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THE SEPIIDAE (CEPHALOPODA) OF THAILAND
Abstract
Three genera and ten species of sepiid cuttlefishes are reported from the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea. They are: Sepiella inermis (Férussac & d'Orbigny, 1835); Metasepia tullbergi (Appellöf , 1886); Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831; Sepia aculeata d'Orbigny, 1848; Sepia lycidas Gray, 1849; Sepia brevimana Steenstrup, 1875; Sepia recurvirostra Steenstrup, 1875; Sepia kobiensis Hoyle, 1885; Sepia arabica Massy, 1916; and Sepia prashadi Winckworth, 1936. Metasepia tullbergi, Sepia lycidas and Sepia kobiensis are restricted to the Gulf of Thailand, South China Sea while Sepia arabica and Sepia prashadi are represented only in the Andaman Sea. Diagnoses and a provisional key to the identification of these cuttlefishes are included. A discussion on recorded sepiids in Thai waters by various authors is also provided.
... In most members of the family Sepiidae (cuttlefish), the hectocotylized part has been described as having 'smaller' or 'reduced' suckers compared to the other arms (Raid et al., 2005;Nateewathana, 2008). However, the РЕЗЮМЕ: У десятируких головоногих моллюсков на роговых кольцах присосок рук имеются зубцы. ...
... Similarly, small suckers on the hectocotylized part of S. lycidas may aid in enhancing the control of grasping and manipulating spermatophores. The existence of small suckers on the hectocotylized part of Sepiidae is consistent with the earlier report about the macroanatomy of S. lycidas (Sasaki, 1929) and other species of cuttlefish (Raid et al., 2005;Nateewathana, 2008). ...
... The distinctive external morphology of S. inermis is characterized by the presence of a cuttlebone, the absence of a spine, and the posterior gland. Some diagnostic features were described in the reports by Jereb and Roper, and Nateewathana [1,2], including certain features such as mantle shape, fins, arms, male hectocotylized arm, and cuttlebone; however, Sepiella inermis lacks specific details regarding the shape of the radula, the beak, and certain aspects of the cuttlebone. Consequently, the present study provides these details completely for this species. ...
The external morphology and morphological variations of Sepiella inermis vary across regions, necessitating investigation. However, the histological information on the subcutaneous gland has been insufficient to describe it. In this study, specimens were systematically collected and characterized from the Gulf of Thailand. Regarding external morphology, female cuttlebones exhibit greater width and more pronounced curves compared to males, while males feature 17–19 white dots along the fin margins. The presence of the subcutaneous gland was discerned during the embryonic stage at stage 19. A histological study of the subcutaneous gland illustrated the structure and development of the gland in both embryonic and adult stages, with four layers of membranes covering the gland. In the adult stage, trabeculae are dispersed throughout the gland, whereas in the embryonic stage, they form four distinct lines. The morphometric analysis revealed significant differences between males and females (p < 0.05) and morphological variations among the seven locality groups within the sexes were observed (p < 0.05) in Chonburi Province. According to the discriminant analysis results, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the groups in Surat Thani Province. Examining the length–weight relationship between dorsal mantle length and body weight showed significant differences between the sexes, indicating an allometric growth.
... Three species of cuttlefish from the present study were also the first record of their presence in Malaysian waters, namely, S. brevimana, S. prashadi and S. vietnamica. Five of the cuttlefish species recorded during this study, with the exclusion of S. vietnamica, were reportedly present in Thailand waters (Nateewathana 2008;Tuanapaya and Nabhitabhata 2017). Basically, cuttlefish are bottom-dwellers and slower swimmers than animals in the squid group (Reid et al. 3207 2005). ...
Morni WZW, Hassan R, Abit LY, Latif K. 2022. A checklist of cephalopods from continental shelf of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Biodiversitas 23: 3203-3208. Cephalopods can be discovered in all the oceans of the world ranging from shallow to deep oceans. It is a naturally inhabited seawater medium and indirectly limits the number of research regarding the species composition of the cephalopods group. Previously, samples of cephalopods were collected from selected stations in Sarawak Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) using an otter trawl net with a stretch mesh size of 38 mm at the cod end. All samples used in this study were the by-catch of trawling activities during National Demersal Fish Resource Survey in Sarawak (16 August until 6 October 2015). Trawling operations were conducted beyond 12 nautical miles from the coast, and the area was divided into three depth strata, I) 20-50 m; II) 50-100 m; and III) 100-200 m. In total, 16 species of cephalopods were found to inhabit Sarawak waters, representing five families and eight genera. The present findings found that there was a higher number of species recorded in-depth strata I (14 species) in comparison to strata II (12 species) and III (11 species). Six species of the cephalopods captured in this study were the first recorded in Malaysian water, namely Amphioctopus marginatus, Amphioctopus rex, Ommastrephes bartramii, Sepia brevimana, Sepia vietnamica and Sepia prashadi. Thus, the information on cephalopod diversity and distribution at different depth strata will be useful for updating the current database on Malaysian marine species diversity.
... Remarks. This taxon has been previously reported only from the Gulf of Thailand (Chotiyaputta et al., 1992;Chaitiamvong, 1993;Nateewathana, 2008), in contrast to the distribution map of Dong (1987) and Reid (1998) that reported the occurrence of S. kobiensis only in the Andaman Sea. The present study documents the first specimens of this taxon in the Andaman Sea. ...
Static bioassay test was conducted to assess the effect of Water Soluble Fraction (WSF)
of crude oil on soldier crabs and to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of 20% WSF at α =0.05. The results showed that the mortality rate of soldier crab varies depending on the TPH concentration and exposure time. The frst toxicity effect could be observed at a level of 5.96 μg/l TPH in 48 hours, with a LC50 of 20 WSF of crude oil at 10.04 μg/l total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) after 96 hours. During exposure, morphological changes as the swelling of the walking legs, maxillipeds and gills could be observed. Behavioral records showed that the soldier crabs appeared to lose their balance and began to move rapidly in circles before fnally dying.
... Remarks. This taxon has been previously reported only from the Gulf of Thailand (Chotiyaputta et al., 1992;Chaitiamvong, 1993;Nateewathana, 2008), in contrast to the distribution map of Dong (1987) and Reid (1998) that reported the occurrence of S. kobiensis only in the Andaman Sea. The present study documents the first specimens of this taxon in the Andaman Sea. ...
Static bioassay test was conducted to assess the effect of Water Soluble Fraction (WSF)
of crude oil on soldier crabs and to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of 20% WSF at α =
0.05. The results showed that the mortality rate of soldier crab varies depending on the TPH concentration
and exposure time. The frst toxicity effect could be observed at a level of 5.96 μg/l TPH in 48 hours, with
a LC50 of 20 WSF of crude oil at 10.04 μg/l total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) after 96 hours. During
exposure, morphological changes as the swelling of the walking legs, maxillipeds and gills could be
observed. Behavioral records showed that the soldier crabs appeared to lose their balance and began to
move rapidly in circles before fnally dying.
Cuttlefish represent crucial economic marine resources in Southeast Asian waters, although their population structures and genetic diversity patterns remain poorly understood. This study examined the morphological and genetic characteristics, along with the phylogeographic history, of Sepia aculeata populations around Thai-Malay Peninsula, with specimens collected across the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea. A total of 134 specimens were collected: 82 from the Gulf of Thailand and 52 from the Andaman Sea. Morphological analysis revealed that S. aculeata specimens ranged 29–473 g (mean: 197 ± 120 g) in weight and 5.9–16.9 cm (mean: 11.68 ± 2.72 cm) in mantle length (ML). The cuttlebone’s anterior striae presented three distinct shapes, including inverted V, inverted U, and M, which were correlated with specimen size. Length-weight analysis revealed different growth patterns: females showed negative allometric growth, while males exhibited isometric growth. Phylogenetic analysis using COI, 16S rRNA, and 12S rRNA genes confirmed all samples belong to S. aculeata, with no significant genetic differentiation between populations from the two regions. Haplotype analysis revealed shared genetic patterns, though the Andaman Sea population exhibited significantly higher genetic diversity compared to the Gulf of Thailand population. Mismatch distribution and neutrality tests suggested recent population expansion in both regions. These findings suggest implementing sex-specific harvesting strategies, particularly protecting larger females for population sustainability. Additionally, while genetic connectivity supports managing S. aculeata as a single stock, the higher genetic diversity observed in the Andaman Sea emphasizes the need to prioritize it as a genetic reservoir for conservation planning.
The external morphological characteristics and proportion variability of spineless cuttlefish, Sepiella inermis , were investigated at seven locations along the coastal waters of Thailand for one year. A total of 396 specimens were collected from Trat (30), Chonburi (61), Samut Songkhram (80), Phetchaburi (75), Surat Thani (30), Songkhla Province (45) and Ranong Province (75). The results showed that the dorsal mantle length (DML) measurement ranged from 32–92 mm (59.07 ± 10.51), and the body weight ranged from 8.74–133 grams (39.37 ± 18.40). The sexuality has a significant impact on morphological indices, with statistically significant differences at (p < 0.05). The dorsal mantle length can be used to identify sexuality at (p < 0.05), with a range of 40–49 (45.21 ± 2.41) mm for females and 30–39 mm (37 ± 2.82) for males. The morphometric characters at all stations were found to be correlated; Chonburi station stood out significantly from the other stations. Additionally, the description structure of the subcutaneous gland exterior, which had four lobes and was deeply grooved, were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in the larvae stage. Internally, the wall of the gland consists of four layers: 1) the outer wall is the epidermis, 2) connective tissue, 3) muscle fibers, and 4) the inner wall is mucosa lines and cuboidal in shape. The basal portion of the gland produced an ink source and had four trabeculae branches retaining melanin granule cells. This study of external morphology offers numerous advantages and represents the first reported description of the subcutaneous gland in Sepiella .
Based on a comprehensive analysis of molecular sequence data, the Sepiidae genera Acanthosepion Rochebrune, 1884; Ascarosepion Rochebrune, 1884; Aurosepina Jothinayagam, 1987; Decorisepia Iredale, 1926; Doratosepion Rochebrune, 1884; Rhombosepion Rochebrune, 1884 and Spathidosepion Rochebrune, 1884 are here re-instated and formally recognised as valid. Sepia Linnaeus, 1758 and Sepiella Gray, 1849 are retained, but Metasepia Hoyle, 1885 is placed in alternative combination with Ascarosepion. The subgenus Digitosepia Lipiński, 2020 is well supported and is herein elevated to generic status. Sepia trygonina (Rochebrune, 1884) and Sepia hieronis (Robson, 1924) are placed in new monotypic genera Erythalassa gen. nov. and Lusepia gen. nov. respectively. Hemisepius Steenstrup, 1875, also monotypic, is recognised as valid based on a unique synapomorphy: the presence of a fleshy ridge on each side of the antero-ventral mantle that bears a longitudinal row of black pores, however, H. typicus Steenstrup, 1875, was not included in our molecular analysis as tissue samples could not be obtained. Sepia tuberculata Lamarck, 1798, the type species for the nominal genus Spathidosepion, was not included for the same reason. Based on the morphological similarity between S. tuberculata and the sequenced taxa, S. papillata Quoy & Gaimard, 1832 and S. angulata Roeleveld, 1972 we tentatively assign these two taxa to Spathidosepion pending future confirmation. Where possible, each genus is diagnosed based on a combination of morphological and molecular characters.
The present status of phylogeny and classification in coleoid cephalopods and the effect of evolution on the present ecology and biodiversity in the group are examined. The basis of knowledge of cephalopod phylogeny was formulated by Naef in the early 1920s, and his ideas and the progress made in the intervening 75 years are investigated. In the process, the roles that transitions between pelagic and benthic habitats played in the evolution of cephalopods are noted, and the possibility is advanced that the most recent "oceanic anoxic event" may have established a time marker for the divergence of some oegopsid families. The major advances since Naef's work are: 1. The unusual nature of Vampyroteuthis has been recognized; 2. The sister-group relationship between the Neocoleoidea and the Belemnoidea has been established, but requires further confirmation; 3. Monophyly has been confirmed for the Decapodiformes (new name), Octopodiformes and Octopoda by molecular and morphological methodologies; 4. The dates of origin of the Belemnoidea, Neocoleoidea, Sepioidea and fossil teuthoids have been extended to considerably earlier times. The major unsolved phylogenetic problems in need of immediate attention are the position of the Myopsida, relationships within the Sepioidea, the identification of the basal nodes within the Oegopsida, and the relationships of most "fossil teuthoids."
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