PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA L.: A MINI REVIEW

Abstract

In recent times the blind dependence on synthetics has got over and people are returning to the naturals with hope of safety and security. Herbs are thus staging a comeback as the only solution to insidious and debilitating effects of synthetic drugs. Plumbago zeylanica is one such important medicinal plant which is being used the world over in the traditional system of medicines. With a herbal 'renaissance' occurring across the globe, the plant is being used extensively in commercial preparations of medicines owing to its wide range of biological activities. The present study summarizes our current knowledge of botany, major bioactives, traditional and medicinal uses of P zeylanica as a foreword to further studies on mass propagation of this valuable species.

Full text

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Applications
ISSN 0976-2639.Online ISSN 2278 – 6023
Vol 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp 399-405
http://www.bipublication.com
PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA L.: A MINI REVIEW
Manu Pant*, Ankita Lal, Swati Rana, Anju Rani
Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun-248002
*
Corresponding author: Email: himaniab@gmail.com, Tel: +91-9917292899 ; Fax: 0135-2644025
[Received-19/06/2012, Accepted-17/08/2012]
ABSTRACT:
In recent times the blind dependence on synthetics has got over and people are returning to the naturals with
hope of safety and security. Herbs are thus staging a comeback as the only solution to insidious and debilitating
effects of synthetic drugs. Plumbago zeylanica is one such important medicinal plant which is being used the
world over in the traditional system of medicines. With a herbal ‘renaissance’ occurring across the globe, the
plant is being used extensively in commercial preparations of medicines owing to its wide range of biological
activities. The present study summarizes our current knowledge of botany, major bioactives, traditional and
medicinal uses of P zeylanica as a foreword to further studies on mass propagation of this valuable species.
Keywords: Plumbago zeylanica, morphology, traditional value, chemical constituents, medicinal properties, in
vitro studies
[I] INTRODUCTION
Plumbago zeylanica L. (Synonym: P.viscosa
Blanco) (chromosome number 2n=24) is a
multipurpose medicinal herb of family
Plumbaginaceae. A native of South Asia, the
species is distributed throughout most of the
tropics and subtropics; growing in deciduous
woodland, savannas’ and scrublands from sea-
level up to 2000 m altitude [1, 2, 3, 4]. The sap
of P. zeylanica causes discoloration of the skin
resembling the colour of lead accounting for its
Latin name Plumbago and the popular name
leadwort. The species is also known by several
names in different parts of the world viz.
bleiwurz/zahnkraut (in German), sanza (in
Swahili), mosikomabe (in Tswana) and ensain
(in Arabia). In India the plant enjoys a wide
distribution ranging from Central India to West
Bengal, Maharashtra and various parts of
Southern India. The plant has several vernacular
names in the country viz. chitraka/chitramol (in
Hindi), chitra (in Sanskrit), agni/vahini (in
Gujarati), chitramula (in Kannada), chitrakmula/
bilichitramula (in Malyalam), veellakeduveli (in
Punjabi), chitra (in Bengali), chita (in Tamil),
kodiveli/chitramoolam (in Telugu) [3]. The trade
name, however, remains to be Chitraka [5, 6].
1.1 Morphology
There is no consistency in the literature citing
the classification of P. zeylanica as herb or
shrub. Some authors have described it as a
perennial dicot herb [7,8] while it has also been
designated as a shrub by others [9].P. zeylanica
plant attains a height of about 0.5–2 m (1.6–6.6
ft) (Figure 1A). The leaves are alternate, simple,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong,
0.5–12 cm in length with a tapered base and
often with a hairy margin. The stipules are

PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA L.: A MINI REVIEW
Manu Pant, et al. 400
absent and the petiole is narrow (0–5 mm long)
with small auricles in young leaves.
The inflorescence is of terminal raceme-type
about 6–30 cm long and many-flowered.
Flowers are white in colour [4, 7] and are borne
in axillary and terminal elongated spikes (Figure
1B, C). They are bisexual, regular, pentamerous,
pedicellate and sweet-scented. The stamens are
free, included. The style is filiform with five
elongated stigma lobes and the ovary is superior,
single-celled. The flowers are also characterized
by having a tubular calyx (7–11 mm long and 5-
ribbed) with glandular trichomes (hair) secreting
a sticky mucilage. The plant flowers round the
year and pollination is primarily by insects. The
mucilaginous glands aid in trapping insects and
fruit dispersal by animals.
The fruit of the plant is an oblong (7.5–8 mm
long) five-furrowed capsule containing single
seed. Each seed is oblong in structure, 5–6 mm
long and reddish- brown to dark brown in
colour. Roots are straight, smooth, branched or
unbranched, with or without secondary roots and
about 30 cm or more in length and 6 cm in
diameter [3]. They are light- yellow when fresh
and become reddish-brown on drying. The roots
have a strong and characteristic odour with acrid
and bitter taste [7].
1.2 Traditional Uses
P. zeylanica is a popular medicinal herb
throughout Africa and Asia. It has been used as
a remedy for skin diseases, infections and
intestinal worms viz. leprosy, scabies, ringworm,
hookworm, dermatitis, acne, sores and ulcers
since time immemorial. The traditional systems
of medicine in different parts of the continents
have been utilizing all parts of P. zeylanica for a
variety of treatments. In West Africa the root or
the leaves crushed with lemon juice, are used as
a counter-irritant and vesicant. In Nigeria the
roots pounded with vegetable oil are used as a
treatment for rheumatic swellings. Powdered
bark, root or leaves are used as a conventional
method to treat gonorrhoea, syphilis,
tuberculosis, rheumatic pain, swellings and
wounds treatment system in Ethiopia. In other
regions of Africa a paste of the root in vinegar,
milk and water is used to treat influenza and
black water fever; root infusion is taken orally to
treat shortness of breath; root decoction with
boiled milk is swallowed to treat inflammation
in the mouth, throat and chest. In Mauritius and
Rodrigues a root decoction is also used to treat
diarrhoea and dyspepsia.
In India P. zeylanica commands an important
place among medicinal herbs in India since
ancient times. Ayurveda, the Indian indigenous
system of medicine dating back to the Vedic
ages (1500-8000 BC), has described chitraka as
tumor-negating and anti-dyspepsic. In Charaka
Samhita (an important work on Ayurvedic
system of medicine) P. zeylanica has been
categorized as an appetizer, anti-saturative, anti-
anorexic, anti-haemorrhoidal and pain-reliever
[3]. Herbal medicines such as Dabur Chitrak
Haritaki, Medohar Guggulu, Morslim-Z, Divya
Chandraprabhavati etc. use P. zeylanica extracts
in different amounts (Figure 4).
1.3 Chemical constituents and medicinal
properties
P. zeylanica contains a variety of important
chemical compounds. Different plant parts of the
plant possess naphthaquinones, alkaloids,
glycosides, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins,
phenolic compounds, flavanoids, saponins,
coumarins, carbohydrates, fixed oil and fats and
proteins [1, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Of all the chemical
constituents’ plumbagin is the principle active
compound. Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,
4- naphthoquinone- C
11
H
8
O
3
) is primarily
present in roots in higher amounts with only
about 1% in the whole plant [14]. The important
chemicals reported in P. zeylanica can be
classified as in Figure 5.
A wide range of medicinal properties of P.
zeylanica are attributed to Plumbagin and other
secondary metabolites. Plumbagin has shown
antibacterial activity against both gram-positive
(e.g. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,
Pneumonococcus sp.) and gram-negative (e.g.
Salmonella, Neisseria) bacteria. It is also active
against certain yeasts and fungi (Candida,
Trichophyton, Epidermophyton and
Microsporum spp.) and protozoa (Leishmania)
[1, 11, 15, 16]. In low concentrations, plumbagin
exhibits antimitotic activity comparable to that

PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA L.: A MINI REVIEW
Manu Pant, et al. 401
of colchicine. Plumbagin also has strong
antifeedant and moulting inhibiting effects on
insects and has nematicidal and acaricidal
activities. The various biological activities
exhibited by P. zeylanica (Table 1) account for
the products of this plant being traded
worldwide as Ayurvedic and homeopathic
medicine.
[II] Propagation
P. zeylanica can be propagated by seeds, rooted
shoots from the base of the plant or by semi-ripe
cuttings, treated with a growth hormone. Seeds
germinate in 21–30 days. However, prolonged
storage of seeds (over 3 months) results in a
drastic decline in germination rate. Sowing seeds
in a nursery with subsequent transplantation into
the field at a density of 60 x 60 cm is a preferred
method of P. zeylanica plants propagation.
Although the species can be grown in a variety
of soils, ranging from red soil, with very little
topsoil, to deep black soil; the plants prefer well
drained/deep sandy loam to clayey loam soil
with high organic content. In natural habitats,
the plants thrive well in moist soil with high
organic content and partially shaded locations
with intermediate to warm temperatures.
However, conventional methods of propagation
have proven to be difficult and inadequate to
meet the escalating demand of plant in market.
This is mainly attributed to poor seed
germination and premature death of seedlings on
plantation under normal conditions [52].
Alternatively, the technique of in vitro
propagation has been successfully utilized for
mass multiplication of this species using nodal
explants, axillary buds, leaf or root explants and
callus cultures (Table 2).
[III] Prospects
Despite a descent hold of P. zeylanica in the
herbal industry and a lot of efforts being made to
develop an alternate method of mass
propagation of the species, unsystematic
collection of plants from the wild continues.
This poses a threat to the existing natural stands
of P. zeylanica. Besides, collection of plants for
medicinal preparations without proper
identification poses a risk of adulteration in
medicinal preparations requiring P. zeylanica as
a major constituent. Rapid multiplication of elite
genotypes through micropropagation and
refining as well as shortening the breeding
process using marker-aided selection positively
contributes to crop improvement. Application of
in vitro developed techniques for large scale
multiplication and subsequent field plantations
shall be immensely useful in meeting the ever
increasing demand of this important medicinal
herb
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S.N. Activity Reference
1.
Anticancer [17], [18], [19]
2.
Acaricidal [20]
3.
Antiarthritic [21]
4.
Anticandidal [22]
5.
Anticonvulsant [4]
6.
Antiallergic [23]
7.
Antibacterial [24], [25], [27],
8.
Antimycotic [25], [27]
9.
Artherosclerotic [28]
10.
Anti-fertility [29], [30], [31]
11.
Anti-diabetic [32]
12.
Antiviral [33]
13.
Hyperlipidaemic [34]

PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA L.: A MINI REVIEW
Manu Pant, et al. 404
14.
Anti-invasive [35]
15.
Antioxidant [36], [37], [38]
16.
Antiplasmodial [39]
17.
Cardiotonic [37], [38]
18.
Cytotoxicity [5]
19.
CNS stimulant [3], [40]
20.
Hepatoprotective [8], [41]
21.
Immunomodulatory [42], [43], [44]
22.
Larvacidal [45]
23.
Neuroprotective [37], [38]
24.
Anti Inflammation [46], [47]
25.
Genotoxicity [48], [49], [50]
26.
Central Dopaminergic [51]
Table 1: Biological activities of P. Zeylanica
Explant Shoot initiation In vitro multiplication Rooting Percent survival
regenerated
plantlets
References
Node 1.0 mg/l BAP + 0.01
mg/l IAA 1.0 mg/l BAP + 0.01
mg/l IAA 1/2X + 0.25 mg/l
IBA 95% [53]
Node 27.2 µ M adenine
sulfate
+2.46 µ M indole-3-
butyric acid (IBA)
27.2 µ M adenine
sulfate
+2.46 µ M indole-3-
butyric acid (IBA)
4.92 µ M IBA 90% [54]
Node 8.87 µmol/L
BAP + 0.49 µmol/L
IBA.
MS 09+ 4.43 µ mol/L
BAP + 0.25 µ mol/L
IBA.
½ X MS + 0.49 µ
mol/L IBA - [55]
Node 6.7 mg/l BA and 1.4
mg/l IAA 4.4 mg/l BA and 1.4
mg/l IAA IBA (1.2 mg/l) 96% [56]
Leaf callus from leaf- 6.7
mg/l BA, 1.42 mg/l
IAA and 160 mg/l
AdS
organogenesis- - 6.7
mg/l BA, 1.42 mg/l
IAA and 160 mg/l AdS
Leaf callus- 2.0 mg/l 2,4-
D organogenesis- BAP
3.5 mg/l + NAA 0.3
mg/l
3.0 mg/l NAA 80% [57]
Node 1.0 mg/l BAP +1.0
mg/l GA3 1.0 mg/l BAP +1.0
mg/l GA3 ½ X 1.0 mg/l BAP
+0.5 mg/l IAA 60% [58]
Nodal 20mg/l BAP+1.5mg/l
IAA+1.0mg/l IBA 2.0 mg/l BAP+1.5mg/l
IAA+1.0 IBA 1.5mg/l
NAA+1.5mg/l
IAA+2.0mg/l IBA
95% [59]
Node and
Shoot tip Liquid MS + 1.0 mg/l
BAP + 0.5 mg/l IBA
+2.0 mg/l Ads
1.0 mg/l BAP + 0.5
mg/l IBA +2.0 mg/l
Ads
1/2X + 0.5 mg/l
NAA 100% [52]
Stem 2.0 mg/l BAP + 1.5
mg/l IAA
0.75 mg·L-1 BAP +
1.0 mg·L-1 IAA + 1.0
NAA + 1.0 mg/l
Ads
Node M4 + 0.4 mg/l NAA + 3.5 mg/l BAP 55% [60]
Embryo 20 mg/l NPK + 20 mg/l citrus sinensis juice 100%
M1 + 0.01 mg/l NAA + 2 BAP 80%
Node 1.5 mg/l BAP+0.75
mg/l IBA + 0.75 mg/l
Ads + 10% coconut
milk
1.5 mg/l BAP+0.75
mg/l IBA + 0.75 mg/l
Ads + 10% coconut
milk
1/2X + 0.75 mg/l
IBA 100% [61]
Node 1.0 mg/l BAP 1.0 mg/l BAP + 0.5
mg/l GA3 1.5 mg/l IBA 90% [4]
Leaf 1.5 mg/l BAP 1.5 1.5 mg/l IBA 90%
Table 2: In vitro propagation studies on P. zeylanica

PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA L.: A MINI REVIEW
Manu Pant, et al. 405
Figure 4: Chemical constituents of Plumbago zeylanica