ArticleLiterature Review

A Review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of peppermint tea (Mentha piperita L)

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Abstract

Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is one of the most widely consumed single ingredient herbal teas, or tisanes. Peppermint tea, brewed from the plant leaves, and the essential oil of peppermint are used in traditional medicines. Evidence-based research regarding the bioactivity of this herb is reviewed. The phenolic constituents of the leaves include rosmarinic acid and several flavonoids, primarily eriocitrin, luteolin and hesperidin. The main volatile components of the essential oil are menthol and menthone. In vitro, peppermint has significant antimicrobial and antiviral activities, strong antioxidant and antitumor actions, and some antiallergenic potential. Animal model studies demonstrate a relaxation effect on gastrointestinal (GI) tissue, analgesic and anesthetic effects in the central and peripheral nervous system, immunomodulating actions and chemopreventive potential. Human studies on the GI, respiratory tract and analgesic effects of peppermint oil and its constituents have been reported. Several clinical trials examining the effects of peppermint oil on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms have been conducted. However, human studies of peppermint leaf are limited and clinical trials of peppermint tea are absent. Adverse reactions to peppermint tea have not been reported, although caution has been urged for peppermint oil therapy in patients with GI reflux, hiatal hernia or kidney stones.

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... The genus Mentha, one of the most prominent medicinal plants, is used for tea production and EO extraction [1]. Mentha spp. ...
... It belongs to the Lamiaceae family, is perennial and grows worldwide [3]. Mint leaves are primarily used for both tea production and EO extraction [1]. In 2022, peppermint tea alone accounted for around 13% of herbal and fruit tea sales in Germany [4]. ...
... Due to their aromatic and health-promoting properties, EOs are used as flavoring agents and food ingredients, as well as in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries [5]. The latter exploits the antimicrobial, antiviral and antioxidant effects of EOs extracted from Mentha cultivars [1]. EO production is also economically viable. ...
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Mentha spp. are commonly used for the production of tea and for the extraction of essential oils (EOs). The key factor of mint quality is the content and composition of the EO. Health-promoting compounds such as menthol are desirable, whereas the presence of potentially health-damaging compounds such as menthofuran should be avoided. This study examines the effect of shading on the EO content and composition of three Mentha genotypes (Mentha × piperita ‘Multimentha’, Mentha × piperita ‘Fränkische Blaue’ and Mentha rotundifolia ‘Apfelminze’). The Mentha genotypes were cultivated in field trials for two years (2022–2023). Each genotype was shaded with a shading net (50% photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) reduction), and a control without shading was prepared. EO content was determined by steam distillation and EO composition was characterized by GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, biomass, vegetation indices (VIs) and the electron transport rate (ETR) were analyzed. While shading led to higher plant heights, higher EO content and a slightly reduced amount of undesired EO compounds, the unshaded control yielded a higher biomass accumulation. Significant genotypic differences were determined. In conclusion, the benefits of shading depend on the intended use and genotype selection.
... Traditionally, peppermint has been used across cultures for digestive relief, respiratory health, and even pain management. In the United States and Europe, peppermint oil is among the most commonly used botanical extracts, valued for its efficacy and well-documented benefits (McKay & Blumberg, 2006). ...
... These compounds include essential oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids, each playing a significant role in peppermint's biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects (Soković et al., 2009). The high concentrations of essential oils, primarily menthol and menthone, are especially noteworthy as they are associated with peppermint's characteristic aroma and therapeutic efficacy (McKay & Blumberg, 2006). Table 4 provides a summary of the primary phytochemicals found in Mentha piperita. ...
... The antioxidant activity of Mentha piperita is largely due to its rich content of phenolic compounds like rosmarinic acid and flavonoids. These compounds neutralize free radicals, protect cellular components from oxidative damage, and maintain redox homeostasis, which is critical in preventing diseases related to oxidative stress (McKay & Blumberg, 2006). Studies have shown that peppermint extract significantly increases cellular antioxidant capacity, thereby protecting against damage in diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders (Gülçin et al., 2010). ...
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Background: Mentha piperita (peppermint) is a widely used medicinal herb known for its therapeutic properties. Historically significant in traditional herbal medicine, it has gained attention in modern medical applications. This systematic review aims to consolidate existing research on the phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, and therapeutic applications of peppermint, highlighting gaps in current knowledge and suggesting future research directions. Objectives: This review aims to: (1) Examine the phytochemical composition of Mentha piperita. (2) Explore its pharmacological activities and mechanisms of action. (3) Discuss the applications of peppermint in modern medicine. (4) Identify limitations in current research and propose areas for further investigation. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies were selected based on criteria that included relevance to the pharmacological properties of Mentha piperita, methodology, and publication date. Both clinical and preclinical studies were included, focusing on phytochemical analysis, pharmacological efficacy, and safety assessments. Results: The review found that Mentha piperita contains various bioactive compounds, including essential oils, flavonoids, and terpenoids, which contribute to its therapeutic effects. Significant pharmacological activities were identified, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, and digestive benefits. Furthermore, peppermint is widely utilized in drug development, complementary and alternative medicine, and commercial products. Limitations: The review highlights several gaps in the literature, including the need for standardized extraction methods, more extensive mechanistic studies, and long-term safety data. Additionally, the lack of large-scale clinical trials limits the generalizability of findings. Conclusion: Mentha piperita possesses significant therapeutic potential, yet further research is essential to validate its efficacy and safety for broader medical use. Addressing the identified research gaps can enhance understanding and facilitate the development of peppermint-based therapies.
... Given these health benefits, studying the incorporation of mint in various dairy products is essential. Researchers are intrigued by medicinal plants and their products due to their significant impact on human health, their high efficacy, low toxicity and antioxidant potential (McKay & Blumberg, 2006) [19] , Mint, a medicinal plant, offers numerous health benefits such as anti-obesity, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties (Yadegarinia et al., 2006) [31] , anti-diabetic and cardio protective effects (Tundis et al., 2014) [30] . It also shows promise for preventing the development of cancer (Shakeri et al., 2016). ...
... Given these health benefits, studying the incorporation of mint in various dairy products is essential. Researchers are intrigued by medicinal plants and their products due to their significant impact on human health, their high efficacy, low toxicity and antioxidant potential (McKay & Blumberg, 2006) [19] , Mint, a medicinal plant, offers numerous health benefits such as anti-obesity, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties (Yadegarinia et al., 2006) [31] , anti-diabetic and cardio protective effects (Tundis et al., 2014) [30] . It also shows promise for preventing the development of cancer (Shakeri et al., 2016). ...
... Catechins , Ellagic acid (Kannan et al., 2015) Peppermint oil (Mentha piperita) (McKay & Blumberg, 2006), Thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris) (Marchese et al., 2016) Digitonin (Hostettmann & Marston, 1995), Aescin (Podolak et al., 2010) Protein Synthesis Inhibition Resveratrol (Baur & Sinclair, 2006), Quercetin Peppermint oil (Mentha piperita) (McKay & Blumberg, 2006), Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) (Carson et al., 2006) Stevioside (Chatsudthipong & Muanprasat, 2009), Ginsenosides (Zhou et al., 2012) Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibition Ellagic acid (Kannan et al., 2015), Chlorogenic acid (Sato et al., 2011) Eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus) (Sadlon & Lamson, 2010), Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) (Carson et al., 2006) Stevioside (Chatsudthipong & Muanprasat, 2009), Ginsenosides (Zhou et al., 2012) Metabolic Pathways Inhibition Resveratrol (Baur & Sinclair, 2006), Quercetin Thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris) (Marchese et al., 2016), Lavender oil (Lavandula angustifolia) (Cavanagh & Wilkinson, 2002) Saponins (Podolak et al., 2010), Ginsenosides (Zhou et al., 2012) ...
... Catechins , Ellagic acid (Kannan et al., 2015) Peppermint oil (Mentha piperita) (McKay & Blumberg, 2006), Thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris) (Marchese et al., 2016) Digitonin (Hostettmann & Marston, 1995), Aescin (Podolak et al., 2010) Protein Synthesis Inhibition Resveratrol (Baur & Sinclair, 2006), Quercetin Peppermint oil (Mentha piperita) (McKay & Blumberg, 2006), Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) (Carson et al., 2006) Stevioside (Chatsudthipong & Muanprasat, 2009), Ginsenosides (Zhou et al., 2012) Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibition Ellagic acid (Kannan et al., 2015), Chlorogenic acid (Sato et al., 2011) Eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus) (Sadlon & Lamson, 2010), Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) (Carson et al., 2006) Stevioside (Chatsudthipong & Muanprasat, 2009), Ginsenosides (Zhou et al., 2012) Metabolic Pathways Inhibition Resveratrol (Baur & Sinclair, 2006), Quercetin Thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris) (Marchese et al., 2016), Lavender oil (Lavandula angustifolia) (Cavanagh & Wilkinson, 2002) Saponins (Podolak et al., 2010), Ginsenosides (Zhou et al., 2012) ...
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The functional properties of animal food protein, especially from nutritional and health contexts, remain crucial to (food) product formulation/processing. Moreover, the increases in consumer awareness continue to push the food industry to seek alternatives to chemical food preservatives, particularly those natural approaches that extend the shelf life of animal (food) product(s). As such,plant-derived bioactive substances occupy an important space as promising additives for animal food products. Besides, the underlying mechanisms that advance the interactive progress of antioxidant/bioactive compounds within the plant food matrices remain debated. Indeed, understanding how myofibrillar proteins interact with the specific bioactive ingredients, i.e. biologically active compounds of plant origin, is of great importance, especially their antioxidants/microbial potentials operating as food additives given the eventual impact to modify the functionality/sensory features of the emergent animal food products. To supplement existing information, therefore, this terse review synthesizes some connections between polyphenol and myofibrillar proteins derived from plant-based sources, emphasizing their anti-microbial potentials. Overall, natural food additives may offer potential health benefits, but their usage comes with challenges, the latter of which animal food producers must carefully consider particularly the effectiveness of bioactive substances on (animal food) products’ safety, and consumer appeal.
... The reducing power in the extracts may be due to the presence of significant amount of phenolic compounds in the extracts [27] . The literature search revealed that the constituents like squalene [28,29] , γ-sitosterol [30,31] , phytol [32,33] , stigmasterol [34] and palmitic acid [35] were reported to show antioxidant activity. Hence, these compounds namely squalene, γ-sitosterol, phytol, stigmasterol and palmitic acid found in hexane extracts (PMLH and PMBH) in present research, might be responsible for good antioxidant activity of plant. ...
... The zone of inhibition (in mm) by PMLH and PMBH against E. coli and S. aureus is given in Table 6. The compounds tetradecanal [46,47] , γ-sitosterol [48] , phytol [32,33] and oleic acid [49] were found to exhibit strong antibacterial activity. all these compounds were also found in present study in different quantities. ...
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Premna mucronata Roxb. commonly known as agyon, is a high medicinal value plant belonging to the family Lamiaceae. The phytochemical, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial potential of leaves and bark hexane extracts of Premna mucronata (PMLH and PMBH) were investigated in this study. GC/MS analysis was done to determine the compounds present in the extracts. The extracts were subjected to biochemical assay for total phenolics, flavanoid and orthodihydric phenols; their biological activities was determined using developed protocols. GC-MS analysis revealed the occurrence of (Z)-7-tetradecenal and linoelaidic acid, TMS as a major compound in PMLH and PMBH respectively. PMLH and PMBH were found to contain potentially significant amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids and total ortho-dihydric phenol content. Antioxidant activity of extracts assessment using, DPPH radical scavenging, metal chelating and reducing power activity resulted significant antioxidant potential presumably due to qualitative and quantitative difference of their antioxidative components. Moderate anti-inflammatory activity was exhibited by both the extracts with IB50 value ranging from 63.77±0.04 µg/mL to 76.25±0.90µg/mL. Antibacterial activity was also performed using well diffusion method and it has been found that both the sample showed sustainable antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
... Peppermint oil is a remedy to alleviate allergic rashes, anorexia, bacterial infections, bronchitis, chicken pox, colitis, coughs, dandruff, diarrhea, inflammation of the oral mucosa and throat, colic in infants, Crohn's disease, flatulence, headaches, indigestion, nausea, neuralgia, morning sickness, irritable bowel syndrome, biliary tract disorders, liver complaints, migraines, menstrual cramps, muscular pains, myalgia, toothaches and vomiting. 14,15 It has insect repellent activity. [13][14][15] The major constituents of peppermint oil are limonene, cineole, menthone, menthofuran, isomenthone, menthyl acetate, menthol, pulegone and carvone. ...
... 14,15 It has insect repellent activity. [13][14][15] The major constituents of peppermint oil are limonene, cineole, menthone, menthofuran, isomenthone, menthyl acetate, menthol, pulegone and carvone. [16][17][18][19][20][21] Other bioactive components of the plant include caffeic acid, flavonoids, polymerized polyphenols, carotenes, tocopherols, betaine, choline and tannins. ...
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The therapeutic efficacy of bioactives from Anogessius leiocarpus, a medicinal plant widely used in folkloric medicine in Nigeria in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM), can be improved using novel drug delivery systems. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antidiabetic potentials of Anogessius leiocarpus root bark extracts and lipospheres delivery system loaded with A. leiocarpus root-bark methanol extract compared with glibenclamide, a standard antidiabetic. The root bark was powdered and then extracted using methanol, 95% ethanol, and a combination of 95% ethanol and trona using a Soxhlet extractor. Preliminary antidiabetic properties of A. leiocarpus root-bark extracts were determined in alloxanized rats, and thereafter the optimized methanol extract was formulated into lipospheres containing 1, 2 and 3%w/w of the extract by high-shear homogenization using 10%w/w lipid matrix composed of 30% Phospholipon® 90H in 70% beeswax. Physicochemical properties, in vitro drug release in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH=7.4) and simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH=1.2) and anti-diabetic properties were determined. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, reducing sugars, flavonoids and tannins. Spherical particles with particle size range 135±1.58 - 195±2.24µm, which were stable over four weeks were obtained. Higher drug release in SIF (up to 100%) than SGF (<50%) and a mixed order release mechanism were obtained. The formulations caused significant (P<0.05) reduction in blood glucose level which was comparable with that obtained with glibenclamide. Lipospheres are a potentially safer and cheaper alternative therapeutics for DM given the numerous side effects associated with conventional glibenclamide.
... Turmeric, particularly its active component curcumin, is known for its anti-inflammatory properties and potential benefits in managing inflammatory bowel diseases, although its safety for children remains uncertain [37][38][39][40][41]. Peppermint tea was used by 43.75% of parents for cyclic vomiting syndrome, functional nausea, irritable bowel syndrome, abdominal migraine, functional abdominal pain, and functional constipation. Despite the lack of clinical studies on peppermint tea's use for these conditions, it is known to aid in gastrointestinal disorders [32,34,42,43]. Spearmint was also commonly used, with no prior studies specifically documenting its use for these conditions, making this study novel in recording its application. ...
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Gastrointestinal diseases in children and adolescents lead to a considerable impairment of the quality of life of children and parents. Accordingly, there are considerable socio-economic consequences for the family and society. Parents concerned about their children may seek alternative treatments and opt for traditional herbal supplements. This study aimed to determine the utilization status and variety of herbal supplements by parents of children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. 216 study participants were given a socio-demographic questionnaire, a diagnostic questionnaire based on the ROME-IV criteria and a questionnaire with 20 herb names used in traditional treatments. 33.3% of parents reported using “ginger; Zingiber officinale” for their children who were infants and suffered from infantile regurgitation. The herb most preferred by parents for their children with functional gastrointestinal disorders in childhood and adolescence was “spearmint; Mentha spicata” (28.9%). 57.9% of the parents participating in the study stated that they preferred herbal supplements for their children. In addition, 40% of the participants stated that they use the herbs with the advice of the referral. As a result, it has been shown that parents tend to use herbs or herbal supplements, that they need to be educated in the use of these supplements, and that they need access to the right herb and to reliable supplements derived from the right herb. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-024-04733-6.
... Mentha Piperita L. has established choleretic, antispasmodic, local anesthetic and antiseptic effects. Peppermint is used for pain in the stomach and intestines, for biliary dyskinesia, liver diseases, flatulence, as well as for removing the symptoms of intoxications of gastrointestinal origin [6][7][8][9][10]. Although less common, peppermint is used for headaches, epilepsy, and depression. ...
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Europium is widely used in industry and improper waste management in its recycling can cause environmental pollution. 152 Eu is obtained as a result of neutron activation of the control rods of nuclear reactors and may enter the soils after nuclear accident. The distribution of 152 Eu in the environment and its transfer through the food chain can threaten the human health through its beta and gamma radiation. Therefore, knowledge of the geochemical forms of Eu and its transfer from soil to plants is important for the risk assessment in case of environmental pollution. The paper presents the results of a model study on the mobile geochemical forms and bioaccumulation of 152 Eu from chernozem soil to peppermint (Mentha Piperita L.). Peppermint plant was planted in a pot with Calcaric Chernozem soil, taken from the 0-10 cm surface layer. Aqueous solution of 152 EuCl 3 was spiked in the soil, simulating radioactive contamination. The peppermint was grown during 8 months and samples of the soil and peppermint stems and leaves were taken at the 5 th and 8 th month after the radioactive contamination. The transfer factors (TFs) soil-to-plant were determined. The water-soluble, exchangeable and bound to humic and fulvic acids forms of 152 Eu were studied after the 1 st , 5 th and 8 th month after the contamination. The transfer of 152 Eu from the mint leaves to tea and tincture was examined. The results showed higher TFs for the soil-leaves than soil-stems system. More than 40% of 152 Eu, accumulated in the dry leaves was found to be extracted in the tea, while no radioactive europium was found in mint tincture.
... Piperitone (0.5-1%). [49,50] [55,56] • Species-E. officinalis. ...
... Several studies have focused on the improvement of M. piperita cultivation techniques (Rohloff et al., 2005;Singh and Saini, 2008;Zheljazkov et al., 2009;Kassahun et al., 2011;Upadhyay et al., 2012;Shahriari et al., 2013;Karkanis et al., 2018;Dragumilo et al., 2023). The herba of M. piperita is commonly used to alleviate digestive issues such as indigestion, bloating, and irritable bowel syndrome, while the leaves of this species, which are good sources of antioxidants, help protect the body from oxidative stress and reduce inflammation (McKay and Blumberg, 2006). The leaves are also commonly used as a flavoring agent in both culinary and pharmaceutical products (Gholamipourfard et al., 2021). ...
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The study investigates the influence of organic mulches and synthetic films on the yield and quality of essential oil in Mentha piperita L. over two consecutive years in Southeast Europe. The field two-factorial randomized complete block design experiment utilized the "Mitcham" cultivar of M. piperita, assessing the effect of six treatments: two organic mulches (sawdust of acacia and dry pine needles), two synthetic films (black agrotextile film and silver-brown film), and two controls (weeded and non-weeded), conducted in Pančevo, South Banat, Serbia. The study examined the effects on these treatments on the yields of plant material (stems and leaves with flowers), as well as the yield and composition of essential oil (leaves with flowers). The plants were harvested at the optimal phase, when the flowers in the first third of the inflorescence were fully open. The results showed that application of mulches and films significantly increased the yield of leaves with flowers compared to the non-weeded control, with synthetic films generally outperforming organic ones. When the controls are omitted, M. piperita cultivated on silver-brown film (2.8 t ha − 1) and black agrotextile film (3.0 t ha − 1) achieved the highest yields, resulting in exceptionally high essential oil production. The essential oil yield varied from 5.88 % to 7.50 % in treatments with synthetic films, whereas in non-weeded and weeded controls, it was 4.64 % and 7.13 %, respectively. In addition to prominent synthetic films, organic dry pine needles increased the yield and quality of essential oils, indicating that they could be used to improve the outcomes of cultivated M. piperita. Significant variations were also observed in the chemical composition of M. piperita essential oils, particularly in the levels of menthol, menthone, and other monoterpenes
... Хімічний склад листя м'яти варіюється залежно від сорту, фази розвитку рослини, умов вирощування та переробки. У композиції жирних кислот неполярної ліпідної фракції домінує пальмітинова кислота (16:0), лінолева (18:2) та ліноленова (18:3) кислоти (Mckay, 2006;Zhao 2022). ...
... In the food industry, the distinctive aroma and health-promoting properties of M. haplocalyx leaves have garnered considerable attention. As a key ingredient in food flavoring, M. haplocalyx leaves are used not only in fresh foods but also as a raw material for producing volatile extracts, which are then incorporated into a wide range of beverages and confectioneries [3,31,92]. Additionally, M. haplocalyx is used in desserts, biscuits, chocolates, and ice cream, imparting a refreshing taste and aroma. Moreover, by combining M. haplocalyx with other ingredients such as Fagopyrum tataricum, Poria cocos, Pueraria lobata, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and processing them through soaking, extraction, filtration, filling, and sterilization, a health tea can be produced. ...
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Mentha haplocalyx Briq. (M. haplocalyx), a notable member of the Lamiaceae family, occupies a significant role in the realm of health foods and botanical medicines. Traditionally, it has been employed to address various diseases, including colds, coughs, fever, indigestion, asthma, and influenza. Recent phytochemical investigations have identified the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthraquinones, alkanes, and polysaccharides in M. haplocalyx, with terpenoids being the primary bioactive constituents. Notably, both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated its diverse health benefits, such as neuroprotective, anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, gut health improvement, hypoglycemic, anti-aging, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant effects. Additionally, M. haplocalyx is a rich source of carbohydrates, dietary fiber, amino acids, minerals, and vitamins, further underscoring its nutritional value. A thorough literature review was conducted using databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) to consolidate existing knowledge on M. haplocalyx. This review synthesizes recent advancements in the botany, traditional uses, nutritional value, phytochemistry, health benefits, and research on the edible uses of M. haplocalyx. Furthermore, the commercial potential and future research opportunities for M. haplocalyx are briefly explored, with the goal of fostering continued interest in this multifunctional plant and inspiring future research and commercial endeavors. Graphical Abstract
... In aromatherapy, peppermint oil is frequently used by caregivers and nurses to boost mental clarity, reduce stress, and combat fatigue. However, healthcare professionals must ensure it is used correctly, for example, diluting it before topical application and avoiding use in individuals with sensitivities, allergies, or conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (McKay & Blumberg, 2006). By tailoring recommendations to each patient's needs, peppermint oil can be a safe and effective therapeutic option. ...
Article
Peppermint oil, a natural product derived from the Mentha × piperita plant, has gained significant attention for its therapeutic versatility across various medical fields. This review examines clinical trials published on PubMed from 2016 to 2024, focusing on its efficacy and safety. Using a systematic approach, studies were selected based on their relevance to human clinical applications. The results highlight peppermint oil's effectiveness in managing gastrointestinal conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), reducing chemotherapy-induced nausea, alleviating postoperative pain and anxiety, and enhancing cognitive function and mood. Additionally, its role in improving colonoscopy procedures, preventing pressure injuries, and supporting mental clarity showcases its broad potential. While the evidence supports its application in many areas, the review also identifies limitations, particularly in respiratory health and physical performance enhancements. Overall, peppermint oil emerges as a safe, cost-effective, and accessible complementary therapy with potential for broader use in patient care decrease medical as well as financial burden, hence improving the management of cirrhotic patients. These predictors, however, need further work to validate reliability.
... Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) leaves has antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial actions. It is known for its benefits to GI system as an antispasmodic as well as calming effect on nervous system [47]. Both are wonderful for anxiety and nervous stomachs and are easily available as teas. ...
... Finally, tea, especially green tea, is rich in catechins like epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin and epicatechin (50) conditions (51) . There is information on the effects of mint products on oral bacterial biofilms (52) and S. mutans was inhibited by Peppermint oil (53) . ...
... Peppermint has been added to beverages throughout history, used as an herb, and used as an ointment for many purposes. Its pleasant and stimulating aroma is also used in aromatherapy to promote relaxation and reduce stress [45][46][47][48] . Peppermint (Mentha spicata), a herb with a long history of traditional medicinal use, has shown therapeutic benefits in many forms of PCOD. ...
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Polycystic Ovarian Disorder is among the most well-known hormonal diseases influencing many women overall prompting the development of cysts on the ovaries. Albeit, the specific ground for its improvement isn’t very much revealed till now, however a mix of hereditary, ecological and way of life factors were considered as noticeable contributing variables for its development and advancement. The ongoing treatments for polycystic ovarian disorder incorporate a way of life alteration, utilization of oral contraceptives, anti-androgen therapy and insulin-sensitizing agents, ovulation induction and assisted reproductive technologies. Even though these ongoing treatments are well dependent to some degree in females enduring polycystic ovarian issues, various secondary effects are being accounted for to be related to these treatments. Herbal treatment could be an option for polycystic ovarian problems as it offers compelling recuperation with immaterial aftereffects. Herbal treatment frequently focuses on the main driver of the sickness instead of alleviating symptoms, expecting to re-establish general well-being and prosperity. In this ongoing review, we have compiled the purposes of specific spices for the treatment of polycystic ovarian disorders including cinnamon, fenugreek, gymnema, saw palmetto, spearmint, liquorice, turmeric and berberine - containing plants. These plants were accounted for too effective against polycystic ovarian disorder with their system of activity as portrayed. Escalated research on these plants will clear many new courses towards the advancement of medication disclosure and medication plans for the powerful treatment of polycystic ovarian issues.
... The sample had considerable morphological alterations when compared to B. subtilus control -described as intact, rod-shaped, separated from each other, turgid and whole with a smooth surface while the M. piperita oil treated cells appeared to be partially deformed with frequent depressions on the cell surface. This was ascribed to the terpenes; menthone; isomenthone; 1,8-cineole; menthyl acetate; menthofuran; limonene; β-myrcene; β-caryophyllene; pulegone and carvone, present in the essential oil [18,19]. The same authors noted that certain terpenes may increase membrane fluidity and alter the membrane permeability, resulting in alteration of membrane properties and functionality [17]. ...
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Background Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavity formation, is one of the world’s most widespread dental conditions. It is a plaque-related infection caused mainly by Streptococcus mutans. People have relied on several plant species to treat oral infections; Heteropyxis natalensis, for example, has been used to treat toothache and gum infections. Methods In this study, the antimicrobial and anti-adherence properties of H. natalensis and Camellia sinensis, as well as tea tree and peppermint essential oils were investigated on tooth enamel. Results The bacterial load of S. mutans was reduced by approximately two orders of a magnitude after 48 h, with a lesser extent on the commensal bacteria, Lactobacillus paracasei. Scanning electron micrographs of enamel blocks showed a reduction in the attachment and chain formation of S. mutans and degraded cell morphology. Lastly, the combination and each component individually, showed low to no cellular toxicity when tested on human macrophages. Conclusions This is the first report of this polyherbal regarding its selectivity and potential prevention of dental caries.
... It is well known that medicinal plants are abundant with chemicals having therapeutic, coloring, preservative, and other uses for human beings [1]. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) a perennial herbaceous plant, related to the family of Lamiaceae, genera Mentha, used as a medicine and immuneboosting food all over the world [2]. Water mint (M. ...
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Peppermint is abundant with organic compounds having therapeutic, coloring, preservative, and other uses for humans. Moreover, peppermint is used in food and perfume industry and as medicine in every corner over the world. Considering the economic and medicinal value of peppermint, there is a significant gap between supply and demand. Therefore, an analysis of the impact of bacteria that promote plant development was carried out on peppermints (Pseudomonas putida and Curtobacterium sp. strain LUW) essential oil production. Under the study, the plant growth parameters, essential oil, chlorophyll and carotenoids, and free proline of leaves were measured. The outcomes demonstrated that the use of both Pseudomonas and Curtobacterium (Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria) in the soil significantly increased root diameter, leaf area, leaf number, plant height, quantity of stems, root length, root volume, dry weight of leaf, and peppermint plants' relative water content by 34.29, 23.34, 36.57, 21.08, 87.5, 12.28, 20.37, 42.62, and 6.46 compared to the control conditions respectively. Furthermore, the application of bacteria in the soil that promotes plant growth raised the total quantity of essential oil, proline, and chlorophyll concentration in the leaf by 50.90, 20.90, and 33.35%, respectively, compared to the control conditions. Moreover, essential oil and proline content increased with Curtobacterium sp. strain application compared to Pseudomonas putida.
... Its therapeutic potential is enhanced by its synergistic combination with other herbs and spices. Peppermint's versatility extends to culinary uses, where its invigorating flavor is often incorporated into teas, desserts, and savory dishes [18]. ...
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This chapter explores the scientific research, supporting the multifaceted role of medicinal herbs and spices in our daily lives, focusing on their remarkable antimicrobial properties’ relevance in modern health and food industry. These natural wonders have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and culinary traditions. The bioactive compounds confer their antimicrobial abilities and the traditional practices that harness their potential for health and healing. Moreover, these herbs and spices not only enhance flavor but also serve as natural preservatives, safeguarding products from microbial contamination, and the future trends in this culinary field. Balancing the health and culinary facets, examine the impact of integrating these natural wonders into our diets, fostering not only well-being but also culinary delight, bridging the realms of human health and the food industry. This chapter also highlights challenges, opportunities, application, and modern prospective of herbs and spices in health and food industry.
... 159 -167 kemampuannya meredakan sakit kepala, meningkatkan konsentrasi, dan memberikan sensasi pendinginan yang menenangkan pada kulit. Selain itu, minyak peppermint memiliki sifat antimikroba yang dapat membantu dalam mengatasi infeksi (Harahap dkk., 2022;McKay & Blumberg, 2006). ...
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This training activity aims to enhance the knowledge, insights, and skills of the community regarding external medicines, specifically the skills to make liquid balm that is beneficial for health. Additionally, this activity aims to foster entrepreneurial interest among the community through home-based businesses that can increase family income. The activity is centered in Lubuk Sukon Village, Ingin Jaya District, Aceh Besar Regency. The targets of this training activity are housewives and teenage girls who spend most of their time taking care of their households and families. To facilitate this training activity, brochures about the materials and procedures for making balm, the ingredients used, introductory theory, and tips for making balm were distributed to the target community. Furthermore, demonstrations and hands-on practice in making balm were provided, resulting in products that can be used personally or become a business idea.
... It is a member of the Lamiaceae family. (Mckay and Blumberg, 2006). The valuable works of the above-mentioned, that plants are related to the compounds in its essential oil, which are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry of food products (Roodbari et al., 2013). ...
Article
Peppermint is a rich source of valuable compounds with therapeutic, coloring, preservative and other uses for humans. Peppermint is used in food, perfumery and medicine all over the world. Higher plants experience salt stress due to an excessive buildup of sodium chloride; salinity impacts plants through osmotic stress and toxicity. Salinity impacts every major activity in plants, including growth, photosynthesis, lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, energy production, and germination through biomass and seed formation. The experiment was carried out in the research farm of agriculture faculty of Lorestan University, Iran. The aim of the current research was to examine the effect of different levels of salinity (0, 50 and 100 mM) on the morphological and physiological characteristics of peppermint in the greenhouse. The result showed that salinity stress at 50 and 100 millimole (mM), decreased plant height (11.76%, 23.53%), number of leaves (25.11%, 33.92%), leaf surface (24.76%, 56.37%), crown diameter (14.15%, 25.47%), root length (20.61%, 31.58%), leaf fresh weight (14.47%, 30.47%), leaf dry weight (1.16%, 12.69%), fresh weight of stem (10.78%, 21.11%), dry weight of stem (16.32%, 37.76%), chlorophyll a (46.08% and 61.09%), Chlorophyll b (32.48% and 41.65%), total chlorophyll (40.84% and 53.59%) and carotenoid (34.67% and 67.02%) compared to the control conditions respectively. Hence, increase in salinity concentration at 50 and 100 mM, increased the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) (37.06% and 73.63%), leaf proline (301.50% and 382.09%) and essential oil (100.40% and 80.32% compared to control. The results of this study showed that, the salinity stress had a significant effect on the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of peppermint. The results showed that, increases in the salinity stress, significantly increased the amount of electrolyte leakage, production of essential oil, malondialdehyde and proline. Moreover, increase salinity levels in irrigation water, caused reduction in growth characteristics of peppermint. It is to be concluded that, Peppermint is a semi-salt resistant plant, cultivation of peppermint in the medium saline soil is recommended.
... Based on these effects, plants in this family can be used as a health functional food material and medicine [4]. Chamomile, one of the most popular teas, has traditionally been used for medicinal purposes and includes species like Matricaria recutita L., and Matricaria chamomilla [7]. Silybum marianum, or milk thistle (MT), is well-studied for its treatment of liver disease [8] and health functional foods made from milk thistle extract are available on the market. ...
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While the potential of Asteraceae plants as herbal remedies has been globally recognized, their widespread application in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries requires a deeper understanding of how extraction methods influence bioactive compound yields and functionalities. Previous research has primarily focused on the physiological activities or chemical compositions of individual Asteraceae species, often overlooking the critical role of solvent selection in optimizing extraction. Additionally, the remarkable physiological activities observed in these plants have spurred a growing number of clinical trials, aiming to validate their efficacy and safety for potential therapeutic and commercial applications. This work aims to bridge these knowledge gaps by providing an integrated analysis of extraction techniques, the diverse range of bioactive compounds present in Asteraceae, and the influence of solvent choice on isolating these valuable substances. By elucidating the interplay between extraction methods, solvent properties, and bioactivity, we underscore the promising potential of Asteraceae plants and highlight the importance of continued research, including clinical trials, to fully unlock their potential in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical sectors.
... Like the previous herbs, Peppermint Mentha × piperita L. belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Peppermint is a perennial herb native to Europe and cultivated in many parts of the world [56]. Genetic diversity among peppermint cultivars was analysed previously, and all genotypes were differentiated by RAPD markers [57]. ...
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Medicinal plants have been a part of human life from a very early age. In the field of plant genetics, they are still widely investigated for their genomic variability. This study used two DNA marker techniques to obtain polymorphic profiles in selected species from Lamiaceae. Both are based on the variability of plant genes that code for allergens - BBAP (Bet v 1-Based Amplicon Polymorphism) and PBAP (Profilin-Based Amplicon Polymorphism). Variability of Bet v 1 homologues within individual genomes showed similarity of basil and oregano as well as basil with common sage and rosemary with creeping thyme. PBAP profiles were the most similar profiles for basil and rosemary.
... As plantas desse gênero são conhecidas por suas propriedades aromáticas e medicinais, sendo frequentemente utilizadas na culinária, na medicina tradicional e na indústria de cosméticos. Dentre as suas diversas aplicações, destacam-se as atividades biológicas, tais como ação antisséptica, efeito calmante, propriedades analgésicas no sistema digestório, ação antitussígena, carminativa, expectorante e descongestionante das vias respiratórias, atribuídas aos seus óleos essenciais (MCKAY & BLUMBERG, 2006;REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, 2013). ...
Article
Este estudo se propôs a conduzir uma análise científica abrangente e uma prospecção tecnológica da espécie vegetal Mentha piperita, com o objetivo de compreender a extensão do conhecimento disponível e identificar tendências em pesquisa e desenvolvimento de produtos relacionadas a essa espécie. A espécie Mentha piperita é nativa da Europa, amplamente reconhecida por suas propriedades medicinais e aromáticas. A pesquisa tem caráter descritivo e exploratório e envolveu a busca por artigos indexados às bases de dados acadêmicos PubMed e ScienceDirect no período entre 2013 e 2023. Além disso, realizou-se busca por patentes, nos bancos de dados INPI, EPO e WIPO, visando identificar inovações tecnológicas associadas à espécie em questão. Foram encontrados 3.266 artigos e 771 patentes. Do levantamento científico, percebeu-se que a maior parte dos estudos científicos aborda as propriedades medicinais, as atividades antimicrobianas, antivirais e antioxidantes da espécie Mentha piperita. A prospecção tecnológica veio corroborar fatos conhecidos, uma vez que a maioria dos registros de patentes parametrizadas pelo CIP está alocada na seção A (necessidades humanas) e suas subclasses (voltadas à área médica, prioritariamente). Diante disso, a espécie Mentha piperita é considerada promissora para pesquisas de isolamento, identificação e síntese de biomoléculas ativas (fármacos e afins).
... "Lead was reported to produce oxidative stress by generating release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides which increase oxidative damage of cellular materials" [50]. "Depending on the observation that free radicals were generated during the pathogenesis processes induced by lead, it was presumed that supplement of antioxidants will interrupt or minimize the damaging effects of lead and improve the effects of chelating agents" [51]. ...
Article
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Lead has been reported to produce oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) which increase oxidative damage of cellular materials. Antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation products such as Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) play crucial role in counteracting the harmful effects of ROS. Peppermint leaf (Mentha Piperita) has anti-inflammatory, anti- spasmodic, antioxidant and anti- bacterial properties and is used in folkloric medicine in the treatment of urinary tract infections and allergies. This study is designed to investigate the protective role of peppermint leaf extract in the brain of lead exposed Wistar rats. This will be done by assessing serum levels of SOD, CAT and MDA and cerebellar histology. Twenty (20) adult male Wistar rats were divided into four (4) groups of five (5) rats in each group. Group A served as the control, Group B received 400mg/kg of mint extract only, Group C received 30mg/kg of lead acetate and Group D received both 30mg/kg of lead acetate and 400mg/kg of mint extract. They were administered orally with a syringe using an oral cannula for six (6) weeks. Rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Results shows that CAT levels were significantly lower in the experimental groups B, C and D compared to the control group A, MDA levels showed no significant difference between treated groups B, C and D compared to group A, SOD levels were significantly higher in group B compared to group A but no significant difference in groups C and D compared to group A. Results of histological investigation showed no adverse effect of the peppermint extract and lead acetate on the cerebellum. We can therefore conclude that peppermint at 400mg/kg bw administered orally for 6 weeks uninterruptedly showed no adverse effect on the oxidative stress parameters and the histology of the cerebellum in male Wistar rats.
... Additionally, many compounds have been identified as part of its composition, such as terpenes and flavonoids, and have been linked to such effects. Nevertheless, although it is common to find general reviews on the Mentha genus (Silva 2020;Tafrihi et al. 2021;Saqib et al. 2022), or reviews focused on other Mentha species (Mahendran, Verma, and Rahman 2021;Zhang et al. 2022;McKay and Blumberg 2006;Zhao et al. 2022), very few reviews exist specifically on M. aquatica L. (Asadollah-Pour et al. 2021), and they do not highlight M. aquatica L.'s true potential for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes using both scientific data and marketed products' information. Hence, the present article provides a thorough and multidisciplinary critical review of M. aquatica L., including its extensive phytochemical characterization (major compounds and respective plant organs, techniques used for isolation, analysis, characterization, yield, and country of origin), main bioactivities, and current marketed cosmetic products (including product types and examples, their composition, type of extract included, M. aquatica attributed functions in said products, and the bioactivities that might be linked to those functions), making an argument for the continuation of the use of this plant in the cosmetic market, but also stressing the importance of redirecting efforts toward the development of pharmaceutical products containing it. ...
Article
Mentha aquatica L., or water mint, is an important member of the Mentha genus, and has long been used in traditional medicine, mainly to treat respiratory diseases such as the common cold. Nevertheless, although over the years many studies have shown that it’s potential grows beyond this use, a review that highlights Mentha aquatica L.’s true potential is still lacking. Thus, the main purpose the present article is to provide a thorough and multidisciplinary critical review of Mentha aquatica L., including its phytochemical characterization, main bioactivities, and current marketed cosmetic products. Many compounds have been identified as part of Mentha aquatica L. composition, such as terpenes, phenolic acids, phenols, and terpenoids, which have been linked to a vast therapeutic potential, namely anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiobesity, and hepatoprotection bioactivities, with additional anticancer potential for several types of tumors (breast, lung, and skin), and psycho and neuroactive potential in depression, or Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease. Additionally, it has been proven to be suitable for cosmetic application since several cleansing, hydrating, protecting, and/or odor masking products containing it are already available, with the main functions attributed to Mentha aquatica including refreshing/cooling effects, calming/soothing/relaxing effects, and purifying effects, properties closely related to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant bioactivities. Hence, Mentha aquatica is an extremely versatile plant, with its extracts and essential oils having great therapeutic and cosmetic potential. With many marketed cosmetic products, future studies should focus on this plant’s medicinal aspects, so that one day it can be part of therapeutic regimens.
... [10] Numerous studies have been conducted on the Mentha taxa concerning their medicinal, chemical, insecticidal, agrobiological, ethnomedicinal, and pharmacological effects. [3,[11][12][13][14][15] Mentha arvensis L. (Japanese mint) is native to the temperate climate zones of Europe and Western and Central Asia. It is a source of natural menthol used in the pharmaceutical industry, and its essential oil, rich in phenolic and aromatic compounds, has a wide range of biological applications and is therefore widely cultivated. ...
... These functions collectively contribute to enhanced plant stress tolerance, resulting in improved seed germination, increased seedling vigor, more efficient leaves, a robust root system, and reduced oxidative damage [8,9]. This study specifically explores the molecular and biochemical pathways triggered by SA and the synthetic strigolactone analog GR24 in Mentha piperita L., commonly known as peppermint [10][11][12]. Peppermint, a member of the Lamiaceae family, is renowned for its medicinal and aromatic properties, making it a valuable crop in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and essential oil sectors [13,14]. conducting extensive molecular and biochemical analyses, we aim to identify potential upregulation of genes critical to the menthol biosynthetic pathway and assess the impact on antioxidant enzyme activity. ...
Article
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This study uncovers the potential of salicylic acid (SA) and synthetic Strigolactone (GR24) in enhancing menthol biosynthesis and antioxidant defense mechanisms in Mentha piperita L. Our comprehensive analysis, which included a series of controlled experiments and data analysis of the effects of these phytohormones on enzymatic antioxidants catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and non-enzymatic antioxidants, including carotenoids and proline, revealed promising results. The study also examined their impact on lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide levels, and the expression of genes critical to menthol and menthofuran synthesis. The results indicated that SA and GR24 significantly increased menthol production and reduced the levels of menthofuran and pulegone, suggesting upregulation in the plant’s innate defense systems. Furthermore, the activities of CAT and APX were elevated, reflecting a strengthened antioxidant response. Interestingly, the menthofuran synthase (MFS) was higher in the control group. At the same time, pulegone reductase (PR) genes and menthol dehydrogenase (MDH) gene expression were upregulated, highlighting the protective effects of SA and GR24. These findings underscore the potential of SA and GR24 to serve as effective bio-stimulants, improving the quality and resilience of peppermint plants and thereby contributing to eco-friendly agricultural practices in pollution-stressed environments.
... Mint leaves can help balance the natural sweetness of beetroot juice, making it more palatable without the need for added sugars. This balance can make the juice more appealing to a wider audience [13]. ...
Article
The study could be useful in determining how to use beetroot for juice production in order to reduce loss owing to underutilization, and the addition of spices can provide a distinct flavor while masking the earthy Odor of beetroot. The study was conducted at Post Harvest Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, ITM University, Gwalior. The experiment was laid in a Completely Randomized Design with fourteen treatment combinations and three replications in each treatment. The treatments consisted of several combinations of flavour with spices including various concentrations of Cumin, Cardamon, Cinnamon and Mint. Organoleptic attributes are the sensory parameters based on which, one can justify the taste, flavour and overall appearance of the product. From the conducted research trail, it has been observed that out of 11 treatments, T0 (Beet root (20 ml) + Sugar (10 g) + Water (80 ml)), showed least results. In the aspects of taste T0 ranked with the value of 5.67 followed by T2 6.67 at 0th day. From the conducted experimental trail, it has been observed that at final day the TSS was recorded highest value with 11.78 0B in T2 (Beet root (20 ml) + Sugar (10 g) + Water (80 ml) + Mint extract (10 ml)). Since the conducted experiment it has been found that Vit-C was recorded highest in T9 and T10, with the value of 6.13 and 6.43 mg/100ml. it has been assumed that by the addition of spices like cumin and cinnamon the vit-C content of the RTS was increased, which was future countered by the fermentation process at 3rd final day. The synergy between beetroot's betalains and mint's bioactive compounds could potentially amplify the overall health-promoting effects of the juice.
... Animal studies have shown anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anaesthetic, immunomodulatory, and cancerpreventive properties and a relaxing impact on gastrointestinal (GI) tissue. Peppermint oil and its components have shown gastrointestinal, respiratory, and analgesic benefits in human studies 65 . ...
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OBJECTIVES. In this paper, we reviewed cough and herbal therapies. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Research methods included searching online databases such as Google, Google Scholar, ProQuest Central, and PubMed at Kirikkale University. We used terms like “cough”, “herbal”, “reflex”, “Primula veris”, “Primula elatior”, “Thymus vulgaris”, “Althea Officinalis”, and “Mentha piperita” to find related articles. RESULTS. Coughing is a reflex that serves a legitimate physiological purpose by expelling fluids and debris from the lungs. Herbal teas and preparations with antioxidant and expectorant properties are made from medicinal herbs like Primula veris and Primula elatior. The phenolic monoterpene thymol, one of the primary components of thyme oil, is found primarily in thyme plants. Both thymol and thyme essential oil have lengthy histories of usage in conventional medicine, particularly for their upper respiratory system-targeted expectorant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and antiseptic properties. Historically, people have turned to the plant Althaea officinalis for help with treating respiratory issues, like cough. Officinalis extracts alone for dry cough therapy, while A. officinalis was more effective when combined with Zataria multiflora, Zingiber officinale, or Helix hedera. Furthermore, all types of coughs benefited from officinalis. One of the most popular types of herbal tea, known as a tisane, is peppermint, or Mentha piperita. Peppermint essential oil and tea made from the plant’s leaves have long histories of usage in alternative medicine. Some studies have found that peppermint may have antiallergenic properties in addition to its antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. CONCLUSION. Cough is a persistent symptom of many acute and chronic illnesses. Primula veris, Thymus vulgaris, Althaea Officinalis, and Mentha piperita are some herbs used to treat cough. Cough patients can supplement their standard medical care with herbal remedies that contain these compounds.
... Furthermore, the closest family to Lamiaceae within the Lamiales order remains undetermined. This family is distributed worldwide [3,4]. ...
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Background This study was aimed to determine the taxonomic position and delimitation of fifteen Lamiaceae taxa using leaf epidermal morpho-anatomical features in Lahore. A main objective of the study was also the revision and upgradation of Lamiaceae taxa in the flora of Pakistan, as no details of studied species are found in the flora of Pakistan. Methods The examination of significant anatomical parameters, such as epidermal cell shape and size, stomatal types, guard and subsidiary cells shape and size, stomatal cavity size, trichome size and shape, oil droplets, crystals, and secretory cavity characteristics were studied using light microscopic (LM) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) techniques. Among all the studied Lamiaceae species, these anatomical features varied significantly. Principal component analysis and correlation were done to distinguish the species’ similarities. Results Most species had pentagonal and hexagonal epidermal cells with straight anticlinal wall thickness. On the adaxial surface, paracytic stomata were found in Ocimum basilicum L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. Diacytic stomata was observed in Ajuga reptans L. and anisocytic stomata in Galeopsis tetrahit L. In the abaxial surface, trichomes were present in five species, i.e., Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. A. reptans, Thymus vulgaris L., M. haplocalyx, and Salvia splendens Ewat. In S. splendens, peltate and glandular trichomes were seen whereas, in other species, trichomes were long, unbranched glandular and had tapering ends. In adaxial side trichomes were present only in M. suaveolens, A. reptans, S. bazyntina, O. basciculum, S. splendens, S. officinalis, S. rosemarinus. In other species, trichomes were absent on the adaxial surface. In abaxial view, M. suaveolens had the largest length of trichomes, and O. basciculum had the smallest. S. splendens L. had the largest trichome width, while T. vulgaris had the smallest. Conclusion Hence, according to these findings, morpho-anatomical traits are useful for identifying Lamiaceae taxa. Also, there is a need of upgradation and addition of studied taxa in flora of Pakistan comprehensively.
... Although adverse reactions to peppermint tea have not been reported, its use should be avoided in children under four years of age due to lack of su cient scienti c data. 32,35,43,44 It has also been reported that M. piperita leaves and M. spicata essential oil are used in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal tract diseases, irritable bowel syndrome and nausea. 32,35,45 For functional dyspepsia, parents used mint (17.8%) and fennel (17.8%) herbs for their children (Table 5). ...
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Gastrointestinal diseases in children and adolescents lead to a considerable impairment of the quality of life of children and parents. Accordingly, there are considerable socio-economic consequences for the family and society. Parents concerned about their children may seek alternative treatments and opt for traditional herbal supplements. The aim of this study was to determine the utilisation status and variety of herbal supplements by parents of children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. 216 study participants were given a socio-demographic questionnaire, a diagnostic questionnaire based on the ROME-IV criteria and a questionnaire with 20 plant names used in traditional treatments. 33.3% of parents reported using "ginger" for their children who were infants and suffered from infantile regurgitation. The herb most preferred by parents for their children with functional gastrointestinal disorders in childhood and adolescence was "garden mint" (28.9%). 57.9% of the parents participating in the study stated that they preferred plants/herbal supplements for their children. In addition, 40% of the participants stated that they use the plants with the advice of the referral. As a result, it has been shown that parents tend to use plants or herbal supplements, that they need to be educated in the use of these supplements and that they need access to the right plant and to reliable supplements derived from the right plant.
... 24 The anti-viral activity of aqueous extracts of Bo He (Mentha) against Influenza A, Newcastle disease virus, herpes simplex virus and vaccinia virus have been shown since the 1960s and the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-viral effects has been extensively studied in-vitro and in-vivo since that time. 25 Niu Bang Zi (Articum) another major component of Yin Qiao San has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial and antifungal effects in many in-vitro and in-vivo studies. 26,27 Limitations to the study included housing cats in a shelter facility and statistical inter-versues intra-group comparison. ...
Article
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A randomized controlled study was designed to investigate the efficacy of a combined treatment of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Qiao San and antibiotic medicine (Group B; N = 32) for treating naturally occurring upper respiratory infections in shelter cats, where conventional antibiotic medicine alone was used as the control treatment (Group A; N = 19). A numerical clinical sign scoring system was devised with points given for conjunctivitis, sneezing, nasal discharge, lower respiratory signs, systemic signs and oral cavity involvement. Clinical sign scores for each cat were obtained before treatment and on days 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 after initiation of treatment. The mean clinical scores of each group on days 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 were compared to pre-treatment scores using the Wilcoxon signed rank test to determine the significance of clinical sign score reduction. There was no significant reduction in mean clinical sign scores for Group A on Days 2, 4 and 10, but a significant reduction occurred on Days 6 and 8 (p=0.002 and 0.0006, respectively). On the other hand, by Day 4 in Group B there was a significant improvement (p<0.001), and remained significant throughout Days 6, 8 and 10. No adverse effects occurred. The combination of Yin Qiao and Clavamox or doxycycline resulted in faster and more significant clinical improvement of cats with URI than antibiotics alone and was cost effective and had no adverse side effects.
... This medicinal plant is considered as stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic, stomachic and diuretic, also it is used in the treatment of gas pain, rheumatism, toothache and muscle pain. Mint possesses antioxidant properties due to the presence of active chemical compounds such as menthone, menthol, rosmarinic acid and carvone (5,6). Mentha spicta contains many active chemical compounds such as alkaloids, volatile oils, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, resins and coumarins. ...
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Alkaloids were isolated and identified from Mentha spicata leaves. Qualitative analysis, thin layer chromatography(TLC), functional groups test and infra-red spectrum were carried out for identification of these alkaloids. TLC results showed presence of two alkaloidic compounds in alkaloids extract. The Bioactivity and biochemical effect of alkaloids, was investigated towards four pathogenic fungi. The maximal inhibitory concentration was measured to be (250 mg/ml) and the Bioactivity of this concentration was recorded against pathogenic fungi represented by Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, penicillum crysosporm and Aspergillus niger with inhibition zone diameters equal to (23, 15, 15 and 11 mm) respectively. Therefore, the alkaloidic compounds isolated can be used as an herbal theuraputic substituent to the different diseases caused by these fungi but this work demands further clinical and pharmaceutical studies.
... Tea infusions contain many compounds that may influence drug absorption, e.g. mint tea contains i.e. essential oils, fatty acids, polyphenols (McKay and Blumberg, 2006). Due to the variety of the constituents, it also influences the organism, especially the gastrointestinal tract. ...
... Its diverse health benefits and practical applications have been summarized [41]. In particular, peppermint and chamomile teas, among the most popular variants, and also rich in luteolin and apigenin contents, have been investigated for their biological activity and potential health benefits [45,46]. However, despite the wide availability of various herbal teas, the potential side effects of their consumption and health risks associated with the contamination of the plant material with toxic environmental contaminants remain unclear [41]. ...
Article
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Herbal teas have attracted attention as functional beverages containing luteolin and apigenin, which exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive online automated method to determine these flavones’ contents in herbal teas using in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). These compounds were extracted and concentrated by IT-SPME using a Supel Q PLOT capillary column and then separated and detected within 6 min using a CAPCELL PAK C18 MG III analytical column and a negative electrospray ionization-mode multiple-reaction monitoring system by LC–MS/MS. The detection limits (S/N = 3) for luteolin and apigenin were 0.4 and 0.8 pg mL−1, respectively, and the calibration curves were linear in the range of 2–2000 pg mL−1 with correlation coefficients above 0.9995, and intra-day and inter-day precisions with relative standard deviations below 2.9 and 3.6% (n = 6), respectively. The luteolin and apigenin in herbal tea were quantified using IT-SPME/LC-MS/MS following the acid hydrolysis of their glycosides. Among the 10 herbal teas tested, luteolin was detected in peppermint and sage at concentrations of 375 and 99 µg mL−1, respectively, while apigenin was detected in German chamomile at 110 µg mL−1, which were higher than in the other herbal teas. The method is expected to be a useful method for evaluating the efficacy of luteolin and apigenin in herbal teas as functional beverages.
... and βcaryophyllene (2.4-6.3%). It is also stated that peppermint essential oil is an effective antimicrobial and pest control agent in food plants and foodstuffs (McKay and Blumberg, 2006). In addition, it has been reported that menthol is generally responsible for the antimicrobial activity of Mentha x piperita (Iscan et al. 2002). ...
Article
The study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activities of the species belong to Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families collected from Çorum, Eskişehir and Kütahya provinces in Türkiye on Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacterial strains using EUCAST disc diffusion method. Ethanol (96%) and Ciprofloxacin (5mcg) were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. All plant extracts produced inhibition zones on S. aureus and E. faecalis ranged between 4.67-14.33 mm and 21.67-23.67 mm respectively. The variance in the antimicrobial activities of the plant extracts was significant between groups according to ANOVA. L. angustifolia samples collected from Eskişehir and Kütahya gave zone diameters close to the positive control on S. aureus and E. faecalis. It was determined that E. coli was the most resistant and S. aureus and E. faecalis were the most sensitive microorganisms in this study. L. angustifolia-E, M. piperita and S. officinalis were the species whose extracts were coming front with their high antimicrobial activities. Pearson's correlation analyses displayed that the antimicrobial activity on E. coli was correlated positively and negatively with altitude and latitude respectively, while on E. faecalis was positively correlated with altitude and negatively correlated with latitude and longitude. In conclusion, the variations in the antimicrobial activities of the secondary metabolites found in the extracts of medicinal aromatic plants are important and, although the quantity, quality, and diversity of these compounds are determined according to the genotypes of plants, the environmental conditions in which the plants grow might have an impact on these differences.
Article
India is one of the countries where a large section of the population uses traditional systems of medicine. Herbal medicines are yet the base of about 75 to 80% of worldwide population due to their acceptability, compatibility with human body, availability and minimal side effects. Lozenges are solid unit dosage forms that dissolve in the oral cavity and enter systemic circulation to show pharmacological effect with increased retention time in oral cavity. Thereby, it bypasses the first pass metabolism, reduces gastric irritation, and boosts bioavailability. Constipation is epitomized by irregular and infrequent bowel movements that lasts for over a week. The primary intent of this research study is to design a herbal laxative lozenge to ameliorate constipation by taking advantage of dill, fennel, ajwain and perform respective evaluation studies. Present research includes in vitro studies where rats are evaluated with volume of faeces and moisture content analysis. DoE was employed for optimization of formulation studies.
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Summary: Medicinal plants have a long history of different uses and are still of great importance in the daily life of the Kurds living in the Kurdistan province of Iraq. The present review provides comprehensive phytochemical and pharmacological information about medicinal plants growing in the Kodo Mountain area. In fact, no systematic study of the bioresources from this unique region has yet been reported in the scientific literature, even if local villagers have been consuming several plants as nutrition and ethnomedical food for centuries, until today. The data reported in this paper were obtained through interviews with local herbal healers and people living in villages around the Kodo Mountains. They concern 40 plants belonging to 16 botanical families, which are considered medicinal by the local population. The present study recorded and examined the demographic information given by the study participants, the local names and the parts used of the plants, the preparation and administration techniques, and the treatments for diseases. The most frequently cited families were Asteraceae (32.5 %), Lamiaceae (10 %), Brassicaceae, Malvaceae, and Papaveraceae (7.5 % each). The main parts of the plants used for medicinal purposes were leaves (36 %) and flowers (29.5 %). They were administered as decoctions (42 %), raw (26 %), or powder (14 %). Several important phytochemicals have been isolated from the used plants, including flavonoids (60 %), terpenoids (45 %), phenolic acids (42.5 %), polyphenolic compounds (40 %), and essential oils (30 %). The plant ethnomedicinal and pharmacological uses were supported by their antibacterial (18%, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Papaveraceae), anti-inflammatory (18%, Malvaceae, Asteraceae, Papaveraceae), anti-oxidant (16%, Malvaceae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Papaveraceae), anti-cancer (9%, Lamiaceae, Papaveraceae, Asteraceae), anti-parasitic (8%, Asteraceae), hepatoprotective (7%, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Papaveraceae, Fabaceae), anti-diabetic (5%, Asteraceae, Fabaceae), anti-fungal (5%, Amaryllidaceae, Umbelliferae, Asphodelaceae, Orchidaceae), anti-spasmodic (4%, Asteraceae, Papaveraceae), and diuretic (3%, Asteraceae, Amaryllidaceae, Plantaginaceae) activities. This study illustrates the significance of traditional medicinal plants that have been utilized for treatment and healing the wounds and curing the illnesses Kurdish tribe in Kodo mountain, north-east part of Kurdistan Region in Iraq, that can be used as reference for further investigations for the researchers in future.
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The essential oils of aegle, ageratum, citronella, eucalyptus, geranium, lemongrass, orange, palmarosa, patchouli and peppermint, were tested for antibacterial activity against 22 bacteria, including Gram-positive cocci and rods and Gram-negative rods, and twelve fungi (3 yeast-like and 9 filamentous) by the disc diffusion method. Lemongrass, eucalyptus, peppermint and orange oils were effective against all the 22 bacterial strains. Aegle and palmarosa oils inhibited 21 bacteria; patchouli and ageratum oils inhibited 20 bacteria and citronella and geranium oils were inhibitory to 15 and 12 bacterial strains, respectively. All twelve fungi were inhibited by seven oils (aegle, citronella, geranium, lemongrass, orange, palmarosa and patchouli). Eucalyptus and peppermint oils were effective against eleven fungi. Ageratum oil was inhibitory to only four fungi tested. The MIC of eucalyptus, lemongrass, palmarosa and peppermint oils ranged from 0.16 to > 20 microliters ml-1 for eighteen bacteria and from 0.25 to 10 microliters ml-1 for twelve fungi.
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The effect of several volatile plant oils, plant materials and fluvalinate (Apistan®) strips on the control of the mite Varroa destructor on honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies was studied. The volatile oils were: clove, lavender, peppermint, sage, and thyme. The plant materials were: cumin fruits, eucalyptus leaves, and worm wood flowers. For each tested material, three treatment periods were carried out. Each period lasted for 24 days followed by eight days no-treatment. Within each treatment period, an average of three to six treatments were applied. Dead mites were counted one hour before and after each treatment. An increase in dead mites was recorded for the three treatment periods. It indicated that worm wood flowers, peppermint oil and clove oil treatments gave the best results in the control of Varroa mites but not significantly different than the control. The overall increase in the dead mites was 3.92, 3.62 and 3.34 fold, respectively.
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Anti-allergic effects of constituents of chewing gum were investigated in Type I allergic reactions. The results were as follows.Oral administration of 1, 8-cineole and n-BuOH extract of jelutong (J-4), a natural resin of Dyera costulata Hook. f., inhibited homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mediated by IgE antibody in guinea pigs. Peppermint oil, l-menthol, 1, 8-cineole, J-4 and n-BuOH extract of chicle (C-4) from Achras zapota L suppressed PCA when intraperitoneally injected. Further investigation on the above constituents showed that l-menthol, menthone, 1, 8-cineole and C-4 suppressed antigen-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. In the Schultz-Dale reaction, some of them suppressed smooth muscle contraction induced by either histamine or serotonin.From these results, it is concluded that these constituents of chewing gum have antiallergic effects.
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The essential oil o peppermint (0.38% yieId on fresh weight basis) produced under semiarid tropical climatic conditions of South India was examined. The pare-yellow oil with characteristic strong minty odour had 0.9142 specific gravity (30 oc), I .4590 rellactive index (30 oc), - l3.I5' optical rotation and 42.76% free alcohols (calculated as menthol). The gas chromatogram showed 62 peaks out of which 25 peaks accounting for 93.64% of the oil were identified. The major constituents of the oil were limonene (5.74%), menthone (16.51%), menthofuran (6.93%), menthol (40.08%), pulegone (15.15%) and menthyl acetate (2.39%).
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The present study examines the mechanism that underlies the ability of menthol, a major constituent of peppermint oil, to promote mouse ambulation. We initially confirmed that bupropion, a dopamine uptake inhibitor, promotes ambulation in ICR mice. Since the subcutaneous administration of menthol produced similar effects in mice, we investigated the effects of menthol on ambulation when combined with bupropion. The results showed that the effects of bupropion and menthol were additive. We then examined effects of the dopamine antagonists chlorpromazine, haloperidol, fluphenazine, spiperone, and SCH12679 on the ambulation-promoting effects of bupropion and menthol. All of these dopamine antagonists attenuated the effect of bupropion and of menthol. These results indicated that dopamine is involved in the ambulation-promoting effect of menthol as well as bupropion.
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The use of aromatherapy began in the ancient Egyptian Era and it has been practiced up to the present time. Despite its long history, however, scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of the use of plant-derived essential oils and their constituents against psychiatric disorders have been poorly known. Here, the author reviewed academic papers examining the pharmacological effects of plant-derived essential oils and their constituents on the Central Nervous System functions. This review revealed that the effects and action mechanisms of plant-derived essential oils on mental disorders are still unclear. Thus, further studies on this issue should be made in the future in order to establish this method as an new therapy.
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Steam-distilled volatiles of Mentha piperita L. grown in Jalisco was analyzed by GC/MS. Among the 64 compounds identified, menthone (15.4%), menthofuran (18.2%), menthol (35.4%) and menthyl acetate (12.4%) were the major constituents.
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This paper investigates the separation of moderately complex samples by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). The analysis of peppermint (Mentha piperita) and spearmint (Mentha spicata) essential oil components, including acetates, alcohols, furans, ketones, sesquiterpenes, and terpenes, was achieved by one-dimensional gas chromatography with quadrupole mass spectrometry detection (GC/MSD) and GC×GC with flame ionization detection. Peppermint essential oil was found to contain 89 identifiable peaks by GC×GC compared to 30 peaks in the GC/MSD chromatogram. Likewise, 68 peaks were found in the GC×GC chromatogram of spearmint (compared to 28 in GC/MSD). Plots of the first dimension versus second dimension retention times provided a fingerprint of the two essential oils, which revealed 52 similar compounds between the two essential oils as opposed to 18 matches by 1D GC.
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The four essential oils (aromatic plant products) from palmarosa (Pm), lemongrass (Lg), peppermint (Pt) and eucalyptus (Eu) plants were found to be bactericidal to Escherichia coli strain SP-11, at a concentration of 1.66 (Pm, Lg and Eu) or 2.5 (Pt) microl ml-1. This effect was observed both at 37 degrees C and 4 degrees C and was not prevented by immediate tenfold dilution or by the presence of 0.5 M sucrose. Pm and Pt but not Lg or Eu induced the formation of elongated filamentous forms, some measuring 60-70 micrometers long.
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An investigation of the mechanism of peppermint oil action was performed using isolated pharmacological preparations from guinea pig large intestine and patch clamp electrophysiology techniques on rabbit jejunum. Peppermint oil relaxed carbachol-contracted guinea pig taenia coli (IC50, 22.1 μg/mL) and inhibited spontaneous activity in the guinea pig colon (IC50, 25.9 μg/mL) and rabbit jejunum (IC50, 15.2 μg/mL). Peppermint oil markedly attenuated contractile responses in the guinea pig taenia coli to acetylcholine, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and substance P. Peppermint oil reduced contractions evoked by potassium depolarization and calcium contractions evoked in depolarizing Krebs solutions in taenia coli. Potential-dependent calcium currents recorded using the whole cell clamp configuration in rabbit jejunum smooth muscle cells were inhibited by peppermint oil in a concentration-dependent manner. Peppermint oil both reduced peak current amplitude and increased the rate of current decay. The effect of peppermint oil resembled that of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. It is concluded that peppermint oil relaxes gastrointestinal smooth muscle by reducing calcium influx.
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The modulatory influence of mentha oil (Mentha piperita Linn.) against a lethal dose (8.0 Gy) of gamma irradiation on the activities of serum phosphatases in Swiss albino mice was studied at various post-irradiation intervals between 6 h and 30 days. Mentha oil (40 mL/animal/day) given orally for 3 consecutive days prior to whole-body irradiation (8.0 Gy) showed a modulation of activity of serum phosphatases. The values of acid phosphatase activities were significantly higher in the irradiated groups throughout the experiment compared with the mentha treated unirradiated animals. However, the acid phosphatase activity of mentha treated irradiated animals showed a significant decline over untreated irradiated animals at all autopsy intervals, which attained the normal value on day 5. On the contrary, a marked decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase activity was noted in both irradiated groups but in the mentha treated irradiated group the values of alkaline phosphatase activity were found to be significantly higher than the respective control during the period of study being normal at day 5 post-irradiation and onwards.
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The anti-HIV-1 activity of aromatic herbs in Labiatae was evaluated in vitro. Forty five extract from among 51 samples obtained from 46 herb species showed significant inhibitory effects against HIV-1 induced cytopathogenicity in MT-4 cells. In particular, the aqueous extracts of Melissa officinalis, a family of Mentha x piperita "grapefruit mint," Mentha x piperita var. crispa, Ocinum basilicum cv "cinnamon," Perilla frutescens var. crispa. f. viridis, Prunella vulgaris subsp. asiatica and Satureja montana showed potent anti-HIV-1 activity (with an ED of 16 mu g/ml). The active components in the extract samples were found to be water-soluble polar substances, not nonpolar compounds such as essential oils. In addition, these aqueous extracts inhibited giant cell formation in co-culture of Molt-4 cells with and without HIV-1 infection and showed inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
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223 patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia (dysmotility type dyspepsia or essential/idiopathic dyspepsia, also in combination with irritable bowel syndrome) were included in a prospective, randomised, reference- and double-blind controlled multicentre trial to compare two different preparations of a fixed combination of peppermint oil and caraway oil. The aim of the trial was to evaluate the equivalence of the efficacy and tolerability of these two preparations. The test formulation consisted of the drug combination in an enteric coated capsule containing 90 mg peppermint oil and 50 mg caraway oil(3), while an enteric soluble formulation containing 36 mg peppermint oil and 20 mg caraway oil(4) was used as the reference. The main target item defined was the "difference in pain intensity between the beginning and the end of therapy", measured by the patient on a visual analogue scale (0 = no pain, 10 = extremely strong pain). In 213 patients (n = 108 on the test preparation, n = 105 on the reference preparation) with mean pain intensity baseline measurements of 6.1 points in the test preparation group and 5.9 points in the reference group a statistically significant decline in pain intensity was observed in the two groups (-3.6 resp. -3.3 points; p < 0.001; two-sided one-sample t-test), Equivalent efficacy of both preparations was demonstrated (p < 0.001; one-sided t-test for equivalence). With respect to concomitant variables, the results in both groups were also similar. Regarding "pain frequency", the efficacy of the test preparation was significantly better (p = 0.04; two-sided t-test for difference). Both preparations were well tolerated. Despite the higher dose, the adverse event "eructation with peppermint taste" was less frequent in the group treated with the test formulation, due to the enteric coated capsule preparation.
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The antiinfluenza virus effect of the combined plant preparation 'Broncho Pam' approved in Bulgaria for the treatment of bronchitis, was studied. 'Broncho Pam' tested as an hydroalcoholic extract, inhibited considerably the reproduction of influenza viruses A/Gabrovo (H1N1) and A/Hong Kong (H3N2) in tissue cultures and of A/PR/8 (H1N1) in hen embryonated eggs. The infectious titres of treated viruses were reduced by 3.5, 3.0 and 2.0 log10 ID50/ml respectively.
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The effects of different polyphenol-containing beverages on Fe absorption from a bread meal were estimated in adult human subjects from the erythrocyte incorporation of radio-Fe. The test beverages contained different polyphenol structures and were rich in either phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid in coffee), monomeric flavonoids (herb teas, camomile (Matricaria recutita L.), vervain (Verbena officinalis L.), lime flower (Tilia cordata Mill.), pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), or complex polyphenol polymerization products (black tea and cocoa). All beverages were potent inhibitors of Fe absorption and reduced absorption in a dose-dependent fashion depending on the content of total polyphenols. Compared with a water control meal, beverages containing 20-50 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption from the bread meal by 50-70%, whereas beverages containing 100-400 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption by 60-90%. Inhibition by black tea was 79-94%, peppermint tea 84%, pennyroyal 73%, cocoa 71%, vervain 59%, lime flower 52% and camomile 47%. At an identical concentration of total polyphenols, black tea was more inhibitory than cocoa, and more inhibitory than herb teas camomile, vervain, lime flower and pennyroyal, but was of equal inhibition to peppermint tea. Adding milk to coffee and tea had little or no influence on their inhibitory nature. Our findings demonstrate that herb teas, as well as black tea, coffee and cocoa can be potent inhibitors of Fe absorption. This property should be considered when giving dietary advice in relation to Fe nutrition.
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Studies were conducted to show the effect of different temperatures in the drying process on the amount and quality of essential oils of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) The leaves were harvested in the Demeter Farmer, Botucatu, SP, Brazil in december, 1997. The leaves were dried at 40°C, 60°C and 80°C, until establishment of the weights. The essential oil was extracted by destilation in Clevenger apparatus and analysed by GC-MS. Higher drying temperature sharply decreased the essential oil content (% v/w) from 1.0% (40°C) to 0.14% (60°C) and 0.12% (80°C). Higher drying temperatures also affected the composition, decreasing the contents of 1,8 cineol and citronelal until 80°C, and increasing the contents of menthol and neomenthol until 60°C.
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A study has been made of the liposoluble pigments of food plants - peppermint, dill, common balm, green peas, parsley, and bush red pepper - which contain considerable concentrations of compounds of pigmentary complexes - from 1.81·10-3 to 12.90·10-3% of carotenoids and from 43.1·10-3 to 114.1·10-3% of chlorophylls. Physicochemical methods of analysis were used for the quantitative determination of their carotenoids (6-9 individual representatives were identified) and their chlorophylls and structural analogs (4-10 individual compounds were identified). The compositions of the pigments of the chlorophyll-carotenoid extracts are given: they are polyfunctional additives from the above-mentioned plant species.
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Components of essential oil from Mentha pierita L. produced in Xinjiang of China and India respectively were analyzed by GC/MS and their relative contents were determined. Quality of essential oil were also studied. Thirty-seven compounds of the essential oil were identified respectively, including all 15 components that were listed in the routine quality index of the oil. Result shows that the quality of essential oil from M. piperita L. produced in Xinjiang of China was better than the oil produced in India. It meets the export standard of Japan.
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Forty-one plant extracts, known in therapy for other properties, have been tested against nine fungal species. Apart from the antifungal activity, already indicated for Piper methysticum, we observed that the extracts of Ruscus aculeatus, Illicium verum, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Rhamnus frangula and Tamarindus indica inhibit spore germination in many fungal species. Other extracts, especially Eschscholtzia californica, Zingiber officinale and Tilia cordata (alburnum) have a more restricted range of activity. The extract of Viola tricolor is only effective against Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
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This experiment was done to examine theffects of herb feeding on antioxidative activity in milk. Four Holstein cows in late lactation were fed for 14 days 1) basal diet consising of 43% hay, 14% beet pulp, and 43% concentrates mixture, 2) basal diet + lemongrass, 3) basal diet + peppermint, and 4) basal diet + basil in 94 × 4 Latin square design. Feeding amount of basal diet and each herb was 21 kg and 1 kg per day, respectively. Milk samples were collected one day before the last day and on the last day of each period. 6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (HTCA) equivalent concentrations were used as a parameter of antioxidative activity. HTCA equivalent concentrations in milk of the cows in control, lemongrass, peppermint, and basil treatment were 1.40 (mol/L), 2.05, 2.39, and 2.21, respectively. The HTCA equivalent concentration in milk was significantly higher in the peppermint treatment group than in the control as judged from Turkey's student test.
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The antifungal action of eight (Lavandula hybrid, Salvia officinalis L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Thymus vulgaris L., Origanum vulgare L., Mentha piperita L., Coriandrum sativum L. and Laurus nobilis L.) essential oils was tested in vitro against Phytophtora cinnamomi Rads., Pyrenochaeta lycopersici Kleb. and Verticillium dahliae Kleb., using different concentrations (up to 1600 ppm). The fungistatic + fungicidal activity of the oils was determined, and the most effective essential oils were found to be those of oregano, thyme, peppermint and coriander. Moreover, the oils were tested to determine the antifungal activity against two fungi (Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes) that are pathogens for humans.
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The anti-tumor promoting activities of 120 kinds of edible plants against the non TPA-type promoter, okadaic acid (OA), were investigated by measuring suppression of the inhibitory, effect of OA on protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A), since OA promotes tumor formation by inhibiting this enzyme. One quarter of the tested samples showed activity over 20%. In particular, 8 kinds of plants (basil (100%), peppermint (100%), carrot leaf (100%), broccoli (100%), nabana (98%), edible burdock (86%), watermelon (99%) and winter fungus (100%) showed very strong activity. Physicochemical properties of the active components contained in the samples that showed high activity were found that the active component in the major sample was inactivated by cold storage or boiling, and that only edible burdock showed strong activity following both types of processing. Soluble fractions from these samples were obtained by extraction in hexane, benzene, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Very strong anti-OA activity was observed in water soluble extracts of edible burdock and eggplant, whereas cabbage and broccoli showed activity, in the extraction fractions in organic solvents such as hexane. Although the active components in these samples, were not identified, these findings suggest that the component with anti-okadaic acid activity must be present in edible plants.
Article
Monoterpene compounds of leaf pairs and flowers of Mentha x piperita have been studied by direct headspace sampling using solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). The content of peppermint-characteristic compounds such as menthol, menthyl acetate, and neomenthol increased in a basipetal direction (older plant parts), whereas menthone and isomenthone showed higher levels in the acropetal direction (younger plant parts). Higher levels of menthofuran were found in peppermint flowers in contrast to the leaves. SPME sampling resulted in relatively higher amounts of high-volatile monoterpenes and lower detection of less volatile compounds such as menthol and menthone, compared to solvent-based samples from essential oil distillation.
Article
Toxicity of various essential oils and their volatile components against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was determined. The most potent fumigant toxicity was found in essential oil from rosemary (LD50 = 7.8 μl/l air) followed by the oils of lemon (LD50 = 16.2 μl/l air), basil (LD50 = 17.8 μl/l air), lime (LD50 = 17.9 μl/l air), and peppermint (LD50 = 25.8 μl/l air). 1,8-Cineole was the most toxic fumigant compound found in rosemary essential oil (LD50 = 7.4 μl/l air) followed by menthone (LD50 = 8.5 μl/l air) and p-cymene (LD50 = 11.4 μl/l air). 1,8-Cineole exhibited similar fumigant toxicity against a PH3-resistant T. castaneum relative to the susceptible insects. Therefore, 1,8-cineole and rosemary essential oil could be a safer fumigant to control stored-product insect pests than those currently used.
Article
Feeding herbs to dairy cattle may effect rumen fermentation and digestibility due to the herbs’ physiological or pharmacological functions. Thus, in the present study, peppermint was tested for its effects upon digestibility and rumen fermentation. Digestion trials and an investigation of rumen fluid were conducted by four rumen-cannulated Holstein steers having or not having been fed peppermint. When peppermint was fed to the steers, the digestibility of nutrients tended to be higher than that of the control. Ammonia-nitrogen concentrations were higher in the control steers than in the peppermint-fed steers (P
Article
The kinetics of peroxide accumulation during oxidation of triacylglycerols of sunflower oil at 100 °C in presence of different concentrations of hexane, ethylacetate and ethanol extracts of Melissa officinalis L., Mentha piperita L., Mentha spicata L., Ocimum basilicum L., Origanum vulgare L. and Saturejae hortensis L., was followed. Ethanol extracts are the most active in retarding the autoxidation process. The most effective are the extracts of Saturejae hortensis L. (stabilization factor F for 0.5% direct hexane and 0.5% direct ethanol extracts being 14.8 and 24.0, respectively), followed by the extracts of Mentha piperita L. (F = 7.4 and 19.6, respectively) and Melissa officinalis L. (F = 7.4 and 18.6, respectively). Some of the spices are recommended as sources of natural antioxidants for stabilization of polyunsaturated lipid systems.Antioxidationsaktivität selektierter, in Bulgarien gezüchteter Lamiaceae-ArtenDie Kinetik der Peroxidanhäufung während Oxydation von Triacylglycerolen des Sonnenblumenöls ist bei 100 °C in Gegenwart verschiedener Konzentrationen der Hexan-, Ethylacetat- and Ethanol-Extrakte von Melissa officinalis L., Mentha piperita L., Mentha spicata L., Ocimum basilicum L., Origanum vulgare L. and Saturejae hortensis L. untersucht worden. Ethanolextrakte weisen die höchste Aktivität in Bezug auf die Verlangsamung der Autoxydation auf. Die Extrakte von Saturejae hortensis L. (Stabilisationsfaktoren F für 0,5% direkten Hexanextrakt und 0,5% direkten Ethanolextrakt von 14,8 bzw. 24,0) sind am wirksamsten. Ihnen folgen die Extrakte von Mentha piperita L. (F = 7,4 bzw. 19,6) und Mellissa officinalis L. (F = 7,4 bzw. 18,6). Manche der Gewürze werden als Quellen natürlicher Antioxidantien für mehrfach ungesättigte Lipidsysteme empfohlen.
Article
It is well known that various cytokines such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α are expressed and secreted from intestinal epithelial cells and that these cytokines affect the immune cells beneath the intestinal epithelial monolayers. As the secretion of these cytokines is likely to be regulated by food-derived substances, we focused on those food substances which regulate the secretion of IL-8 in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. 72 food samples extracted with 40% ethanol were tested, and the extracts of peppermint and dokudami significantly increased the IL-8 secretion. Among the compounds known to be contained in peppermint and dokudami, α-humulene substantially increased the IL-8 secretion.α-Humulene had no significant effect on the secretion of such other soluble factors as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, or NGF, suggesting that the effect of α-humulene was specific for IL-8 secretion. The expression level of IL-8 mRNA was significantly increased by treating with α-humulene. These results suggest that the secretion of IL-8 by α-humulene is regulated at the transcriptional level.
Article
Aims: To assess the efficacy and safety of the commercially available herbal preparation (lberogast(R), STW-5*) containing extracts from bitter candy tuft, chamomile flower, peppermint leaves, caraway fruit, licorice root, lemon balm leaves, angelica root, celandine herbs, milk thistle fruit and its research preparation STW-5-S (without bitter candy tuft) in patients with functional dyspepsia. Patients and methods: After a standardized diagnostic work-up and at least 7 days free of medication, 60 patients, diagnosed with functional dyspepsia, were recruited in a multicenter trial and randomly assigned to one of 3 treatment groups (STW-5, STW-5-S or placebo). Each patient received the treatment for 4 weeks. The main outcome variables were the improvement of a gastrointestinal symptom score (GIS), a sumscore consisted of 10 dyspeptic symptoms rated on a Likert scale. Dyspeptic symptoms were assessed at baseline, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment. Results: 60 patients completed the trial (mean age 46.8 years, range 25-70, female 38 patients). Compared with placebo-group both herbal preparations STW-5 and STW-5-S showed a clinically significant improvement of GIS after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment (p < 0.001). No statistically significant difference could be observed between the efficacy of STW-5 and STW-5 S (p > 0.05), but a solid improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms could be achieved earlier with STW-5 than with its research preparation STW-5-S without bitter candy tuft (p = 0,023). Conclusions: In patients with functional dyspepsia, the commercially available herbal preparation STW-5 and its modified dispense STW-5-S tested improved dyspeptic symptoms significantly better than placebo. The extract bitter candy tuft appeared to have an additive effect on dyspeptic symptoms.
Article
Ziel: In der vorliegenden plazebokontrollierten, multizentrischen, doppelblinden, randomisierten Phase-II-Studie wurden bei 60 Patienten (Mittelwert 46,8 Jahre, Altersrange 25-70, Anzahl Frauen 38) mit funktioneller Dyspepsie (FD) Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit eines im Handel befindlichen Phytotherapeutikums (Iberogast®, STW-5*) und eines Forschungspräparates (STW-5-S) gegen Plazebo untersucht. Patienten und Methoden: Nach einer 7-tägigen Wash-out-Periode erhielten 60 Patienten in randomisierter Reihenfolge über 28 Tage entweder einen Mischextrakt aus 8 Drogen und dem Frischpflanzenauszug Iberis amara (STW-5) (n = 20), das Forschungspräparat STW-5-S (ohne den Frischpflanzenauszug Iberis amara) (n = 20) oder Plazebo (n = 20) (jeweils 3 × 20 Tropfen täglich). Untersuchungszeitpunkte waren Tag minus 7, Tag 0, Tag 14 und Tag 28. Als Hauptzielparameter wurde die Veränderung des gastrointestinalen Symptomenprofils (GIS) bewertet, einem Summenscore aus 10 Einzelsymptomen. Der Schweregrad der Einzelsymptome wurde anhand der validierten Likert-Skala bewertet. Ergebnisse: Der plazebokontrollierte Vergleich beider Phytotherapeutika zeigte nach 14- und 28-tägiger Therapie eine statistisch signifikante Beschwerdebesserung, gemessen anhand der Veränderung des GIS (p < 0,001). Im Vergleich der beiden Vera untereinander zeigten sich keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede in der Beeinflussung des GIS (p > 0,05). Für STW-5 wurde jedoch eine frühere stabile Beschwerdebesserung erzielt als mit dem Forschungspräparat STW-5-S (p = 0,023). Diskussion: Die vorliegende plazebokontrollierte Studie belegt die Wirksamkeit des Phytotherapeutikums STW-5 und seiner Modifikation STW-5-S bei der funktionellen Dyspepsie. Beide Rezepturen waren statistisch in ihrer Wirksamkeit auf das GIS nicht unterschiedlich. Der Vergleich beider Vera untereinander deutet jedoch auf eine additive Wirkung des Frischpflanzenauszuges Iberis amara zur Linderung der dyspeptischen Beschwerden hin. Commercially available herbal preparation and its modified dispense in patients with functional dyspepsia. Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized multicenter trial Aims: To assess the efficacy and safety of the commercially available herbal preparation (Iberogast®, STW-5*) containing extracts from bitter candy tuft, chamomile flower, peppermint leaves, caraway fruit, licorice root, lemon balm leaves, angelica root, celandine herbs, milk thistle fruit and its research preparation STW-5-S (without bitter candy tuft) in patients with functional dyspepsia. Patients and methods: After a standardized diagnostic work-up and at least 7 days free of medication, 60 patients, diagnosed with functional dyspepsia, were recruited in a multicenter trial and randomly assigned to one of 3 treatment groups (STW-5, STW-5-S or placebo). Each patient received the treatment for 4 weeks. The main outcome variables were the improvement of a gastrointestinal symptom score (GIS), a sumscore consisted of 10 dyspeptic symptoms rated on a Likert scale. Dyspeptic symptoms were assessed at baseline, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment. Results: 60 patients completed the trial (mean age 46.8 years, range 25-70, female 38 patients). Compared with placebo-group both herbal preparations STW-5 and STW-5-S showed a clinically significant improvement of GIS after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment (p < 0.001). No statistically significant difference could be observed between the efficacy of STW-5 and STW-5 S (p > 0.05), but a solid improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms could be achieved earlier with STW-5 than with its research preparation STW-5-S without bitter candy tuft (p = 0,023). Conclusions: In patients with functional dyspepsia, the commercially available herbal preparation STW-5 and its modified dispense STW-5-S tested improved dyspeptic symptoms significantly better than placebo. The extract bitter candy tuft appeared to have an additive effect on dyspeptic symptoms.
Article
Zusammenfassung In einer randomisierten, placebokontrollierten Doppelblindstudie im Cross-over-Design wurde erstmalig die analgetische Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit einer lokal applizierten Pfefferminzölpräparation bei klinischem Kopfschmerz vom Spannungstyp bestimmt. Die Prüfung erfolgte sowohl gegen die Vergleichssubstanz Paracetamol als auch gegen Placebo. Die Applikation des Öls erfolgte großflächig auf Stirn und Schläfen und war 2mal (nach 15 und 30 min) zu wiederholen. Als Ergebnis fand sich, daß im Vergleich zu der Gabe von Placebo 10 %iges Pfefferminzöl in ethanolischer Lösung bereits nach 15 min in der Lage war, eine signifikante Reduktion der klinischen Kopfschmerzintensität im Vergleich zur Placebotherapie zu erzielen. Die signifikante klinische Reduktion der Schmerzintensität setzte sich im Verlauf der Beobachtungszeit von 1 h weiter fort. Auch Paracetamol erwies sich als signifikant gegenüber Placebo wirksam. Zwischen der Wirksamkeit von 1 g Paracetamol und 10 %igem Pfefferminzöl in ethanolischer Lösung bestand kein signifikanter Unterschied. Bei gleichzeitiger Gabe von 1 g Paracetamol plus 10 %igem Pfefferminzöl in ethanolischer Lösung ließ sich ein additiver Effekt feststellen, der jedoch die Signifikanzgrenze nicht überschritt. Unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkungen wurden von den Patienten nicht berichtet. Pfefferminzöl stellt eine verträgliche und kostengünstige Alternative zu den bisherigen therapeutischen Möglichkeiten dar und ist hinsichtlich der Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit der Standardmedikation Paracetamol ebenbürtig.