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Toxicity Effects of Hair Dye Application on Liver Function in Experimental
Animals
Ehab Ibrahim Salih El-Amin1*, Mohammed Abd AL Rahim GahElnabi2, Waled Amen Mohammed Ahmed3, Ragaa Gasim Ahmed4 and Khalid Eltahir Khalid5
1Assistant Professor of Human Anatomy, Albaha University, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Head of Community Health Department, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2Professor of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, National Ribat University, College of Sudanese Police Sciences, Sudan
3Assistant Professor of Nursing, Albaha University, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Nursing Department, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
4Assistant Professor of Nursing, Albaha University, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Nursing Department, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
5Associate Professor of Biochemistry, Albaha University, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
*Corresponding author: Dr. Ehab Ibrahim Salih El-Amin, PhD, Albaha University, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Head of Community Health Department,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Tel: 00966502576218; Email: ehabsalih2000@yahoo.com
Received date: Jun 19, 2014, Accepted date: Aug 27, 2014, Published date: Aug 29, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Salih El-Amin EI, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted to assess the hair dye toxicity by using hair dye among experimental rats in
order to verify the biochemical and haematological abnormalities and liver dysfunction.
Methods: Albino Wistar Rats were obtained from the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum– Sudan. The
rats were divided into two batches on the basis of using the commercial hair dye as oral or subcutaneous
administration respectively; each batch has four groups (control and three test groups) each comprising six rats.
Batch-1 (group-2, 3, and 4 orally administered with 10, 20, and 30mg/kg body weight of the commercial hair dye,
respectively); and Batch-2 (group-2, 3, and 4 subcutaneously administered with 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg body weight of
the commercial hair dye, respectively).
Results: The clinical features were shown in all rats batches, administered orally or subcutaneously with the
commercial hair dye. These clinical features rates from slight weakness in group 2 to head, neck, and pharyngeal
oedema in group-3 up to severe weakness in hinds and fore limbs with election of hair, tremors, shivering of the
whole body and respiratory distress, severe convulsions, and respiratory difficulty prior to death in group-4. The
Biochemical parameters showed significant (P<0.05) increase in the activities of the liver enzymes concomitant with
the increase of the commercial hair dye dosage in the two batches, and decrease in the total plasma protein levels,
albumin, and cholesterol with the increase of commercial hair dye dosage in the two batches. Hematological
parameters showed a significant (p value <0.05) decrease in complete blood count (associated with significant
decreases in neutrophils and significant increases of lymphocytes) concomitant with the increasing of commercial
hair dye concentration.
Conclusion: The study highlighted the major toxicity of commercial hair dye and its association with liver
dysfunction.
Keywords: Hair dye; Paraphenylenediamine; Toxicity; Liver
atrophy; Parameters; Experimental animals; Sudan
Introduction
Henna is very popular culture in Sudan; it is part of the traditions
which used to adorn women’s body during marriage ceremonies and
other social celebrations since the Bronze Age. Henna is commercially
cultivated in Sudan and other countries. Despite the wide spread use of
natural henna, reports of allergic contact dermatitis to natural henna
are very rare in the literature. It can therefore be assumed that natural
henna is safe [1]. The first artificial dye was synthesized in the
laboratory in 1856, and permanent hair colorants have been in
commercial use for over 100 years [2].
Para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is an organic compound; its
chemical formula is C6H8N2 [3]. This derivative of aniline is a white
solid, but samples can darken due to air oxidation. It is also an
ingredient used in Sudan and other countries in combination with
henna “lawasonia Alba” for tattooing to give black color in a short
time in traditional and during local and social festival. It was found to
be toxic and there are some reports from these countries showing its
toxicity on different systems of the body. The consumers use this
product because its price is 20-30 times less expensive than
pharmaceutical hair dye preparations [4].
Many accidental cases of toxicity and mortality have been reported
in Sudan, Egypt and other countries in cases of suicidal and homicidal
due to oral ingestion or subcutaneous mistaken used of hair dyes
containing Para-phenylenediamine [5]. There are many studies
showed effects on respiratory, renal, and muscular system, but no
study determines the effects on all these systems together, and no
study describes the correlation of PPD toxicity to body's biochemical
alterations in liver [6].
Clinical Toxicology Salih El-Amin et al., J Clin Toxicol 2014, 4:4
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0495.1000210
Research Article Open Access
J Clin Toxicol
ISSN:2161-0495 JCT, an open access journal Volume 4 • Issue 4 • 1000210
There was a continuous inflow of suicidal and homicidal cases in
Sudanese hospitals and the causes of poisoning with PPD are much
conflicting in the determination of clinical order of PPD Patients [7].
As PPD is the main ingredient on hair dyes, and whose toxicity is
directly related to human health. So this paper studied the toxicity of
hair dye in vivo, to determine the biochemical and haematological
abnormalities associated with major toxicity of commercial hair dye
and liver dysfunction among experimental animals.
Methodology
This study was conducted at national research center-University of
Khartoum. The commercial hair dye was collected from local markets
(Libya Market–Omdurman).
Albino Wistar male rats at age of 11 weeks, weighting 140-160 g
were obtained from the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of
Khartoum–Sudan. The animals were housed in cages provided with
rice husk as bedding materials and kept under ambient temperature of
23 ± 2°C. The animals were kept in the laboratory condition for 1 week
to adapt the climate condition and for the commencement of
treatment protocol. The rats were divided into two batches on the
basis of using the commercial hair dye as oral or subcutaneous
administration respectively; each batch has four groups (control and
three test groups) each comprising six rats. Batch-1 (group-2, 3, and 4
orally administered with 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg body weight of
commercial hair dye, respectively); and Batch-2 (group-2, 3, and 4
subcutaneously administered with 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg body weight
of commercial hair dye, respectively). The animals were killed after 3-6
days after the administration. The lethal dose of commercial hair dye
for rats was determined as 80 mg/kg body weight [8] and the lethal
subcutaneous dose was determined as 37 mg/kg body weight [9].
Hence, we tested the toxicity of various sub lethal doses through
different routes considering the LD50 of PPD is 37 mg/kg.
Two milliliter of blood samples were collected from eye blood
vessels of each rat in ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA)
container for hematological tests and other 2 ml of blood samples were
collected in heparinized containers for biochemical tests. Plasma was
separated by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 5 min.
Total proteins, glucose, cholesterol, albumin, and the enzyme
activities of GOT, GPT, and ALP were measured
spectrophotometrically by using commercial kits. Determination of
hemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood
cells (RBCs) count, and total white blood cell (TWBC) count, mean
corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH),
PLT count, (Lymphocytes–Basophil, Neutrophil) were analyzed by a
semi-automated hematological analyzer (Sysmex Corporation;
Mundelein, Illinois, Sysmex America, Inc.).
Statistical analyses were performed using statistical package for
social sciences (SPSS) version 11.5 and excel 2007 statistical program.
Continuous and categorical variables were analyzed using student’s t-
test and Chi-square test respectively. P value was considered
significant if it was less than 0.05.
Results
Clinical features were shown in all rats administered orally or
subcutaneously with the commercial hair dye, however, the clinical
features rate from slight weakness in group 2 to head, neck, and
pharyngeal oedema in group-3 up to severe weakness in hinds and
fore limbs with election of hair, tremors, shivering of the whole body
and respiratory distress, and there were severe convulsions and
respiratory difficulty prior to death which occurred at about four
hours post oral ingestion of the commercial hair dye in group-4. As
seen in Table 1 and Table 2, the biochemical parameters showed
significant (P<0.05) increase in activities of the liver enzymes
glutamate oxalotranserase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transferase
(GPT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and there is a decrease in the
total plasma protein levels, albumin, and cholesterol when compared
with the control groups.
Groups /
Parameters
Group 1
(Control)
Group 2 (10
mg/kg)
Group 3 (20
mg/kg) Group 4 (30
mg/kg)
GOT (U/L) 41.3 ± 2.1 1219.5 ±
12.1***
1581.8 ±
30.9***
1690.0 ±
23.7***
GPT (U/L) 40.1 ± 1.7 127.8 ±
1.2*** 242.8 ± 7.2*** 295.0 ±
28.8***
ALP (U/L) 115.3 ± 3.2 113.7 ± 2.8 129.0 ± 1.4* 136.0 ± 2.2**
T. proteins
(g/dl) 7.5 ± 0.7 7.0 ± 0.6 6.7 ± 0.3 6.3 ± 0.5*
Glucose
(mg/dl) 105.3 ± 11.0 137.8 ± 1.7** 127.8 ± 0.8* 113.5 ± 3.6
Cholesterol
(mg/dl) 88.5 ± 15.8 60.2 ± 5.9*** 67.5 ± 4.4** 79.0 ± 3.7*
Albumin (g/dl) 4.2 ± 0.7 4.8 ± 0.3 3.7 ± 0.3* 3.2 ± 0.2*
* = P<0.05; ** = P<0.01; *** = P<0.001
Table 1: Showing the mean differences of Biochemical parameters
between the study groups when received different oral ingestion doses
(10-20-30 mg/kg b.w.) using the commercial hair dye.
Groups / Parameters Group 1
(Control)
Group 2 (10
mg/kg)
Group 3 (20
mg/kg)
Group 4
(30 mg/kg)
GOT (U/L) 41.3 ± 2.1 1311.7 ±
3.1***
1663.7 ±
2.3***
1790.5 ±
1.0***
GPT (U/L) 40.1 ± 1.7 138.0 ±
0.9***
242.3 ±
2.2***
302.0 ±
2.1***
ALP (U/L) 115.3 ± 3.2 112.2 ± 1.9 129.0 ±
1.4*
136.7 ±
2.1**
T. proteins (g/dl) 7.5 ± 0.7 6.8 ± 0.4 6.5 ± 0.3 6.0 ± 0.2*
Glucose (mg/dl) 105.3 ± 11.0 138.8 ± 2.1** 127.3 ±
2.2*
115.3 ± 2.2
Cholesterol (mg/dl) 88.5 ± 15.8 59.5 ± 1.9*** 65.8 ± 1.5** 77.2 ± 3.0*
Albumin (g/dl) 4.2 ± 0.7 4.8 ± 0.3 3.7 ± 0.1* 3.9 ± 0.3
* = P<0.05; ** = P<0.01; *** = P<0.001
Table 2: Showing the mean differences of Biochemical parameters
between the study groups when received different subcutaneous doses
(10-20-30 mg/kg b.w.) using the commercial hair dye.
These differences associated with the increase of the commercial
hair dye dosage in the two batches. Blood glucose showed significant
Citation: Salih El-Amin E, AL Rahim GahElnabi MA, Mohammed Ahmed WA, Gasim Ahmed R, Eltahir Khalid K (2014) Toxicity Effects of Hair
Dye Application on Liver Function in Experimental Animals. J Clin Toxicol 4: 210. doi:10.4172/2161-0495.1000210
Page 2 of 5
J Clin Toxicol
ISSN:2161-0495 JCT, an open access journal Volume 4 • Issue 4 • 1000210
increase among different doses of oral or subcutaneous commercial
hair dye compared with the control groups. Despite the different route
of commercial hair dye administration, the results showed slight
increase in the mean results of GOT, GPT and total protein when the
commercial hair dye administered subcutaneously.
Compared with the control groups, hematological parameters
showed significant (p value <0.05) decrease in Hb, RBCs, PCV,
TWBCs count (associated with significant decreases in neutrophils
and significant increases of lymphocytes), MCH, and MCV relevant to
the increasing of the commercial hair dye concentration. Despite the
significant decreases (P<0.05) in the percentage of neutrophils count,
the platelets and lymphocytes showed significant (P<0.05) increase
associated with increasing concentrations of the commercial hair dye
in the different routes (Table 3 and Table 4).
Groups / Parameter Group 1 (Control) Group 2 (10 mg/kg) Group 3 (20 mg/kg) Group 4 (30 mg/kg)
12.85 ± 0.67 10.38 ± 0.73* 9.59 ± 0.68* 8.67 ± 0.82**
44.67 ± 0.52 37.57 ± 0.88* 27.00 ± 2.83*** 25.33 ± 2.73***
35466.00 ± 859.45 5116.67 ± 231.66* 4083.33 ± 365.60** 3483.33 ± 172.24***
7600.00 ± 2182.65 5133.33 ± 2182.66*** 4133.33 ± 659.29*** 2900.00 ± 209.76***
29.83 ± 2.32 20.0 ± 2.19* 18.33 ± 1.97** 16.67 ± 2.07***
88.67 ± 5.32 65.00 ± 4.15*** 59.67 ± 7.61*** 52.17 ± 4.83***
34.00 ± 1.41 37.50 ± 2.74 42.83 ± 3.71* 45.50 ± 2.51**
240833.3 ± 82366.1 203333.3 ± 25819.9** 373333.3 ± 25819.9*** 558333.3 ± 34302.6***
27.83 ± 6.18 54.33 ± 3.61*** 67.50 ± 5.13*** 87.33 ± 3.27***
0.52 ± 0.37 0.57 ± 0.34 0.72 ± 0.21*** 0.87 ± 0.61***
54.50 ± 9.29 24.67 ± 2.16*** 10.35 ± 1.65*** 6.67 ± 1.63***
*=P<0.05; **=P<0.01; ***=P<0.001
Table 3: Showing the mean differences of Hematological parameters between the study groups when received different oral doses (10-20-30
mg/kg b.w.) using the commercial hair dye.
Groups / Parameters Group 1 (Control) Group 2 (10 mg/kg) Group 3 (20 mg/kg) Group 4 (30 mg/kg)
Hb (g/dl) 12.85 ± 0.67 10.23 ± 0.64* 9.32 ± 0.5* 8.67 ± 0.82**
PCV (%) 44.67 ± 0.52 29.87 ± 2.25*** 27.83 ± 2.14*** 25.50 ± 1.87***
RBCs˟103/CMM 5466.00 ± 859.45 5400.00 ± 740.27 3883.33 ± 147.20** 3700.00 ± 442.72***
TWBCs /CMM 7600.00 ± 2182.65 4983.33 ± 231.66*** 3366.67 ± 463.32*** 2816.67 ± 318.85***
MCH (pg) 29.83 ± 2.32 20.98 ± 2.04* 19.17 ± 1.94* 15.33 ± 1.37***
MCV (fl) 88.67 ± 5.32 65.17 ± 1.94*** 65.67 ± 3.31*** 57.17 ± 3.31***
MCHC (g/dl) 34.00 ± 1.41 34.17 ± 2.14 36.83 ± 2.93 46.50 ± 2.43**
PLT /CMM 240833.3 ± 82366.1 277666.7 ± 29024.5** 358333.3 ± 29268.9*** 555000.0 ± 32710.9***
LYM% 27.83 ± 6.18 55.50 ± 2.43*** 76.83 ± 2.86*** 88.33 ± 4.27***
BASO% 0.52 ± 0.37 0.38 ± 0.17*** 0.53 ± 0.27 0.73 ± 0.22***
NEUT% 54.50 ± 9.29 20.67 ± 2.88*** 10.17 ± 1.17*** 6.83 ± 1.47***
*= P<0.05; **= P<0.01; ***= P<0.001
Table 4: Showing the mean differences of Hematological parameters between the study groups whenreceived different subcutaneous doses
(10-20-30 mg/kg b.w.) using the commercial hair dye.
Citation: Salih El-Amin E, AL Rahim GahElnabi MA, Mohammed Ahmed WA, Gasim Ahmed R, Eltahir Khalid K (2014) Toxicity Effects of Hair
Dye Application on Liver Function in Experimental Animals. J Clin Toxicol 4: 210. doi:10.4172/2161-0495.1000210
Page 3 of 5
J Clin Toxicol
ISSN:2161-0495 JCT, an open access journal Volume 4 • Issue 4 • 1000210
Discussion
This study was carried out to evaluate the hair dye toxicity by using
commercial hair dye in a way to estimate the hazards of this dye on
rats, since it is known that toxic effects in humans are usually in the
same range as those of experimental animals. PPD is the main
constituent in hair dye and is an organic derivative of paranitroaniline,
when ingested in a dose-dependent manner, results in severe
hypersensitivity (itching, angioedema, asphyxia) and rhabdomyolysis
(paresis of extremities, cola-colored urine, oliguria, markedly elevated
creatinine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase, hyperkalemia,
hypophosphatemia and hypocalcaemia) [10,11]. Other features such as
anemia, leukocytosis, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinurea, and liver
necrosis have been reported [12]. In animal model, PPD induces
rhabdomyolysis leakage of calcium ions from the smooth endoplasmic
reticulum, followed by continuous contraction and irreversible
structural changes in the muscles [13].
In this study, we used commercial hair dye given to Albino Wistar
rats in order to provide information about the effect of commercial
hair dye on liver as hepatocellular necrosis accompanying hair dye
poisoning in human [12].
The commercial hair dye was introduced in this study through oral
and subcutaneous routes, although the variation in systemic effect
between the two routes was not great. As shown in the results,
subcutaneous injection results in a rather faster absorption of
commercial hair dye than oral ingestion but the difference are not
great.
At higher doses of the commercial hair dye, there was broad
deviation from the normal values in biochemical and hematological
parameters compared to lower doses of hair dye administered via the
same route in all batches, because the concentration of a toxic agent
influence its rate of absorption.
Our results showed significant increase in liver enzymes (GOT,
GPT, ALP) activities in a dose-dependent manner in the two batches,
and there is a decrease in the total plasma protein levels, albumin, and
cholesterol associated with the increase of the commercial hair dye
dosage in the two batches. Our finding is in agreement with others
[14-18] when their administration of PPD to rats revealed a significant
increase in GOT, GPT, and ALP, and a significant decrease in total
proteins and glucose. Blood glucose showed significant increase
among different doses of oral and subcutaneous administration of
commercial hair dye compared with the control groups. Our result
showed inconsistency with other study reported that the PPD leads to
renal failure resulting in appreciable amount of urine glucose which
causes low blood glucose level in rats [17]. Changes in the
aforementioned biochemical parameters in our study indicate possible
hepatic toxicity, pointed out by the substantial leakage of enzymes
contained in the cells of hepatic tissues to the blood. It has been
reported that low cholesterol level is usually associated with
hepatocellular damage [18-19]. The decrease in the level of cholesterol
in our study may be associated with hepatic lipidosis and obstructive
liver diseases [20].
The hematological investigations showed significant decrease in Hb
and PCV values which may be attributed to the escape of plasma from
circulation to the surrounding tissues, in addition to significant
decreases in RBCs, MCH and MCV values. These hematological
changes indicate that, anemia may occur as a result of exposure to
commercial hair dye. The possible cause for anemia is the hemolytic
effect of PPD on RBCs; anemia was noticed in rats that received sub
lethal doses of PPD, however, in chronic toxicity experiments, all
batches showed hematological changes indicating anemia. The effect
of commercial hair dye on RBCs may extend to bone marrow leading
to inadequate production of red blood cells and other elements. The
decrease in MCH and MCV has been associated with macrocytic
anemia, while the decrease in MCHC values indicates anemia and iron
deficiency.
In this study, TWBC count was found to be decreased in rats that
received different doses of commercial hair dye and have been
associated with significant decrease in neutrophil cells and significant
increase in lymphocyte cells. This may be due to the action of PPD in
the immune system, which triggers neutrophils apoptosis and massive
production of immunocompetent cells [21].
The changes in biochemical and hematological parameters were
reported more significantly among rats exposed to higher doses of
commercial hair dye.
Our study highlighted the experimental correlation between
commercial hair dye administration and liver dysfunction, and reflects
the importance of public awareness regarding the potential lethality of
commercial hair dye and the governmental legislations and restriction
of sale of commercial hair dye.
Authors' Contribution
The main investigator of this work is Dr. Ehab Salih and all other
authors contributed equally in this work.
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Citation: Salih El-Amin E, AL Rahim GahElnabi MA, Mohammed Ahmed WA, Gasim Ahmed R, Eltahir Khalid K (2014) Toxicity Effects of Hair
Dye Application on Liver Function in Experimental Animals. J Clin Toxicol 4: 210. doi:10.4172/2161-0495.1000210
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Citation: Salih El-Amin E, AL Rahim GahElnabi MA, Mohammed Ahmed WA, Gasim Ahmed R, Eltahir Khalid K (2014) Toxicity Effects of Hair
Dye Application on Liver Function in Experimental Animals. J Clin Toxicol 4: 210. doi:10.4172/2161-0495.1000210
Page 5 of 5
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ISSN:2161-0495 JCT, an open access journal Volume 4 • Issue 4 • 1000210
