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Antioxidant activity of yellow dock (Rumex crispus L., Polygonaceae) fruit extract
Abstract
Cited By (since 1996):9, Export Date: 18 October 2014
... Growing almost everywhere, the curly dock can be found especially in grassy areas, marshes, waste places, near roads, mostly in acid soils, and represents a real threat for crops as noxious weed species worldwide 1,4,5 . Apart from being considered a seriously invasive weed, young leaves of curly dock are edible and often used as vegetables or salad 3,6 . Furthermore, the use of its fruits has been described in Serbian and Turkish traditional medicine in treatment of stomach complaints such as dysentery for their astringent activity [6][7][8] . ...
... Apart from being considered a seriously invasive weed, young leaves of curly dock are edible and often used as vegetables or salad 3,6 . Furthermore, the use of its fruits has been described in Serbian and Turkish traditional medicine in treatment of stomach complaints such as dysentery for their astringent activity [6][7][8] . Regarding its biological effects, the roots, leaves and fruits of R. crispus have been widely consumed in traditional medicine for many centuries as a tonic, laxative, spasmolytic and cholagogue agent in bilious complaints, as well as an astringent for hemorrhoids and bleeding. ...
... The curly dock has also been used in folk medicine in order to control fungal and peptic disorders 2,7,9 . Its dried roots are a gentle and safe laxative, particularly useful for treatment of mild constipation, due to anthraquinone content which gives the roots yellow colored pigment 1,3,6,10 . Therefore, its roots are a wellknown antidote for stomach disorders 3 . ...
Background/Aim. Rumex crispus (curly dock) is a wild perennial herbaceous plant, which products are considered as a rich source of biologically active molecules with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The aim of this study was to estimate of antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of aqueous extract of curly dock fruits. Methods. The aqueous extract of curly dock fruits was evaluated for its antioxidant activity by in vitro assays for ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP),
NO•, OH• and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-free radical scavenging activities and the influence on lipid peroxidation in liposomes. The cytotoxicity of tested extract was examined in vitro in human cervix carcinoma (HeLa), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) cells. Results. The tested extract showed a potential antioxidant activity manifested in scavenging of free radicals as well as an ability to decrease lipid peroxidation in liposomes. The results indicated tissue-selective cytotoxicity of R. crispus fruit extract in vitro. The most prominent antitumor activity was observed towards HeLa and MCF7 cell lines. Conclusion. The investigated aqueous fruit extract of R. crispus had potential antioxidant and cytotoxic activities, with necrosis as a main mechanism of induced cell-death. Different methods of extraction of R. crispus fruits, apart from aqueous, are recommended for further investigations.
... Rumex crispus, commonly named ''curled dock'' because of the wavy and curly leaves, is a perennial plant which growing wild (native) in the most of European area, Central and East Asia, and North African regions, including Tunisia [18,19]. It grows well in disturbed soil, roadsides, shorelines, and forest edges and can reach 1.20 m of tall with a fleshy taproot [20,21]. ...
... Despite being considered an invasive plant in several countries (North American, New Zealand, and Australia) [22], the curly dock is regularly used in traditional medicine as a useful alternative in Siberian and Turkish traditional medicine. It is useful as a drug intended for the treatment of venereal diseases and used synonymously with ''blood purifier'' [18]. Furthermore, young leaves of R. crispus are edible, and they can be consumed eaten as a potherb or raw as a vegetable, especially in the spring, added to the salads [21]. ...
... Interestingly, the compounds which showed the highest concentrations belong to flavone and cardamonin classes. ese compounds are cardamonin (8), 5-hydroxy-3′-methoxyflavone (17), and 3′-hydroxy-b-naphthoflavone (18), detected in the DCM extract, with a concentration of 74.0, 55.5, and 50.4 mg/g of erefore, the CYH extract contains more nonpolar phenolic compounds and their elution process has occurred at the end of acquisition. For the DCM extract, both the polar and nonpolar compounds can be identified as having a maximum intensity equal to 110 mV. e polar extract (MeOH) had more polar compounds eluted between 2 and 20 min compared to the other two extracts with a maximum intensity equal to 650 mV. ...
Rumex crispus L. (R. crispus) is regarded as an aromatic plant. It was used for its excellent biological properties in traditional medicine. The aerial part was extracted successively by maceration with three solvents increasing polarity (cyclohexane (CYH), dichloromethane (DCM), and methanol (MeOH)) to evaluate their chemical compositions and biological activities. The extracts were rich in phenolic compounds (13.0 to 249.8 mg GAE/g of dry weight (dw)). The MeOH extract has presented remarkable IC50 = 6.2 μg/mL for anti-DPPH and 31.6 μg/mL for anti-AChE. However, the DCM extract has the highest cytotoxic activity against the two cancer cells (HCT-116 and MCF-7) (69.2 and 77.2% inhibition at 50 μg/mL, respectively). Interestingly, GC-MS analysis enabled to identify three new compounds in R. crispus extracts, such as L-(−)-arabitol (5), D-(−) fructopyranose (7) detected only in MeOH extract, and 2, 5-dihydroxyacetophenone (3) detected in all extracts. For HPLC chromatograms, cardamonin (8), 5-hydroxy-3′-methoxyflavone (17), and 3′-hydroxy-b-naphthoflavone (18) showed the highest concentrations of 74.0, 55.5, and 50.4 mg/g of dw, respectively, among others who are identified. Some phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC in more than one organic extract, such as 4′, 5-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (13), 4′, 5-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (14), 5-hydroxy-3′-methoxyflavone (17), and 3′-hydroxy-b-naphthoflavone (18), were found for the first time in the R. crispus extracts. Our results showed that the biological activities of this plant might be linked to their phenolic compounds and that the polar extracts could be considered as new natural supplements to be used in food and pharmaceuticals.
... Greuter there have been reports on the antioxidant activity of Rumex crispus species. The leaves, seeds and fruits of Rumex crispus have been shown to have antioxidant activity [9][10]. In the present study it is aimed to investigate the DPPH radical scavenging activity of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts prepared from Rumex crispus and Scrophularia canina subsp. ...
... Rumex crispus and some Scrophularia species contain phenolic compounds [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Phenolic compounds are among the major secondary metabolites in plants responsible for their antioxidant activity (12). ...
Methanol
and ethyl acetate extracts of Rumex crispus L. and Scrophularia canina L. subsp. bicolor (SM.) Greuter were tested for
their antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Extracts were prepared from
the above-ground parts of these plants. Significant antioxidant activity was
determined for methanol (IC50: 4.16 µg/mL) and ethyl acetate (IC50:
8.71 µg/mL) extracts of Rumex crispus.
Moreover, methanol (IC50: 60.78 µg/mL) and ethyl acetate (IC50:
149.33 µg/mL) extracts of Scrophularia
canina subsp. bicolor (SM.)
Greuter were shown to have important
free radical scavenging antioxidant activity.
... Rumex crispus root has been traditionally used to treat hemoptysis, scabies, hematochezia, and neurodermatitis in Asian medicine. Its pharmaceutical ability to scavenge free radicals, inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of cancer cells, and to suppress plant pathogenic fungi has been recently studied [11][12][13]. In terms of the effect on bone cell differentiation or proliferation, an ethanol extract of R. crispus root significantly stimulates alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, but partially increases bone nodule formation in osteosarcoma MG-63 cells [14]. ...
... Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Thermo Acclaim C 18 column (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) using phosphoric acid water (0.1%, v/v), solvent A and acetonitrile, and solvent B as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The HPLC elution conditions were optimized as follows: (0-8) min, 15-13% B; (8-12) min, 13-35% B; (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22) min, 35-75% B; (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32) min, 75% B. The column oven and auto-sampler injection volume were set to 30°C and 10 μL, respectively. The detected wavelength was set at 280 nm and the total run time was 73 min. ...
Background
Rumex crispus root has traditionally been used in Asian medicine for the treatment of hemorrhage and dermatolosis. The aim of this study was to explore the pharmaceutical effects of water extract of Rumex crispus (WERC) on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. We also studied the effect of WERC on the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced trabecular bone destruction mice model.
Methods
High performance liquid chromatography analysis was used to identify three compounds (emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion) of WERC. The in vivo effect of WERC was examined using an administration of WERC or vehicle on the ICR mice with bone loss induced by intraperitoneal RANKL injection on day 0 and 1. All mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at day 7 and the femurs of mice were isolated for soft X-ray and Micro-CT analysis. The in vitro effect of WERC on osteoblast mineralization or osteoclast differentiation was examined by alizarin red S staining or by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and assay. To determine the transcription level of osteoblast or osteoclast-specific genes, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used. Western blot analysis was performed to study the effect of WERC on mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) or nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling molecules.
Results
The presence of three compounds in WERC was determined. WERC significantly suppressed RANKL-induced trabecular bone loss by preventing microstructural deterioration. In vitro, WERC increased osteoblast mineralization by enhancing the transcription of runt-related transcription factor 2 and its transcriptional coactivators, and by stimulating extracellular signal–regulated kinase phosphorylation. Furthermore, WERC significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation by suppressing the activation of the RANKL signalings (MAPK and NF-κB) and the increasing inhibitory factors of nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1.
Conclusion
This study showed that WERC could protect against osteoporosis and suggested that the possible mechanism of WERC might be related to increased osteoblast differentiation by activating Runx2 signaling and inhibition of osteoclast differentiation by suppression of RANKL signaling.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-017-1986-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
... 항균 (Yildirim et al., 2001;Jeong et al., 2006), 항진 균 (Kim et al., 2004), 항염증 (Lee et al., 2007) 활성 등 이 보고된 바 있다. 소리쟁이 뿌리, 종자 또는 지상부 추출 물은 butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA)이나 ascorbic acid 와 유사한 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성 (Jeong et al., 2006;Kim et al., 2010;Maksimović et al., 2011;Suh et al., 2011)과 singlet oxygen 소거활성 (Suh et al., 2011) (Jeong et al., 2006;Maksimović et al., 2011;Suh et al., 2011). ...
... 항균 (Yildirim et al., 2001;Jeong et al., 2006), 항진 균 (Kim et al., 2004), 항염증 (Lee et al., 2007) 활성 등 이 보고된 바 있다. 소리쟁이 뿌리, 종자 또는 지상부 추출 물은 butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA)이나 ascorbic acid 와 유사한 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성 (Jeong et al., 2006;Kim et al., 2010;Maksimović et al., 2011;Suh et al., 2011)과 singlet oxygen 소거활성 (Suh et al., 2011) (Jeong et al., 2006;Maksimović et al., 2011;Suh et al., 2011). ...
The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidative capacity of ethanol extracts from Rumex crispus L. The concentration of R. crispus L. extract at which DPPH radical scavenging activity was inhibited by 50% was 2.15 mg/mL, which was lower than that of {\alpha}-tocopherol (0.43 mg/mL), as compared to 100% by pyrogallol as a reference. Total antioxidant status was examined by total antioxidant capacity against ABTS radical reactions. Total antioxidant capacities of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/mL were 0.47 and 2.33 mM Trolox equivalents, respectively, which were higher than those of {\alpha}-tocopherol. Superoxide scavenging activities of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/mL were 21.5 and 78.9%, respectively, which were not significantly (p>0.05) different from those of catechin. Oxygen radical absorbance capacities of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 20 and 100 ?g/mL were 62.5 and 156.4 ?M Trolox equivalents, respectively, which were lower than those of ascorbic acid. Cupric reducing antioxidant capacities of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/mL were 0.28 and 1.88 mM Trolox equivalents, which were similar or significantly (p-tocopherol, respectively. R. crispus L. extract prevented supercoiled DNA strand breakage induced by hydroxyl radical and peroxyl radical. Total phenolic contents of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 0.5 and 5 mg/mL were 0.58 and 3.85 mM gallic acid equivalents, respectively. R. crispus L. extract at concentration of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/mL inhibited 0.2 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity by 38.5 and 63.5%, respectively, in HepG2 cell culture system. Thus, strong antioxidant and cytotoxicity-inhibiting effects of R. crispus L. extract seem to be due to, at least in part, the prevention from free radicals-induced oxidation as well as high levels in total phenolic contents.
... The GSH-Px activity was increased moderately, while the GSH content was not influenced significantly by the extract. In the case of the XO inhibitory activity, a moderate increase was measured, but without a dose dependence (Maksimovic et al., 2011). The methanol extract of R. crispus roots exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging (IC 50 ¼ 42.86 μg/mL). ...
... There was only one in vivo study in the literature performed on rats, investigated the methanol extract of R. crispus on several hepatic antioxidant systems. Only moderate activity was observed in the case of GSH-Px and XOD (Maksimovic et al., 2011). The investigation of the antiproliferative effect of different extracts of Rumex species and compounds (tannins, polysaccharides, anthraquinones, naphthalenes, stilbenoids and flavonoids) isolated from them resulted that the ethanol extract of R. confertus, R. obtusifolius and R. hydrolapathum, the methanol extract of R. crispus and the n-hexane or CHCl 3 extracts of R. acetosa, R. aquaticus, R. scutatus and R. thyrsiflorus proved to be the most active (Wegiera et al., 2012; Lajter et al., 2013). ...
... Rumex crispus L. (yellow dock) is an herbaceous perennial plant and is widespread over humid or mesophyllous open areas with grass or ruderal vegetation, mostly in acid (containing silicate) soils. Yellow dock (R. crispus) considered as an invasive weed in many areas, it spreads through the fruits contaminating crop seeds, and sticking to clothing of fleece [4]. The activity of R. crispus is due to the various groups of chemical constituents such as: flavonoids, tanning agents (aprox 5% in leaves and 20% in fruits), phenolic acids, anthraquinones, polyunsaturated fatty acids and other substances as is oxalic acid [5][6][7]. ...
... The rats from experimental groups were injected i.v. (in tail vein) with Alloxan (Sigma-Aldich, St. Louis, USA) 2% in dose of 40 mg/kg bw., according to the protocol described by Carvalho et al. [4]. Seven days after Alloxan administration the glycaemia was analyzed using a portable glucometer ACCU-CHEK Active, model GC (ROCHE, Mannheim, Germany) with specific stripes. ...
The present study emphasize the effect of R. crispus and L. barbarum 6% aqueous extract on blood sugar level in Alloxan induced diabetes in rats. The rats were divided in five groups: one non-diabetic control and four experimental groups with induced diabetes mellitus after 40 mg/kg b.w. intravenous administration of 2% Alloxan. One group was kept as diabetic control and in the other three groups was administered 6% aqueous extracts of R. crispus, L. barbarum or a combination of the extracts during seven weeks. The better results were obtained in case of L. barbatum (goji) extract administration followed by the R. crispus (yellow dock) extract. The combination of the two extracts has proven to have a weaker effect than the extracts given separately.
... In this study, it was used three different soluble solutions as ethanol, chloroform and water (ultra pure) as different from previously studies are made by other researchers. Other researcher used mostly methanol as soluble solution for essential oil or extraction [19,20]. However, some researchers were used soluble solutions in our study [21][22][23]. ...
... The total antioxidant status (TAS) values of essential oils are another important biological property of great interest fort hey may preserve foods from the toxic effects of oxidants. Furthermore, many studies point to strong antioxidant capacities of essential oils and plant extracts [7,19,20,23]. The TAS values of R. crispus and R. cristatus are shown in Table 3. ...
... Antibacteriana (Getie et al., 2003;Choi et al., 2005;Harshaw et al., 2010 (Çoruh et al., 2008).Antifúngica (Choi et al., 2005). Antihelmintica (Idris et al., 2017).Antioxidante (Çoruh et al., 2008;Maksimović et al., 2011;Demir et al., 2017;Shiwani et al.,2012).Antiplasmodial P. ...
As Plantas Alimentícias não Convencionais (PANCs) possuem um grande potencial nutracêutico. Entretanto essas plantas são pouco conhecidas ou são desprezadas e até combatidas por serem consideradas invasoras. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a aceitabilidade de quatro plantas, azedinha e ora-pro-nobis que são usualmente consumidas como PANCs; buva e botão-de-ouro que são conhecidas como plantas invasoras. A buva e o botão-de-ouro não tiveram boa avaliação no teste de degustação, enquanto azedinha e ora-pro-nobis foram bem aceitas. Todas essas plantas possuem trabalhos científicos mostrando seu potencial nutritivo e medicinal, por isso são recomendadas a sua utilização na alimentação.
Unconventional Food Plants have great nutraceutical potential. However, these plantsare little known or are neglected because they are considered invasive. This work aimed to analyze the acceptability of four plants, Rumex acetosaand Pereskia aculeatathat are usually consumed and Conyza canadensis and Galinsoga parviflorawhich are known as invasive plants. The C. canadensis and G. parviflora did not have a good evaluation in the tasting test, while Rumex and Pereskiawere well accepted. All these plants have scientific studies showing their nutritional and medicinal potential, which is why their use in food is recommended.
... Antibacteriana (Getie et al., 2003;Choi et al., 2005;Harshaw et al., 2010 (Çoruh et al., 2008).Antifúngica (Choi et al., 2005). Antihelmintica (Idris et al., 2017).Antioxidante (Çoruh et al., 2008;Maksimović et al., 2011;Demir et al., 2017;Shiwani et al.,2012).Antiplasmodial P. ...
As Plantas Alimentícias não Convencionais (PANCs) possuem um grande potencial nutracêutico. Entretanto essas plantas são pouco conhecidas ou são desprezadas e até combatidas por serem consideradas invasoras. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a aceitabilidade de quatro plantas, azedinha e ora-pro-nobis que são usualmente consumidas como PANCs; buva e botão-de-ouro que são conhecidas como plantas invasoras. A buva e o botão-de-ouro não tiveram boa avaliação no teste de degustação, enquanto azedinha e ora-pro-nobis foram bem aceitas. Todas essas plantas possuem trabalhos científicos mostrando seu potencial nutritivo e medicinal, por isso são recomendadas a sua utilização na alimentação.
... Yellow dock (Rumex crispus) is used as a plant with multiple properties, expressed by diuretic, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-diarrheal, anti-anemic and appetite stimulant effects. The plant is also used to relieve pain and swelling, fever, inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, is beneficial in the treatment of sinusitis and used in C hypovitaminosis (10,12,15). ...
... Similarly, Coruh et al. (2008) have reported that R. crispus had a high antioxidant activity (Coruh et al., 2008). In a study investigating anti-oxidant properties of R.crispus, it was shown to have strong anti-oxidant effect, reduce lipid peroxidation, increase glutathione level in carbon-tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress (Maksimović et al., 2011). R. patientia administration was reported to reduce MDA level and increase SOD activity in rats with STZinduced rats (Sedaghat et al., 2011). ...
Rumex crispus is a natural, wild plant that grows spontaneously on riverside and wet meadows, and has been used for centuries in alternative medicine. In the present study, the effects of R. crispus on body weights, fasting blood glucose levels, plasma lipid profile, liver enzyme activities and antioxidant system were investigated in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups. Group I: control; group II: 3 mg kg-1 R. crispus; group III: 50 mg kg-1 Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes; group IV: 50 mg kg-1 STZ-induced diabetes + 3 mg kg-1 R.crispus. It was found that R. crispus extract reduced diabetes-related weight loss and blood glucose levels 10 days after the formation of diabetes. At the end of 14-day treatment period, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels significantly decreased (P<0.01) while triglyceride, LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and VLDL cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels increased in R. crispus supplemented diabetic rats (P<0.001). The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly increased in response to R. crispus (P <0.001). Total antioxidant status (TAS) significantly decreased and total oxidant status (TOS) increased in diabetic group; however, in response to R. crispus treatment, TAS significantly increased and TOS decreased relative to control group (P<0.001, for both). Supplementation of R. crispus extract shows anti-diabetic properties in rats and might have a clinical potential for diabetic individuals.
... Hence, cellular regeneration associated with S. mombin treatment might have been mediated by activation of liver stem cells. Moreover, the amelioration of CCl 4 -induced damage by SML and SMS pretreatment might be attributed to membrane stabilization, which prevents the leakage of cellular contents, as suggested by previous studies investigating the hepatoprotective properties of Vernonia amygdalina, 57 Rumex crispus, 58 Chrysophyllum albidum, 53 Ocimum gratiissimum, and S. mombin. 35 The protective effects of plant extracts against CCl 4induced hepatotoxicity has been attributed to the presence of endogenous phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, and alkaloids. ...
Objective:
Spondias mombin L. is a tree used in folk medicine in Nigeria for the treatment of hepatitis. This study was carried out to comparatively evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of S. mombin leaf and stem (SML and SMS) methanolic extracts in a rat model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity.
Methods:
Forty-two rats were distributed into seven groups. Groups A and B received water; groups C and D received 500 and 1000 mg/kg SML extract, respectively; groups E and F received 500 and 1000 mg/kg SMS extract, respectively; and group G received 100 mg/kg silymarin. Water, the two extracts, and silymarin were administered daily by oral gavage for 7 days. Hepatotoxicity was induced in groups B to G by the administration of CCl4 once on the seventh day. After 48 h, rats were sacrificed, and tissues and serum samples were examined for histological and biochemical indices of hepatotoxicity.
Results:
Administration of CCl4 resulted in liver injury with significant elevation in the hepatocellular injury markers alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TBIL), and conjugated bilirubin (CBIL), associated with a significant reduction in total circulatory protein. Pretreatment with SML and SMS extracts at both doses significantly ameliorated liver injury; lowered ALT, AST, ALP, TBIL, and CBIL levels; elevated cellular glutathione levels as well as catalase and superoxide dismutase activities; and decreased the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.
Conclusion:
This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the potential therapeutic benefit of S. mombin in xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity.
... However, the ability of inhibiting XO is strongly connected with the antioxidant capacity because reactive oxygen species are produced during the formation of uric acid in the presence of XO. Hence, the results of the investigations of the radical scavenging activity or the reducing power of the plants suggest the XO inhibition potency of the plants and their compounds (Maksimovic et al., 2011). ...
The xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity of aqueous and organic extracts of 27 selected species belonging in five genera (Fallopia, Oxyria, Persicaria, Polygonum and Rumex) of the family Polygonaceae occurring in the Carpathian Basin were tested in vitro. From different plant parts (aerial parts, leaves, flowers, fruits and roots), a total of 196 extracts were prepared by subsequent extraction with methanol and hot H2O and solvent–solvent partition of the MeOH extract yielding n-hexane, chloroform and 50% MeOH subextracts. It was found that the chloroform subextracts and/or the remaining 50% MeOH extracts of Fallopia species (F. bohemica, F. japonica and F. sachalinensis), Rumex species (R. acetosa, R. acetosella, R. alpinus, R. conglomeratus, R. crispus, R. hydrolapathus, R. pulcher, R. stenophyllus, R. thyrsiflorus, R. obtusifolius subsp. subalpinus, R. patientia) and Polygonum bistorta, Polygonum hydropiper, Polygonum lapathifolium and Polygonum viviparum demonstrated the highest XO inhibitory activity (>85% inhibition) at 400 µg/mL. The IC50 values of the active extracts were also determined. On the basis of the results, these plants, and especially P. hydropiper and R. acetosella, are considered worthy of activity-guided phytochemical investigations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... The calculated percentage hepatoprotection also showed that the administration of AEPA was substantially hepatoprotective, and was comparable to the standard drug Reducdyn® used in this study. The hepatoprotective activity of AEPA is similar to that exhibited by hepatoprotective activity against CCl 4 exhibited by Bauhinia racemosa (Gupta et al., 2004), Bupleurum kaoi (Wang et al., 2004), Telfairia occidentalis, Amaranthus caudatus, Occimum graticimum (Salawu and Akindahunsi, 2007), Acalypha racemosa (Iniaghe et al., 2008), Vernonia amygdalina (Adesonoye and Farombi, 2010) and Rumex crispus (Maksimovic et al., 2011). ...
Natural products from plants have received considerable attention in recent years due to their diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidants and hepatoprotective activities. The protective effects of aqueous extract of Persea americana (AEPA) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats was investigated.
Liver damage was induced in rats by administering a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of CCl4 and olive oil [3 ml/kg, subcutaneously (sc)] after pre-treatment for 7 days with AEPA. Hepatoprotective effects of AEPA was evaluated by estimating the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and levels of total bilirubin (TBL). The effects of AEPA on biomarkers of oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation) and antioxidant enzymes namely, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were measured in liver post mitochondrial fraction.
AEPA and Reducdyn® showed significant (p<0.05) hepatoprotective activity by decreasing the activities of ALT, AST, ALP and reducing the levels of TBL. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, levels of malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls were also decreased dose-dependently in the AEPA-treated rats. Pre-treatment with AEPA also decreased the serum levels of glutathione significantly.
These data revealed that AEPA possesses significant hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced toxicity attributable to its constituent phytochemicals. The mechanism of hepatoprotection seems to be through modulation of antioxidant enzyme system.
... Several natural products (herbs and spices), possessing antioxidant properties, fall within this class and were found to protect hepatocytes against chemically-induced liver carcinogenesis. [4] Their mechanisms of chemoprevention include stimulation of the induction of apoptosis in transformed hepatocytes, inhibition or scavenging of ROS which eliminates or lowers the extent of lipid peroxidation or infl ammation in liver cells thus; ultimately preventing the incidence of hepatic necrosis. [5] In addition, the antioxidant properties of some of these plants, especially their isolated compounds have found therapeutic benefi ts in pathological conditions such as liver diseases, cancer, diabetes and heart diseases. ...
The chemoprevention of chemically-induced hepatotoxicity is a crucial means of minimizing susceptibility to hepatic carcinogenesis and plants remain a rich source of anti-hepatotoxicants with antioxidant properties.
The protective role of defatted-methanol (MECF) and ethyl acetate fractions (EF), obtained from Leaves of Cnestis ferruginea in rats induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) toxicity was investigated.
Adult male Wistar rats were orally administered MECF or EF (125 - 500 mg/kg bwt/5mL) or silymarin (25 mg/kg bwt/5 mL) separately for three days before intervention with an intraperitoneal dose of CCl4. Biomarkers of liver and kidney toxicity as well as Ca(2+) regulation were evaluated.
Pre-treatment with MECF and EF significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the activities of serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, levels of urea, creatinine and cholesterol. A significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced Ca(2+) -ATPase activity and lowered levels of membrane cholesterol: Phospholipid ratio were observed in liver microsomes of pre-treated as compared to CCl4 -only treated rats. Rat liver superoxide dismutase activity was enhanced by 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg of EF and MECF, while decreases were observed at 500 mg/kg. MECF and EF, like silymarin, attenuated CCl4 -induced hepatotoxicity, microsomal membrane Ca(2+) -ATPase inactivation and renal dysfunction. Phytochemistry of MECF revealed the presence of anthraquinones, cardiac and flavone glycosides, tannins and trihydroxyl phenol.
These findings suggest that the mechanism of hepatoprotection elicited by MECF and EF, involve its antioxidative properties and regulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis.
... In addition, it was reported that butanol extract from curled dock (BECD) seeds contains several phenolic compounds, including 1,2,3-benzenetriol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,2,5trimethylhexane-3,4-dione, and diethyl phthalate, that are associated with singlet oxygen quenching capacity (13). Unlike root, leaf, and seed, fruits of CD have been shown to effectively suppress CCl 4 -induced oxidative damage by enhancing the hepatic antioxidant system in vivo (14). In this study, it was examined how BECD modulates the expressions of phase 2 enzymes as well as its upstream signaling molecules such as PI3K/Akt/Nrf2. ...
Curled dock (Rumex crispus L.) is known to have several health benefits including antioxidant, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory effects. The potential to induce phase 2 detoxifying enzymes of butanol extract of curled dock (BECD) seeds was investigated. BECD increased the activity of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase and expression of phase 2 detoxifying enzymes such as heme oxygenase 1, Γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, and glutathione reductase, in both hepa1c1c7 and its mutant BPRc1 cells. The translocation of transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and binding to antioxidant response element (ARE) in the promoter region of phase 2 detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes were promoted by BECD in HepG2-C8 cells. Furthermore, BECD enhanced phosphorylation of Akt in hepatoma cell lines while Nrf2 activation induced by BECD was suppressed by an inhibitor of Akt. This result suggests that BECD induces phase 2 detoxifying enzymes through the Akt/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. BECD merits further study to be developed as detoxification agent.
Fonksiyonel gıdalar içeriğindeki bileşenler, minareller, vitaminler, aminoasitler, baharatlar, bitkiler bakımından insan sağlığı için önem arz etmektedir. Yeşil yapraklı bitkiler de işlevsel özelliklere sahip, iyi bir A vitamini kaynağı, flavonoidler ve karotenoidler bakımından zengin besinlerdir. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı; Karadeniz Bölgesi’nin yenilebilir otlarının fonksiyonel gıdalar kapsamında değerlendirilip değerlendirilemeyeceğini belirlemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda literatür taraması yapılarak Karadeniz Bölgesi’nin 17 adet yenilebilir otu incelenmiş, otların besin değerleri, mutfaklarda kullanım şekilleri, sağlık için faydaları, hastalık tedavilerinde kullanım şekilleri içeriğindeki vitamin, minarel ve ağır metaller hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda Karadeniz’in yenilebilir otlarının insan sağlığı üzerinde olumlu etkilerinin olması, hastalık önlemesi ve hastalık tedavisinde kullanılması gerekçeleriyle fonksiyonel gıdalar kapsamında değerlendirebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Lilium lancifolium is native to Northeast Asia and its bulbs have been used for medicinal treatment. Moreover, Japan has been using L. lancifolium bulbs more actively as food ingredients than Korea. Therefore, this study was to investigate the characteristics of Korean L. lancifolium bulbs, with respect to food component and functionality. As a result of proximate composition analysis, L. lancifolium bulbs have an abundant carbohydrate content. HPLC analysis indicated p‐coumaric acid and ferulic acid contents of Korean L. lancifolium extract were 1.14 ± 0.01, 1.46 ± 0.00 mg/g, but only p‐coumaric acid was less detected in Japanese extract. Also, Korean L. lancifolium bulbs extract exhibited significant antioxidant effects, as evaluated with antioxidant activity and compound, than Japanese extract. Furthermore, Korean L. lancifolium bulbs extract significantly inhibited pro‐inflammatory protein expressions through MyD88 dependent pathway. Therefore, these results suggested Korean L. lancifolium bulbs have the potential to being functional food ingredients.
Practical applications
Lilium lancifolium is a perennial plant belonging to the Liliaceae family. The storage organ of L. lancifolium is surrounded by several fleshy nodes at the base of the stem, called the bulb, which has been used as food or medicine to treat pneumonia and bronchitis. L. lancifolium is widely found in countries of Northeast Asia, such as Korea, Japan, and China, and its bulbs have been studied for presence of bioactive compounds that have important functional activities. The bioactive compounds in the L. lancifolium bulbs may vary from region to region. In this study, the difference observed in the contents of different bioactive compounds and the efficacy of anti‐inflammatory effects of L. lancifolium bulbs from different regions were consistent in this regard. As a comparative study of food materials by region, these L. lancifolium bulbs have the potential to be used as a food material for preventing inflammatory diseases.
Prirodni antioksidansi su predmet intenzivnog izučavanja zbog njihove sposobnosti da gase slobodne radikale koji se smatraju odgovornim za razvoj degenerativnih bolesti. Istraživanja su naročito fokusirana na biljke koje se tradicionalno koriste u narodnoj medicini podneblja u kojem rastu. Ekstrakcija aktivnih materija se vrši korištenjem raznih rastvarača, a njihov antioksidativni potencijal se mjeri različitim metodama, tako da rezultate njihove primjene često nije moguće upoređivati. Ipak, povremeno je radi preglednosti i izbjegavanja nepotrebnog ponavljanja neophodno sistematizovati saznanja iz ove oblasti. U ovom radu je dat pregled literature antioksidativnog djelovanja rodova Polygonum, Rumex, Fagopyrum, Reynoutria, Fallopia i Rheum iz familije Polygonaceae. Osim porijekla biljne vrste i načina pripreme uzorka, navedeni su rastvarači pomoću kojih je izvedena ekstrakcija, testovi koji su korišteni za određivanje antioksidativne aktivnosti, kao i za određivanja sadržaja jedinjenja koji su nosioci antioksidativnog djelovanja.
Oxidative stress has been postulated to contribute significantly to the accelerated accumulation of advanced glycoxidation endproducts (AGEs) in collagen, which is implicated in the process of skin aging. Effectiveness of Actinidia chinensis, commonly called gold kiwifruit, in counteracting skin aging was investigated. Firstly, primary crude 70% ethanolic extracts of whole A. Chinensis, pulp, and rind were screened for their in vitro antioxidant activities and anti-glycation activity by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, and bovine serum albumin-derived glycation model. Result indicated that rind portion exhibited significantly (p<0.05) high antioxidant activity as well as high phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to those of pulp and whole A. Chinensis. Thus, rind was selected for further fractionated with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol. Among these solvent fractions, A. chinensis rind ethyl acetate (ACRE-E) had the greatest radical-scavenging activity and reducing power, comparable to standard antioxidant, vitamin C. Immunofluorescence staining was used to determine AGEs distribution in glycated collagen matrix. ACRE-E inhibited formation of 67% AGEs. High Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis revealed phenolic compound of ACRE-E as quercetin-3-rhamnoside. High antioxidant and anti-glycation activities of ACRE-E in glycated collagen model indicate its contribution to anti-aging process. A. chinensis rind, previously considered as a byproduct, may have potential as a low-cost raw material for cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
The current drugs against sleeping sickness are derived from cancer chemotherapeutic approaches. Herein, we aimed at evaluating the in vitro effect of alcoholic extracts of Artemisia annua (AMR), Rumex abyssinicus (RMA), and Catha edulis Forsk (CEF) on proliferation/viability of 1321N1 astrocytoma, MCF-7 breast cancer, THP-1 leukemia, and LNCaP, Du-145, and PC-3 prostate cancer cells and on Trypanosoma brucei cells. Proliferation of tumor cells was evaluated by WST-1 assay and viability/behaviour of T. brucei by cell counting and light microscopy. CEF was the most efficient growth inhibitor in comparison to AMR and RMA. Nevertheless, in LNCaP and THP-1 cells, all extracts significantly inhibited tumor growth at 3 μg/mL. All extracts inhibited proliferation of T. brucei cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Microscopic analysis revealed that 95% of the T. brucei cells died when exposed to 33 μg/mL CEF for 3 hrs. Similar results were obtained using 33 μg/mL AMR for 6 hrs. In case of RMA, however, higher concentrations were necessary to obtain similar effects on T. brucei. This demonstrates the antitumor efficacy of these extracts as well as their ability to dampen viability and proliferation of T. brucei, suggesting a common mechanism of action on highly proliferative cells, most probably by targeting cell metabolism.
Cough is a frequent symptom associated to upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and, although being self-limiting, it might deeply affect the quality of life. Homeopathic products are often employed by patients to treat cough, but the evidence on their efficacy is scarce. Thus, we tested the efficacy of an homeopathic syrup in treating cough arising from URTIs with a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Patients were treated with either the homeopathic syrup or a placebo for a week, and recorded cough severity in a diary by means of a verbal category-descriptive score for two weeks. Sputum viscosity was assessed with a viscosimeter before and after 4 days of treatment; patients were also asked to provide a subjective evaluation of viscosity. Eighty patients were randomized to receive placebo (n=40) or the homeopathic syrup (n=40). All patients completed the study. In each group cough scores decreased over time, however, after 4 and 7 days of treatment, cough severity was significantly lower in the homeopathic group than in the placebo one (P<0.001 and P=0.023, respectively). Sputum was collected from 53 patients: in both groups its viscosity significantly decreased after 4 days of treatment (P<0.001); however, viscosity was significantly lower in the homeopathic group (P=0.018). Instead, the subjective evaluation did not significantly differ between the two groups (P=0.059). No adverse events related to any treatment were reported. We concluded that the homeopathic syrup employed in the study was able to effectively reduce cough severity and sputum viscosity, thereby representing a valid remedy for the management of acute cough induced by URTIs.
The total free radical scavenger capacity (RSC) of 57 edible oils from different sources was studied: olive (24 brands of oils), sunflower (6), safflower (2), rapeseed (3), soybean (3), linseed (2), corn (3), hazelnut (2), walnut (2), sesame (2), almond (2), mixture of oils for salad (2), "dietetic" oil (2), and peanut (2). Olive oils were also studied according to their geographical origins (France, Greece, Italy, Morocco, Spain, and Turkey). RSC was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the disappearance of the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH(*)) at 515 nm. The disappearance of the radical followed a double-exponential equation in the presence of oils and oil fractions, which suggested the presence of two (fast and slow) groups of antioxidants. RSC was studied for the methanol-soluble phase ("methanolic fraction", MF) of the oil, the fraction nonsoluble in methanol ("lipidic fraction", LF), and the nonfractionated oil ("total oil"; TF = MF + LF). Only olive, linseed, rapeseed, safflower, sesame, and walnut oils showed significant RSC in the MF due to the presence of phenolic compounds. No significant differences were found in the RSC of olive oils from different geographical origins. Upon heating at 180 degrees C the apparent constant for the disappearance of RSC (k(T)) and the half-life (t1/2) of RSC for MF, LF, and TF were calculated. The second-order rate constants (k2) for the antiradical activity of some phenolic compounds present in oils are also reported.
Extracts from the European mistletoe or Viscum album L. have been known as secondary medicaments, widely used in treatment of a number of disorders. Also, they have been reported to exert certain pharmacological (e.g. cytotoxic and immunomodulatory) effects in vitro and in vivo. The in vivo effect of aqueous extracts of European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) grown on plums on biochemical parameters in rats, prior and after carbon-tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity was examined in this study. Three sets of experiments were conducted, applying three different concentrations of aqueous Viscum album from plum extract. Administration of CCl4 impaired defence antioxidant mechanism, particularly by depletion of liver glutathione (GSH) content and reduction of activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (Px). Induction of CCl4 also caused high increase of lipid peroxidation (LP) and decrease of glutathione reductase (GR) levels. Pretreatment with examined Viscum album extract inhibited CCl4-induced liver injury by decreasing LP and increasing GSH content, bringing the levels of antioxidant enzymes to control values. CCl4-induced increases in serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and bilirubin were dramatically supressed by the aqeous mistletoe grown on plums extract treatment. Hepatic DNA content haven't been changed much upon treatment with Viscum extract, but certain decrease in DNA content was observed in CCl4 treated group. What is also important, CCl4 caused a significant increase in hepatic hydroxyproline content, compared to the control group. However, the mistletoe extract treatment attenuated this increase, indicating that examined mistletoe extracts could exhibit certain hepato-protective effect. Values of investigated parameters showed significant dosage dependence, although positive results were obtained for all examined concentrations of Viscum album L. from plum extract.
Four new iridoid glucosides 1–4, named blumeosides A–D, were isolated from the methanolic stem-bark extract of Fagraea blumei G. DON. (Loganiaceae). They were accompanied by the benzyl-alcohol derivative di-O-methylcrenatin (5) and the flavone C-glucoside swertisin (6). The structures of 1–4 were established by spectroscopic methods, including FAB-MS, and 1H- and 13C-NMR, and by alkaline hydrolysis. Blumeosides A (1) and C (3) are 10-O-(2,5-dihydroxytercphthalo) adoxosidic acid and 10-O-(2-hydroxyterephthalo)adoxosidic acid, respectively. In blumeosides B (4) and D (2), both carboxylic groups of the terephthalic-acid moiety are esterified by adoxosidic-acid units, Blumeosides A–D (1–4) inhibited bleaching of crocin induced by alkoxyl radicals. Blumeosides A (1) and D (2) also demonstrated scavenging properties towards the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hvdrazvl (CDPPH) radical in TLC autographic and spectrophotometric assays.
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Publisher Summary This chapter discusses microsomal lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation is a complex process known to occur in both plants and animals. It involves the formation and propagation of lipid radicals, the uptake of oxygen, a rearrangement of the double bonds in unsaturated lipids, and the eventual destruction of membrane lipids, producing a variety of breakdown products, including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and ethers. Biological membranes are often rich in unsaturated fatty acids and bathed in an oxygen-rich, metal-containing fluid. Lipid peroxidation begins with the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from an unsaturated fatty acid, resulting in the formation of a lipid radical. The formation of lipid endoperoxides in unsaturated fatty acids containing at least 3 methylene interrupted double bonds can lead to the formation of malondialdehyde as a breakdown product. Nonenzymic peroxidation of microsomal membranes also occurs and is probably mediated in part by endogenous hemoproteins and transition metals. The direct measurement of lipid hydroperoxides has an advantage over the thiobarbituric acid assay in that it permits a more accurate comparison of lipid peroxide levels in dissimilar lipid membranes.
Prostate cancer is a disease associated with aging. Also commonly associated with increasing age is a shift in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance of many tissues toward a more oxidative state, i.e., increased oxidative stress. We hypothesize that androgen exposure, which has long been associated with the development of prostate cancer, may be a means by which the prooxidant-antioxidant balance of prostate cells is altered.
Using established prostate carcinoma cell lines, we studied the effect of androgens on various parameters of oxidative state (e.g., generation of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals, lipid peroxidation, and oxygen consumption) and antioxidant defense mechanisms (e.g., the glutathione system and catalase).
The androgen-responsive LNCaP and the androgen-independent DU145 prostate carcinoma cell lines were exposed to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and to the synthetic androgen R1881. The cellular proliferation responses were measured by use of a fluorometric assay to quantitate the amount of DNA. The generation of reactive oxygen species was measured by use of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, a dye that fluoresces in the presence of hydrogen peroxide or hydroxyl radicals. Lipid peroxidation was quantitated by use of a chromogen specific for malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal. General mitochondrial activity was determined by assaying 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction. A Clark-type electrode was used to assess oxygen consumption per cell. Intracellular glutathione concentrations and the activities of catalase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were measured spectrophotometrically. All P values resulted from two-sided tests.
DHT at less than 1 to 100 nM (a concentration range encompassing the physiologic levels of DHT considering all ages) and R1881 at 0.1-1 nM concentrations were effective in inducing in LNCaP cells comparable proliferative responses and changes in oxidative stress. In contrast, neither DHT nor R1881 had any effect on the oxidative stress in DU145 cells. The mitochondrial activity in LNCaP cells, as measured by MTT reduction, was significantly elevated above the levels of the untreated controls by DHT (0.1-1000 nM) and R1881 (0.05-1 nM) (P < .001 in both). Oxygen consumption and catalase activity were increased in LNCaP cells in the presence of 1 nM R1881 by 60% and 40%, respectively, over the values in the untreated control cells (P < .03 and P < .01, respectively). The same concentration of R1881 resulted in a decrease in intracellular glutathione concentrations and an increase in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in LNCaP cells. Treatment with the oxidizing agents H2O2 and menadione produced an increase in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in LNCaP cells, whereas treatment with the antioxidant compound ascorbic acid (100 mM) reduced the oxidative stress produced in LNCaP cells by 1 nM R1881 and completely blocked the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity.
Physiologic levels of androgens are capable of increasing oxidative stress in androgen-responsive LNCaP prostate carcinoma cells. The evidence suggests that this result is due in part to increased mitochondrial activity. Androgens also alter intracellular glutathione levels and the activity of certain detoxification enzymes, such as gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, that are important for maintenance of the cellular prooxidant-antioxidant balance.
The role of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) in nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation remains a matter of controversy. We have studied whether ROIs played any role in NF-kappaB induction by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in different cell types. Our studies indicated three different pathways. IL-1beta stimulation of lymphoid cells generates ROIs, which are required for IkappaB-alpha degradation and NF-kappaB activation. The source of these ROIs is the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme. In monocytic cells, ROIs are also produced in response to IL-1beta and necessary for NF-kappaB induction, but their source appears to be the NADPH oxidase complex. Finally, epithelial cells do not generate ROIs after IL-1beta stimulation, but do rapidly activate NF-kappaB. Interestingly, transfection of epithelial cells with the 5-LOX and 5-LOX activating protein expression vectors restored ROI production and ROI-dependent NF-kappaB activation in response to IL-1beta. Our data thus indicate that ROIs are cell type-specific second messengers for NF-kappaB induction by IL-1beta.
The antioxidant activities, reducing powers, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities, amount of total phenolic compounds, and antimicrobial activities of ether, ethanol, and hot water extracts of the leaves and seeds of Rumex crispus L. were studied. The antioxidant activities of extracts increase with increasing amount of extracts (50-150 microg). However, the water extracts of both the leaves and seeds have shown the highest antioxidant activities. Thus, addition of 75 microg of each of the above extracts to the linoleic acid emulsion caused the inhibition of peroxide formation by 96 and 94%, respectively. Although the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of seed was lower than the water extract, the difference between these was not statistically significant, P > 0.05. Unlike the other extracts, 75 microg of the ether extract of seeds was unable to show statistically significant antioxidant activity, P > 0.05 (between this extract and control in that there is no extract in the test sample). Among all of the extracts, the highest amount of total phenolic compound was found in the ethanol extract of seeds, whereas the lowest amount was found in the ether extract of seeds. Like phenolic compounds, the highest reducing power and the highest DPPH scavenging activity were found in the ethanol extract of seeds. However, the reducing activity of the ethanol extract of seeds was approximately 40% that of ascorbic acid, whereas in the presence of 400 microg of water and ethanol extracts of seeds scavenging activities were about 85 and 90%, respectively. There were statistically significant correlations between amount of phenolic compounds and reducing power and between amount of phenolic compounds and percent DPPH scavenging activities (r = 0.99, P < 0.01, and r = 0.864, P < 0.05, respectively) and also between reducing powers and percent DPPH scavenging activities (r = 0.892, P < 0.05). The ether extracts of both the leaves and seeds and ethanol extract of leaves had shown antimicrobial activities on Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. However, none of the water extracts showed antimicrobial activity on the studied microorganisms.
Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an inverse association between consumption of fruits and vegetables and morbidity and mortality from degenerative diseases. The antioxidant content of fruits and vegetables may contribute to the protection they offer from disease. Because plant foods contain many different classes and types of antioxidants, knowledge of their total antioxidant capacity (TAC), which is the cumulative capacity of food components to scavenge free radicals, would be useful for epidemiologic purposes. To accomplish this, a variety of foods commonly consumed in Italy, including 34 vegetables, 30 fruits, 34 beverages and 6 vegetable oils, were analyzed using three different assays, i.e., Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) and ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP). These assays, based on different chemical mechanisms, were selected to take into account the wide variety and range of action of antioxidant compounds present in actual foods. Among vegetables, spinach had the highest antioxidant capacity in the TEAC and FRAP assays followed by peppers, whereas asparagus had the greatest antioxidant capacity in the TRAP assay. Among fruits, the highest antioxidant activities were found in berries (i.e., blackberry, redcurrant and raspberry) regardless of the assay used. Among beverages, coffee had the greatest TAC, regardless of the method of preparation or analysis, followed by citrus juices, which exhibited the highest value among soft beverages. Finally, of the oils, soybean oil had the highest antioxidant capacity, followed by extra virgin olive oil, whereas peanut oil was less effective. Such data, coupled with an appropriate questionnaire to estimate antioxidant intake, will allow the investigation of the relation between dietary antioxidants and oxidative stress-induced diseases.
The present study describes antimicrobial and free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) together with the effects on lipid peroxidation (LP) of Melissa officinalis essential oil. The chemical profile of essential oil was evaluated by the means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). RSC was assessed measuring the scavenging activity of essential oil on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(*)) and OH(*) radicals. The effect on LP was evaluated following the activities on Fe(2+)/ascorbate and Fe(2+)/H(2)O(2) systems of induction. The antimicrobial activity was tested against 13 bacterial strains and six fungi. The examined essential oil exhibited very strong RSC, reducing the DPPH radical formation (IC(50) = 7.58 microg/mL) and OH radical generation (IC(50) = 1.74 microg/mL) in a dose-dependent manner. According to the GC-MS and TLC (dot-blot techniques), the most powerful scavenging compounds were monoterpene aldehydes and ketones (neral/geranial, citronellal, isomenthone, and menthone) and mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (E-caryophyllene). Very strong inhibition of LP, particularly in the Fe(2+)/H(2)O(2) system of induction (94.59% for 2.13 microg/mL), was observed in both cases, also in a dose-dependent manner. The most effective antibacterial activity was expressed on a multiresistant strain of Shigella sonei. A significant rate of antifungal activity was exhibited on Trichophyton species.
To date most pharmacological studies on mistletoe (Viscum album L.) have focused on the therapeutic properties of its polar extracts. This study examined the non-polar constituents of Viscum album and their biological activities. Supercritical CO(2) extraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to selectively extract and identify compounds in Viscum album leaves. Several non-polar classes of compounds were identified in the extract. In addition, a volatile fraction was identified that contained several novel terpene molecules. The hypothesis was tested that the Viscum album extract exhibits cytotoxic properties in Ehrlich carcinoma (EAC) cells in vivo due to the induction of oxidative stress. A significant reduction in the incidence of cancer was observed in all groups that received the Viscum album extract compared with the EAC control group. The largest decrease was observed in mice pretreated with the Viscum album extract, although significantly reduced numbers of EAC cells were also observed in animals with developed carcinoma. The activities of antioxidative enzymes in the EAC cells suggested the absence of oxidative stress. However, changes in the antioxidative enzymes activities observed after administration of the Viscum album extract might be due to the induction of oxidative stress in the EAC cells.
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