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EFFECT OF FERTIGATION ON AVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS (N, P & K) IN SOIL-A REVIEW
Abstract
The right combination of water and nutrients is the key for increasing the yield and quality of produce. The availability of N, P and K nutrient was found to be higher in root zone area of drip fertigated plot. Nitrogen and potassium moved laterally from point source up to 15 cm and vertically up to 15-25 cm and P moved 5 cm both laterally and vertically and thereafter dwindled. Fertigation frequency enables to reduce the concentration of immobile elements such as P, K and trace elements in irrigation water. Fertigation of nutrients significantly increased saving of fertilizer nutrients up to 40 per cent without affecting the yield of crops compared to the conventional method of nutrient application. India is the third fertilizer producing and consuming country in the world. The nutrient consumption per hectare and fertilizer use efficiency is very low in India. The main reasons for low efficiency are the type of fertilizer used and its method of application adopted by Indian farmers. Hence, there is a need to develop a suitable method of application of fertilizer, which will improve the quality and quantity of crop production. Fertigation is the process of application of water soluble solid fertilizers or liquid fertilizers through drip irrigation system. Through fertigation, nutrients are applied directly into the wetted volume of soil immediately below the emitter, where root activity is concentrated. Fertigation is possible only in drip irrigation.
... The fertilizer use efficiency by traditional fertilizer application using soil manipulation was observed to be only 30-35% because of loss of nutrients, e.g. volatilization, evaporation and loss of P and K by fixation in the soil (Sathya et al. 2008). High fertilizer use efficiency with substantial improvement in phenological characteristics, bunch characteristics, yield and substantial saving of fertilizer up to 30% over conventional fertilizers application could be obtained by drip fertigation to banana (Kavino et al. 2004, Nalina et al. 2009, Kumaran and Muthuvel 2009. ...
... This may be due to application of fertilizers exactly at the point of water application. Similar trend of results were reviewed by Sathya et al. (2008) in fertigation of banana with nitrate and ammonical nitrogen under drip irrigation and observed that the concentration of NO 3 -N was highest under drippers and decreased gradually with distance from it in three directions. ...
... As more quantum of water was available just beneath the dripper, there was corresponding increase in available N in the soil. This has inferred a direct association between N availability and presence of in situ irrigation water (Sathya et al. 2008). ...
Field experiment was conducted at Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri (Maharashtra) for three consecutive years (2008-2011) to study the nutrient availability, uptake and movement in vertisol under drip fertigation for banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) cv Grand naine. The drip fertigation @ 100, 80 and 60 per cent of recommended dose through water soluble fertilizers (WSF) applied in two schedules and results were compared with three control treatments. The drip fertigation @ 100 per cent recommended dose scheduled as per crop growth stages showed 46.22 per cent increase in yield (82.94 tonnes/ha). However, it was on par with 80% fertigation treatment (79 tonnes/ha) whereas, 60 per cent fertigation (Schedule as per crop growth stages) resulted into 40 per cent fertilizer saving and 24.5 per cent increase in yield over surface irrigation (57.40 tonnes/ha). The drip fertigation relatively improved the nutrients availability and uptake as compared to band placement of dry fertilizers. The study indicated that application of water soluble fertilizers through drip as per the growth stages proved superior as compared to uniform splits for periodical availability of nutrients, uptake and nutrient movement in soil than conventional fertilizers. The maximum movements of nutrients in vertisol were recorded for 100 and 80% fertigation using water soluble fertilizers. The N was moved up to 45 cm laterally and 60 cm vertically. P was moved up to 30 cm laterally and 40 cm vertically and K movement was up to 45 cm laterally and 60 cm vertically during the crop growth. The 100% fertigation, also registered higher economical parameters, however the difference with 80% fertigation was non significant.
... If tender plant roots are close to the placement of a fertilizer, water is drawn from these roots, as well as from surrounding soil (Rajput and Patel, 2002). Further, Sathya et al. (2008) observed that the availability of N, P and K nutrient was found to be higher in root zone area of drip fertigated plot, while nitrogen and potassium moved laterally from point source up to 15 cm and vertically up to 15-25 cm and P moved 5 cm both laterally and vertically and thereafter dwindled. ...
... kg ha -1 ). These differences in NPK may be attributed to the movement of applied nutrients in the soil both horizontally and vertically as well as concentration of immobile elements (Sathya et al., 2008). The easy availability of water-soluble nutrients right at the root zone of the crop through fertigation in a balanced form through RDF might have favoured better availability of plant nutrients favouring their accumulation in the soil. ...
A field experiment conducted to standardize the fertigation in papaya (Carica papaya L.) variety Arka Prabhat with 12 treatments in split plot design, indicated that fertigation with 75% recommended fertilizers (250:250:500 g NPK/plant/year) through water soluble fertilizers recorded significantly higher fruit yield (47.34 t/ha), fertilizer use efficiency (20.45 kg fruit yield/kg of nutrient applied) and increase in 31% higher yield over soil application. The TSS of papaya fruit was although not significantly influenced by both doses and sources of fertigation, significantly lower cavity index (3.12%) was observed when RDF was supplied with organics to the soil. Fertigation with 100% RDF through water soluble fertilizers recorded significantly higher soil organic carbon (1.16%). However, fertigation of 75% RDF with inorganic fertilizers was found more economical with higher gross returns (Rs.7.10 lakh/ha), net returns (Rs.4.7 lakh/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.96)
... Malik et al. (2006) found that applying 40 kg P 2 O 5 /ha had a positive impact on green gram, with W SF also suitable as foliar sprays for immediate nutrient correction. Fertigation, as compared to conventional methods, resulted in substantial fertilizer savings (40%) without compromising crop yields as reviewed by Sathya et al. (2008). Jat et al. (2012) recommended a comprehensive approach for cultivating green gram, including raised bed cultivation, FYM application at 5 t/ha and 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (20 kg/ha) and phosphorus (40 kg P 2 O 5 /ha) doses using saline water for higher yields, WUE, nutrient uptake, improved soil fertility and enhanced economics. ...
This review paper explores empirical shreds of evidence across the world on cutting-edge technologies like micro-irrigation, fertigation and mulching, all of which contribute to increased yields while conserving water and improving soil quality. Furthermore, the review highlights the potential of IoT-based irrigation and fertigation automation in reducing waste and labor expenses. By advocating for the integration of these practices, the paper underscores the importance of achieving water-saving objectives, boosting economic returns and ensuring food security. Researchers, policymakers and practitioners committed to sustainable green gram cultivation will find this comprehensive review a valuable resource for implementing innovative and efficient farming techniques.
... This is especially important in irrigated agriculture, where large amounts of fertilizer must be applied to meet crop requirements while preventing leaching losses (De Baerdemaeker, 2013;Ibrahim et al., 2016). A proper combination of nutrients and irrigation water is significant to boost crop productivity and production in terms of both quantity and quality (Bajpai & Kaushal, 2020;Moursy et al., 2023;Sathya et al., 2008). ...
The variables that most significantly affect bulb yield in Ethiopia’s irrigated agricultural onion production systems are the amount of irrigation water and the irrigated fertilizer application rates. North Ethiopia has gradually adopted drip irrigation for onion farming due to significant water savings and improved water and fertilizer use efficiencies. However, the optimal irrigation water (I) and fertilizer application rates (F) for drip irrigation are still unknown; field experiments using a random complete block design in factorial arrangement were conducted during summer season of 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 to explore the effects of irrigation water and fertilizer application rates on onion production and productivity. The trials were carried out at four recommended microdose fertilizer rates for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P 2 O 5 ; F 1 -125%, F 2 -100%, F 3 -75%, and F 4 -50%) and three different irrigation water levels (I 1 -100%, I 2 -75%, and I 3 -50%). The interaction effect of water amount and microdose fertilizer application rate significantly ( p ⩽ .05) affected onion yield, yield-related components, and water productivity. A combined analysis of variance using SAS software 9.0 revealed that the interaction between irrigation depth and fertilizer rate had a significant ( p ⩽ .05) impact on yield, yield-related components, and water productivity. Onion production and water use efficiency (WUE) increased significantly with increasing irrigation water and microdose fertilizer application rates. However, irrigation water less than 100% were not beneficial to the above parameters. In the two-season study, a maximum onion yield of 39.22 t ha ⁻¹ was obtained at F 1 I 1 , with a WUE of 8.20 kg m ⁻³ . All the factors related to growth, yield, and yield-related components, the combination of a microdosing fertilizer application of 172.5 N and 86.25 P 2 O 5 kg ha ⁻¹ and 100% water per irrigation was the best drip irrigation pattern for onion. These findings provide a scientific basis for drip irrigation and microdosing fertilizer management of onions in northern Ethiopia.
... Varshini and Jayanthi (2020) reported that subsurface drip irrigation in bajra napier hybrid grass reported higher phosphorous (29.8 kg ha -1 ), potassium (88.2 kg ha -1 ) and nitrogen (157.4 kg ha -1 ) uptake. This was mainly because subsurface drip irrigation promptly provided soil moisture, which facilitated increased dry matter production and consequently improved nutrient absorption (Sathya et al., 2008). Patel et al. (2013) studied different irrigation scheduling in pearl millet fodder production, and the findings indicated that an irrigation schedule of 0.6 IW/CPE ratio achieved a greater WUE of 10.2 kg ha -1 mm -1 compared to ratios of 0.8 and 1.0 9.1 and 8.5 kg ha -1 mm -1 , respectively). ...
Indian agriculture heavily depends on the livestock sector, which significantly influences the financial system. Fodder, derived from crop residues, cultivated feed, and grazing lands, is a cost-effective nutrient source essential for sustaining the dairy industry. However, India faces severe fodder shortages—63.5% for green fodder and 23.5% for dry residues—exacerbated by rising livestock populations and declining fodder cultivation areas. Low livestock productivity, driven by inadequate feeding and healthcare, compounds the challenge. To meet growing fodder demands, many Indian dairy farmers have turned to cultivating perennial grasses, such as hybrid Napier grass, which provides year-round fodder. Strategic irrigation practices can play a vital role in mitigating water use, improving water-use efficiency, and reducing costs. This article examines the current challenges in fodder production, emphasizing the importance of optimizing irrigation practices to enhance water use efficiency. It explores various irrigation methods, including drip and sprinkler systems, and discusses their impact on fodder crop productivity. The need for high-quality fodder seeds, improved management practices, and innovative irrigation scheduling techniques is highlighted as essential for bridging the gap between fodder demand and supply. Addressing these challenges is vital for improving livestock productivity, supporting small and marginal farmers, and ensuring food security in India.
... These results closely align with the findings in lettuce (45). Post-harvest soil nutrients were lower in the soil application of straight fertilizers at 100% RDF (T1), as nutrients applied by soil application tended to leach into deeper layers, becoming unavailable to the crop and were lost from the soil due to leaching and volatilization (46). ...
This study investigated the impact of different fertigation schedules on cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) cultivation in a controlled environment at TNAU, Coimbatore, India. A Completely Randomized Design with nine treatments and three replications was used, incorporating various combinations of soil application and fertigation with water-soluble fertilizers at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF). Critical parameters such as growth, phenological traits, yield, fruit quality, soil nutrient status, and plant nutrient uptake were evaluated. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA, path coefficient analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA), were performed to assess treatment effects and identify relationships between variables. The results consistently demonstrated that fertigation with water-soluble fertilizers at 100% RDF (T3) yielded the best outcomes for most parameters, followed by 75% RDF fertigation (T4) and a combination of 25% soil application and 75% fertigation (T7). Significant improvements in plant growth, yield and fruit quality were observed with optimized fertigation compared to traditional soil application methods. T3 (100% RDF through fertigation) resulted in the highest plant height (263.95 cm), number of primary branches (15), leaf area (316.77 cm²) and dry matter production (96.85 kg/plant). Yield attributes such as fruits per plant (326.50), fruit weight (3.73 g), and total yield (23.95 t/ha) were also highest in T3. Path coefficient analysis indicated strong positive correlations between growth and yield parameters. PCA showed that the first principal component accounted for 85.9 % of the total variation. These findings highlight the potential for fertigation to improve resource use efficiency and productivity in cherry tomato cultivation.
... The Hoboken farm was the only one applying fertigation. Thus, the presence of water as a vehicle might help P root uptake and made P accessible to the plant, instead of accumulating it in the soil (Sathya et al., 2008). ...
Blueberry plants are calcifuge plants adapted to soil pH from 4.5 to 5.5. Low pH soils have low cation exchange capacity (CEC) and low available phosphorus (P) to the plants. Constant fertilization reduces soil pH and compromises plant nutrient availability causing nutrient deficiencies or toxicity. Customizing fertilizer applications to plant physiological demands will allow growers to effectively manage crop nutrition while avoiding overfertilization. In this research project, leaf tissue and soil samples were collected to quantify phosphorus content in the leaf and soil and to determine the relationship between leaf P content and P available in the soil. Experimental plots were established in three commercial farms and samples were collected throughout the 2020 season. Based on the lab results obtained, there was no correlation between soil P and leaf P concentration. The farm with the highest fruit yield had the lowest soil P concentration and the highest leaf P level. Furthermore, leaf Al, Fe, Ca, and Mg had a negative correlation with leaf P, whereas soil Ca levels positively impacted leaf P. These findings imply that lowering soil recommendation levels for blueberries may be possible without compromising yield and leaf P levels.
... Higher frequency of irrigation and increased availability of soil moisture under subsurface drip fertigation might have led to effective absorption and utilization of available nutrients and better proliferation of roots resulting in quick canopy growth and physiological parameters [11]. According to Sathya et al. [12], frequent application of nutrients through drip system improves the uptake of nutrients through two main mechanisms: i) continuous replenishment of nutrients in the depletion zone at the vicinity of root interface and ii) enhanced transport of dissolved nutrients, by mass flow, due to the higher water content in the medium. (Table 5) on days to shooting (325.33 days), shoot to harvest (89 days) and total crop duration (414.33 days) in red banana showed that the interaction effect of 80% of the recommended dose of N and K through drip irrigation (F2) along with split application with regard to the crop growth stages (S3) has taken the least number of days. ...
The main aim of the study was to standardize the fertigation schedule and nutrient levels for growth enhancement in red banana. The study was conducted at the Department of Fruit Science College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during 2021-2023. The statistical design used was factorial Randomized Block Design replicated thrice with 12 plants per plot at a spacing of 2.1m x 2.1 m laid out with 12 treatment combinations of 4 different nutrient levels (60%, 80%, 100%and 120% RD of N and K) and 3 fertigation schedule (equal splits at weekly interval, at fortnightly interval, and according to the growth stage of the crop) and a control (KAU POP recommendation). Soil test based on fertilizer recommendation was derived based on KAU POP (200:200:400 g plant-1 year-1). Farm yard manure was applied as organic source at 10 kg plant-1) and P (200 g plant-1) to all treatments as basal. Water soluble fertilizers used included Urea as nitrogen source and Muriate of Potash as potassium source;. Data was collected from pseudo stem height, girth, number of leaves, leaf index, leaf area, days to shooting, time taken from shooting to harvest and crop duration. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance. The highest pseudostem height (310.53 cm) and girth (89.30 cm) was observed with the interactive effect of 120% of the recommended dose of N and K applied according to the crop growth stage) which was on par with F2S3(80% of the recommended dose of N and K applied according to the crop growth stage) at flowering stage. The total functional leaf area was maximum on F3S3 at the flowering (23.86 m2) and harvest stage (21.50 m2). Data on days to shooting (363 days), shoot to harvest (89 days) and total crop duration (452 days) in red banana showed that the interaction effect F2S3 has taken the least number of days. In conclusion the growth characters were observed to be better at 80% recommended dose of N and K with split application according to the growth stage of the crop .
... Nitrogen, as it reduces its loss by volatility, as it works to inhibit the activity of the urease enzyme, and this agrees with [32]. As for the (AE) for nano-fertilizers, this is consistent with what was confirmed by [33] that the use of nanofertilizers as an alternative to conventional fertilizers can encourage and improve (AE). As the nanofertilizers lead to an increase in the efficiency of the use of nutrients, due to their slow release and the small size of their particles, which made them more sensitive to plants, which led some to call them "Intelligent fertilizers because their distinctive behavior made them the most efficient in absorption [6]. ...
A field experiment was carried out during the fall season of 2021 at the research station of the University of Anbar - College of Agriculture, to find out the effect of humic acid and the level of nano and conventional nitrogen in the prepared and absorbed nitrogen element and the yield of potato cultivar Rivera, the experiment included two factors: the two sources of nitrogen and their levels, represented by the traditional nitrogen NT 1 , NT 2 at the level of 150 and 300 kg N ha ⁻¹ in the form of (urea fertilizer) and the nano-nitrogen, Nn 1 , Nn 2 , Nn 3 at level 15, 30 and 45 kg N ha ⁻¹ sequentially in addition to the control treatment. The second factor was the addition of humic acid H 1 at the level of 100 kg ha ⁻¹ in addition to the control treatment (without addition) and according to the RCBD randomized complete block design with three replications. The results were statistically analyzed and the means of the coefficients were compared at the 0.05 probability level to test for the least significant difference. The results of the study showed the following: The treatments achieved a remarkable variation in nitrogen content in the vegetative part and tubers, and the interaction coefficients between humic acid and urea achieved the highest nitrogen content in the vegetative part and tubers, as well as the total nitrogen uptake. While the Nn 3 H 1 treatment achieved the highest value of the marketing outcome. The availability of ammonium and nitrate in the soil increased with the increase in fertilization levels for the two fertilizer exporters, and the highest availability was achieved in the presence of humic acid. There was a significant effect of adding humic acid on (AE), which amounted to 59.0% compared to 49.0%, and the lowest decrease in field efficiency was with conventional nitrogen fertilizer treatments compared to the highest field efficiency achieved with nano-nitrogen addition treatments. While the highest value of the field efficiency when treating the interference was Nn 3 H 1 . The availability of ammonium and nitrate in the soil increased with the increase in fertilization levels for the two fertilizer exporters, and the highest availability was achieved in the presence of humic acid. There was a significant effect of adding humic acid on AE, which amounted to 59.0% compared to 49.0%, and the lowest decrease in field efficiency was with conventional nitrogen fertilizer treatments compared to the highest field efficiency achieved with nano-nitrogen addition treatments. While the highest value of the field efficiency when treating the interference was Nn 3 H 1 . The availability of ammonium and nitrate in the soil increased with the increase in fertilization levels for the two fertilizer exporters, and the highest availability was achieved in the presence of humic acid. There was a significant effect of adding humic acid on (AE), which amounted to 59.0% compared to 49.0%, and the lowest decrease in field efficiency was with conventional nitrogen fertilizer treatments compared to the highest field efficiency achieved with nano-nitrogen addition treatments. While the highest value of the field efficiency when treating the interference was Nn 3 H 1 . The addition of humic acid achieved an efficient nitrogen recovery NUE amounted to 60.13% compared to 44.45%. The treatment of adding nano-nitrogen Nn 1 , Nn 2 and Nn 3 recorded recovery efficiency of the element amounted to 82.47, 80.14 and 77.89% respectively, and was superior to the traditional fertilization treatments NT 1 , NT 2 , which amounted to 39.72, 29.81% respectively, while the dual interaction treatments achieved the highest recovery efficiency of the element which reached to the treatments of the nano-source Nn 1 H 1 , Nn 2 H 1 , Nn 3 H 1 (95.25, 92.08 and 88.71%) sequentially. Compared with the levels of the traditional source NT 1 H 1 , NT 2 H 1 (45.35 and 31.95%), respectively.
... Findings were in close agreement with Mooleki et al. (2010) who concluded that usually, the placement of urea in the soil in band was more effective application. Sathya et al. (2008) indicated higher availability of N, P and K nutrients in the root zone of drip fertigated plot. Hosein et al. (2007) similarly stated that the sorghum genotypes responses in relation to broadcast method. ...
Sorghum crop is an excellent source of food, fodder and biofuel. During this modern age of renewable energy, biomass is considered to produce ethanol to cope with increasing energy crisis. Masses must find new solutions and well understanding of climate change effects that will assist scientists for guiding farmers about crop management decisions like crops selection, genotypes, planting geometry, judicious use of fertilizers and seeding dates to mitigate environmental hazards. The research study was conducted on effects of different genotypes with row spacing, fertilizer application methods, sowing dates including integrated approach in sorghum crop. The promising results were obtained with row spacing, fertilizer application methods and sowing dates interventions. The integrated approach resulted highly significance impact in terms yield traits. The study unearthed new research areas that have significant effects on sorghum planting establishment to develop enhanced ethanol production to overcome the global energy crisis through safest source of biofuel. Introduction:
... Fertigation gives advantages such as higher use efficiency of water and fertilizer, minimum loss of N due to leaching, supplying nutrients directly to root zone in available forms, control of nutrient concentration in soil solution and saving in application cost (Solaimalai et al. 2005). According to Sathya et al. (2008), frequent application of nutrients through drip system improves the uptake of nutrients through two main mechanisms: i) continuous replenishment of nutrients in the depletion zone at the vicinity of root interface; and ii) enhanced transport of dissolved nutrients by mass flow, due to the higher averaged water content in the medium. Shirgure et al. (1999) studied the effect of nitrogen fertigation on vegetative growth and leaf nutrient content of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia, Swingle) in Central India. ...
Nutrient management in the subtropical fruit production is very important for obtaining high quality fruits. It involves using crop nutrients as efficiently as possible to improve productivity while protecting the environment. The key principle behind nutrient management is balancing soil nutrient inputs with crop requirements. A well-nourished fruit plant not only produces good yield but also improves quality and remains for longer period in healthy and productive condition. This plan will lay out how nutrients are managed according to land base characteristics, crops being grown, type of nutrient, proximity to water and application methods. Records of nutrient application rates, methods and timing help with future planning. Thus, proper nutrient management helps the plants to meet their nutrient requirement and to restore the fertility of the soil.
... In drip fertigation, nutrient use efficiency could be as high as 90% compared to 40 to 60% in conventional methods (Solaimalai et al., 2005). Fertigation of nutrients significantly increased saving of fertilizer nutrients up to 40% without affecting the yield of crops (Sathya et al., 2008). ...
A field experiment was conducted on maize (Zea mays L.) during rabi (November - February), 2018–19 to study the effect of drip fertigation of Nitrogen (N), Potassium(K) and microbial consortium (MC) at Water Technology Centre, College of Agriculture, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design and replicated thrice. The treatments, comprising of two fertility levels viz., 75% and 100% recommended dose (RD) of N&K as first factor and biofertigation of MC as second factor. The interaction effect between RD of N, K and biofertigation of MC was not significant. Significantly higher cob length, cob girth, number of rows cob-1, cob weight, number of grains cob-1 and grain weight cob-1 were recorded with fertigation of 100% RD of N&Kcompared to 75% RD of N&K and five MC biofertigation recorded significantly higher cob length, cob girth, number of rows cob-1, cob weight , number of grains cob-1 and grain weight cob-1 than that of treatment without application of MC and was on par with biofertigation of MC three times. Maize grain and stover yield recorded with 100% RD of N&K were significantly higher compared to 75% RD of N&K. Biofertigation of MC five times and three times were on par and recorded significantly higher grain and stover yield compared to treatment without application of MC. Significantly lower grain and stover yield were observed under treatment without application of MC
... Water and nutrient use efficiency in drip fertigation Antony and Singandhupe (2004) reported maximum water use efficiency of 59.9 kg/ha/mm following drip irrigation at 0.8 ET than drip irrigation at 1.0 ET (54.7 kg/ha/mm) and 1.2 ET (59.0 kg/ha/mm) in capsicum. Drip fertigation results in 40% saving of fertilizer nutrients and also increase yield in comparison with conventional method of nutrient application (Sathya et al. 2008). Studies witnessed water saving to the tune of 14.5-50% with drip fertigation over conventional surface irrigation and nutrient application method (Kannan 2008; Aujla, Thind, and Buttar 2007). ...
Vegetables are important constituents of Indian agriculture and nutritional
security of the people. India no doubt has diverse agro-climatic conditions
with distinct seasons that are supportive for growing a wide range of vegetables
and offers a lot of potential to enhance their production by adopting
innovative technologies. Despite largest irrigation network in India,
irrigation efficiency is merely 40% and water and nutrient use efficiencies
are very low. Also bringing more area under irrigation will largely depend
upon the efficient use of water and other resources. In this context, micro
irrigation with fertigation especially in vegetable crops has proven a winwin
technology in enhancing water and nutrient use efficiencies and in
turn higher yield potential thereby achieving the prime objective of ‘more
crop per drop’. The technology provides precise water control, dissolved
fertilizers, application facilities and thus more resilient and cost effective.
Moreover, mulching along with drip irrigation and fertigation add feather
to this technology by controlling weed population and increasing overall
efficiency of the system. Mulching insulates the soil, provides a buffer from
cold and hot temperature, reduce deterioration and erosion of soil and
also checks water evaporation. This review presents the finding of various
researchers involving the influence of drip irrigation, fertigation and mulching
on different vegetable crops. It is evident from the studies that drip
fertigation practice alone or in combination with mulching offer a huge
potential in enhancing crop yields, quality, growth, water and nutrient saving
in comparison with other conventional tools of irrigation and
fertilization.
... It minimizes conventional losses of water by deep percolation, evaporation and run off. Fertigation of nutrients significantly increased saving of fertilizer nutrients up to 40 per cent without affecting the yield of crops compared to the conventional method of nutrient application [5]. Hence a study is proposed as the information on fertigation to increase the yield potential of sunflower was under taken in order to assess the effect of drip irrigation regimes and fertigation levels on growth, yield and economics of sunflower. ...
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oilseed crop in India popularly known as "Surakanthi flower" It belongs to the family Asteraceae. The global challenge for the coming decades is to increase the food production with utilization of less water. It can be partially achieved by increasing crop water use efficiency (WUE). Improving the water and nutrient use efficiency has become imperative in present day's Agriculture. A field trial was conducted at Water Technology Center, College farm, College of Agriculture, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Rajendranagar, during rabi season (2018-19) to study the effect of different levels of drip irrigation regimes and fertigation on rabi sunflower. The experiment was carried out under split plot design with three main plot treatments (Irrigation regimes) and four sub-plot treatments (Fertigation levels) and replicated thrice. In irrigation levels sunflower performed better under 1.2 and 1.0 Epan in growth parameters followed by 0.8 Epan. The growth parameters, viz., plant height (214.4 & 214.6 cm), Number of leaves per plant (24.7 & 24.6), LAI (5.63 & 5.27), dry matter accumulation (6041kg ha-1& 5683 kg ha-1), Root depth (17.2 cm & 17.4 cm) and Root volume (91.5 cm3& 101.0 cm3) were found significantly higher at 1.2 Epan and 1.0 Epan. Among fertigation levels, fertigation with120% RD N & K2O reported higer plant height (216.8 cm), Number of leaves per plant (25.5), LAI (5.96), dry matter accumulation (5950kg ha-1),Root depth (18.6 cm) and Root volume (103.2 cm3) followed by 80% RD N & K2O and 60% RD N & K2O. The economic yield reported higher at 1.0 Epan (2082 kg ha-1) and 100% RD N& K2O (2162 kg ha-1) in main and sub plot treatments than other treatments. The benefit-cost ratio was reported highest for Drip irrigation scheduled at 1.0 Epan (2.52) and fertigation with 100% RD N& K2O (2.59) among the Irrigation and fertigation levels and concluded that drip irrigation scheduled at 1.0 Epan with 100% RD N & K2O showed the best results.
... In fertigation, nutrient use efficiency could be as high as 90% compared to 40 to 60% in conventional methods (Solaimalai et al., 2005). Fertigation of nutrients significantly increased saving of fertilizer nutrients up to 40% without affecting the yield of crops compared to the conventional method of nutrient application (Sathya et al., 2008). ...
In the developing countries, inland fisheries enhancement through culture-based fisheries (CBF) has been recognized as an environmentally friendly sustainable technology, which is bound to contribute for nutritional security and livelihood support of increasing population. However, the development and demonstration of CBF in the reservoirs of different ecoregions are needed for sustainable enhancement and conservation. Tabour Shaped Dumbur reservoir (23°29'45"N 91°50'46"E) is located in Amarpur115 km away from Agartala. The reservoir (3049.34 ha) is constructed against the Gumti river in 1977. The present study assessed the impact of stocking of fingerlings of Indian Major Carps (Gibelion catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala). The time series data on fish stocking and yield were collected from the State Fisheries Department, Govt. of Tripura, for the year 2010 to 2019. Fish production in four decades has been increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 169 tonnes (1978) to 668.73tonnes (2017) due to stocking indicating significant impact of fingerling stocking in the reservoir. Average stocking density of fish in last one decade was 595 no./ ha/yr and average yield 139.84Kg/ha/yr. The Department of fisheries and Cooperative society both is working jointly and sharing their profit 65:35 ratio and using for fisheries development in reservoirs and welfare of fishers. More than 2100 fisher families depend on the reservoir for their livelihood. The present studies suggest guidelines and discuss issues and strategies for improved fish production of reservoir to sustain livelihood and nutritional security.
... In fertigation, nutrient use efficiency could be as high as 90% compared to 40 to 60% in conventional methods (Solaimalai et al., 2005). Fertigation of nutrients significantly increased saving of fertilizer nutrients up to 40% without affecting the yield of crops compared to the conventional method of nutrient application (Sathya et al., 2008). ...
Solid waste management (SWM) is one of prime global concerns owing to the faster urban spread, changing food consumption pattern and rapid industrialization. This demands a suitable and instant curtailing step for solid wastes especially garden, agriculture residues, and food-based wastes since they left unutilized and dumped as landfills or incinerated causing serious environmental problems. Thus, to minimize these environmental issues, garden wastes were first converted into vermicompost manure and its extract (aerobic and anaerobically digested) was prepared and tested as nutrient source to enhance growth performance and lipid production from a freshwater microalga (Graesiella emersonii MN877773). The efficacy of the extract was then tested in combination with BG11 medium. The mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae in anaerobically digested vermicompost extract at 1:1 combination with BG11 medium enhanced the cell biomass (0.64 g d. wt. L-1) and lipid productivity (3.18 mg L-1day-1) of microalgae by two times. The test combination also improved the saturated (methyl palmitate) and monounsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid) content in the microalgae. The quality of biodiesel complies with the vehicular properties of biodiesel standard provided by India, the USA, and Europe except the cold filter plugging property. The combination was also found to improve the cell biomass (0.041 g L-1) as compared to BG11 medium in mass-scale cultivation. Hence, the study evidenced that G. emersonii grown in media supplemented with garden waste-based vermicompost extract had significant potential for mass-scale bioproduct production. The present media combination was found to be an eco-friendly and more economical way of producing quality biodiesel from microalgae by reducing the use of chemical fertilizers. More lucidly, it also paves a way for proving the concept of “waste into wealth” and facilitates sustainable production of biodiesel.
... In fertigation, nutrient use efficiency could be as high as 90% compared to 40 to 60% in conventional methods (Solaimalai et al., 2005). Fertigation of nutrients significantly increased saving of fertilizer nutrients up to 40% without affecting the yield of crops compared to the conventional method of nutrient application (Sathya et al., 2008). ...
Fishes are quality and cheap source of protein occupying an important position in the diet of people in the sub-continent. Traditionally, India has been a major fish producing country in the world currently holding second position in aquaculture production and third in overall fish production. One of the important problems encountered in the sector is the degradation of the quality of habitats of majority of fishes resulting from the presence of different environmental stressors. The inland aquatic environments like rivers, estuaries, wetlands get polluted with diverse types of hazardous and toxic substances which originate mainly through anthropogenic activities. Pesticides, emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, toxic heavy metals are the major groups of pollutants frequently recorded in those ecosystems and the connected food chain. Residues of these toxic xenobiotics exert adverse effect on the flora and fauna of the aquatic ecosystem including fishes. Many of these substances have high bioaccumulation potential too. So, the presence of such substances
in fish is undesirable and unacceptable as these may pose health hazards to humans when consumed. We have assessed the dietary risks associated with different pesticides, antimicrobials used in personal care products and toxic metals detected in fishes of different rivers viz., Gomti, Mahanadi, Godavari, Torsa, Teesta, and East Kolkata wetlands. Our analysis revealed that at the level of concentrations of the chemicals and elements detected in fishes of the studied waterbodies, no serious health hazard would arise from the consumption of those fishes. However, with changing scenario of a targeted higher production to meet the market demand for domestic consumption and export, such dietary risk assessment should be exercised more, encompassing the variety of contaminants for ensuring food safety.
... Phosphorus fertilizers are rapidly fixed to the soil, with a labile P portion available for plant roots. Fertilizer application via the irrigation system (fertigation) has been shown to enhance P availability momentarily [9][10][11], leading to a significant increase in P utilization efficiency [12] and P mobility in the soil profile [13]. As a result, Changes in total P levels reflect the net accumulation or depletion of P within the soil profile, regardless of the P form and bioavailability. ...
Phosphorus (P) availability significantly impacts olive tree reproductive development and consequential fruit production. However, the importance of P fertilization in olive cultivation is not clear, and P application is usually recommended only after P deficiency is identified. In order to determine the long-term impacts of continuous P fertilization in intensive irrigated olive cultivation, the growth and production of trees in an intensive orchard with or without P fertilization were evaluated over six consecutive seasons. Withholding of P resulted in significant reduction in soil P quantity and availability. Under lower P availability, long-term fruit production was significantly impaired due to reduced flowering and fruit set. In addition, trees under conditions of low P were characterized by higher alternate bearing fluctuations. Olive tree vegetative growth was hardly affected by P fertilizer level. The impairment of tree productivity was evident in spite of the fact that leaf P content in the treatment without P fertilization did not decrease below commonly reported and accepted thresholds for P deficiency. This implies that the leaf P content sufficiency threshold for intensive olive orchards should be reconsidered. The results demonstrate the negative impact of insufficient P fertilization and signify the need for routine P fertilization in intensive olive cultivation.
... Positive effect of fertigation has been reported in many crops especially high value crops such as potato, capsicum, onion, cucumber, broccoli, tomato, pointed gourd, turmeric and other leafy vegetables etc. (Sandal and Kapoor, 2015). Through fertilization, about 40 per cent of fertilizer nutrients can be saved without compromising the crop yield over the conventional method of nutrient application (Sathya et al., 2008). It was reported that the yields from treatments 2002). ...
Role of fertilizer is indispensable for increasing food production to feed the ever increasing population around the globe. Indiscriminate and unscientific use of fertilizers and nutrients along with other chemicals has brought us to the brink of collapse of our
environment and ecosystem comprising soil, water and air. To minimize loss and get maximum benefit out of our input, the concept of nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is of paramount importance. It is essential for evaluating crop production system and is
greatly impacted by fertilizer management as well as soil and plant water relationship. For efficient nutrient utilization, right source of nutrient should be applied at right rate, time and place which form the basis of nutrient stewardship. Many modern technologies have been realized for improving NUE viz. control release fertilizers,
nano-based fertilizers, precision farming, modelling approach and use of biostimulants, etc. Along with these technologies best management practices like integrated nutrient management (INM), balanced fertilization, customized fertilizer and
site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) plays a significant role towards soil sustainability. In spite of all these technologies, the success of NUE ultimately lies with the adoption of all technologies which requires widespread knowledge dissemination
and creation of awareness. Government initiatives, legal framework and suitable and effective policies should be modified according to the need of ecosystem for benefiting farmers and the whole world as a whole.
... According to Sathya et al. (2008), frequent application of nutrients through drip system improves the uptake of nutrients through two main mechanisms: i) continuous replenishment of nutrients in the depletion zone at the vicinity of root interface; and ii) enhanced transport of dissolved nutrients by mass flow, due to the higher averaged water content in the medium. Lahav and Kalmar (1995) opined that there was a constant advantage in most of the parameters through weekly fertigation. ...
Doubling the farmers' income through maximising production per unit drop of water and sustaining soil health is the national goal. Horticulture sector is currently witnessing paradigm shift from 'yield maximisation' to 'enhancement of use efficiencies of irrigation water and nutrients'. Emphasis is on reducing excessive percolation of water along with precious nutrients beyond rhizosphere. Drip-fertigation system has been found to be very effective in achieving the judicious water and fertilizer use efficiency in horticultural crops. In the present day context, lot of emphasis is being given on improving the drip-fertigation practices for horticulture, where the crops are highly responsive to the need-based placement of water and nutrients. Adopting drip-fertigation has been found to increase the yields of horticultural crops by threefold with the same quantities of water and nutrients. It has also been found to improve the quality of crop produce and help the growers in getting better price for their produce. Savings on irrigation water and fertilizer under drip-fertigation are 40-70% and 30-50%, respectively. Critical review of the research outcomes emanating from drip-fertigation strategy in horticultural crops is done in this paper.
... This was mainly due to timely availability of soil moisture under subsurface drip irrigation resulting in enhanced dry matter production, which ultimately led to increased nutrient uptake (Singh et al., 1997). Further, Sathya et al., (2008) also expressed that the availability of NPK was higher in root zone area of subsurface drip irrigation which contributed for increased uptake of nutrients. Mary et al., (2016) stated that higher available soil moisture was supplied by subsurface drip irrigation led to higher availability of nutrients in soil which in turn increased the nutrient uptake by the crop. ...
... Fertigation lets the crop to absorb applied nutrients up to 90%, while 10-40% absorption was observed with dry or granular fertilizer application. Fertigation saves fertilizer up to 40-60%, due to reduction in leaching and improved nutrient uptake (Kumar and Singh 2002;Sathya et al. 2008). The advantage of fertigation over conventional system is that it assures uniform application of nutrients where the active roots are concentrated. ...
Sustainable food production requires application of fertilizers including macro and micronutrients in arable land. The fertilizers application in agricultural practices has significantly increased the production of food, fiber and other plant products. However, a significant portion of nitrogen (40–60%), phosphorus (80–90%) and potash (30–50%) applied fertilizers in the agricultural field is not taken up by plants due to different soil dynamics. Such losses increase the cost of fertilizers that severely reduce crop yield. Yet future access to mineral fertilizers receives major attention of plant scientists to overcome the applied fertilizer losses for food security. To overcome these problems, different alternative fertilizers are developed to efficient utilization of nutrients including microbial inoculants, value-added compost and biochar, acidulated-microbial active products, formula-modified fertilizers, liquid macro and micro- nutrient fertilizers with different mode of application to partial or complete substitution of reputed chemical fertilizers. This chapter puts forward the case of different alternative fertilizers and their potential for sustainable crop production.
... However, much work has been concentrated on high value crops (Solaimalai et al. 2005) such as potato (Badr et al. 2011), capsicum (Brahma et al. 2010Gupta et al. 2009;Srinivas and Prabhakar 1982), onion (Ewais et al. 2010), medicinal coleus (Kennam 2008), cucumber (Moujabber et al. 2002, Broccoli (Sanchita et al. 2010), tomato (Shedeed et al. 2009), pointed gourd , turmeric (Syed Sadarunnisa et al. 2010), tomato (Tan et al. 2009;Tanaskovik et al. 2011) and some leafy vegetables (Ueta et al. 2009). Fertigation gave 40% saving of fertilizer nutrients without affecting the yield of crops compared to the conventional method of nutrient application (Sathya et al. 2008). Keng et al. (1979) showed that the yields from broadcast fertilizer treatments were 15.8% lower than that from fertigation and 12.3% lower than that from banded fertilizer application. ...
Agricultural system seeks to maximize the yield and quality of crops and minimize the cost of production, while maintaining sustainability. A prerequisite for achieving this aim is an optimal and balanced water and nutrient supply i.e improve water and fertilizer use efficiency. Fertigation-a technique of application of fertilizers along with irrigation water encompasses the application of solid and liquid mineral fertilizers through drip irrigation system and provides an excellent opportunity to maximize yield and minimize environmental pollution. Drip fertigation optimizes the use of water and fertilizer enabling to harness high crop yield, simultaneously ensuring a healthy soil and environment. Based on the experimentation, it has been observed that fertigation is a key factor in modern intensive irrigated agriculture and leads to saving of fertilizer 25-40 per cent, reduced leaching of the nutrients, increased returns. The present paper is an attempt to review the literatures pertaining to different aspects of fertigation technology.
... It has been shown that fertigation with nutrient-rich wastewater irrigation in daily small dosages instead of large single fertilizer applications can improve nutrient use efficiency by up to 40% without affecting crop yield (Sathya et al. 2008;Mikkelsen et al. 2015). Wastewater irrigation has been reported to raise the concentration of N, P, and K in cauliflower and red cabbage significantly (Kiziloglu et al. 2008) and it also raised soil available N, P, and K (Singh and Agrawal 2012;. ...
Urban agriculture in developing countries contributes to food diversity and security of the urban population. Its importance will increase in the future because of fast-growing urbanization. Little is known about nutrient fluxes and balances of these high input agricultural systems, which are characterized by high fertilizer use, often combined with wastewater irrigation. Adding biochar to soil has shown the potential to decrease nutrient leaching, increase yields and nutrient use efficiency. Therefore, we installed lysimeters in a multi-factorial field experimental in Tamale, Northern Ghana. The treatments included a control (no amendments applied), biochar at 20 t ha⁻¹, mineral fertilization according to the farmers’ practice and a combination of biochar amendment and fertilization. All treatments were irrigated with tap water or wastewater. The results show higher water losses under wastewater irrigation (+ 33%). The addition of biochar had no effects on nutrient leaching, balances or water flux. Leaching losses of nitrogen were around 200 kg N ha⁻¹ when irrigation exceeded the crop demands. When irrigation was more appropriate, the leaching rates were 50–100 kg N ha⁻¹. The leaching of Mg and Ca almost doubled in some seasons and negative mass balances under mineral fertilization entailed soil acidification. Nitrogen balances varied strongly depending on the season, irrigation water qualities or fertilization (− 50 to 222 kg NO3-N ha⁻¹). We conclude that the high nutrient load associated with the commonly-practiced wastewater irrigation entails large leaching losses. These cannot be curbed by biochar application and should be accounted for in fertilizer management in urban vegetable production.
... India is the third largest producer and consumer of fertilizer in the world after that the nutrient consumption per hectare and fertilizer use efficiency is very low (Sathya et al., 2008) because the main reasons for low efficiency are the types of fertilizers used and the methods of application adopted by Indian farmers and ultimately losses of nutrients. So the use of both the inorganic and organic type of fertilizers in a balanced proportion and application through fertigation not only optimizes the water use but also increases the nutrient use efficiency. ...
... It has been shown that fertigation with nutrient-rich wastewater irrigation in daily small dosages instead of large single fertilizer applications can improve nutrient use efficiency by up to 40% without affecting crop yield (Sathya et al. 2008;Mikkelsen et al. 2015). Wastewater irrigation has been reported to raise the concentration of N, P, and K in cauliflower and red cabbage significantly (Kiziloglu et al. 2008) and it also raised soil available N, P, and K (Singh and Agrawal 2012;. ...
Agricultural production needs to increase, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, many rural people are undernourished, and the urban population is growing rapidly. It is worrisome that on many West African soils with low cation exchange capacity and soil organic carbon content, mineral fertilization is rather inefficient. Under these conditions, wherever available untreated wastewater is used for irrigation despite the potential health risks to producers and consumers. For intensively cultivated soils with high mineralization rates, biochar application has been advocated as a promising management option. However, the agronomic benefits of wastewater reuse in agriculture and its interaction with biochar have received only limited attention. This study therefore investigated the effects of mineral fertilizer application and biochar amendment at two water quality and quantity levels on soil moisture, plant nutrition and biomass production on a Petroplinthic Cambisol over 2 years. Rice husk biochar applied at 20 t ha⁻¹ significantly increased fresh matter yields in the first five cropping cycles by 15%, and by 9% by the end of 2 years. Compared with clean water, wastewater irrigation increased yields 10–20-fold on unfertilized plots during the dry seasons, while a fourfold increment was observed in the wet seasons. This seasonal difference is likely a result of the high sequence of irrigation events during the dry season. In this study, fertigation with wastewater contributed significantly to plant nutrition and nutrient recovery while yield-increasing biochar effects disappeared over time. Soil moisture was enhanced by up to 9% due to biochar amendments under unfertilized conditions.
... Anant (2006) suggested that the highest yield of tomato was noticed when N (urea) was supplied in 8 or 10 split doses with 100 per cent ETo through drip irrigation. Fertigation of nutrients significantly increased saving of fertilizer nutrients up to 40 per cent without affecting the yield of crops as compared to the conventional method of nutrient application (Sathya et al., 2008). Satyendra Kumar et al. (2009) observed that in potato crop fertilizer use efficiency was the highest (71 kg kg -1 ) in micro sprinkler followed by a drip (67 kg kg -1 ) and furrow irrigation 948 kg kg -1 . ...
... According to Sathya et al., (2008) frequent application of nutrients through drip system improves the uptake of nutrients through two main mechanisms: 1) continuous replenishment of nutrients in the depletion zone at the vicinity of root interface and 2) enhanced transport of dissolved nutrients by mass flow, due to the higher averaged water content in the medium. Lahav and Kalmar (1995) opined that there was a constant advantage in most of the parameters through weekly fertigation. ...
The aim of the present research was to assess a specialized methodology of nutritional status determination of three sweet cherry cultivars (‘Lapins’, ‘Tamara’, ‘Kordia’) grafted on ‘GiSelA 3’ and ‘GiSelA 5’ rootstocks, in a drip fertigated high density field trial at Fruit Research and Development Station Bistrita in Northern Transylvania, Romania. The research was carried out between 2020 and 2022 on the background of mineral fertigation using Solfert (10 kg/ha) and Cropmax (0.2%) foliar fertilizer, in a molic eutricambosoil. The trees were trained as spindle bush with 1,250 trees/hectare. It was implemented a parallel determination of main nutritional elements via foliar diagnosis (N, P, K, Ca, Na) performed in an accredited chemical laboratory for plant and soil analysis, respectively via the L`aqua Horiba ion selective electrode determination of NO3_, K+, Ca2+, Na+ ions. The results from foliar diagnosis indicated that the level of mineral elements N, P, K, Ca, Na were within the established normal limits for cherry leaves in 2021. The study evaluated also the impact of meteorological conditions on reference evapotranspiration (Etr) which has a direct influence on the water deficit and tree physiology. The calculated water deficit in 2021 was - 128 mm, respectively in comparison the water deficit calculated in 2022, when it was - 283.7 mm, thus in 2022 it was needed to fertigate more to compensate the difference of 155.78 mm. As a result of increased fertigation a significantly higher content of nitrogen was registered at foliar level in 2022 and a medium content of other chemical elements P, K, Ca, Na. Ion selective determinations using L`aqua meters showed values ranging 540-550 ppm for nitrate NO3- which correlated with the higher percent of nitrogen assessed by foliar diagnosis, 1,700-2,500 ppm potassium (K+), 64-96 ppm calcium (Ca2+)and 21-58 ppm sodium (Na+) content in both years.
An experiment was conducted on " in leaf of papaya cv. Taiwan 786 under south Gujarat conditions factor three levels of N and K splits and 3 µ) in RBD with factorial concept (FRBD) including three replications at two locations during 2012 13. The results indicated that the nu age 180 and 300 days due to N and K after transplanting (DAT) in both the locations showed better results as compared to cont getting higher uptake of nutrient contents (%) in leaf of papaya, fertigation with RDF and 18 splitsat 15 days intervals after transplanting of papaya cv. Taiwan 786 should be adopted.
An experiment was conducted on " in leaf of papaya cv. Taiwan 786 under south Gujarat conditions factor three levels of N and K splits and 3 µ) in RBD with factorial concept (FRBD) including three replications at two locations during 2012 13. The results indicated that the nu age 180 and 300 days due to N and K after transplanting (DAT) in both the locations showed better results as compared to cont getting higher uptake of nutrient contents (%) in leaf of papaya, fertigation with RDF and 18 splitsat 15 days intervals after transplanting of papaya cv. Taiwan 786 should be adopted.
Fertigation, splitting and mulching effect on papaya growth, yield and quality
The water flow pattern and distribution in drip irrigated soil are different than those for conventional irrigation systems, to an extent that could drastically effect reactions of nutrient ions in the soil.
Ammonium applied through the irrigation system was not nitrified in the saturated zone below the emitter. Nitrification occurred in the unsaturated zone surrounding the central cylinder. Nitrate levels and number of nitrifying bacteria are low below the emitter and higher father away.
The residual nitrogen in the soil was found to be higher than that found for conventional irrigation plots. It does seem that application of ammonical fertilizer through a drip irrigation system is potentially a controlled release fertilizer system.
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