Peces del medio Amazonas
Abstract
Se describen cerca de 350 especies de peces, en parte con diseños de características morfológicas importantes para su determinación. Al final del libro se presentan fotos en color de las especies descritas. De especial interés son los primeros capítulos del libro, un capítulo extenso resume el conocimiento sobre el desarrollo geológico la biogeografía de la región, desde la separación entre América del Sur y África durante el Cretáceo Superior. Los capítulos sobre el clima actual, hidrología e hidroquímica de los diferentes cuerpos de agua forman una bases sólida para la caracterización de diferentes hábitat de peces.
... The most abundant taxon was the "cachama" (Piaractus sp.), which migrates along rivers and penetrates lakes and flooded areas during the fruiting season of many forest species (when waters are at their peak levels). The piranha (Pygocentrus sp.), which can be identified by its teeth, was also present: it generally inhabits flooded grassy areas along river banks ("gramalotes"), lakes and streams throughout the year (Galvis et al., 2006). Other fish remains identified to family level include Cynodontidae, which are carnivorous predators found in rivers and periodically flooded lakes, and Doradidae, which inhabit lakes and slow-moving rivers and are able to resist anoxic conditions; most of its species are omnivorous and nocturnal (Galvis et al., 2006;Toledo-Piza, 2003). ...
... The piranha (Pygocentrus sp.), which can be identified by its teeth, was also present: it generally inhabits flooded grassy areas along river banks ("gramalotes"), lakes and streams throughout the year (Galvis et al., 2006). Other fish remains identified to family level include Cynodontidae, which are carnivorous predators found in rivers and periodically flooded lakes, and Doradidae, which inhabit lakes and slow-moving rivers and are able to resist anoxic conditions; most of its species are omnivorous and nocturnal (Galvis et al., 2006;Toledo-Piza, 2003). ...
Recent research carried out in the Serranía La Lindosa in the Colombian Amazon (Department of Guaviare) provides archaeological evidence of the colonisation of the northwest Colombian Amazon during the Late Pleistocene. Preliminary excavations were conducted at Cerro Azul, Limoncillos and Cerro Montoya archaeological sites in Guaviare Department, Colombia. Contemporary dates at the three separate rock shelters establish initial colonisation of the region between ∼12,600 and ∼11,800 cal BP. The contexts also yielded thousands of remains of fauna, flora, lithic artefacts and mineral pigments, associated with extensive and spectacular rock pictographs that adorn the rock shelter walls. This article presents the first data from the region, dating the timing of colonisation, describing subsistence strategies, and examines human adaptation to these transitioning landscapes. The results increase our understanding of the global expansion of human populations, enabling assessment of key interactions between people and the environment that appear to have lasting repercussions for one of the most important and biologically diverse ecosystems in the world.
... Although surubim is found in the main channel of whitewater rivers, during the flooding period, these fish enter numerous lakes, channels, and flooded forests (Galvis et al., 2006;. As the gonadal maturation process concludes when the floodplain is inundated, the surubim may occupy the main river channel less frequently and instead explore the naturally flooded areas due to hydrological variations. ...
Fish is an important source of food and income for a significant portion of the Amazonian population, especially those who live along the rivers and lakes in the region. Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Castelnau, 1855), known as surubim, is a species of Neo-tropical catfish widely exploited by fisheries and commercially valuable in the Gua-poré River basin, Brazil. However, population dynamics are poorly known in the region. To understand the population structure and reproductive biology aspects of the surubim, monthly experimental fisheries were carried out in the São Miguel River, state of Rondônia, Brazil, between August 2020 and July 2021. The captured fish were weighed, and its gonads were removed and weighed for histological analyses (microscopic description) and classification of the maturation stages (macroscopic description). The collected gonads were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, dehydrated, cut into 4-μm-thick sections, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. A total of 34 individuals were collected (20 females and 14 males), showing positive allometric growth and condition factor from 0.81 to 1.79 for females and males, respectively. Females were larger in size and weight than males. P. punctifer reaches its first matu-ration at an average length of 68.30 cm, indicating the importance of respecting the minimum capture size as an alternative to ensure the natural stocks of this fishery resource in the region. The results provide support for the establishment of public policies and actions for conservation, management, and regulation of fishing.
... Although surubim is found in the main channel of whitewater rivers, during the flooding period, these fish enter numerous lakes, channels, and flooded forests (Galvis et al., 2006;. As the gonadal maturation process concludes when the floodplain is inundated, the surubim may occupy the main river channel less frequently and instead explore the naturally flooded areas due to hydrological variations. ...
Fish is an important source of food and income for a significant portion of the Amazonian population, especially those who live along the rivers and lakes in the region. Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Castelnau, 1855), known as surubim, is a species of Neotropical catfish widely exploited by fisheries and commercially valuable in the Guaporé River basin, Brazil. However, population dynamics are poorly known in the region. To understand the population structure and reproductive biology aspects of the surubim, monthly experimental fisheries were carried out in the São Miguel River, state of Rondônia, Brazil, between August 2020 and July 2021. The captured fish were weighed, and its gonads were removed and weighed for histological analyses (microscopic description) and classification of the maturation stages (macroscopic description). The collected gonads were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, dehydrated, cut into 4‐μm‐thick sections, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. A total of 34 individuals were collected (20 females and 14 males), showing positive allometric growth and condition factor from 0.81 to 1.79 for females and males, respectively. Females were larger in size and weight than males. P. punctifer reaches its first maturation at an average length of 68.30 cm, indicating the importance of respecting the minimum capture size as an alternative to ensure the natural stocks of this fishery resource in the region. The results provide support for the establishment of public policies and actions for conservation, management, and regulation of fishing.
... Five specimens of M. uranoscopus with 16.4 ± 2.8 cm standard length and 74.2 ± 26.4 g were obtained in July 2017 from local fishermen of the municipality of Belén, in Iquitos, Peru. Fish hosts were identified based on morphological characters (Galvis et al., 2006). Fish were kept alive until their parasitological examination. ...
Megalodoras uranoscopus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann) (Siluriformes, Doradidae) (the giant-talking catfish or the giant-raphael catfish), from the Peruvian Amazon, hosts a new species of Cosmetocleithrum described herein as Cosmetocleithrum falsunilatum sp. n. The male copulatory organ of the new species closely resembles that of Unilatus spp. – with multiple tight loops and non-articulated accessory piece - which reveals its morphological uniqueness among members of Cosmetocleithrum. A phylogenetic analysis using 28S rDNA of available sequences suggests that Cosmetocleithrum is composed by two basal clades, one of them composed by sequences of the new species and C. trachydorasi.
... Con esta actitud, lo primero que critica Namé'u de los demás animales es la vanagloria que hacen de sí mismos, y para ello hace uso del mismo argumento que nadie es capaz de contrariar, ni siquiera el abuelo de la bocana, a quien va dirigida principalmente su crítica. El abuelo invita a todos estos animales y les pregunta "¿cuál es su poder, su defensa?" los animales muestran sus dientes, sus chuzos (por ejemplo las púas aserradas venenosas -aguijones-de las rayas típicas de bagres y cuchas (Galvis et al. 2006). Pero el abuelo de la bocana desestima todo ello y les dice que no tienen ningún conocimiento, que son débiles y que sin él no vivirían. ...
... tridens-group", Hemigrammus hyanuary (Galvis et al., 2006, p. 74). The quebrada Matamatá drains the Pebas formation, while streams to the east sampled by Galvis et al. (2006) drain the Terciario Superior Amazónico formation, which presents more leached and coarser soils than soils from the Pebas formation (Arbeláez et al., 2008). Arbeláez et al. (2008) reported considerable differences in fish composition between streams draining the Pebas formation v. streams draining the Terciario Superior Amazónico formation, with the first presenting a considerable larger biomass and species richness when compared with the latter. ...
A new species of Hemigrammus is described from the Amazon Basin near Leticia, Departamento Amazonas, Colombia. In common with some congeners and some Hyphessobrycon spp., the new species colour pattern lacks a humeral blotch but has a caudal‐peduncle blotch. It can be distinguished from congeners with a similar colour pattern by having: a relatively deep body (30.2%–39.0% LS), 20–24 branched anal‐fin rays, 6–8 perforated scales of the lateral line, anal‐fin base without a conspicuous black stripe, 3–5 maxillary teeth, maxillary teeth with 1–3 cusps, a thin longitudinal midlateral line and a well‐defined oval shaped caudal blotch, extending from caudal peduncle into the lower caudal‐fin rays. Comparisons with congeners and with Hyphessobrycon species sharing the same general colour pattern are presented.
A new species of Loricaria is described from the upper Amazon River basin, Colombia. The new species is distinguished from its congeners primarily by having the dorsal portion of head with uniform black or dark brown coloration extending to three or four plates posterior to dorsal fin base, or with two longitudinal bands from tip of the snout to origin of dorsal fin; abdominal plates tightly joined and completely covering the median abdominal space and pectoral girdle; and pectoral and dorsal fins totally black or dark brown, without bands, spots, or blotches. The new species is further distinguished by plate counts, and body measurements. An analysis of genetic distances using the cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 marker of the mitochondrial genome showed a clear differentiation between the new species and Loricaria cataphracta (5.8–7.6%), L. nickeriensis (5.7–6.1%), and L. simillima (2.7–7.0%). Species delimitation analyses were carried out, which further supported the new species as a divergent lineage within the genus. Fish species diversity of the upper Amazon River basin and taxonomic issues related to L. simillima are included as part of the discussion.
In this paper we analyze the composition of the ichthyofauna present in different habitats of 4 minor tributaries from rivers of the Huallaga basin. The collection, capture and identification of diversity and richness was carried out recording a total of 31 species represented by 8 families and 5 orders (mainly based on Characiformes). Likewise, the characterization of the ecosystems on each study section was carried out together with the evaluation of the state of conservation through the application of the Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) giving the highest values in the tributary of the Patay Rondos river, verifying that the diversity of the community would be related to the heterogeneity of habitats.
Este léxico es resultado de la recopilación bibliográfica de diversos estudios geológicos realizados en las cuencas intramontañosas miocénicas del sur del Ecuador. Desde las primeras descripciones geológicas realizadas por Wolf en 1892, estos depósitos sedimentarios han despertado especial interés económico y científico.
Varios estudios de prospección, exploración y evaluación de recursos minerales no metálicos fueron desarrollados por el Instituto Francés del Petróleo, la Misión Alemana de Cooperación Técnica Minera, el Proyecto Minero de Naciones Unidas (1965-1969), el Programa de Desarrollo de Naciones Unidas U.N.D.P. (1969-1972) y el consorcio I.I.C. (1985). Los resultados obtenidos no fueron alentadores para la minería a gran escala. Sin embargo, a nivel local se han realizado explotaciones artesanales, principalmente de yeso y carbón.
Para el estudio del entorno geológico se han realizado estudios litoestratigráficos, sedimentológicos, paleontológicos y estructurales. Primero el Instituto Nacional de Investigación Geológico Minero Metalúrgico (INIGEMM) y luego el Instituto de Investigación Geológico y Energético (IIGE), instituciones encargadas de la geología del Ecuador durante la última década, han actualizado los mapas geológicos que incluyen las cuencas. Los resultados obtenidos han ampliado la visión y el conocimiento disponible pero también han generado controversia, principalmente sobre los sistemas de depósito y la relación entre las cuencas. Las recientes investigaciones han generado un debate sobre los principales modelos paleogeográficos propuestos, continental-lacustre y marino-continental. En esta línea, el léxico fue desarrollado como un documento que recopila la información disponible y que puede servir de referencia para futuros estudios en las cuencas del sur del Ecuador.
Inicialmente se analizaron los cambios en la composición, historias de vida y gremios tróficos de los ensamblajes colectados en los años 1999, 2004, 2005 y 2010, registrándose cambios en cuanto a la composición de las especies y riqueza, pero en general a nivel de manejo de los recursos no se evidenciaron cambios. Respecto al análisis de los gremios tróficos, durante las temporadas de aguas altas y bajas en el periodo de 2010, se registraron cambios en la composición entre los gremios y variaciones en la amplitud del nicho trófico de las especies analizadas, evidenciándose el uso diferencial de los recursos alimenticios consumidos por la ictiofauna. Finalmente con la compilación de datos producto de colectas científicas y registros de pescadores locales se logró describir la red trófica de la ictiofauna durante las temporadas de agua altas y bajas, planteando el beneficio de este tipo de iniciativas para establecer acuerdos para el manejo de los recursos pesqueros amazónicos en Colombia.
Los resultados de esta tesis enfatizan en la alta complejidad de procesos implicados en la permanencia y uso de los recursos de manera diferencial por la ictiofauna de este plano de inundación a lo largo del ciclo hidrológico, que solo pueden ser entendidos a través de la aplicación de diferentes metodologías, entre las que destaca el uso de los conocimientos locales como una fuente primordial de datos. La metodología utilizada puede ser aplicada a otros ecosistemas de los planos de inundación que sustentan a gran parte de la ictiofauna de los ríos del neotrópico.
Sorubim elongatus, new species, is described from the Amazon, Essequibo, and Orinoco basins in northern South America where it is sympatric and syntopic with the more familiar S. lima. This medium-sized (to 300 mm SL) pimelodid shares several morphological similarities with congeners that have helped to obscure its formal taxonomic recognition and description despite being common in museum collections in Europe and the Western Hemisphere.The new species is easily recognized by an elongate head and body and a combination of the following characters: modally 8 pectoral-fin rays, 22 anal-fin rays, and 19 gill rakers on the 1st pharyngeal arch; anal-fin origin; and mental barbels inserted even with or posterior to the gular apex. The nominal S. latirostris Miranda-Ribeiro is a junior subjective synonym of S. lima (Bloch & Schneider).
