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AP Relationship of Maxillary Incisors to Forehead in Korean Females
Abstract
Repose soft tissue analyses use external soft tissue landmarks to define points, lines, and planes from which measurements are made to define norms. Andrews’ Six Elements of Orofacial Harmony™ uses the forehead as a landmark for assessing the anteroposterior position of maxillary central incisors. Objectives: To compare the anteroposterior relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead between adult Korean females with harmonious profiles and adult Korean females orthodontic patients. Methods: Ninety-five photographic images of adult Korean females with good facial harmony (control sample) were compared with 95 photographs of adult Korean females seeking orthodontic treatment (study sample). The images were imported into Adobe Photoshop™ and resized and rotated to the upright head position. Reference lines were constructed to assess the anteroposterior positions of the maxillary central incisors as well as forehead inclinations. The means for both samples were compared using a two sample t-test. A linear regression analysis was performed between the maxillary central incisor position and forehead inclination for both samples. Results: In the control sample, 74% had maxillary central incisors positioned between the Forehead Facial Axis (FFA) point and glabella, 19% posterior to the FFA point, and 7% anterior to glabella. In the study sample, 38% had maxillary central incisors positioned between the FFA point and glabella, 18% posterior to the FFA point, and 44% anterior to glabella. The difference between the means for the anteroposterior maxillary incisor position for the two samples were significant (P=0.0001). However, the positions of the maxillary central incisors were poorly correlated with the forehead inclination in the control (r2=0.28) and in the study group (r2=0.37). Conclusions: The forehead may be considered a useful landmark for anteroposterior maxillary incisor positioning for adult Korean females seeking to improved facial harmony.
... Of the 250 eligible study participants, 150 of them divided equally into three groups were included in the final study based on forehead type assessment of the photographs performed by the investigators (SD and RKJ) according to the study by Andrews as group A-angulated, group B-straight, and group C-rounded (Figs 1 and 2A to C). [12][13][14] Anteroposterior position of maxillary CI was assessed in this study taking FFA as a common landmark as either anterior or posterior to FFA. All the measurements were done by a single examiner to avoid any subjective error in locating the points and lines. ...
... Various authors have evaluated the correlation of FI and AP position of maxillary CI in different populations. 13,14,19,[22][23][24] None of the previous studies have reported the same in Dravidian population so in our study we have recruited participants from this population as there may be racial differences in FI and AP position of maxillary CI. Majority of the participants in the present study had maxillary CI positioned anterior to FFA (61.43%) which is in contrast to the results obtained by a previous study. ...
Aim: To correlate maxillary central incisors labiolingual inclination (LI) with forehead inclination (FI) and assess the anteroposterior (AP) position of maxillary central incisor (CI) in Dravidian South Indian population with different forehead types using photographs. Materials and methods: This photograph-based study included 150 class I occlusion participants with good facial harmony equally divided into three groups (group A—angulated, group B—straight, and group C—rounded) based on forehead type. Reference points and lines were marked on the right profile full smile photographs of the participants taken in natural head position with CI and forehead in full view, and FI, II, and AP of CI in all groups were measured and tabulated. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation test, and linear regression analysis were performed. Results: Incisor inclination was highest in group A (4.31 ± 2.50) and lowest in group B (1.01 ± 2.04). Pearson’s correlation test revealed a statistically significant correlation between FI and II (p < 0.05). About 61.4% of the population had maxillary CI positioned anterior to forehead facial-axis point (FFA), 25.7% posterior to FFA, and 12.8% at FFA. Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed a moderate correlation (r = 0.696) between FI and II that shows inclination of FI can be used to determine the II. Majority of the study population (61.4%) had maxillary CI positioned anterior to FFA, which is considered the most esthetic position of incisors when finishing orthodontic treatment. Clinical significance: Forehead inclination assessed clinically can be used to determine the incisor inclination.
... de este plano. Ambos aspectos en concordancia con valores previamente reportados12,20,21 De todas formas, cuando esta posición es evaluada por panelistas ortodoncistas y odontólogos, se determino que es preferible desde un punto de vista estético, dejar los incisivos en una posición protrusiva natural (1mm adelante FFA) en lugar de retraer.21 ...
... de este plano. Ambos aspectos en concordancia con valores previamente reportados12,20,21 De todas formas, cuando esta posición es evaluada por panelistas ortodoncistas y odontólogos, se determino que es preferible desde un punto de vista estético, dejar los incisivos en una posición protrusiva natural (1mm adelante FFA) en lugar de retraer.21 ...
Objective: To determine relationship of Forehead’s inclination and Anteroposterior position of Upper central incisor in International female beauty contest winners and runner-up. Materials and Methods: 60 photos in profile with Upper central incisor and Forehead in full view. Landmark points (Trichion, Superion, Forehead’s facial axis and Upper incisor facial Axis) were identified to calculate Forehead inclination and incisor position. Descriptives statistic plus Pearson and Simple regression were applied. Results: Forehead’s inclination was 12,66 ± 6,75º and Upper central incisor position was 2,48 ± 6,48mm. Incisor distribution with Forehead was (Behind FFA: 9, FFA-Glabella: 33, Anterior FFA: 18). Simple regression and Pearson correlation stated a significant but moderate relationship (r2= 13,93% Pearson= 0,3732). Conclusion: There’s a moderate relationship between Forehead inclination and Upper central incisor Anteroposterior position with most of them just below Frontal forehead Axis.
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