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Über die Stammesgeschichte der Ptenoglossa (Gastropoda)
Abstract
The phylogeny of the order Ptenoglossa (Gastropoda, Caenogastropoda) is traced back into the Paleozoic by studying 179 Recent and fossil species. The Recent superfamilies Cerithiopsoidea, Triphoroidea und Janthinoidea are carnivorous. A larval shell with collabral ribs represents the plesiomorphic state in the Recent superfamilies and it is the most informative symplesiomorphy that concerns to the shell morphology. Evidence for that is given by the radula morphology and the fossil record. Cerithiopsoidea and Triphoroidea feed on sponges and form a clade with the Mesozoic family Protorculidae. The Janthinoidea feed on coelenterates. They are closely related to the Mesozoic family Zygopleuridae. The stem lines of sponge eaters and coelenterate eaters have been separated from each other at least since the Triassic. Thus, the superfamily Zygopleuroidea (Zygopleuridae, Pseudozygopleuridae and Protorculidae) is a parataxon. In all three families of the Zygopleuroidea a larval shell with collabral ribs occurs and represents the plesiomorphic state. The Paleozoic Pseudozygopleuridae are presumably the sister-group of the Recent and the Mesozoic Ptenoglossa. Species of the Pseudozygopleuridae with planktotrophic and non-planktotrophic larval development can be separated from each other by measuring their protoconchs. The separation of non-planktotrophic Pseudozygopleuridae from Devonian and Carboniferous species of the Palaeozygopleuridae is difficult because Palaeozygopleuridae were defined by a non-planktotrophic protoconch, whereas Pseudozygopleuridae were defined by a larval shell of the planktotrophic type. But in most cases it is possible to identify the species by protoconch measurements. The outgroup of the Ptenoglossa are the Cerithimorpha which are represented in the Paleozoic by the families Acanthonematidae and Murchisoniidae. The Paleozoic Acanthonematidae are newly defined and contain genera like Orthonema, Palaeostylus, Cerithioides and Knightella. They have a heliciform protoconch which is fundamentally different from the protoconch of the pseudozygopleurids (Ptenoglossa). The protoconch of the Pseudozygopleuridae is the essential apomorphy concerning the shell of the der Ptenoglossa.
30 species are described as new (see Anhang A), 2 of which are Recent, 8 are from the Tertiary, 1 from the Cretacous, 13 from the Triassic, 1 from the Permian and 5 from the Carboniferous. Turritella hybrida MÜNSTER non DESHAYES gets the new name Zygopleura hybridissima nom. nov. 5 new genera are erected: Antiphora n. gen. (Triphoroidea, Tertiary), Eorex n. gen. (Triphoroidea, Tertiary), Atorcula n. gen. (Protorculidae, Triassic), Azyga n. gen. (Zygopleuridae, Triassic) and Striazyga n. gen. (Zygopleuridae, Triassic). Ampezzopleurinae n. subfam. is erected as subfamily of the Zygopleuridae. Nystiellinae CLENCH & TURNER is raised on family level (Nystiellidae). The subgenus Cerithiopsis (Vatopsis) GRÜNDEL is raised on genus level and is transferred from Cerithiopsidae H. & A. ADAMS to Eumetulidae GOLIKOV & STAROBOGATOV. Tembrockia GRÜNDEL is transferred from Cerithiopsidae to Eumetulidae. Variseila DOCKERY is transferred from Triforidae JOUSSEAUME to Eumetulidae. Ampezzopleura BANDEL is transferred from Protorculidae BANDEL to Zygopleuridae WENZ. Zygopleura tenuis (MÜNSTER) sensu Zardini is deemed to be the new nominal species Ampezzopleura tenuis BANDEL (type species of Ampezzopleura) for which a lectotype is designated. Teutonica SCHRÖDER is transferred from Cerithiopsidae to Zygopleuridae. Orthonema MEEK & WORTHEN is retransferred from Turritellidae LOVÉN to Acanthonematidae WENZ. Palaeostylus MANSUY is transferred from Procerithiidae COSSMANN to Acanthonematidae. Knightella LONGSTAFF is transferred from Pseudozygopleuridae KNIGHT to Acanthonematidae. Cerithioides HAUGHTON is transferred from Murchisoniidae KOKEN to Acanthonematidae WENZ. The systematic position of several other taxa has been critically revised. The generic position of several species is changed (see Anhang A "comb. nov.").
... nov. has a unique shell in the family with a protoconch resembling the 'nystiellid' (Nützel 1998) shell motif. The protoconch of Iphitus (Depressiphitus) davidei sp. ...
... closely resembles that of Iphitus Jeffreys, 1883, whilst its teleoconch morphology differs considerably from that of other Iphitus species. Erected as a subfamily (Nystiellinae) by Clench & Turner (1952) and later raised to family rank (Nystiellidae) by Nützel (1998), these morphologically distinct deep-sea epitoniids with a planktotrophic larval shell with strong axial ornament clearly differ from those characterizing epitonium or Janthina, which largely possess smooth larval shells. However, the family-level arrangement has not been validated by biomolecular analyses, and therefore Iphitus/Nystiellidae is ascribed to Epitoniidae-Epitoniinae (Bouchet et al. 2017 , Iphitus clarki Brown, 2019, andIphitus wareni Brown, 2019, from the Indo-Pacific area (Poppe & Tagaro 2016;Beu 1978), and Iphitus cancellatus Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1896, Iphitus notios Pimenta, Andrade & Absalão, 2018, Iphitus robertsi Sabelli & Taviani, 1997, Iphitus tenuisculptus (Seguenza, 1876 Sykes, 1925) and Iphitus tuberatus Jeffreys, 1883 from the Atlantic Ocean. ...
The new epitoniid subgenus Depressiphitus, and the new species Iphitus (Depressiphitus) davidei sp. nov., are described upon six shells collected in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, from the Coral Patch Seamount (936-965 m), and the Atlantis Seamount (795-830 m). Compared to species placed in the deep-sea genus Iphitus, being similarly equipped with a protoconch reflecting planktotrophic larval development, the new taxon exhibits unique morphological features. A fragile, very globose-depressed shell, coupled with a faint reticulate sculpture not found in other Iphitus species, motivated the erection of Depressiphitus subgen. nov. to accommodate this new species. So far recorded from two seamounts, we suspect that the geographic range of Iphitus (Depressiphitus) davidei sp. nov. is probably wider, given its larval development mode. The new species was found within time-averaged shelly taphocoenoses rich in scleractinian coral skeletal and other calcareous biogenic remains. The peculiar shape of Iphitus (Depressiphitus) davidei sp. nov. could be possibly taken as an indication that this species lives partially embedded into a still unknown cnidarian host, as is also the case in Iphitus species.
... Colour ranging from fawn to orange-brown, with lighter coloured nodules. Distribution: Australia (Marshall 1983;Nützel 1997 Habitat: Common on reefs throughout the tropical and subtropical Western Pacific (Marshall 1983). From intertidal to abyssal depths, and from polar to equatorial seas, being particularly diverse in tropical shallow subtidal depths. ...
... spiral cords; body whorl sculptured with 4 spiral cords, with 5 basal cords behind the peristome bearing dense nodules that decrease in size as they approach the siphonal canal; nodules purple and rounded; aperture rounded oval; posterior canal is deep, circular, folded, and opened; suture is shallow; colour purple with a golden apex. Distribution:Australia (Hedley 1907; Laseron 1958; Kosuge 1962;Wilson 1994;Nützel 1997; Higo et al. 1999), Australia, Christmas Island (Tomlin 1935), Australia, Cocos Islands(Wells 1994; Chang & Wu 2005), China (Hasegawa et al. 2001b), China Sea (Zongguo & Mao 2012) Habitat: Under rocks in the intertidal zone (Lee et al. 2018). ...
This paper records three triphorid species-Coriophora fusca (Dunker, 1860), Coriophora granosa (Pease, 1871), and Mastonia rubra (Hinds, 1843)-from Indian waters, specifically observed at Krusadai Island in the Gulf of Mannar, along the southeast coast of India. These findings contribute significantly to the understanding of the distribution and biodiversity of Triphoridae in this region, emphasizing the need for further research on these microgastropods.
... Gastropods are also known as suspension feeders, feeding on suspended matter (Declerck 1995) and benthic microbial communities (Pace et al. 1979). Also, some gastropods are carnivores feeding on bivalves (Vasconcelos et al. 2010;Zamorano et al. 2013), sponges (Nützel 1998;Passamonti 2015), and coelenterates (Nützel 1998;Gautrand et al. 2023). ...
... Gastropods are also known as suspension feeders, feeding on suspended matter (Declerck 1995) and benthic microbial communities (Pace et al. 1979). Also, some gastropods are carnivores feeding on bivalves (Vasconcelos et al. 2010;Zamorano et al. 2013), sponges (Nützel 1998;Passamonti 2015), and coelenterates (Nützel 1998;Gautrand et al. 2023). ...
Gastropoda assemblages were investigated for four seasons in 2016–2017 (autumn, winter, spring, and summer) near Umm Al-Namil Island in Kuwait in rocky and sandy habitats to study the effect of season and habitat type on species richness, abundance, evenness, and diversity. A total of 28 gastropod species belonging to 14 families were identified (26 in sandy, 20 in rocky, 18 in common between both habitats). Clypeomorus bifasciata (31.07%) and Trochus erithreus (21.43%) were the most abundant species in the rocky habitat. Pirenella arabica (27.51%), C. bifasciata (26.15%) and Mitrella blanda (15.66%) dominated the sandy habitat. At the rocky habitat, total abundance ranged from 6.5 ± 4.71 to 40 ± 45.17 ind m⁻² in autumn and summer, respectively. As for the sandy habitat, total abundance varied from 53.0 ± 22.60 to 294.0 ± 316.67 ind m⁻² in summer and winter, respectively. The results of the rocky habitat showed that diversity and evenness were strongly affected by season more than habitat type. Species richness and abundance were strongly influenced by habitat type rather than the season. However, the sandy habitat had a higher value of abundance, diversity, species richness, and evenness throughout the sampling period than the rocky habitat. There was almost a distinction between the species resident in both habitats throughout the study. These findings could be attributed mainly to the feeding habits of these gastropods and their burrowing nature.
... Among modern successful caenogastropods, the oldest fossil cerithioideans ("Lower Caenogastropoda") are Permian, high-spired, and rather small, ranging 2-16 mm in size (e.g., Protostylus [102,103]). All modern cerithioidean groups, in any case, spread after the Jurassic [102][103][104][105][106]. ...
The species richness of major clades and functional groups among gastropods, a key element of Modern Evolutionary Fauna (MEF), underlines the dominant role of carnivorous Caenogastropoda and Heterobranchia, including small ectoparasites and micrograzers, at modern tropical latitudes. Neogastropoda are active predators that radiated in the Cretaceous, but their early Mesozoic MEF roots are poorly understood. The escalation hypothesis emphasises prey–predator interactions as gastropods’ macroevolutionary drivers during the Mesozoic Marine Revolution but overlooks the significance of highly diversified smaller forms. The tropical fossil record of the Permian–Triassic mass extinction (PTME) and the Triassic rise of MEF suggests that non-carnivorous species dominated gastropod fauna immediately before and after the PTME: Permian micrograzers mainly fed on sponges and waned during the rise of MEF, while ectoparasites and micrograzing carnivores diversified starting from the Ladinian period. Patterns of gastropod species richness, size, and form, the fossil record of reef builders and other benthic invertebrates, and an analysis of stem neogastropods jointly suggest a Middle Triassic revolution of small-sized gastropods, triggered by the emergence of scleractinian corals and the diversification of echinoderms. Habitat heterogeneity and new food sources offered niches for the early radiation of modern gastropod clades.
... The Cassian Formation is world-renowned for its exquisitely preserved and highly diverse invertebrate fossils, mostly bivalves and gastropods (e.g. Bandel 1996;Nützel 1998;Nützel & Kaim 2014). Vertebrate fossils are much less common in the formation and comprise, among others large marine reptiles (Bizzarrini et al. 2001), and only a few chondrichthyan and actinopterygian teeth and scales (Bernardi et al. 2011). ...
During the Triassic, fish were the most abundant group of marine vertebrates-in terms of both species richness and number of niches they occupied-as indicated by their rich skeletal record. However, the Triassic ichthyolith record is relatively poor, unlike that from younger time periods, what skews the published palaeontological data heavily towards skeletal materials. Our bulk collecting targeting fish microfossils from soft siliciclastics in the Cassian Fm. resulted in a collection of several ichthyoliths (i.e. bone fragments, teeth and scales) and otoliths in Picolbach, Settsass Scharte, Stuores and Misurina Skilift localities in Dolomites, Southern Calcareous Alps, Italy. We compare this micro-ichthyofauna with other such faunas and in particular with the Jurassic-Cretaceous otolith-based faunas and their Cenozoic and Recent counterparts. We argue that most of the otoliths from Picolbach belong to a variety of actinopterygians, from stem-neopterygians (most likely peltopleuriforms), to holosteans. Otoliths from Settsass Scharte are reminiscent of teleost otoliths rather than 'palaeoniscid' otoliths as it was suggested previously, and may therefore constitute the earliest-known occurrence of such otoliths to date. From the microfossil point of view, the Cassian Fm. fish associations were comparable to the roughly coeval skeletal associations of the late Ladinian-Carnian, and Norian age from Austria and northern Italy (e.g. Raibl, Polzberg and Bergamo Lagerstätten). We argue that Carnian (Late Triassic) Tethyan marine fish fauna was quantitatively dominated by neopterygians other than teleosts, and may represent a very early stage of teleost diversification. It seems also that Triassic Tethyan chondrichthyan fauna was limited to durophagous forms only.
... They also linked Faxiidae with Sherbornia (Ponder & Warén, 1988: 294). Nützel (1998) believed it is outside Triphoroidea and the so-called 'Ptenoglossa', but indeed more similar to Cerithioidea. Based on the apertural shield and tubes, Bouchet & Le Renard (1998) wrote that "although the genus has long been classified near the Triforidae, the characters of the protoconch allow a con-fident allocation in the Pickworthiidae". ...
In 1917 Iredale described Sherbornia mirabilis as a peculiar gastropod from Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. Its remarkable shell morphology leads to questions on functions and adaptations. The greatly expanded apertural shield, three canals and protoconch morphology suggest relationships to different genera and families, which prompts the question whether morphological adaptations of this species are evolutionary polyphyletic. Based on shell morphology (studied by scanning electron microscope and micro-tomography) we discuss the placement of this species and the closely related extinct species Faxia macrostoma. Shell shape, deep sinus in the protoconch, and round aperture support its current allocation within the Cerithioidea. Within this superfamily the canals are unique, as are the expanded peristome/apertural shield, thus supporting placement in a separate family Sherborniidae.
Despite being one of the most speciose marine mollusc families in the world, knowledge about the richness and distribution of Cerithiopsidae in Brazil is very limited. The present study aims to revise the occurrence of species of this family from Brazil, based on the examination of specimens in malacological collections obtained through several expeditions and surveys in the last years. All previous literature records of species from Brazil were checked, and the occurrence of Cerithiopsis gemmulosa, Cerithiopsis lata, Cerithiopsis io, Cerithiopsis fusiformis, Cerithiopsis capixaba, Cerithiopsis balaustium, Cerithiopsis aimen, Cerithiopsis prieguei, Cerithiopsis flava and Seila adamsii are confirmed; for these species, new information is presented regarding their distribution and shell morphology. The occurrence of Cerithiopsis greenii, Cerithiopsis iota, Cerithiopsis cynthiae and Horologica pupa in Brazil is rejected. Bittium brucei comb. nov. is reallocated in Cerithiopsis but considered a nomen dubium, due to the lack of features in the worn holotype, hindering its specific determination. Bittiolum guaranianum comb. nov., elsewhere considered a Cerithiopsis, is here considered to be a synonym of Bittiolum varium. Eight species, previously known from the Great Caribbean region, are recorded from Brazil: Cerithiopsis rabilleri, Cerithiopsis albovittata, Cerithiopsis hielardae, Cerithiopsis beneitoi, Cerithiopsis perigaudae, Cerithiopsis soubzmaignei comb. nov., Belonimorphis cubensis and Cubalaskeya nivea. Nine new species are proposed: Cerithiopsis pisinna sp. nov., Cerithiopsis aenea sp. nov., Cerithiopsis nimia sp. nov., Cerithiopsis claudioi sp. nov., Cerithiopsis vescula sp. nov., Cerithiopsis scobinata sp. nov., Cerithiopsis onerata sp. nov., Cerithiopsis parviscymnus sp. nov. and Cerithiopsis favus sp. nov. Besides that, Cerithiopsis cf. hielardae, Cerithiopsis cf. atalaya, Cerithiopsis sp. 1 and Dizoniopsis sp. are herein recognized as potential new species, pending acquisition of additional material for better understanding about their taxonomic status. Cerithiopsis gemmulosa, Cerithiopsis albovittata, Cerithiopsis flava (= Cerithiopsis redferni syn. nov.) and Seila adamsii are recognized as species complexes, with wide variation in shell morphology, and probably each of these complexes include various cryptic species in the western Atlantic. Summing up, 27 nominal species of Cerithiopsidae (in addition to four or five potential new species) are now recognized from Brazil, requiring further genetic investigation and additional sampling to improve the knowledge of this important group in this region.
We describe a high-diversity silicified assemblage
of marine molluscs (Pelsa-Vazzoler Lagerstätte) from the
upper Ladinian of the Agordo Dolomites (northeastern Italy).
New data on the Triassic rebound, after the end-Permian mass
extinction, constrain it to an interval of relatively stable climatic conditions. This Lagerstätte, in the Sciliar Formation,
yields a structure comparable to the famous lower Carnian
San Cassiano Lagerstätte and suggests that the radiation of
benthic molluscs may have occurred as early as the late Middle
Triassic. We classified more than 4800 Cassian-type molluscs,
measuring abundance distributions of 109 species, including
one new family (Rhaetidiidae), three new genera (Pelsia, Gaetania, Agordozyga) and 21 new species: Grammatodon egortinus, Modiolus friesenbichlerae, Myoconcha busattae,
Schizogonium letiziae, Predazzella? monarii, Eucycloscala nitida,
Tricolnaticopsis elongatus, Cortinella stricta, Triadoskenea alpicornu, Trachynerita tenuicostata, Coelostylina civettae, Gaetania
coronata, Agordozyga caprina, Euthystylus dincae, Zygopleura
elongata, Diatrypesis agordina, Cryptaulax pelsae, Pseudoscalites
karapunari, Promathildia gracile, Camponaxis ladinica and
Striactaeonina ingens. In this fauna, associated with tropical
carbonate platforms, epifaunal filter-feeding bivalves adopted
new antipredatory features and gastropods conquered new
ecospace, including parasitism and microcarnivory on sponges
and scleractinian corals. Small size was an advantage in an
ecosystem of small, isolated patch reefs. This is how, where
and when caenogastropod and heterobranch snails (groups
that today dominate global marine diversity) began their rise
in the marine benthos. The origins of some evolutionary innovations that are key to our understanding of the time and
place of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution, are therefore pushed
back to the Middle Triassic.
Natural history museums house numerous previously undescribed species and unknown information hidden
in their collections. We describe lower Carboniferous slit-bearing gastropods (order Pleurotomariida, subclass Vetigastropoda;
and family Goniasmatidae, subclass Caenogastropoda) from previously unreported gastropod collections
made by Jane Longstaff (Jane Donald), one of the pioneering paleontologists of Paleozoic gastropods in the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries. The gastropods were collected from the Lower Limestone Formation (Visean,
Brigantian) near Dalry, Ayrshire, Scotland. The collection consists largely of microgastropods, many of which are
unusually well-preserved including delicate ornament and protoconchs (larval shells). Three new pleurotomariidan species
are described—Biarmeaspira heidelbergerae new species, Neilsonia seussae new species, Tapinotomaria longstaffae
new species—in addition to seven species belonging to Borestus Thomas, 1940, Stegocoelia (Stegocoelia) Donald,
1889, Stegocoelia (Hypergonia) Donald, 1892, Donaldospira Batten, 1966, and Platyzona Knight, 1945. The caenogastropod-
type protoconch is documented for the first time in Hypergonia, which is therefore placed in Goniasmatidae. The
new data confirm that Neilsonia Thomas, 1940 (type genus of Neilsoniinae) belongs to Pleurotomariida and is distinct
from the morphologically convergent Peruvispira Chronic, 1949 (Goniasmatidae). The selenizone morphology is identical
in Biarmeaspira Mazaev, 2006 and Baylea de Koninck, 1883 during their early ontogeny, and Biarmeaspira develops
an angulation on the selenizone (the diagnostic feature) in late ontogeny. This corroborates earlier suggestions that
Biarmeaspira evolved from Baylea. Biarmeaspira heidelbergerae n. sp. is the first Carboniferous record of Biarmeaspira,
which was previously only known from the Permian. The angulated selenizone evidently evolved several times in
Pleurotomariida and the repeated appearance of this character in different groups (e.g., Phymatopleuridae, Eotomariidae,
Pleurotomariidae) needs further studies using phylogenetic methods.
Rinaldo Zardini (1902–1988) was an Italian palaeontologist and botanist born in Cortina d’Ampezzo. Having a background as a professional photographer, he was able to illustrate his collection of mostly tiny fossils in high definition. For his significant contributions to the field of palaeontology he received an honorary degree from the University of Modena. Here we highlight the extent of his scientific interest and his enduring scientific legacy in geology, palaeozoology and palaeobotany.
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