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Water Harvesting and Supplemental Irrigation for Improved Water Productivity of Dry Farming Systems in West Asia and North Africa
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... Therefore, the acclimatization of artificial recharge mechanisms, usage of drought-resistant crops, and efficient irrigation practices, in conjunction with sustainable watershed management techniques was very indispensable to permit the aquifer replenishment in the semi-critical groundwater prospect zones. Other studies conducted in arid and semi-arid regions [13,96,132] suggested an adaptation of the artificial recharge remedies in tandem with various land and water resources management practices to deplete the pressure on the aquifer in the low groundwater prospective zone and optimize the use of water. ...
قام مركز البحوث الزراعية بالتعاون مع مركز بحوث المناطق الجافة وشبه الجافة (ICARDA) بإدخال التراكيب الوراثية : كريم ، كرم ، نعمه ، بلتاجي ، عمار 3 ، بهيج ، عدنان 3 ، مغربية ، سلالة 5 ، سلالة 9 ، سلالة 11 وسلالة 16 من القمح الصلب لغرض تقييم تأقلمها وإنتاجها . أقيمت هذه الدراسة تحت ظروف القبة لدراسة سلوك تلك التراكيب عند الزراعة على الأمطار (RF) وعند الزراعة بالري التكميلي (SPP) عند حاجة المحصول خلال موسمي الدراسة الأول 2015 – 2016 والثاني 2016 – 2017 كما درس مدى أهمية دلائل مقاومة الجفاف: MP ، MAR ، SSI ، TOL ، GMP ، REI ، STI ، MSTIK1 ، MSTIK2 ، HAM ، RED ، RDI ، DI ، GM ، ATI للانتخاب لمقاومة الجفاف بين تلك التراكيب وتأكيد الانتخاب من خلال دراسة الخواص الوراثية ²σG ، ²σP ، ECV% ، PCV% ، H²% ، GA% .
نفذت الدراسة بالشرائح المنشقة في 4 مكررات. أظهرت النتائج تفوق السلالة 11 في المحصول البيولوجي 7.44، 7.92 طن/هـ لموسمي الدراسة بالترتيب كما تفوقت السلالة 11 في محصول الحبوب بالموسم الأول 3.65 طن/هـ والتركيب الوراثي عمار 3 بالموسم الثاني 3.62 طن/هـ مقارنة بأقل التراكيب نعمه . أثقل وزن 1000 حبة سجل من السلالة 11 (44.38 ، 46.88 جم) كما تفوقت تلك السلالة بالموسم الأول في دليل الحصاد 49.06% وعمار 3 بالموسم الثاني 51.86% الري التكميلي. سجل الري التكميلي أقصى محصول بيولوجي 6.97 ، 6.95 طن/هـ ومحصول حبوب 2.77 ، 2.98 طن/هـ وأثقل وزن ألف حبة 37.96 ، 38.18 جم وأكبر دليل حصاد 39.74 ، 42.88% مقارنة بالزراعة على الأمطار 3.74 ، 3.62 طن/هـ لمحصول بيولوجي ، 1.27 ، 1.25 طن/هـ محصول حبوب ، 25.58 ، 25.17 جم وزن ألف حبة و 33.95 ، 34.53% لدليل الحصاد لكل الموسمين الأول والثاني بالترتيب . كما أن التداخل بين التراكيب الوراثية وطرق الري كان عالي المعنوية للصفات المذكورة وأظهرت دراسة دلائل مقاومة الجفاف أهمية التراكيب كريم وعمار3 للزراعة على الأمطار وعمار 3 وسلالة 11 للري التكميلي وعدم ملائمة التركيب نعمه لظروف الدراسة. أدت الخصائص الوراثية أهمية هذه التراكيب للتحسين لملائمة الزراعة تحت نقص الماء.
كلمات مفتاحية: تراكيب من القمح الصلب – دلائل مقاومة الجفاف – الخواص الوراثية.
Given the increasing demand for high-quality food and protein, global food security remains a challenge, particularly in the face of global change. However, since agriculture, food and water security are inextricably linked, they need to be examined via an interdisciplinary lens. Sociohydrology was introduced from a post-positivist perspective to explore and describe the bidirectional feedbacks and dynamics between human and water systems. This review situates sociohydrology in the agricultural domain, highlighting its contributions in explaining the unintended consequences of water management interventions, addressing climate change impacts due to/on agriculture and incorporating human behaviour into the description of agricultural water systems. Sociohydrology has combined social and psychological insights with novel data sources and diverse multi-method approaches to model human behaviour. However, as agriculture and agriculturalists face global change, sociohydrology can better use concepts from resilience thinking more explicitly to identify gaps in terms of desirable properties in resilient agricultural water systems, potentially informing more holistic climate adaptation policy.
The impacts of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) on water productivity (WP), crop water response factor (Ky), and yield of tomato crop (Solanum lycopersicum) were explored in this study using fresh (0.9 dS m−1) and saline (3.6 dS m−1) water under greenhouse conditions. RDI had four ETc (crop evapotranspiration) levels, i.e., 40, 60, 80, and 100%. PRD adopted 100% ETc for all treatments with changes in its application time (first, second, third, and fourth growth stages). Biochar pyrolyzed at 450–500 °C and added at rate of 4%. The results revealed that the Ky ranged between 0.21 and 0.37, indicating that tomato can tolerate a shortage of irrigation water. The highest value of WP (191 kg m−3) was found in 40% ETc using fresh water with biochar. The highest yield (20.0 kg m−2) was obtained with the application of 100% ETc with fresh water and biochar. Biochar application did not result in favorable yields with saline water due to its high salinity (7.8 dS m−1). The use of PRD in the fourth stage with biochar and fresh water led to the highest yield (20.6 kg m−2). Finally, this study recommends the application of biochar only when fresh irrigation water is available in adequate amounts.
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems are presented as a feasible alternative to increase water resources for agricultural use. However, the installation of these systems in farmers’ holdings is very limited. It is necessary to know the opinions and attitudes of farmers towards these systems to develop specific measures that respond to their needs. This study analyses the case of intensive agriculture in southeastern Spain. The objective is to understand the attitudes of farmers in relation to the installation of RWH systems. A profile of farmers regarding RWH usage was developed through cluster analysis techniques. The results show that the detected farmer groups have different preferences and attitudes regarding RWH and the incentives that could be implemented to encourage its use. The most important obstacles to implementing RWH are not only economic but also technical and agronomic. Additionally, the degree of environmental awareness a farmer has plays a key role in their decision to install RWH systems. Recommendations based on the findings of this study are provided for policy-makers. The results of this research may be useful for those regions that are considering RWH, especially in areas where water availability is a limiting factor for agricultural development or compromises its sustainability.
Livestock production in drylands requires consideration of the ecological applications of ecohydrological redistribution of water. Intensive cattle trampling and the associated increase of surface runoff are common concerns for rangeland productivity and sustainability. Here, we highlight a regional livestock production system in which cattle trails and trampling surrounding an artificial impoundment are purposely managed to enhance redistribution and availability of water for cattle drinking. Based on literature synthesis and field measurements, we first describe cattle production systems and surface water redistribution in the Dry Chaco rangelands of South America, and then develop a conceptual framework to synthesize the ecohydrological impacts of livestock production on these ecosystems. Critical to this framework is the pioshere—a degraded overgrazed and overtrampled area where vegetation has difficulties growing, usually close to the water points. The Dry Chaco rangelands have three key distinctive characteristics associated with the flat sedimentary environment lacking fresh groundwater and the very extensive ranching conditions: (1) cattle drinking water is provided by artificial impoundments filled by runoff, (2) heavy trampling around the impoundment and its adjacent areas generates a piosphere that favors runoff toward the impoundment, and (3) the impoundment, piosphere, and extensive forage areas are hydrologically connected with a network of cattle trails. We propose an ecohydrological framework where cattle transit and trampling alter the natural water circulation of these ecosystems, affecting small fractions of the landscape through increased runoff (compaction in piosphere and trails), surface connectivity (convergence of trails to piosphere to impoundment), and ponding (compaction of the impoundment floor) that operate together making water harvesting and storage possible. These effects have likely generated a positive water feedback on the expansion of livestock in the region with a relatively low impact on forage production. We highlight the role of livestock transit as a geomorphological agent capable of reshaping the hydrology of flat sedimentary rangelands in ways that can be managed positively for sustainable ranching systems. We suggest that the Dry Chaco offers an alternative paradigm for rangelands in which cattle trampling may contribute to sustainable seminatural production systems with implications for other dry and flat rangelands of the world.
The horticultural management of rainfed fig orchards under water stress conditions has developed using supplemental irrigation (SI) strategy. Diffusion of SI technology requires dealing with orchardists’ demands. The aim of this descriptive survey research was to investigate factors contributing to the SI application by fig growers under semi‐arid conditions. Orchard‐system, demographic features, attitudinal patterns, and economic characteristics of fig growers were assessed to identify the characteristics that lead to, or detract from SI application adoption, when rainfall is insufficient for normal plant growth. The sampling frame contained 377 out of 7,530 fig orchard addresses in Estahban region, southern Iran. Results revealed that higher yield, fruit quality including fruit size (as an indicator for fruit weight), and color of fig fruit were the most important components influencing fig growers’ perception of SI usefulness. SI technology adopters and non‐adopters indicated statistically different results in terms of average income and number of trees. The current research can benefit policymakers, researchers, farmers, water associations, etc. in determining the appropriate supplemental irrigation amount and time, and will be of significant value in water supply planning and higher agricultural productivity, considering the limited water resources.
The use of vegetation (dead or alive) in controlling the surface or mass erosion of slopes has been common since ancient times and has often been based on past experiences or experimental methods. The revival of this element in a more scientific and technical way and its development practically began in the 1930s in the German-speaking countries of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland and came to the US and Canada by conducting more research in the 1970s and 1980s.
Abstract
Purpose: Perennial water crises is a monster that threatens the very essence of human existence globally. Efforts have been made to stamp out water crises by the provision of pipe borne water, artisanal well, etc but to no avail. Notwithstanding these efforts, a visit to the streets of Enugu showed the excruciating hardship faced by the people as a result of scarcity of portable water. This study aimed at determining the current condition of portable water supply, challenges to sustainable water supply as well as suitability and sustainability of harvesting portable water through infiltration/sump technology adaptation in solving Enugu metropolis water crises.
Methodology: The survey and experimental research methods were used. A total number of 48 water samples were aseptically collected from 3 points on a weekly basis. The points are A: from the flowing Asata River, B: from the infiltration sump and, C: from the locally fabricated water treatment plant. These samples were subjected to physical, chemical and biological analysis to determine the level of impurities, chemical and biological pollutants contained therein. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to determine the concentration of heavy metals in the water samples. Direct culture plate count was used to determine bacterial load while sample concentration method was used for the microscopic examination.
Findings: The results were presented in tables and analyzed with simple percentages. It was discovered that water supply to Enugu residents has been abysmally low compared to the Enugu State Water Corporation (ENSWC) installed capacity. Out of the six (6) years under study, the highest annual water production of 6,082,962 m3 representing 12.62% of the installed capacity, supplied to the inhabitants of Enugu metropolis was achieved in the year 2018. The study discovered that the raw Asata River is contaminated with (a) heavy metals, (b) E. coli and Coliforms (c) debris, non-metallic contaminants etc. However, with the application of sump/infiltration technology and minimal treatment the river is a veritable and sustainable alternative to the epileptic pipe borne water supply from ENSWC to the inhabitants.
Recommendation: Adaptation and application of sump/infiltration smart indigenous water harvesting technology in solving the perennial water crisis in Enugu metropolis is recommended.
Keywords: Sustainable Strategies, Perennial Water Crises, Infiltration/Sump Technology.
This book is the product of an ICARDA project to define supplemental irrigation in the Near East and North Africa. In cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (F AO) a meeting was held in Rabat, Morocco, on 7-9 December 1987, entitled "Regional Consultation on Supplemental Irrigation"; specialists from 11 different countries were brought together to discuss priorities for supplemental irrigation within their specific regions. The participants were asked to focus on developing an information base using both primary data, results of surveys administered to district level agricultural personnel, and secondary data sources with a particular interest in the application of state-of-the-art knowledge and technology to the problems of supplemental irrigation. The authors have willingly and thankfully responded to the suggestions and criticisms of Ms Kate Ward, Institute of Irrigation Studies, Department of Civil of Southampton, U. K. , who accepted the soporific Engineering, University position of Review Editor and performed miracles. Chapter 2 and parts of chapters 15 and 16 are a partial rendering of a forthcoming book on systems analysis by Janice R. Perrier. The authors recognize the inclusion of this material which outlines the basic philosophical perspective of supplemental irrigation as utilized in the book. The assistance of Mr. Maurice Saade, Agricultural Economist is greatly appreciated for the understanding of Chapter 14. The section on the phenology of cereals near the end of chapter 4 was written by Mr.
Cultivated rainfed agricultural lands contribute substantially to food production in the semi-arid tropics, but crop yields depend on the vagaries of the weather, particularly the variable onset and cessation of rainfall. Increased crop yields can be stabilized and the soil resource base conserved if runoff water from periodic intensive rainfall can be harvested, stored and used to supplement crop water requirements during periods of drought.
Although the world area of irrigated land is increasing steadily, it is not normally feasible to irrigate the arid and semi-arid zones in which some 600 million people live. Here, the production of crops depends on maximizing the use by plants of the limited water available. This article reviews the principal factors involved and the management techniques necessary to use them to the best advantage.
Rainfall distribution and use of limited irrigation is discussed with regard to semiarid regions, and the efficiency of water use and soil water storage, especially for growing crops such as grain sorghum, are considered. Improvement in the conjunctive use of irrigation water and rainfall by means of conservation tillage is reviewed together with a number of suggested systems, viz. limited-irrigation-dryland farming, low-energy precision-application system and alternating strips of grain sorghum with wheat.-from Field Crop Abstracts
The reservoir storage is obtained most economically by constructing a dike through the playa and diverting all runoff into the diked reservoir. For equal dike heights and reservoir areas, an efficient reservoir is obtained by maximizing the ratio of the reservoir area to the dike length. Optimality mathematics was used to maximize this ratio for sector, parabolic and circular arc dikes within a flat-bottomed, circular playa.
