var.antillana M. C. Johnston, andC. glandulosa var.nipensis (M. C. Johnston) M. C. Johnston, comb. nov., based onC. nipensis M. C. Johnston, andC. glandulosa var.reitzii (M. C. Johnston) M. C. Johnston, comb. nov., based onC. rufa var.reitzii M. C. Johnston. The subgen.Serrataria M. C. Johnston includes five species of tropical Southeast Asia and nine of the warmer parts of North America; in this subgenusC. greggii Watson var.angustior is newly described from the Mexican states of Veracruz, Tamaulipas, and San Luis Potosi; andC. asiatica (L.) Brongn. var.subpubescens (Pitard) M. C. Johnston, comb. nov., is based onC. pubescens var.subpubescens Pitard.
Migraine is a paroxysmal neurological disorder affecting up to 12% of males and 24% of females in the general population. As migraine has been demonstrated to have a strong, but complex, genetic component, pharmacogenetics bears great promise in providing new targets for drug development and optimization of individual specific therapy. Better, preferably prophylactic, treatment of migraine patients is desired because the drugs now used are not effective in all patients, allow recurrence of the headache in a high percentage of patients and sometimes have severe adverse side-effects. With the recent identification of the brain-specific P/Q-type Ca2+channel gene CACNA1A as a pivotal player in the pathogenesis of migraine, the first step has been taken to identify primary biochemical pathways leading to migraine. The work on migraine can also have implications for the increasing number of additional neurological episodic disorders having the common denominator of channelopathy.
A method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of phenolic substances having non-substituted phenolic groups after their separation by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel or cellulose. After the clear detection of the phenolic substance on the chromatoplate by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, the quantitative spectrophotometric determination of the substance is carried out by transferring the sorbent area containing the spot into a test-tube and using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, without the necessity for carrying out a prior elution for the recovery of the substance.The method appears to have good accuracy and to be suitable for general application.
The number of herbal formulae considered to be clinically effective and recorded in the Chinese medical literature is huge. The scientific basis for the remedial effects of these herbal formulae is not yet understood, nor has a clear need been given as to how to make use and combine traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western medicine in an effective way. In this context, it is of interest to ascertain what individual constituents are responsible for the bioactive properties, and thus to extract the common characters of composition of huge formulae to provide a scientific explanation for their modes of action. We consider polyphenols and saponins as the key ingredients in TCM remedies responsible for most of the observed biological effects, reflecting the specific requirements within the TCM philosophy of treatment based on the investigation of its chemical composition.
Several inflammatory diseases are thought to be related to oxidative injury and free oxygen radicals have been proposed as important causative agents of heart disease and aging. To investigate the effects of daily intake of medicinal plants on antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation and lipid profiles in rat, 28 rats were randomly divided into four groups and administered with three plant extracts (0.2 g/kg body weight): Piper cubeba (fruit), Physalis angulata (flower), Rosa hybrida (flower) and with saline as a control. After 3 weeks, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels in plasma were measured. The SOD activity of the Piper cubeba group and the catalase activity of the Piper cubeba and Rosa hybrida groups were significantly increased compared with the control group, while the SOD and catalase activities of the Physalis angulata group were not significantly changed (p<0.05). TBARS, a marker of lipid peroxidation, was significantly lower in all experimental groups compeered with the control group. No significant changes occurred in the TG, total- and LDL-cholesterol of all groups, but the HDL-cholesterol of the Physalis angulata group was significantly increased. This study showed that the intake of medicinal plants in rats results in an increase in antioxidant enzyme activity and HDL-cholesterol, and a decrease in malondialdehyde, which may reduce the risk of inflammatory and heart disease.
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