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Conservar Aprovechando. Cómo integrar el cambio global en la gestión de los montes españoles

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SOSTENIBILIDAD EN ESPAÑA 2011 327 l Observatorio de la Sostenibilidad de España (OSE) ha preparado el presente capítulo espe-cial sobre bosques, en el marco de su Informe Sostenibilidad en España 2011, con ocasión de la celebración del Año Internacional de los Bosques. La Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas acordó en 2006 celebrar en 2011 este importante evento. A lo largo del año se ha mul-tiplicado las iniciativas públicas y privadas y a todos los niveles para elevar la conciencia social sobre la realidad de los bosques y sus vitales aportaciones a la calidad de vida y al funciona-miento del Planeta con el objetivo de situar a los bosques en el centro del debate social y, por ende, político. En este marco quisiera agradecer a OSE su oportuna iniciativa. A lo largo de este informe un panel de prestigiosos autores describen la situación de los bosques tanto a escala global como española, sus amenazas, especialmente relacionadas con el cambio climático, así como estrategias de gestión forestal sostenible y de restaura-ción forestal. El momento actual no puede ser más oportuno, más allá de la celebración del Año Internacional de los Bosques. Por un lado y por primera vez se observa una clara tendencia de ralentización de la deforestación a escala mundial e incluso en dos importante regiones como son Asia y el Cercano Oriente, la defo-restación se ha superado y los bosques están ampliando su extensión como ya lo venían haciendo desde hace un siglo en Europa y más recientemente en Norteamérica. Pese a haber quedado relegados en una primera instancia en el Convenio de Kyoto, la evidencia del rol clave de la vegetación y especialmente de los bosques en el balance de carbono de la atmósfera junto a una acción coordina-da de diferentes organismos forestales a escala internacional -entre los que destaca la celebración del Forest Day organizado por el Partenariado Colaborativo de Bosques durante las COP de la Convención Marco de Cambio Climático (UNFCCC) -ha permitido corregir esta situación. De hecho uno de los primeros grandes acuerdos para el futuro acuerdo global sobre cambio climático que substituya a Kyoto ha sido el mecanismo REDD+ (reducción de emisiones procedentes de deforestación y degradación forestal) aprobado en la pasada Cumbre de Cancún. REDD+ permitirá cuando esté plenamente implementado reducir significativamente las emisiones de carbono a un coste altamente competitivo a la vez de asegurar importantes co-beneficios ambientales y sociales. Los países en vías de desarrollo recibirán una compensación proporcional a las reducciones adicionales de emisiones que vayan más allá de la línea de base o referencia (escenario business as usual). El reto ahora es conseguir el
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... Factors such as historical management, pest attacks and activity of fungal pathogens create a mosaic of conditions across the landscape and will increase (or mitigate) the negative effects of fires (Mazza, 2007). The effects of fire in different forest types have been well documented in the scientific literature; however, uncertainty remains about the outcomes of different management options after the fire and scarce about adaptive management (Vayreda, 2013). After large forest fires, the optimal management will depend on fire effects, ecosystem response and management goals (Castro et al., 2011; Martinez-Sánchez et al., 1999; González-Ochoa and De las Heras, 2002; Lombardero and Ayres, 2011), being no action the main option (Mazza, 2007). ...
... Furthermore, silvicultural treatments also influenced forest productivity and the carbon sink (Bravo, 2007; De las Heras et al., 2013b). By using National Forest Inventories, significant differences in carbon sink, stored in the main tree species, have been detected between managed and unmanaged forests (Vayreda, 2013), strongly influenced by global warming (Ciais et al., 2008) and LULC (Muñoz-Rojas et al., 2011). However, the carbon stock in living biomass reached half of the total amount stored in forests occurring in northern hemisphere (Goodale et al., 2002). ...
... However, the carbon stock in living biomass reached half of the total amount stored in forests occurring in northern hemisphere (Goodale et al., 2002). Accordingly, adaptive management is implemented to mitigate the effect of global warming because it reduces competition for resources limiting forest holding capacity as carbon sink (Vayreda, 2013). Forest restoration should be addressed to accelerate the natural mechanisms of succession, using adaptive forest management, mainly in Mediterranean ecosystems in which the main objectives of management usually include environmental protection and recreation (Lloret, 2004). ...
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... No ha estat fins més recentment que s'ha posat el focus en la relació existent entre la superfície i estructura del bosc i els recursos hídrics proveïts per l'ecosistema. A Catalunya estudis successius (Gallart i Llorens, 2004;Gallart et al., 2011;Gallart et al., 2013) han permès constatar com els efectes combinats del canvi climàtic i l'increment d'extraccions sobre la disponibilitat d'aigua, s'han vist amplificats pels canvis d'usos del sòl vinculats a l'abandonament rural. En concret, l'expansió espontània dels boscos en antigues pastures i terres agrícoles s'assenyala com una causa important de la reducció de fins al 20-30% en l'escolament d'aigua als rius i la infiltració d'aigües subterrànies (aigua blava) observada a Catalunya els darrers 25 anys. ...
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... • Les àrees forestals són en general poc susceptibles a les invasions, no obstant, els boscos de ribera que posseeixen un règim intrínsec de pertorbació alt representen zones amb un major risc d'invasió (Vilà et al. 2013). Dels impactes de les espècies vegetals al·lòctones al bosc de ribera destaquen els canvis en la composició i estructura del bosc, els possibles impactes sobre lleres de rieres i la disminució de la capacitat de desguàs dels rius i canals (Andreu et al. 2006). ...
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