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41 ReferencesExploring socioeconomic vulnerability of anaemia among women in Eastern Indian States
Abstract
The present study investigates the socioeconomic risk factors of anaemia among women belonging to eastern Indian states. An attempt has been made to find out differences in anaemia related to social class and place of residence, and age and marital status. It was hypothesized that rural women would have a higher prevalence of anaemia compared with their urban counterparts, particularly among the poorest social strata, and that ever-married women would be at elevated risk of anaemia compared with never-married women, particularly in the adolescent age group. Using data from National Family Health Survey-3, 2005-6, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey that provided information on anaemia level among 19,695 women of this region, the present study found that the prevalence of anaemia was high among all women cutting across social class, location and other attributes. In all 47.9% were mildly anaemic (10.0-11.9.9 g/dl), 16.1% were moderately anaemic (7.0-9.9 g/dl) and 1.6% were severely anaemic (<7.0 g/dl). Protective factors include frequent consumption of pulses, milk and milk products, fruits and fish, educational attainment, mass media exposure and high socioeconomic status. Urban poor women and adolescent ever-married women had very high odds of being anaemic. New programme strategies are needed, particularly those that improve iron storage and enhance the overall nutritional status of women throughout the life-cycle.
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- "It is hypnotised that rural women are at greater risk of being anaemic than urban women. However, if we control other life style factors the in the model it is found that rural women are 2% less likely to be anaemic than their counterparts and some of the previous studies also reported [4]. Programmes and policies should address the issue of iron fortification through the life-cycle approach so that iron deficiency can be reduced during pregnancy and childbearing. "
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Anaemia is a major public health problem worldwide, mostly among females of reproductive age in developing countries. In India, the prevalence of anaemia among women of age group 15 to 49 years is much higher; particularly in the State of Jharkhand the situation is very worst, almost 69% women are anaemic. Using data from National Family Health Survey-3, 2005-2006, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey that provided information on anaemia level among 2777 women of Jharkhand state. Prime objective of the paper is to understand the prevalence of anaemia among women and to examine the contribution of lifestyle factors at the women's anaemia level in Jharkhand. Both bi-variate and multivariate techniques have been used. Significant insight of the study is that about 1.3% of women are severe (<7.0 g/dl), 16.7% women are moderate (7.0-9.9 g/dl), 51.4% women are mild (10.0-11.9 g/dl), in overall about 70.0% women are having any anaemia (<12.0 g/dl). Binary regression analysis shows that place of residence, educational attainment, religion, wealth status, caste, religion, BMI (<18.5.0 g/dl), lifestyle behaviour of the women has a significant impact on the women anaemia status. For policy point of view effective program that targets to reduce the difference existing in socioeconomic as well as lifestyle factors that influence the anaemia level of women and also their health, is the greatest prerequisite.- "Average 56 percent with a range of 35-75 percent is the prevalence of anaemia globally as estimated by world health organization (W.H.O., 1992). Primary cause of anaemia is iron deficiency, which coexists with a number of other causes, such as malaria, parasitic infection, nutritional deficiencies and haemoglobinopathies (Ghosh, 2009) . Anaemia is a major cause of high incidence of premature births, low birth weight, perinatal mortality and maternal mortality. "
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Objectives: To assess the maternal health status of Choukhutia Bhunjia and to highlight the health related problems of pregnant and lactating Choukhutia Bhunjia women with regard to anaemia and nutritional status. Methods: The present study was conducted at Gariyaband district of Chhattisgarh, India. 15 predominated Bhunjia villages were selected for primary data collection for which 114 women (21 pregnant and 93 lactating women) were selected by census survey method. Structured interview schedule, semi-participatory observation technique were used for data collection. Anthropometric measurements viz. height and weight were taken (Weiner & Lourie, 1981). Hemocue 301was used for assessment of haemoglobin level. Results: Prevalence of anaemia was observed to be very high among lactating and pregnant Choukhutiya Bhunjia women. 64.92 % lactating women were found to be under underweight category and only 4.39% under over weight. Pearson correlation between BMI and anaemia was observed to be positively correlated. Conclusion: Maternal health of Bhunjia women were observed to be very low. The prevalence of anaemia was noted to be very high among the Bhunjia women. Quality of maternal nutrition and lack of health services might be responsible for the low maternal health of the Bhunjia women. Good antenatal, intranatal and post natal care and enhancement of health care delivery system might be helpful in upliftment of maternal health status of Choukhutia Bhunjia women.- "The most common ones include iron deficiency [13,14], deficiencies of other micronutrients such as vitamin A, folic acid, zinc, copper and other vitamins and minerals15161718, frequent pregnancies [12,14], and severe infections such as malaria and HIV/AIDS [19,20]. Hookworm and other Intestinal helminthes infections [21,22] and poor economic status also result in anemia [23]. Most of the previous studies on anemia in Ethiopia were conducted on samples of childbearing women, and few studies assessed anemia and its predictors among pregnant women in the country. "
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Anemia affects a high proportion of pregnant women in the developing countries. Factors associated with it vary in context. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and predictors of anemia among pregnant women in the rural eastern Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was done on 1678 pregnant women who were selected by a cluster random sampling technique. A pregnant woman was identified as anemic if her hemoglobin concentration was <11 g/dl. Data were collected in a community-based setting. Multilevel mixed effect logistic regression was used to determine the adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the predictors of anemia. Anemia was observed among 737(43.9%) of the 1678 pregnant women studied (95% CI 41.5%-46.3%). After controlling for the confounders, the risk of anemia was 29% higher in the women who chewed khat daily than those who sometimes or never did so (AOR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.02-1.62). The study subjects with restrictive dietary behavior (reduced either meal size or frequency) had a 39% higher risk of anemia compared to those without restrictive dietary behavior (AOR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.02-1.88). The risk of anemia was increased by 68% (AOR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.15-2.47), and 60% (AOR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.08-2.37) in parity levels of 2 births and 3 births, respectively. Compared to the first trimester, the risk of anemia was higher by two-fold (AOR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.46-3.00) in the second trimester and by four-fold (AOR, 4.23; 95% CI, 2.97-6.02) in the third trimester. In this study, two out of five women were anemic. Chewing khat and restrictive dietary habits that are associated with anemia in the setting should be addressed through public education programs. Interventions should also focus on the women at higher parity levels and those who are in advanced stages of pregnancy.
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