Article

Gastroprotective effect of Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats

May 2010
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 4(5)

Authors:

University of Malaya

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of the Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Six groups of Wistar rats were pre-treated, respectively, with distilled water; omeprazole 20 mg/kg; and 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg P. niruri leaf extract 30 min before oral administration of absolute ethanol to generate gastric mucosal injury. After one hour later, the rats were sacrificed and the ulcer areas of the gastric walls were determined. Gross evaluation has revealed that the negative control rats exhibited severe mucosal injury, whereas, pre-treatment with P. niruri leaf extract resulted in significantly less gastric mucosal injury and flattening of the mucosal folds. Histological studies of the gastric wall revealed that negative control rats suffered very severe damage of gastric mucosa, along with edema and leucocytes infiltration of the submucosal layer compared to rats pre-treated with P. niruri leaf extract where there was marked gastric protection along with reduction or inhibition of edema and leucocytes infiltration of the submucosa. The present finding suggests that P. niruri leaf extract promotes ulcer protection as ascertained by the comparative decreases in ulcer areas, inhibition or reduction of edema and leukocyte infiltration of the submucosa.

Gamma (γ)-mangostin attenuated gastric ulcers induced by absolute alcohol in rats: Histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical investigation

Preprint

Full-text available

Jul 2021

Garcinia mangostana L. (Clusiaceae) principally contains gamma (γ)-mangostin, a xanthone that exhibits a wide spectrum of bioactivities. The current study was aimed to establish the gastroprotective effect of this compound in ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injuries in rats. Experimental Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (n = 30) were arbitrarily alienated into 5 groups (n = 6): negative control (10% Tween 20), ulcer control (10% Tween 20 + 5ml/kg absolute alcohol), reference control (5ml/kg absolute alcohol + 20mg/kg omeprazole), and two experimental groups (5ml/kg absolute alcohol + 10mg/kg γ-mangostin and 5ml/kg absolute alcohol + 20mg/kg γ-mangostin). After successful oral feeding, all rats were anesthetized and sacri ced. Gastro-histology highlighted severe injuries to the gastric mucosa with decrease in gastric mucosal content and gastric juice pH in ulcer control group. γ-mangostin (10 mg/kg & 20 mg/kg) showed strong gastroprotective effect by enhancing gastric mucosal content and gastric juice pH compared to the ulcer group, comparable to the omeprazole. Immuno-histochemical analysis revealed that γ-mangostin found to upregulate mucosal Hsp70 protein, and down-regulate Bax proteins. The biochemical analysis of mucosal tissue homogenate showed signi cant antioxidant activity with increase in SOD and CAT activities, whereas MDA was signi cantly decreased at p < 0.001. The histological, immuno-histochemical and biochemical analysis evidenced gastroprotective effects of γ-mangostin that are attributed to its potential to inhibit alcohol induced oxidative stress. Speci cally, γ-mangostin improved histology of mucosal content and enhanced anti-oxidative enzymes (SOD & CAT) with decreasing lipid peroxidation (MDA). Furthermore dose dependent administration of γ-mangostin down-regulated expression of Bax protein and up-regulated HSP70.

Gamma (γ)-mangostin attenuated gastric ulcers induced by absolute alcohol in rats: Histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical investigation

Preprint

Full-text available

Apr 2021

Garcinia mangostana L. (Clusiaceae) principally contains gamma (γ)-mangostin, a xanthone that exhibits a wide spectrum of bioactivities. The current study was aimed to establish the gastroprotective effect of this compound in ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injuries in rats. Experimental Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (n = 30) were arbitrarily alienated into 5 groups (n = 6): negative control (10% Tween 20), ulcer control (10% Tween 20 + 5ml/kg absolute alcohol), reference control (5ml/kg absolute alcohol + 20mg/kg omeprazole), and two experimental groups (5ml/kg absolute alcohol + 10mg/kg γ-mangostin and 5ml/kg absolute alcohol + 20mg/kg γ-mangostin). After successful oral feeding, all rats were anesthetized and sacrificed. Gastro-histology highlighted severe injuries to the gastric mucosa with decrease in gastric mucosal content and gastric juice pH in ulcer control group. γ-mangostin (10 mg/kg & 20 mg/kg) showed strong gastroprotective effect by enhancing gastric mucosal content and gastric juice pH compared to the ulcer group, comparable to the omeprazole. Immuno-histochemical analysis revealed that γ-mangostin found to upregulate mucosal Hsp70 protein, and down-regulate Bax proteins. The biochemical analysis of mucosal tissue homogenate showed significant antioxidant activity with increase in SOD and CAT activities, whereas MDA was significantly decreased at p < 0.001. The histological, immuno-histochemical and biochemical analysis evidenced gastroprotective effects of γ-mangostin that are attributed to its potential to inhibit alcohol induced oxidative stress. Specifically, γ-mangostin improved histology of mucosal content and enhanced anti-oxidative enzymes (SOD & CAT) with decreasing lipid peroxidation (MDA). Furthermore dose dependent administration of γ-mangostin down-regulated expression of Bax protein and up-regulated HSP70.

Variable Chromosome Number and Ploidy Level of Five Phyllanthus Species in Bangladesh

Article

Jun 2021

Medicinally important five Phyllanthus species viz. P. acidus (L.) Skeels, P. emblica L. (small fruit form), P. emblica L. (large fruit form), P. niruri L., P. reticulatus Poir. and P. urinaria L. were cytogenetically studied through orcein-staining for authentic characterization. This genus showed variation in somatic chromosome numbers such as 2n=2x=26 (x=13) in P. acidus, P. niruri and P. reticulatus, 2n=6x=48 (x=8) in P. urinaria and 2n=10x=100 (x=10) in P. emblica (both small and large fruit forms), represented with multi-basic chromosome number. Formation of bivalents in addition to several multivalents at metaphase-I of P. emblica (both forms) indicated that this species has the possibility of being auto-allopolyploid or segmental-allopolyploid that are going through the process of diplodization.

Potential Gastroprotective Activity of Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L.) Extracted by Ionic Liquid-Microwave-Assisted Extraction against Ethanol-Induced Acute Gastric Ulcers in Rat Model

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2018

The presence of gamma-oryzanol in rice bran oil can be 10–20-fold higher than tocopherol and tocotrienol. Gamma-oryzanol has various pharmacological properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of rice bran extract as a gastroprotective in reducing lesions in ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcer models in rat, using the ionic liquid-microwave-assisted extraction (IL-MAE) method. Rice bran extract was obtained using the IL-MAE method with ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIM]BF4 (concentration 0.7 M), and a ratio of solid/liquid of 15 g/mL, 15 min extraction time, and 10% microwave power. The rats were pretreated with rice bran extract at different doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight; BW) for seven days and subsequently exposed to acute gastric lesions induced by 80% ethanol. Omeprazole (36 mg/kg BW) was used as a standard anti-ulcer drug. The ulcer index, gastric juice acidity, and mucus levels were measured to assess the degree of gastroprotection. The results showed that the oral administration of rice bran extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg BW significantly inhibited the development of ulcer formation by 66.75% and reduced gastric acid levels. Moreover, gamma oryzanol and omeprazole protected the gastric mucosa from ethanol-induced gastric lesions by increasing the level of gastric mucus. Rice bran extract is effective as a gastroprotective therapy sourced from natural ingredients in treating the incidence of gastric ulcers. Most likely, this is related to gamma oryzanol as a bioactive compound contained in rice bran (Oryza sativa L.).

Chromosomal Characterization of Five Medicinally Significant Phyllanthus Species in Bangladesh by DNA Base-Specific Fluorochrome Banding Technique

Article

Aug 2024

Five Phyllanthus species were characterized using a fluorochrome chromosome banding technique with CMA and DAPI. This genus displayed a range of somatic chromosomal counts, including 2n = 2x = 26 (diploid) in P. acidus, P. niruri, and P. reticulatus; 2n = 6x = 48 (hexaploid) in P. urinaria; and 2n = 10x = 100 (decaploid) in P. emblica (wild and cultivated varieties), which exhibited a multi- basic chromosome number. The centromeric and terminal regions of the chromosomes contained most of the CMA and DAPI bands, indicating that GC- and AT-rich repeats had accu- mulated in these locations. The diversity based on the hetero- chromatin distribution patterns made it possible to use the CMA and DAPI banding approaches to analyze and characterize these five Phyllanthus species.

EFFECT OF ZINC AND VITAMIN E ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE GASTRIC MUCOSA OF ETHANOL INDUCED ULCEROGENIC WISTAR RATS

Research

Oct 2021

The experiments were performed to determine the effect of administering zinc and vitamin E on the gastric mucosa of ethanol-induced ulcerogenic rats. Fourty-two adult rats comprising both sexes served as subjects. They were shared into seven groups I-VII of six rats per group. Drugs were administered orally for seven days. Group I-received distilled water only; Group II-ethanol 5ml/kg; Group III-100 mg/kg cimetidine + 5 ml/kg ethanol; Group IV-100 mg/kg vitamin E + 5 ml/kg ethanol; Group V-50 mg/kg zinc gluconate + 5 ml/kg ethanol; Group VI-100 mg/kg vitamin E + 50 mg/kg zinc gluconate + 5 ml/kg ethanol; Group VII-100 mg/kg vitamin E + 50 mg/kg zinc gluconate only. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed and their stomachs collected and examined for lesions, the gastric mucus was estimated and their histopathology section analyzed. The results showed that ethanol administration caused significant (P < 0.05) increase in the ulcer index as indicated in group II (11.9 ± 2.83%) while, the groups administered with vitamin E alone (6.0 ± 0.63%) and zinc alone (1.2 ± 0.20%) showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the ulcer index and the co-administration of the zinc and vitamin E further decreased the value (0.9 ± 0.11%) although there was no significant difference between the values for zinc alone and the co-administration of zinc and vitamin E. Gastric mucus results showed that there was significant (P < 0.05) difference between groups treated with zinc alone (7.5 ± 0.10 mg dye absorbed/g tissue) and vitamin E (2.7 ± 0.40 mg dye absorbed/g tissue) alone compared to the negative control group (4.0 ± 0.20 mg dye absorbed/g tissue). Thus, it was concluded that zinc and vitamin E ameliorated ethanol induced lesions and the gastric mucus as observed by the percentage index calculated (Zinc-89.2% and vitamin E-49.58%) in the ulcerogenic rats.

EFFECT OF ZINC AND VITAMIN E ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE GASTRIC MUCOSA OF ETHANOL INDUCED ULCEROGENIC WISTAR RATS

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

Effects of the aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri Linn during pregnancy and lactation on neurobehavioral parameters of rats’ offspring

Article

Jan 2021
J ETHNOPHARMACOL

Ethnopharmacological relevance Phyllanthus niruri L. (Phyllanthaceae) is a plant used in traditional medicine, mainly to treat kidney stones. However, the effects of maternal exposure to P. niruri remain poorly explored. Aim of the study The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of administration of aqueous extract of P. niruri (AEPN) during pregnancy and lactation, in maternal toxicity, reflex maturation, and offspring memory. Materials and methods Pregnant rats were divided into three groups (n = 8/group): Control (vehicle), AEPN 75, and AEPN 150 (each respectively treated with P. niruri at a dose of 75 and 150 mg/kg/day). The animals were treated via intragastric gavage during pregnancy and lactation. Weight gain, feed intake, and reproductive performance were analyzed in the mothers. In the offspring, the following tests were performed: Neonatal Reflex Ontogeny, Open Field Habituation Test and the Object Recognition Test in adulthood. Results Maternal exposure to AEPN did not influence weight gain, feed intake, or reproductive parameters. In the offspring, anticipation of reflex ontogenesis (time of completion) was observed (p <0.05). During adulthood, the AEPN groups presented decreases in exploratory activity upon their second exposure to the Open Field Habituation Test (in a dose-dependent manner) (p <0.05). In the Object Recognition Test, administration of the extract at 75 and 150 mg/kg induced significant dose-dependent improvements in short and long-term memory (p <0.05). Conclusion Administration of the AEPN accelerated the reflex maturation in neonates, and improved offspring memory while inducing no maternal or neonatal toxicity.

Methanolic Extract of Distemonanthus benthamianus (Caesalpiniaceae) Stem Bark Suppresses Ethanol/Indomethacin- Induced Chronic Gastric Injury in Rats

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2020

Distemonanthus benthamianus (Caesalpiniaceae) is a plant from the Cameroon pharmacopoeia very widely used in the treatment of many pathologies among which are gastrointestinal disorders. The main purpose of this study was to assess the healing properties of gastric ulcer from the methanolic extract of Distemonanthus benthamianus and its mechanisms of action. The healing properties of gastric ulcers (chronic ulcer model induced by ethanol and indomethacin) were evaluated in vivo in adult male rats, while the mechanisms of action were evaluated in vitro by anti-inflammatory assay (protein denaturation, cyclooxygenase, and lipoxygenase assays) and immunomodulatory assay (ROS production (using technical chemiluminescence), cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) production (using ELISA), proliferation of T cells (using liquid scintillation counter), and cytotoxicity (using MTT assay)). The methanolic extract of Distemonanthus benthamianus inhibited protein denaturation (75.63%) and the activities of cyclooxygenase (78.92%) and 5-lipoxygenase (81.54%). The extract also significantly ( p < 0.001 ) inhibited intracellular and extracellular ROS production and T cell proliferation and reduced significantly ( p < 0.01 , p < 0.001 ) TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and PGE2 production. At all doses (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg), the extract significantly reduces the ulceration index and the area of ulceration and significantly increases the mass of gastric mucus. In addition, the extract significantly decreases the level of MDA, significantly increases the activities of catalase and glutathione, and then improves the hematological parameters in sick animals. Histological micrographs show that in the presence of the extract, there is advanced reepithelialization with recovery of the ulcerated epithelium. Thus, the extract of Distemonanthus benthamianus has healing properties against gastric ulcers which are associated with its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects.

The Possible Protective Effect of Ocimum Basilicum L. Aqueous Extract on Aspirin Induced Damage of Gastric Mucosa in Adult Male Albino Rats: Histological Study

Article

Sep 2019

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and gastric anti-ulcer activity of Phyllanthus niruri L. (Euphorbiaceae) leaves in experimental rats

Article

May 2017

Rayhana Begum

Background The medicinal plants signify a massive basin of potential phytoconstituents that could be valuable as a substitute to allopathic drugs or considered as an analogue in drug development. Phyllanthus niruri L. (Euphorbiaceae) is generally used in traditional medicine to treat ulcer and inflammation. In this project we investigated the methanolic extract of leaves of Phyllanthus niruri for anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activity. Methods The anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Phyllanthus niruri leaves was evaluated at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. while using ibuprofen (20 mg/kg, p.o) as the standard drug. The animals used were Swiss albino rats. Inflammation was induced by injecting 0.1 ml carrageenan (1% w/v) into the left hind paw. Paw tissues from the different groups were examined for inflammatory cell infiltration. On the other hand, antiulcer activity of methanolic extract of P. niruri leaves at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. were examined against ethanol-acid induced gastric mucosal injury in the Swiss albino rats - keeping omeprazole (20 mg/kg, p.o.) as reference. The rats were dissected and the stomachs were macroscopically examined to identify hemorrhagic lesions in the glandular mucosa. Results P. niruri significantly (p < 0.01) decreased carrageenan-induced paw edema; it exhibited a reduction of 46.80%, 55.32% and 69.14% at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. These findings were further supported by the histological study. The methanolic extract also disclosed good protective effect against ethanol-acid induced gastric mucosal injury in the rats. Administration of the extract’s doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) demonstrated a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in the ethanol- acid induced gastric erosion in all the experimental groups when compared to the control. The methanolic extract at the higher dose (400 mg/kg) resulted in better inhibition of ethanol-acid induced gastric ulcer as compare to omeprazole (20 mg/kg). Histological studies of the gastric wall revealed that toxic control rats revealed mucosal degeneration, ulceration and migration of numerous inflammatory cells throughout the section. On the other hand, MEPN treatment groups showed significant regeneration of mucosal layer and significantly prevented the formation of hemorrhage and edema. Conclusions The investigation suggests that methanolic extract of P. niruri leaf possess anti-inflammatory activity and promotes ulcer protection as ascertained by regeneration of mucosal layer and substantial prevention of the formation of hemorrhage and edema.

Gastroprotective Effect of Zingerone on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2019

Background and objectives: Zingerone is an ingredient of ginger (Zingiber officinale) with different pharmacological activities. Several studies have investigated the effect of zingerone on various gastrointestinal diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome and diarrhea. This study is aimed to evaluate the effect of zingerone on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Materials and Methods: Gastric ulcers were induced by ethanol (96%, 5 mL/kg, po) in male wistar rats and zingerone (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was administrated orally. Normal saline and ranitidine were used as negative and positive control, respectively. In this study, the number and length of ulcers, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in stomach tissues were determined. Results: The findings showed that the mean number and length of gastric ulcers were significantly lower in zingerone-received groups than ethanol group (P < 0.05). The level of malondialdehyde was decreased in the stomach of zingerone groups (P < 0.05) compared to the ethanol group. In addition, zingerone treatment prevented the decrease of nitric oxide level by ethanol in the stomach tissue. Conclusions: The present study showed that zingerone has a protective effect on the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer, which may be due to its free radical scavenging activity.

Antiulcer Activities of Commiphora molmol (Myrrh) Extract in Male Rats

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2016

Medicinal plants used in folk medicine contain a wide range of substances that can prevent and treat many diseases. The Antiulcer Activities effects of myrrh or Commiphora molmol extract (CME) were assessed in rats. In this experiment, thirty rats were divided into 6 groups as follows: G1) normal control (vehicle); G2) received aspirin without any treatment; G3) pretreated with Omeprazole (antiulcer drug) and groups (4), (5) and (6) were pretreated with CME at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt, respectively for 2 weeks. At the end of experiment the volume, pH and total acidity of gastric juices; mucus content and ulcer lengths were measured and protection percentages were calculated. Gross and histopathological examinations of stomachs were also performed. CME induced an antiulcer effect manifested by decreased volume and total acidity of gastric juice and increased mucus content and percentages of protection from ulcer as well as partial amelioration of gross and histopathological lesions seen in stomach of ulcerated rats. In conclusion, the results denote that Commiphora molmol extract possess antiulcer effects in rats. These results affirm the traditional use of Myrrh extract for the treatment of gastric ulcer.

Antiulcer Activities of Commiphora molmol (Myrrh) Extract in Male Rats

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2016

Comparative Effect of Curcuma longa and Piper nigrum Extract and their Mixture on some Gastric Secretory Parameters of Indomethacin-induced Gastric Ulceration in Albino Rats

Article

Nov 2024

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) which includes gastric and duodenal ulcer is one of the unresolved medical problems facing numerous patients in a wide range of age of both sexes worldwide. Many medicinal plants are known to exhibit antiulcer activity and some have been confirmed scientifically to possess gastro protective and antiulcer property and also found to be useful in its treatment. Among these medicinal plants turmeric (Curcuma longa) and black pepper (Piper nigrum) have been reported to possess gastroprotective potentials. However, the effect of the combination of turmeric and black pepper on some gastric secretory parameters of ulcerated rats hasn’t been considered. As a result, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of Curcuma longa and Piper nigrum on some gastric secretory parameters of indomethacin induced gastric ulceration in albino rats. Total of sixty (60) albino rats was used for this study. After acclimatization for 14 days, the animals were randomly allocated into six groups (n=10).Group A (normal control): rats was fed on pellet and allowed free access to water, rats in Group B (Ulcerated control) were given only indomethacin at a dose of 50mg/Kg body weight. Animals in group C (Standard control) was given indomethacin after pre treatment with esomperazole (20mg/kg) body weight. Group D, E, and F comprised ulcerated rats pre treated with turmeric (200mg/kg body weight), black pepper (100mg/kg body weight), turmeric and black pepper (200mg/Kg + 100mg/kg respectively) body weight. Treatments with the reference drug and extracts lasted for 21 days prior to ulcer induction on the twenty-third day.4 h post ulcer induction, the animals were humanely sacrificed under chloroform anaesthesia and gastric content drained into a centrifuge tube for further studies on some gastric secretory parameters. The study showed that TA levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in group B compared to the control group and all other groups. Conversely, TA levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in groups C, D, E, and F compared to the control, with group F showing the lowest levels among these, particularly lower than groups C and E. GpH levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in group B when compared to groups C, D, E, and F. However, GpH levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in groups D and E compared to the control, with group E having higher GpH levels than group C. Additionally, pepsin levels were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in group B relative to the control and other groups. Pepsin levels were also significantly (p < 0.05) higher in groups C, D, E, and F compared to the control, with group C having lower levels than groups D and E. It can therefore concluded based on the findings of this study that the combination of turmeric and black pepper extract had more gastroprotective effect than the individual extracts alone suggestive of the synergistic effect of these plants in the management of peptic ulcer disease. Keywords: Curcuma longa, Piper nigrum, Indomethacin and Gastric Ulceration

Production responses of Isa Brown laying birds to supplementary dietary levels of Plumeria rubra pod meal

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Aim: The study was aimed to investigate the effect of dietary Plumeria rubra pod meal (PRPM) as a natural alternative to antibiotic on the growth performance, egg laying and carcass yield of Isa Brown Layer birds. Method and materials: A total of sixty points of lay birds were randomly weighed and assigned to four dietary treatments having 15 birds in each. Each dietary treatment had three replicates of 5 birds and was reared in floor pens. Birds were distributed in 4 different inclusion levels of PRPM in diets; 0.0%, 10.0%, 15.0% and 20.0% respectively. The birds were fed the experimental diets and water was provided ad-libitum throughout the experimental period. Results: The results showed that significant (P<0.05) effect on final body weight and weight gain in dietary supplementation of 15% PRPM as compared to that of control group. Better feed conversion (1.53) was observed at 15% PRPM group. Different levels of PRPM exhibit significant influence on egg laying performance of layers. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) observed among the average live weight, thigh meat, wing meat and drumstick meat. Lower mortality was found on diet supplemented with PRPM. Conclusion: It was concluded that 15% PRPM in layer diets can be used as natural feed additive for enhancing growth performance and egg lay in layer production.

Hepatoprotective effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of Indonesian Artocarpus species against CCl4 induced liver injury in rat

Article

Jan 2024

antibiotics Potential Applications of Moringa oleifera in Poultry Health and Production as Alternative to Antibiotics: A Review

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

Citation: Khan, R.U.; Khan, A.; Naz, S.; Ullah, Q.; Laudadio, V.; Tufarelli, V.; Ragni, M. Potential Applications of Moringa oleifera in Poultry Health and Production as Alternative to Antibiotics: A Review. Antibiotics Abstract: Because of developing bacterial resistance and increased public awareness of health and food safety problems, the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in the chicken industry has been outlawed. This problem has spurred the poultry industry and sector to explore for safe antibiotic alternatives and to focus on developing better long-term feed management solutions in order to improve chicken health and growth. As a result, phytogenics have developed as natural antibiotic alternatives, with a lot of potential in the poultry industry. Moringa oleifera has gotten a lot of attention from researchers in the recent past as a natural product with a lot of health advantages for poultry. Moringa is known for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypocholesterolemic properties, as well as its capacity to activate digestive enzymes in the stomach, owing to the presence of hundreds of essential ingredients. The potential influence of M. oleifera as a natural feed supplement on overall gut health, nutritional digestibility, blood biochemical profile, antioxidant benefits, antibacterial potential, and immunological response is emphasized in this review.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: The gastroprotective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Monolluma quadrangula against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injuries in Sprague Dawley rats

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2015

Ibrahim IAA, Abdulla M, Hajrezaei M, et al. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2016;10:93–105. We, the Editors and Publisher of Drug Design, Development and Therapy, have retracted the following article. Following publication of the article, concerns were raised about the duplication of images from Figures 1, 3, 5 and 6 with images from other unrelated articles. Specifically, The image for Figure 1, Vehicle, Liver, has been duplicated with the image for Figure 5, Liver, Control from Manaharan T, Chakravarthi S, Radhakrishnan AK, Palanisamy UD. In vivo toxicity evaluation of a standardized extract of Syzygium aqueum leaf. Toxicology Reports. 2014;1:718-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.09.006. The image for Figure 3D, has been duplicated with the image for Figure 11c, (I) H&E stain, from Salama S, Gwaram N, AlRashdi A, et al. A Zinc Morpholine Complex Prevents HCl/Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers in a Rat Model. Sci Rep. 2016;6:29646. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep29646. The image for Figure 5A, has been duplicated with the image for Figure 10, G1, from AL-Wajeeh NS, Halabi MF, Hajrezaie M, et al. The Gastroprotective Effect of Vitex pubescens Leaf Extract against Ethanol-Provoked Gastric Mucosal Damage in Sprague-Dawley Rats. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(9):e0157431. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157431 (RETRACTED). The image for Figure 6A, has been duplicated with the image for Figure 4a, from Ismail IF, Golbabapour S, Hassandarvish P, et al. Gastroprotective Activity of Polygonum chinense Aqueous Leaf Extract on Ethanol-Induced Hemorrhagic Mucosal Lesions in Rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012;2012:404012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/404012. The authors did respond to our queries but were unable to provide an explanation for the duplicated images or provide data for the study. As verifying the validity of published work is core to the integrity of the scholarly record, we are therefore retracting the article and the authors were notified of this. We have been informed in our decision-making by our editorial policies and COPE guidelines. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as ‘Retracted’.

Study of Association between Obesity, Gastritis and Serum Adiponectin Level

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2023

Antioxidant and Gastroprotective Activity of Suaeda fruticosa Forssk. Ex J.F.Gmel

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023

Hanan Alharbi

Therapeutic Potency of Ovothiol A on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Wistar Rats

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022
MAR DRUGS

Peptic ulcer is a widespread disease, with a lifetime frequency of 5–10% among the general population and an annual incidence of 0.1–0.3%. Ovothiol A is naturally produced from sea urchin eggs with special antioxidant activity. Gastric ulcers were induced in rats by a single ethanol dose (5 mL/kg). The rats were divided into control, ulcer, and ulcer with 250 and 500 mg/kg Ovothiol A doses. Molecular docking studies were used to examine the interactions between Ovothiol A and the H+/K+ ATPase active site residues. Ovothiol A led to a significant decline (p < 0.05) in gastric juice volume, ulcer index, MDA, IL-6, and cytochrome c, while levels of gastric juice pH, GSH, CAT, GST, SOD, and NO increased. Histopathological investigation of stomach sections revealed architecture preservation of the gastric mucosa after Ovothiol A administration. The anti-ulcerogenic activity of Ovothiol A includes scavenging free radicals, inhibition of inflammation, regulation of apoptosis, and stabilization of fibroblast growth factors to promote gastric ulcers healing.

Protective Effect of Tea Saponins on Alcohol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury in Mice

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

Excessive alcohol consumption harms the human body, particularly the digestive system, by causing damage to the gastric mucosa. Tea saponin is a natural active substance extracted from tea tree seeds that has gastroprotective potential against alcohol-induced mucosal damage. However, the protective mechanism of tea saponins is not fully understood. The current study aimed to explore the protective mechanism of tea saponins against alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury in mice. Histopathological changes, immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and gastric mucosa-related cytokine levels were analyzed in three groups of male mice: model, control, and tea saponin-treated. Compared to the model group, the tea saponin group prominently ameliorated alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury by improving cell necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and edema. Downregulation of inflammation-related factors cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was also found in the tea saponin group. These results suggest that tea saponins have a protective effect against alcohol-induced gastric mucosal damage in mice. Therefore, tea saponin may serve as a food additive for gastric mucosal protection.

Antiulcer effect of Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. root extract on ethanol-induced acute gastric lesion in Wistar rats

Article

May 2022

Context: Helminthostachys zeylanica is well known as a traditional medicine with various pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. These activities are needed in the treatment of gastric ulcers. Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of H. zeylanica as an antiulcer agent on acute peptic ulcer. Methods: The antiulcer effect of the H. zeylanica ethanolic extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW) was studied through ulcer index, physicochemical properties of gastric juice and histopathological analysis in male Wistar rats. Results: The extract reduces ulcer index, gastric fluid volume, total acidity and increases gastric protection factors such as pH and mucus levels. These results were not significantly different from omeprazole (p>0.05). Photomicrograph analysis showed improvement of membrane structure in extract-treated animals. Conclusions: H. zeylanica extract could be valued as an antiulcer agent.

Antioxidant and Gastroprotective Activity of Suaeda fruticosa Forssk. Ex J.F.Gmel

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2022
MOLECULES

Suaeda fruticosa Forssk. Ex J.F.Gmel is traditionally used for inflammatory and digestive disorders, as a carminative, and for diarrhea. This plant is widely distributed in Asia, Africa, and the Mediterranean region. Aqueous methanolic extract of S. fruticosa (Sf.Cr) was prepared and screened for phytoconstituents through qualitative and GC-MS analysis. Quantification of total phenolic and flavonoid contents was performed, while antioxidant capacity was determined by DPPH, CUPRAC, FRAP, and ABTS assays. The gastroprotective activity was assessed in an ethanol-induced ulcer model. Gastric secretory parameters and macroscopic ulcerated lesions were analyzed and scored for ulcer severity. After scoring, histopathology was performed, and gastric mucus contents were determined. Oral pre-treatment of Sf.Cr demonstrated significant gastroprotection. The gastric ulcer severity score and ulcer index were reduced while the %-inhibition of ulcer was increased dose-dependently. The Sf.Cr significantly elevated the pH of gastric juice, while a decrease in total acidity and gastric juice volume was observed. Histopathology demonstrated less oedema and neutrophil infiltration in gastric mucosa of rats pre-treated with the Sf.Cr in comparison to ethanol-intoxicated animals. Furthermore, the gastric mucus contents were increased as determined by alcian blue binding. Sf.Cr showed marked gastroprotective activity, which can be attributed to antioxidant, antisecretory, and cytoprotective effects.

Potential Applications of Moringa Oleifera in Poultry Health and Production as Alternative to Antibiotics: A Review

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

Because of developing bacterial resistance and increased public awareness of health and food safety problems, the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in the chicken industry has been outlawed. This problem has spurred the poultry industry and sector to explore for safe antibiotic alternatives and to focus on developing better long-term feed management solutions in order to improve chicken health and growth. As a result, phytogenics have developed as natural antibiotic alternatives, with a lot of potential in the poultry industry. Moringa oleifera has gotten a lot of attention from researchers in the recent past as a natural product with a lot of health advantages for poultry. Moringa is known for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypocholester-olemic properties, as well as its capacity to activate digestive enzymes in the stomach, owing to the presence of hundreds of essential ingredients. The potential influence of M. oleifera as a natural feed supplement on overall gut health, nutritional digestibility, blood biochemical profile, antioxidant benefits, antibacterial potential, and immunological response is emphasized in this review.

Feasibility of UV-Vis Spectral Fingerprinting Combined with Chemometrics for Rapid Detection of Phyllanthus niruri Adulteration with Leucaena leucocephala

Article

Apr 2021

Phyllanthus niruri is widely used in Indonesia as immunostimulant. The morphology of Leucaena leucocephala leaves is similar to that of P. niruri leaves. L. leucocephala is easy to find and collect because it is widely distributed in the world. Therefore, it is likely P. niruri could be adulterated with L. leucocephala. Therefore, identification and authentication of P. niruri is important to ensure the raw materials used are original without any substitution or mixture with other similar plants causing inconsistencies in their efficacy. In this paper, we described feasibility used of UV-Vis spectral fingerprinting and chemometrics for rapid method for the identification and detection of P. niruri leaves adulterated with L. leucocephala leaves. UV-Vis spectra of samples measured in the interval of 200-800 nm and signal smoothing followed by standard normal variate were used for pre-processing the spectral data. Principal component analysis (PCA)with the absorbance data from the pre-processed UV-Vis spectra in the range of 250-700 nm as variables could distinguish P. niruri from L. leucocephala. PCA followed by discriminant analysis (DA) could successfully classified P. niruri mixed with 5, 25, and 50% L. luecocephala into their respective groups (96.81%). We also employed soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) for authentication of P. niruri and found that 88.3% of the samples were also correctly classified into their respective groups. A combination of UV-Vis spectroscopy with chemometrics, such as PCA-DA and SIMCA, were used for the first time for the identification and detection of P. niruri adulterated with L. leucocephala.

Gastro-protective effects of camel milk on indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in Wistar rats

Article

Feb 2021

Gastric ulcer associated with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and low-dose aspirin is a major public health problem. The present study was undertaken to determine the camel milk antioxidant activity, tested on DPPH, and its gastro-protective effect, investigated in Wistar rats subjected to gastric ulcer induced by a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, indomethacin. The study was performed on 20 adult male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each. The negative control group received distilled water, the positive control group received indomethacin, the standard group received ranitidine and the fourth group was pretreated with raw camel milk, for 15 days respectively. On the 16th day, the indomethacin was administered to all rats except those of the negative control group. The ulcer-ogenic effect of indomethacin was highly significant, evidenced by a large number of ulcer lesions, a remarkably high ulcer index, and an important decrease in adherent gastric mucus. Camel milk resulted in significant gastro-protection compared to indomethacin ulcerated rats as manifested by significant decrease in ulcerative lesions number, and the ulcer index with a restored gastric mucus wall. The camel milk protection percentage is close to that of ranitidine. Additionally, in indomethacin-injured rats an increase in white blood cells, granulocytes, serum transaminases, and hemoglobin levels with a lowering in red blood cells were reported. These physiological disturbances were recovered by camel milk. Camel milk seemed to have gastro-protective effect, probably through its strong antioxidant activity, and may be recommended to patients with arthritis.

Effect of Supplementing Probiotic, Organic Acid and Herbal Extract (PhytoGrow) on Performance, Egg Quality and Gut Microbiota in White Leghorn Layers

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2020

Effect of Supplementing Probiotic, Organic Acid and Herbal Extract (PhytoGrow) on Performance, Egg Quality and Gut Microbiota in White Leghorn Layers

Article

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Sep 2020

In vitro antioxidant activity and gastroprotective effect of ethanolic extract from Cucumis melo L. var. inodorus fruit on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2020

The aim of this study was to estimate the content of polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins and to evaluate the antioxidant property and the antiulcer activity of the ethanolic extract of melon (Cucumis melo L. var. inodorus) pulp on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Ferric reducing power and hydroxyl radical scavenging tests were applied to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity. The polyphenolic and flavonoids contents of melon extract were found to be 56.5 ± 2.49 mg GAE/g of dry extract and 0.43 ± 0.09 mg QE/ g of dry extract, respectively. Whereas the tannins content was 48. 30 ± 0. 9 mg ETA/ g of dry extract. Melon pulp extract exhibited a good reducing potential with an EC50 of 4.23 ± 0.08 mg/ml and high hydroxyl radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 1.83± 0.09 mg/ml. Oral administration of the melon pulp extract at doses of 200 and 600 mg/kg to rats reduced gastric mucosal lesions dose-dependently with percentage protection of 56.56 and 93.79% compared to omeprazole (95.92 %) as reference drug. These results showed that the melon pulp extract had a good antioxidant activity and gastroprotective potential suggesting it use as an adjuvant in the treatment of gastric ulcer.

Gastroprotective and antioxidant properties of ethanolic extract from pear fruit (Pyrus communis L.)

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2020

The objective of this study was to evaluate the phenolic content, in vitro antioxidant activity and the gastroprotective effect of the ethanolic extract of pear fruits (Pyrus communis L.). The amount of polyphenols and flavonoids contents of ethanolic extract were found to be 77,50 ± 2,50 mg GAE/g of dry extract and 0,31 ± 0,003 mg QE/ g of dry extract, respectively. Whereas the amount of tannins was 61,43 ± 0,009 mg TAE/ g of dry extract. Hydroxyl radical scavenging and reducing power tests were used to evaluate the antioxidant activities of this extract. The scavenging effect of ethanolic extract against hydroxyl radicals showed IC50 value of 2.71 ± 0.02 mg/ ml. Reducing power test indicated the ability of ethanolic extract of pear fruits to reduce Fe +2 to Fe +3 with EC50value of 1.043±0.01 mg/ml. The treatment of rats with the ethanolic extract at dose of 200 mg/kg reduced the ulcerogenic effect of ethanol with value of protection rate of 94.44%, but the protection rate decreased in 600 mg/kg treated group to 90.17%. In conclusion, natural antioxidants derived from pear fruits can prevent gastric ulcer through their antioxidant activity

Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Phyllanthus niruri L.–A Review.

Article

May 2017

Biochemical Profile and Metabolism Stimulation: Case Study of the Synthesis of Some Sulphur Compounds

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2020

In recent decades, the availability of sulphur in soil has become a limiting factor compromising plant growth and consequently affecting animal and human feeding. Moringa oleifera L. is known as one of the most useful multipurpose plants. It can be effectively utilized as food supplement and help in the management of nutrient shortage and sulphur metabolism stimulation because of its nutrient and sulphur content. The present experiment was conducted to assess the effect of Moringa leaf powder supplementation on growth performance, biochemical profile and sulphur metabolism stimulation of broiler chicken. A total of fifty-six broiler chicks of 21-day old (Cobb500) were purchased and randomly divided into four groups with two replicates containing seven birds each. Broiler starters were fed with the same starter diet; while at growth stage, four types of diet were formulated: F0 (Moringa 0%), F1 (Moringa 2%), F2 (Moringa 4%) and F3 (Moringa 8%). Chicks were fed twice a day and water was given ad libitum with the experimental diets till completion of the experiment. Collected data were analysed using ANOVA and were statistically significant if p<0.05. Significantly higher body weight was recorded in birds fed with F1 whereas feed conversion ratio was not significantly affected. No significant differences were observed in ash and carbohydrate content of broiler meat due to feed supplementation. The experimental diets did not considerably affect broiler chicken serum parameters, indicating no harmful or deleterious effect. Likening result to control, the consumption of Moringa leaf powder by birds significantly increased the synthesis of protein up to 30% and 38% respectively in the serum and breast meat, glutathione as well as the glutathione S-transferase activity. It may thus be concluded that, the inclusion of Moringa leaf powder in broiler chicken diet increases growth performances and metabolism stimulation through the synthesis of some sulphur compounds.

EVALUATION OF ANTI-ULCER ACTIVITY OF ESOMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM TRIHYDRATE FILM IN WISTAR RATS WITH GASTRIC ULCERATION INDUCED BY INDOMETHACIN

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2020

The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-ulcer activity of Esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate by using models of acute gastric lesions in Wistar rats induced by indomethacin and inhibition of gastric cyclo-oxygenase resulting in less formation of prostacyclin. Groups of 4-6 Wistar rats are used. The test drugs are administered orally in 0.1% Tween 80 solution 10 min prior to oral indomethacin in a dose of 20 mg/kg (4 mg/ml dissolved in 0.1% Tween 80 solution). Test drug Esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate and standard drug Misoprostol both are used in a dose of 30mg/kg. Formal-saline (2% v/v) is also injected into the totally ligated stomachs for storage overnight The results showed that Macroscopical and Histopathological changes on Indomethacin induced model showed the edematous, inflammation, degeneration, hemorrhage, appearance of the gastric tissue, where as Esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate (30 mg/kg) treated groups shows regeneration and prevents the formation of hemorrhage and edema. It is conclude that Esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate has good antiulcer activity and high effective in ulcers induced by indomethacin.

Anti-ulcerogenic Activity of Methanol Fraction of Hibiscus asper Leaves in Albino Rats

Article

Full-text available

May 2020

Hibiscus asper, a herb used in folklore medicine has demonstrated strong and diverse therapeutic potentials, such as, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-depressant, and widely used in the management of diseases. Despite the ethno-pharmacological value of this plant, no study has been conducted to evaluate its anti-ulcerogenic activity. Methanol fraction of Hibiscus asper leaves (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was used to investigate anti-ulcerogenic activity in acidified ethanol-induced ulceration model, whereas, Omeprazole was used as the standard drug; both were administered orally. Pre-treatment of rats with the plant fraction significantly inhibited development of gastric ulcers by oral administration of acidified-ethanol in a dose-dependent manner, presenting protection to ulceration of 46.6 % to 81 % as doses increased from 100 to 400 mg/kg. No significant difference was observed in gastric protection presented by Omeprazole pre-treated control group (87.6 %) and the fraction, at doses of 200 (76.3 %) and 400 mg/kg (81 %). More so, histological examination performed revealed that the gastric mucosa of rats pre-treated with fraction, exhibited reduced gastric lesions and sub-mucosal oedema relative to the positive control, which comparatively showed gastric mucosal protection. Therefore, the study suggests that Hibiscus asper might possess some protective and healing potentials in rats which might be due to the stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis.

Synthesis, gastroprotective and acute toxicity of bio-isosteric derivative of diclofenac

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2020

Dana Ameen

Background and objective: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as diclofenac1) had been widely prescribed for the treatment of different types of pain; however, they are not devoid of adverse effects. Therefore, synthesis of new bio-isosteric analogs4a-e of diclofenac1 with greater COX II selectivity and less gastrointestinal side effect is demanded. This study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and gastroprotective activity of the bio-isosteric derivative of diclofenac against ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. Methods: 2-Cumaranone 2 had been utilized to prepare amides 3a-e then after the bio-isosteric derivatives 4a-esynthesized from them then used to study the biological activity by testing whether high doses of the prototype compound 4c are toxic or not on albino mice and measuring the gastroprotective effect on albino rats. Rats were divided into four groups. Group 1 orally administered with Tween 20; group 2 was orally administered with 20 mg/kg esomeprazole; groups 3 and 4 received 100 and 200 mg/kg of the compound, respectively. Absolute ethanol was given orally to the groups, and rats were sacrificed after one hour. Results: Few diarylethers 4a-ebio-isosteric to diclofenac had been prepared and fully characterized (including 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and IR spectroscopy). Serum biochemical parameters were reported to be normal. Hematological analysis of kidney and liver did not elicit any remarkable changes in the treated group compared to the control group. Thus, the 50% oral lethal dose (LD50) for the male and female mice was greater than 5 g/kg body weight. Anti-ulcer data showed a gastroprotective effect of the bio-isosteric diclofenac derivative 4c and presented the ulcer area inhibition, low stomach pH, and preserve the mucous content. Conclusion: Many bio-isosteric derivatives of diclofenac had been prepared with good yields. The synthesized derivative4c showed no toxicity, and the gastroprotective effect may possibly be due to the preservation of gastric wall mucus.

Antibacterial and anti-ulcerogenic effects of Punicagranatum peel extract against ethanol-induced acute gastric lesion in rats

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2019

Background and objectives: Punicagranatum (pomegranate) is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree from the family Lythraceae. It has been cultivated since ancient times throughout the Mediterranean region. Different parts of it have been used for research, such as fruits, peels, and juice. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and anti-ulcer effect of Punicagranatum peel extract and to screen the expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF β1) in rat’s blood serum after stomach ulcer was induced by ethanol. Methods: Twenty four rats were divided randomly into 4 groups; GroupI(ulcer positive group) rats were (experimental) orally administered 5 ml/kg sterilized distilled water (the vehicle). Group II (ulcer negative group) rats were orally administered 5 ml/kg of 20 mg/kg esomeprazole. Groups III and groups IV were orally administered 5 ml/kg of 250 and 500 mg/kg of Punicagranatum plant extract, respectively. Results: Data showed an antibacterial activity of Punicagranatum peel extract against gram positive and gram negative bacteria and the best antibiotic in which both bacteria were sensitive to was norfloxacin(10 µg). Treatment with Punicagranatum peel extract and esomeprazole had protective effects on stomach gastric mucosa, which indicate an anti-ulcer effect confirmed by the high levels of TGFβ1 in serum. Conclusion: We conclude that Punicagranatum peel extract exhibit antibacterial effect and possess a protective role against ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rats.

Comparing Ficus vogelii leaf extract and omeprazole as therapy and prophylaxis for aspirin-induced gastric ulcer in wistar rat

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2019

Background: A proper attention is required to prevent the gastric mucosa from injurious effect of aspirin. Objective: We aim to examine the phytochemicals in aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii leaf (F.V.E), and

Role of Adiponectin in Endoscopic Gastritis

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2018

Endoscopic gastritis is a term used when there is an inflammatory change in the gastric mucosa like color and/or structure that was noticed by endoscope. Is to assesses the effect of these factors and association of adiponectin with these factors. This is a case-controlled study. The study consists from 100 subjects. Eighty of them had gastritis by endoscopy Forty of them were H. pylori positive and the rest were H. pylori negative. The rest twenty persons were healthy control group. Demographic information’s were taken like age, sex and others by questionnaire. Endoscopy and lipid profile were done for them. Adiponectin was significantly lower ( P=0.001) in gastritis patients whether infected (8.783±0.968) with H pylori or not (8.278 ±0.838) when compared with control group (9.119±0.1593) (Table-1-). Regarding lipid profile , there was a significant in all parameters of lipid profile in gastritis patients than healthy group (Table-1-). Analysis of correlation between adiponectin and BMI and weight demonstrated a negative correlation with gastritis with h pylori infection (r= -0.068 and r=0.356 respectively). This study shows that adiponectin had an important role in gastritis especially when there is an h pylori infection. Its level had a negative correlation with BMI and lipid profile.

Anti-ulcer and antioxidant defences of Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion) leaf extracts against ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rats.

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2018
WJPR

ANTI-ULCER AND ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSES OF TARAXACUM OFFICINALE (DANDELION) LEAF EXTRACTS AGAINST ETHANOL- INDUCED GASTRIC ULCER IN RATS

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2018

Nwauche Kelechi Thankgod

A comprehensive review on nutritive value, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activities of Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflora

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

The genus Ocimum has many species belonging to the Lamiaceae family that are used to treat various diseases and disorders. Ocimum basilicum has been found to contain over 200 chemical components in different plant parts. The bioactive components showed the presence of α-linalool, camphor, limonene, thymol, citral, β-linalool, estragole, etc. O. basilicumexhibits anti inflammatory, antioxidant, antiulcer, antiviral, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial, anticancer, wound-healing activities, etc. They have also been used to treat fevers, digestive issues, stomach cramps, nausea, gastritis, migraine, diarrhea. This review aims to provide information about the chemical compounds and biological activities of O. basilicum var thyrsiflora (Thai basil). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review outlining the innovative ethnomedicinal approach to oral health care that, through its strong phytoconstituents, has the potential to improve modern medicine.

Evaluation of ethanol extracts from three species of Artocarpus as natural gastroprotective agents: in vivo and histopathological studies

Article

Apr 2022

Objectives: Artocarpus is a tropical plant known for its high concentration of secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids and phenolics. This study aims to evaluate the potential use of ethanol extracts obtained from three species of Artocarpus (Artocarpus altilis, Artocarpus champeden, and Artocarpus heterophyllus) as gastroprotective agents. Methods: The gastroprotective potential of the extracts at concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW was studied in an animal model induced by absolute ethanol. The animals were subjected to extract pre-treatment for 14 days. Subsequently, the gastroprotective potential was evaluated based on the area of the lesion, the volume of gastric fluid, gastric pH, total acidity, gastric wall mucus content, and microscopic lesions. Results: There was a significant decrease in the lesion area and gastric fluid volume in the animals that received pre-treated extracts of A. altilis, A. Champeden, and A. heterophyllus, as well as a significant increase in the pH and gastric wall mucus secretion when compared to the ethanol group (p<0.05), rather than the omeprazole or the normal group (p>0.05). Both macroscopic and microscopic examinations revealed a significant decrease in necrotic lesions. Conclusion: Extracts of A. altilis, A. Champeden, and A. heterophyllus are effective in lowering the risk of peptic ulcers since they have the potential to be used as natural gastroprotective agents.

Effect of Tamoxifen on Ethanol Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2021

ABSTRACT Background: Tamoxifen is selective estrogen receptor modulators, used in treatment of breast cancer, some literatures reported its impact on the process of peroxidation. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of tamoxifen on ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rats. Method: Gastric ulcers were induced in Wistar albino rats by oral administration of absolute alcohol (1 ml/200 g). Antiulcer activity of tamoxifen (0.5 and 10 mg/kg, p.o.) was observed and compared to standard drug (omeprazole 20mg/kg, p.o.), the ulcer index, ulcers numbers, lengths, gastric volume and total gastric acidity were evaluated. Histopathology is performed for confirmation. Results: Tamoxifen in 10mg/kg dose produced a highly significant (P<0.001) decrease in ulcer parameters studied compared to ulcer control. While 0.5 mg/kg of tamoxifen produced a less significant (P<0.01) effect on gastric volume when compared to the ulcer group. The anti-ulcer effects of the drug of interest is highly compared to omeprazole was very, surprisingly; the higher dose of tamoxifen produced even a much significant reduction in gastric volume and ulcers length compered to standard drug. Conclusion: Tamoxifen shows significant antiulcer activity against ethanol induced gastric ulcers, and this could possibly related to its antioxidant properties. Keywords-- Anti-oxidant, Breast cancer, cytoprotective, Tamoxifen, Ulcer

التأثیر الوقائی للموز والزبادی على تقرحات المعدة فی الفئران The protective effect of banana and yoghurt on gastric ulceration in rats

Article

Nov 2020

Histopathological Evaluation of Gastro Protective Effect of Trigonella Foenum Graecum Seed (Methi) and omeprazole in Experimentally Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats

Article

Mar 2020

Context: Peptic ulcer is a common disorder of the stomach and duodenum. Bangladesh is a developing country with a very high point prevalence of duodenal ulcer disease (11.9%) and a H. pylori prevalence of more than 90% in asymptomatic adults and 80% in children at the age of 5 years. The multifactorial pathogenesis of peptic ulcers is secretion of gastric acid. The main therapeutic target is the control of this secretion using antacids, H2 receptor blockers (ranitidine, famotidine) or proton pump blockers (omeprazole and lansoprazole). However, nowadays, gastric ulcer therapy faces a major drawback because most of the drugs currently available in the market show limited efficacy against gastric diseases and are often associated with severe side effects. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify more effective and safe antiulcer agents. In this context, the use of medicinal plants for the prevention and treatment of different pathologies is in continuous expansion worldwide. From the ancient time, various plants were used in traditional medicine with reputation as efficacious remedies. The list of plant derived modern medicine is very long now. About 33% of the drugs produced in the developed countries are derived from plants. Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek, Methi) is one of them used in many parts of world. Preliminary study on animal showed that Trigonella foenum-graecum seed has significant gastro-protective effect. A study was carried out to demonstrate the gastro-protective effect of aqueous extract and ethanolic extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed (Fenugreek, Methi) and omeprazole on ethanol induced gastric ulcer in experimental rats. Material and Methods: The present study was performed on 24 (twenty four) rats which were divided randomly into 4 groups each having 6 rats in the Pharmacology Department of Dhaka Medical college, Dhaka. 1 ml of absolute ethanol (5ml/kg body wt.) was orally administered to all groups by gastric intubations to induce gastric ulcer in all groups except normal control. Omeprazole suspension (20mg/kg body wt) was used as synthetic anti ulcer drug in study. Aqueous and ethanolic extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed(500mg/kg body wt) were used respectively orally. Histopathological analysis was carried out to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed and omeprazole on ethanol induced gastric ulcer in experimental rats. Result: Pretreatment with aqueous and ethanolic extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed (500mg/kg/body wt) showed very significant prevention in ethanol induced gastric ulcer. Results of the study showed that in case of ethanol treated rats gross examination showed a large amount of haemorrhagic lesions confined mostly in the gastric corpus. Histologically lesion involved about two-third of the mucosa layer and exfoliation of the mucosal cells was detected. Meanwhile, red blood cells were present in the gastric mucosa and edematous submucosa was discovered. However aqueous and ethanolic extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed significantly reduced the haemorrhagic lesions, tissue proliferation, infiltration of cells and sloughing induced by ethanol. This prevention was statistically very significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: The aqueous and ethanol extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed and omeprazole possess gastro protective properties. J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 28, No.1, April, 2019, Page 67-75

New γ-pyrone glycoside from Pachira glabra and assessment of its gastroprotective activity using alcohol-induced gastric ulcer model in rats

Article

Jan 2020

Pachira glabra is a medium sized tree that is famous for its delicious edible seeds and leaves. Phytochemical investigation of Pachira glabra leaf alcohol extract led to the isolation of a new γ-pyrone glycoside; 7-hydroxy maltol-3-O-β-D-glucoside (HMGlu). In vivo assessment of gastro-protective activity of HMGlu demonstrated superior gastro-protection at dose of 100 mg/kg approaching that triggered by standard reference omeprazole drug (evidenced by morphological and histopathological examination. This was further confirmed by immunohistochemical staining where pretreatment with HMGlu (100 mg/kg) markedly reduced NFкB, COX-2 and BAX positively-stained. Thus, it can be concluded that 7-hydroxy maltol-3-O-β-D-glucoside can offer a new pharmaceutically active agent with promising gastro-protective activity of natural origin.

Efficiency of Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion) leaf Extract in alleviating Ulcer Occasioned by long ingestion of Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID) in Wister Rats

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2019

The main objective of this study is to investigate the potentials of aqueous extract of Taraxacumofficinaleleaf on injury occasioned by thelong ingestion of Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID) Ibuprofen, in wistar rats. Rats weighing between 108-200g were used for the study. The ulcer was confirmed by administering 20mg/kgbw of the NSAID for 3 days. The rats were randomly divided into five (5) groups. Group 1 rat received distilled water that served as the normal control; group 2 animal had no treatment (Ulcer Control), group 3 received 20mg/kgbw Omeprazole (Reference drug), while group 4 and 5 rats were treated with 250mg/kgbw and 500mg/kgbw of plant extract administered orally for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed after Day 1, Day 7 and Day 14 of extract administration. The ulcer area (mm 2), gastric mucus weight, ulcer index and percentage inhibition were determined. The ulcer control group exhibited severe mucosal injury with an ulcer index value of 5.77± 0.5, low mucus weight of 41.70 and 1.49 and reduced percentage inhibitation of 18.53± 2.56 compared to the normal control group. Rats administered with 250mg/kgbw of Omeprazole and those administered with 500mg/kgbw of plant extract showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in the ulcer area and ulcer index with a corresponding increase in mucus weight and percentage inhibition respectively compared with the ulcer control group. Gastric homogenates evaluation revealed a significant reduction (P<0.05) in the lipid peroxidation (MDA) level and an increase in the glutathione (GSH) activity in the Omeprazole and plant extract treated groups. Histological studies of the gastric walls of plant extract treated rats showed marked reduction of leucocyte infiltration of the mucosal layer in contrast to the ulcer control group. Results obtained in the present study are suggestive of the fact that Taraxacumofficinalecontains anti-oxidant phytochemical properties that may be responsible for the ameliorative and regenerative effect of the gastric mucosa injury induced by the ulcer causing Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug.

Evaluation of Antiulcerogenic Activity of Bacopa Monnieri (LINN.) on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Injury In Mice

Research

Full-text available

Jun 2018

Bacopa monnieri (L) is a renowned medicinal plant for its numerous therapeutic activities against a number of ailments. Bangladeshi species of B. monnieri has been previously reported for its anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, the present investigation involves phytochemical screening and evaluation of antiulcerogenic activity of B. monnieri extracts of different solvent medium by in-vivo analysis. The study was conducted by using ethanol-induced gastric injury in Swiss albino mice model to evaluate anti-ulcer effect of B. monnieri (whole plant). Three different solvent systems (water, ethanol and carbon tetrachloride) were used to prepare plant extract. Animals were pretreated with 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg (body weight, p.o.) of the plant extracts in 0.2% tween 80 where omeprazole (20 mg/kg b.w. in 0.2% tween 80, p.o.) was used as the reference drug. The extent of gastric injury was evaluated by assessment of gross appearance of gastric areas to determine ulcer index and histology of stomach. A dose-dependent therapeutic effect against gastric ulcer was found with all three extracts of Bacopa monnieri where ethanolic extract of the plant showed statistically significant result(** p< 0.01) when compared with ulcerogenic animal group. Furthermore, the therapeutic effect of 400mg/kg (b.w. p.o.) of B. monnieri ethanolic extract exhibited close relation with pretreatment by omeprazole. The present study suggests ethanol as a suitable extraction medium for Bacopa monnieri (L) in order to evaluate its antiulcerogenic activity. Treatment with this extract leads to extensive protection against gastric ulcer providing a scientific basis for its traditional uses as a cure for ulcer.

Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Phyllanthus niruri

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2006
FOOD CHEM

Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Phyllanthus niruri, a widely used medicinal plant, were investigated. Methanolic and aqueous extract of leaves and fruits of P. niruri showed inhibition of membrane lipid peroxidation (LPO), scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro. Antioxidant activity of the extracts were also demonstrable in vivo by the inhibition of the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) – induced formation of lipid peroxides in the liver of rats by pretreatment with the extracts. CCl4 – induced hepatotoxicity in rats, as judged by the raised serum enzymes, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), was prevented by pretreatment with the extracts, demonstrating the hepatoprotective action of P. niruri.

Gastroprotective and antioxidant activities of Phyllanthus amarus extracts on absolute ethanol-induced ulcer in albino rats

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2008
J MED PLANTS RES

This study was designed to evaluate the gastroprotective and antioxidant effects of aqueous and acetone extracts of Phyllanthus amarus leaves in albino rats. P. amarus extracts (500 and 1000 mg/Kg) as well as cimetidine (100 mg/Kg) was administered orally once a day for two weeks before challenge with absolute ethanol (1 ml/ 200 g body wt). Pretreatment with P. amarus aqueous extract (500 mg/Kg) and cimetidine inhibited the ulceration damage of absolute ethanol by 59.3 and 41.2% and decreased the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) by 35%, 24% and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) by 7 and 6% respectively. The acetone extract (1000 mg/Kg) also significantly increased (P < 0.01) the absolute ethanol mediated decrease in the activities of gastric mucosal catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) by 53, 8 and 33% respectively. Cimetidine respectively caused 52, 14 and 38% significant (P< 0.01) increase on the absolute ethanol-induced decrease in the activities of CAT, SOD and GST. Furthermore, P. amarus aqueous extract (500 mg/Kg) and cimetidine were noted to increase the activities of liver CAT by 18 and 20%, SOD by 25 and 19% and GST by 122 and 54% respectively. However, the liver thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) values of all the groups pretreated with P. amarus extracts and cimetidine were not significantly different (P < 0.05) from the ethanol group. In this study, P. amarus extracts appears to act as an in vivo natural antioxidant and an effective gastroprotective agent that is as effective as cimetidine. P. amarus may also offer protection against toxic effects of alcohol to the liver.

Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants

Article

Jan 1986

Preliminary in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of triterpenes and terpenoids towards Erwinia amylovora (Burrll)

Article

Jan 2009

Hepatoprotective activity of 'Jigrine' on liver damage caused by alcohol - carbontetrachloride and paracetamol in rats

Article

Jan 1994
INDIAN J PHARMACOL

Jigrine is an Unani polypharmaceutical herbal formulation containing 14 medicinal plants. The effects of oral pretreatment with Jigrine (0.5 ml and 1.0 ml/kg for 7 days) were studied on hepatic damage induced by alcohol (40% alcohol 2.0 ml/ 100 g, po. for 21 days) and carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) (1:1 in groundnut oil, 0.1 ml/Kg, sc. on 20th day) and also with paracetamol (750 mg/kg, ip.) in rats. Biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGPT, serum bilirubin, plasma prothrombin time and tissue lipid peroxides were estimated to assess the liver function. Alcohol - CCl4 and paracetamol treatment produced an increase in serum transaminases, bilirubin, plasma prothrombin time and lipid peroxides in liver. These effects were progressively reduced by pretreatment doses of 'Jigrine'. These biochemical observations were supplemented by histopathological examination of liver sections. The activity of Jigrine was also comparable to Liv - 52, a known Ayurvedic hepatoprotective formulation. The study confirms the hepatoprotective activity of Jigrine and Liv - 52 and attributes it to the antioxidant property of the formulations.

2-Methylhexadec-2-ene from Phyllanthus niruri Linn

Article

May 2005
ChemInform

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Inhibition of gastric motor activity by 16, 16-dimethyl prostaglandin E 2

Article

Dec 1985

Effects of 16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (16-dmPGE2) and necrotizing agents on gastric motility and gastric mucosa were studied in conscious rats. Gastric motility was determined using a miniature balloon positioned in the glandular part of the stomach, which was connected to a pressure transducer and polygraph. Necrotizing agents, such as absolute ethanol, 0.6 N HCl, 0.2 N NaOH, or 4 M NaCl, were instilled into the stomach through a small fistula prepared in the forestomach. One milliliter of these agents produced streak lesions in the glandular part of the stomach within 1 hr, which were preceded by violent gastric contraction in every case. An intragastric administration of 16-dmPGE2 (0.3–3 µg/kg) by itself increased a tonus of the gastric wall but dosedependently lessened the number and the amplitude of contractions. In those rats treated with 16-dmPGE2 (3 µg/kg), necrotizing agents failed to enhance the motility or to induce streak lesions. Pretreatment with 1 M NaCl as a mild irritant also inhibited gastric motility and lesion formation, but those actions were significantly antagonized by indomethacin (5 mg/kg). These results indicate that necrotizing agents induce a violent gastric contraction, followed by development of lesions in the stomach, and that the inhibition of gastric hypercontraction may be involved in a cytoprotective action of a prostaglandin against those induced gastric lesions in rats.

Acidic heteroxylans from medicinal plants and their anti-ulcer activity

Article

Oct 2008
CARBOHYD POLYM

Xylans are the main hemicelluloses found in higher plants, and are often present in phytotherapic medicines. An acidic heteroxylan was obtained from Maytenus ilicifolia leaves by hot 10% aqueous KOH extraction. This was subjected to freeze-thawing process, giving insoluble and soluble fractions and the latter treated with Fehling solution. Its insoluble fraction (MI-HX) was further examined. The acidic heteroxylan gave xylose, galactose, glucose, and 4-O-methylglucuronic acid in a 76:6:9:9 molar ratio and methylation analyses and 13C NMR spectroscopy showed its main chain consists of 4-O-linked β-d-Xylp units. This polysaccharide and another acidic heteroxylan from Phyllanthus niruri had anti-ulcer activity and were able to reduce gastric lesions induced by ethanol by 65% and 78%, with ED50=40.0 and 20.4mg/kg, each respectively. These results suggest that this class of polysaccharide has a protective anti-ulcer effect, and that there is a relation between its chemical structure and biological function.

Preliminary in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of terpenes and terpenoids towards Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al

Article

Aug 1991
J APPL MICROBIOL

The antimicrobial activity of 20 10% (v/v) solutions in ethanol of terpenes and terpenoids at several concentrations was tested against Erwinia amylovora NCPPB 595 in the liquid medium 523. The test organism responded differently to the chemicals. At 600, 900 and 1200 mg/l, none of the compounds reduced the growth of the bacterium. At 1500 mg/l, only some of the chemicals significantly inhibited growth x-Pinene. β-terpinene, dihydrocarveol, isopulegol and linalool reduced growth of suspensions of 1 × 103 cfu/ml, whereas β-pinene was more effective when challenged with larger numbers of cells (i.e. 1 × 105 cfu/ml and 1 × 107 cfu/ml). At 1500 mg/l, geraniol and citronellol exerted a bactericidal activity regardless of the concentrations of the test organism.

ANTI-ULCEROGENIC EFFECTS OF Phyllanthus amarus IN RATS

Article

The effects of aqueous and methanol extracts of Phyllanthus amarus on indomethacin-induced ulceration, gastric acid secretion and on some haematological parameters in male albino rats were studied. The rats for the study of indomethacin-induced ulcerationand haematological parameters were divided into five groups of six rats per group. Aqueous and methanol extracts of Phyllanthus amarus at both high and low doses of 125mg/kg ad 6.25mg/kg respectively were administered orally to the animals for a period of 15days. These doses significantly reduced indomethacin-induced ulceration in the animals (P<0.05). However, the methanolic extract of P. amarus (MePa) appears to be more effective than the aqueous extract of P. amarus. Some haematological parameters namely Packed Cell Volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and Red Blood Cell count (RBC) were investigated. While methanolic extract of P. amarus caused significant increase on the investigated haematological parameters, low dose of aqueous extract of P. amarus significant (P<0,05) reduced haematological parameters.

Prostaglandin E2 and cimetidine inhibited the formation of ulcers produced by parenteral salicylates

Article

Jan 1979
GASTROENTEROLOGY

Antral ulcers were produced in unanesthetized rats in 3 hr by simultaneous intravenous administration of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and gastric perfusion with 0.15 M HCl. Intravenous infusion of ASA alone or gastric perfusion with HCl alone produced no antral ulcers. Plasma salicylate levels ranged from 250 to 350 microgram ml-1. 16-16 Dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (DMPGE2) (0.04, 0.40, 4.0 microgram kg-1 hr-1) and cimetidine (10, 50 mg kg-1 hr-1) significantly decreased the severity of antral ulcers in a dose-dependent fashion. In a separate group of unanesthetized rats prepared with gastric fistula and pylorus ligation, pepsin output during administration of parenteral ASA and gastric perfusion of HCl was reduced by the highest doses of 16-16 DMPGE2 and cimetidine. However, addition of exogenous pepsin to the HCl perfusate had no effect on the inhibition of ulceration afforded by 16-16 DMPGE2 and cimetidine. We conclude that both 16-16 DMPGE2 and cimetidine protect antral mucosa against injury by parenteral ASA plus topical HCl by some means other than their effect on acid and pepsin output.

Cytoprotection by prostaglandins in rats. Prevention of gastric necrosis produced by alcohol, HCL, NaOH, hypertonic NaCL, and thermal injury

Article

Oct 1979
GASTROENTEROLOGY

Oral administration to fasted rats of either absolute ethanol, 0.6 N hydrochloric acid, 0.2 N sodium hydroxide, 25% sodium chloride, or boiling water produced extensive necrosis of the gastric mucosa. Pretreatment with several prostaglandins of the A, E, or F type, either orally or subcutaneously, prevented such necrosis, and the effect was dose-dependent. This property of prostaglandins is called "cytoprotection." The protective effect against oral administration of absolute ethanol was already maximal 1 min after PGE2 given orally, and 15-30 min after PGE2 given subcutaneously. Cytoprotection by prostaglandins is unrelated to the inhibition of gastric acid secretion since, (a) it is maximal at doses that have no effect on gastric secretion, and (b) anti-secretory compounds (cimetidine, methscopolamine bromide) and antacids are not cytoprotective. Although the mechanism of gastric cytoprotection is unknown, prostaglandins appear to increase the resistance of gastric mucosal cells to the necrotizing effect of strong irritants. These results suggest that certain prostaglandins, by a mechanism other than the inhibition of gastric acid secretion, maintain the cellular integrity of the gastric mucosa, and might be beneficial in the treatment of a variety of diseases in which gastric mucosal injury is present.

Hepatitis B virus and primary hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment of HBV carriers with Phyllanthus amarus

Article

Apr 1990
VACCINE

A viricide capable of eliminating hepatitis B virus (HBV) from chronic carriers should, theoretically, decrease the risk of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Extracts of Phyllanthus amarus have been shown to inhibit the DNA polymerase of HBV and woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) in vitro. Three of four recently infected WHV carriers treated i.p. with P. amarus extract lost WHV, animals infected for greater than or equal to 3 months showed a decrease in virus levels. Preliminary results in human carriers treated orally with P. amarus for 1 month indicated that approximately 60% of the carriers lost HBV during the observation period.

Studies on the mechanism of ethanol-induced gastric damage in rats

Article

Feb 1988
GASTROENTEROLOGY

Concentrated ethanol causes gastric lesions by a mechanism that is poorly understood. We have investigated this mechanism in the rat stomach via gross morphologic, videomicroscopic, histochemical, and pharmacologic approaches. Within 1 min of contact, ethanol caused diffuse mucosal hyperemia. By 5 min, hyperemia greatly intensified at some mucosal sites. Beneath sites where mucosal hyperemia developed, intramural venules strongly constricted at 3-13 s postethanol, whereas submucosal arterioles dilated more than two times in diameter by 25 s. Submucosal venular constriction began sooner than arteriolar dilation (9 vs. 16 s, p less than 0.05). One-third of the gastric mucosal mast cells degranulated by 15 s postethanol; 50% discharged by 30 s. Ethanol-induced hyperemia was markedly reduced by lipoxygenase-selective inhibitors BW755C or nordihydroguaiaretic acid, or by the H1-antihistamine pyrilamine, but not by indomethacin, cimetidine, phentolamine, or methysergide. Based on these results, a model for the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced gastric lesions is proposed.

Inhibition of gastric motor activity by 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2. A possible explanation of cytoprotection

Article

Jan 1986

Effects of 16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (16-dmPGE2) and necrotizing agents on gastric motility and gastric mucosa were studied in conscious rats. Gastric motility was determined using a miniature balloon positioned in the glandular part of the stomach, which was connected to a pressure transducer and polygraph. Necrotizing agents, such as absolute ethanol, 0.6 N HCl, 0.2 N NaOH, or 4 M NaCl, were instilled into the stomach through a small fistula prepared in the forestomach. One milliliter of these agents produced streak lesions in the glandular part of the stomach within 1 hr, which were preceded by violent gastric contraction in every case. An intragastric administration of 16-dmPGE2 (0.3-3 micrograms/kg) by itself increased a tonus of the gastric wall but dose-dependently lessened the number and the amplitude of contractions. In those rats treated with 16-dmPGE2 (3 micrograms/kg), necrotizing agents failed to enhance the motility or to induce streak lesions. Pretreatment with 1 M NaCl as a mild irritant also inhibited gastric motility and lesion formation, but those actions were significantly antagonized by indomethacin (5 mg/kg). These results indicate that necrotizing agents induce a violent gastric contraction, followed by development of lesions in the stomach, and that the inhibition of gastric hypercontraction may be involved in a cytoprotective action of a prostaglandin against those induced gastric lesions in rats.

Role of gastric mucosal folds in formation of focal ulcers in the rat

Article

Mar 1982
SURGERY

Ulcers induced in rats by a variety of techniques often have a characteristic elongated shape or are focal and follow a linear pattern. The reason for this is unknown but may be related to the presence of gastric mucosal folds. Studies utilizing a rat gastric chamber preparation demonstrate that the apex of the mucosal fold is peculiarly sensitive to injury by corrosive agents in normotensive or hypotensive animals and in the completely ischemic mucosa. Focal gastric mucosal potential difference (PD) measurements utilizing a "sucrose gap" technique demonstrate that the PD at the crest of a mucosal fold is significantly lower than in the trough at the base of the fold, suggesting a local perfusion or permeability defect. The stomachs of animals submitted to three different ulcerogenic treatment demonstrated significantly more fold-related lesions that nonfold lesions. It is concluded that although different mechanisms may be responsible for the grossly different lesions, the mucosal fold, for a variety of reasons, appears particularly sensitive to injury.

Methyl Angolensate: The Antiulcer Agent of the Stem Bark of Entandrophragma angolense

Article

Feb 1995

Methyl angolensate (1), the major compound isolated from the methanol extract of the stem bark of Entandrophragma angolense produced a dose-related inhibition of gastric ulceration, 40 mg/kg body weight (B.W.) being more effective than 40 mg/kg B.W. of propranolol. The highest dose used (80 mg/kg B.W.) completely inhibited gastric ulceration and significantly reduced gastric acidity (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 1 (40 mg/kg B.W.) significantly reduced gastric acid secretion induced by histamine (1.0 mg/kg B.W.) and carbachol (1.0 mg/kg B.W.). These results suggest that 1 produces its antiulcer activity by inhibition of gastric acid secretion.

The Gastric Antiulcer Effects of the Leaves of the Neem Tree

Article

Jul 1993

The antiulcer effect of aqueous extracts of the leaves of the neem tree was investigated in rats exposed to 2-h cold-restraint stress or given ethanol orally for 1 h. Extracts were administered in doses of 10, 40, or 160 mg leaf/kg body weight, either as single- or five-dose pretreatment regimens. Neem dose-dependently reduced gastric ulcer severity in rats subjected to stress and also decreased ethanol provoked gastric mucosal damage. The extract appeared to prevent mast cell degranulation and to increase the amount of adherent gastric mucus in stressed animals. These effects may explain, at least in part, the mode of the antiulcer action of neem.

Antioxidants Inhibit Ethanol-Induced Gastric Injury in the Rat: Role of Manganese, Glycine, and Carotene

Article

Oct 1995

Oxygen-derived radicals are implicated in the pathogenesis of tissue damage and ulcerogenesis. This study aimed to examine the effect of manganese, glycine, and carotene, oxygen radical scavengers, on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in the rat and on ethanol cytotoxicity in epithelial cell culture. MnCl2 + glycine (12.5-50 mg/rat) were injected subcutaneously up to 6 h before oral administration of 1 ml of 96% ethanol, and 0.5 ml carrot juice or beta-carotene was given orally 30 min before the ethanol. Mucosal injury was evaluated 1 h later by gross and microscopic scoring. The effect of Mn2+ and carrot juice was also tested in monolayers of radiolabeled epithelial cells exposed to H2O2 + ethanol injury as expressed by the extent of the isotope leakage. Mn2+ and glycine pretreatment dose-dependently reduced ethanol-induced gastric lesion formation. Protection was maximal when treatment was applied 4 h before the insult. Gross damage was also markedly prevented by pretreatment with carotenes and dimethylthiourea (DMTU, 75 mg/kg intraperitoneally) but not by allopurinol. Mixtures of subtoxic concentrations of ethanol and H2O2 were highly lethal for epithelial cell monolayers. In this model, cell death was markedly attenuated by catalase, DMTU, Mn2+, and carrot juice. Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage may involve generation of oxygen-derived radicals, independent of the xanthine oxidase system. By acting as oxygen radical scavengers, Mn2+, glycine, and carotenes, like catalase and DMTU, provide significant gastroprotection.

Analysis of the mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive effect of the extracts of plants from the genus Phyllanthus

Article

Dec 1995
Gen Pharmacol Vasc Syst

1. We examine some of the mechanisms underlying the analgesic effects of the hydroalcoholic extracts (HE) of Phyllanthus urinaria and P. niruri against formalin-induced nociception in mice. In addition, we also investigate the action of both HEs against capsaicin-mediated pain. 2. Both prazosin and yohimbine (0.15 mg/kg, i.p.) induced a marked inhibition of the analgesic effect caused by phenylephrine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and clonidine (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.), respectively, but had no effect on the antinociceptive action caused by HE of P. urinaria (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or P. niruri (30 mg/kg, i.p.). 3. NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG, 75 mg/kg, i.p.) caused marked analgesic effect against the second phase of formalin-induced pain. Treatment of animals with L-arginine (600 mg/kg) completely antagonized the antinociceptive effect of L-NOARG but had no significant effect against the HE of P. urinaria (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or P. niruri (30 mg/kg. i.p.) analgesic properties. 4. The antinociceptive effects caused by the HEs of P. urinaria (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and P. niruri (30 mg/kg, i.p.) were unaffected by methysergide (5 mg/kg, i.p.), p-chloro-phenylalanine-methyl-ester (100 mg/kg, i.p., once a day for 4 consecutive days) or after previous adrenalectomy of animals. 5. The HE of P. urinaria and P. niruri given either intraperitoneally (1-30 mg/kg) or orally (25-200 mg/kg) caused marked and dose-related inhibition of capsaicin-induced pain with ID50 of 2.1 and 6.1 mg/kg given intraperitoneally and 39 and 35 mg/kg given orally, respectively.

Comparative study on the antibacterial activity of phytochemical flavanones against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Article

Feb 1996
J ETHNOPHARMACOL

Differently substituted flavanones were isolated from Leguminosae and their antibacterial activity was comparatively studied against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of phytochemical flavanones to clinical isolates of MRSA were determined by a serial agar dilution method. The structure-activity relationship has indicated that 2',4'- or 2',6'-dihydroxylation of the B ring and 5,7-dihydroxylation of the A ring in the flavanone structure are important for significant anti-MRSA activity and that substitution with a certain aliphatic group at the 6- or 8-position also enhances the activity. Among the thirteen flavanones tested, tetrahydroxyflavanones with these structural characteristics isolated from Sophora exigua and Echinosophora koreensis showed intensive activity to inhibit the growth of all MRSA strains at 3.13-6.25 micrograms/ml. The present hydroxyflavanones would be useful in the phytotherapeutic strategy against MRSA infections.

Niruriside, a new HIV REV/RRE binding inhibitor from Phyllanthus niruri

Article

Mar 1996

During the screening of natural products for their ability to inhibit the binding of HIV-REV protein to [33P]-labeled RRE RNA, one novel compound, niruriside (1), was isolated from the MeOH extract of the dried leaf of Phyllanthus niruri L. by bioassay-guided fractionation. The structure of niruriside was determined by spectroscopic methods. Niruriside showed specific inhibitory activity against the binding of REV protein to RRE RNA with an IC50 value of 3.3 microM; however, niruriside did not protect CEM-SS cells from acute HIV infection at concentrations up to 260 microM using an XTT dye reduction assay.

Mechanism by which indomethacin delays the healing of acetic acid- induced ulcers in rats. Role of neutrophil antichemotactic and chemotactic activities

Article

Apr 1998
J PHYSIOL PHARMACOL

We have recently discovered a neutrophil antichemotactic factor in the normal gastric mucosa of rats. In this study, we examined whether this antichemotactic factor as well as chemotactic factors are involved in the indomethacin-induced delayed healing of experimental gastric ulcers. Ulcers were induced in male rats by a submucosal injection of 20% acetic acid into the gastric wall. Experimental rats received a subcutaneous injection of indomethacin at 2 mg/kg once daily for 28 days, starting at day 0 of ulceration (defined as 5 days after acetic acid injection). In the control group (without indomethacin) antichemotactic activity was not detected in the ulcerated tissues on day 0, but gradually increased for up to 28 days. This activity did not recover in the indomethacin-treated group by day 28. However, a high level of neutrophil chemotactic activity was observed in the extract of the ulcerated area in day 0. This activity gradually declined as the ulcers healed. In the control group, chemotactic activity was negligible after dialysis of the extract. In the indomethacin-treated group, however, chemotactic activity was maintained from the 10th day after treatment, even after the extract was dialyzed. Similar to chemotactic activity, myeloperoxidase activity was also augmented significantly in the indomethacin-treated group throughout the experiment. We conclude that the mechanism by which indomethacin delays ulcer healing is associated with reduced antichemotactic activity and increased chemotactic activity in the ulcerated tissues, resulting in the persistence of neutrophil infiltration.

Gastroprotective effect of Copaifera langsdorffii oleo-resin on experimental ulcer models in rats

Article

Sep 1998
J ETHNOPHARMACOL

The effects of oleo-resin obtained from the stem bark of Copaifera langsdorffii on ethanol, indomethacin and hypothermic restraint-stress induced gastric lesions were studied in rats. Oral administration of oleo-resin at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg provided dose-dependent significant protection against gastric damage caused by ethanol and restraint stress, and at a dose of 400 mg/kg it also prevented the gastric ulceration induced by indomethacin. Further, in the 4 h pylorus ligated rats, the accumulation of gastric juice volume and the mucus secretion was significantly enhanced by oleo-resin whereas the total acidity was inhibited. These results highlight the gastroprotective potential of C. langsdorffii oleo-resin and the need for a systematic study on this traditional remedy.

Pentoxifylline Accelerates Gastric Ulcer Healing in Rats: Roles of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Neutrophils during the Early Phase of Ulcer Healing

Article

Feb 2000

Pentoxifylline has many anti-inflammatory properties including inhibition of production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Although pentoxifylline prevents several types of gastric mucosal injury, the effect of this drug on ulcer healing is unknown. In this study, we examined the effect of pentoxifylline on healing of acetic acid induced gastric ulcers in rats. Rats with gastric ulcer received an intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg pentoxifylline once daily for 14 days or for only the first 7 days or the last 7 days of the 14-day treatment period. Some rats were given antirat neutrophil antiserum intraperitoneally every other day. Ulcer size, myeloperoxidase activity, and concentration and location of TNF-alpha in ulcer tissue were assessed. Administration of pentoxifylline for 14 days or for the first 7 days, but not for the last 7 days, of the 14-day treatment period accelerated ulcer healing. TNF-alpha was detected mainly in monocytes/macrophages and in some neutrophils at ulcer bases and margins. Pentoxifylline markedly decreased the concentration of TNF-alpha as well as the myeloperoxidase activity in ulcer tissue on days 2 and 4. Antirat neutrophil antiserum inhibited neutrophil infiltration into ulcer tissue and accelerated ulcer healing. Pentoxifylline accelerates healing of acetic acid induced gastric ulcer in rats. This effect may be due in part to reduction of neutrophil infiltration and inhibition of production of TNF-alpha by inflammatory cells. Early-phase inhibition of inflammatory response may accelerate ulcer healing.

Treatment of chronic liver diseases with traditional Chinese medicine

Article

Jun 2000

Bao-en Wang

Traditional Chinese medicine is still being extensively used for treatment of liver disease in China. The anti-viral herbs, Phyllanthus amarus, P. niruri and P urninaria, and Oxymatrine extracted from Sophora flavecientis and S. subprostratae, have been shown to have a remarkable HBV suppressing effect with a serum conversion rate for HBeAg and HBV DNA around 45%, similar to that of IFN-alpha. The anti-inflammatory compound, Stronger NeoMinophagen C (SNMC), is a Japanese preparation of glycerrhizin, extracted from Glyceriza glabra, which has shown an effective rate of ALT and AST normalization and reduction to < 60 U/L in 65.6%, and 73.5% of patients. Compound 861, made of 10 herbs with Salvia miltiorrhiza as its chief component, has been shown experimentally to be effective in suppressing fibrogenesis, enhancing collagen degradation, and inhibiting TIMP expression. Clinically, an open trial of 2,000 patients showed improvement of symptoms in 83% and normalization of serum ALT in 82%. In a controlled study of 107 patients with HBV-related diseases, double liver biopsies showed that the fibrosis reversal rate after 6 months treatment with Cpd 861 was 78% in S2, 82% in S3 (precirrhotic stage) and 75% in S4 (early cirrhosis), as assessed by Scheuer's and Chevallier's criterion. In conclusion, traditional Chinese medicine has great potential in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.

Teprenone promotes the healing of acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers in rats by inhibiting neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation in ulcerated gastric tissues

Article

Feb 2001

Teprenone, an anti-ulcer drug, has been reported to promote the healing of acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers in rats by stimulating gastric mucus synthesis and secretion. Recently, it has been implicated that neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation in ulcerated gastric tissues have an inhibitory effect on the healing of acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers in rats. Therefore, we attempted to clarify whether teprenone exerts a healing-promoting effect on acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers through its inhibitory effect on neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation in ulcerated gastric tissues. In rats with chronic gastric ulcers made by applying acetic acid to the stomach, gastric ulcer healing started later than 3 days after the acetic acid application. Gastric mucosal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, an index of tissue neutrophil infiltration, and lipid peroxide content were higher in the ulcerated region than in the intact region on the 8th, 15th, and 22nd day after the acetic acid application. Gastric mucosal non-protein SH content was lower in the ulcerated region than in the intact region on the 8th, 15th, and 22nd day after the acetic acid application, and gastric mucosal adherent mucus content was lower in the ulcerated region than in the intact region on the 8th and 15th day. Daily oral administration of teprenone (100 mg kg(-1)x 2) for 7 or 14 days, starting on the 8th day after the application of acetic acid to the stomach, enhanced the reduction of the ulcer area with attenuation of all these biochemical changes found in the ulcerated region. The teprenone administration caused a decrease in MPO activity and an increase in adherent mucus content in the gastric mucosa of the intact region. These results suggest that the healing-promoting effect of teprenone on acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers in rats could be due not only to stimulation of gastric mucus secretion but also to inhibition of neutrophil infiltration and enhanced lipid peroxidation in the ulcerated gastric tissue.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant property of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in BHC induced liver damage in mice

Article

Feb 2001

Andrographis paniculata (AP) treatment prevents BHC induced increase in the activities of enzymes y-Glutamyl transpeptidase, glutathione-S-transferase and lipid peroxidation. The activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and the levels of glutathione were decreased following BHC effect. Administration of AP showed protective effects in the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase as well the level of glutathione. The activity of lipid peroxidase was also decreased. The result indicate antioxidant and hepatoprotective action of A. paniculata.

The effect of Phyllanthus niruri on urinary inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization and other factors associated with renal stone formation

Article

Jul 2002

To evaluate the effect of an aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri (Pn), a plant used in folk medicine to treat lithiasis, on the urinary excretion of endogenous inhibitors of lithogenesis, citrate, magnesium and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The effect of chronic (42 days) administration of Pn (1.25 mg/mL/day, orally) was evaluated in a rat model of urolithiasis induced by the introduction of a calcium oxalate (CaOx) seed into the bladder of adult male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into four groups: a sham control (16 rats); a control+Pn (six); CaOx+water instead of Pn (14); and CaOx+Pn (22). Plasma and urine were collected after 42 days of treatment for biochemical analysis and the determination of urinary excretion of citrate, magnesium and GAGs. The animals were then killed and the calculi analysed. The creatinine clearance or urinary and plasma concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca2+, oxalate, phosphate and uric acid were unaffected by Pn or the induction of lithiasis. Treatment with Pn strongly inhibited the growth of the matrix calculus and reduced the number of stone satellites compared with the group receiving water. The calculi were eliminated or dissolved in some treated animals (three of 22). The urinary excretion of citrate and magnesium was unaffected by Pn treatment. However, the mean (sd) urinary concentration of GAGs was significantly lower in rats treated with CaOx+Pn, at 5.64 (0.86) mg/g creatinine, than when treated with CaOx + water, at 11.78 (2.21) mg/g creatinine. In contrast, the content of GAGs in the calculi was higher in the CaOx + Pn rats, at 48.0 (10.4) g/g calculus, than in the CaOx + water group, at 16.6 (9.6) g/g calculus. These results show that Pn has an inhibitory effect on crystal growth, which is independent of changes in the urinary excretion of citrate and Mg, but might be related to the higher incorporation of GAGs into the calculi.

Antitumour and anticarcinogenic activity of Phyllanthus amarus extract

Article

Jul 2002
J ETHNOPHARMACOL

Aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus) treatment exhibited potent anticarcinogenic activity against 20-methylcholanthrene (20-MC) induced sarcoma development and increased the survival of tumour harboring mice. The extract administration (p.o) was also found to prolong the life span of Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) and Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) bearing mice and reduced the volume of transplanted solid tumours. The extract inhibited aniline hydroxylase, a P-450 enzyme. The concentration required for 50% inhibition (IC(50)) was found to be 540 microg/ml. The extract was found to inhibit DNA topoisomerase II of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant cell cultures and inhibited cell cycle regulatory enzyme cdc25 tyrosine phosphatase (IC(50-25) microg/ml). Antitumour and anticancer activity of P. amarus may be related with the inhibition of metabolic activation of carcinogen as well as the inhibition of cell cycle regulators and DNA repair.

Lipid lowering activity of Phyllanthus niruri in hyperlipemic rats

Article

Oct 2002
J ETHNOPHARMACOL

The lipid lowering activity (LLA) of Phyllanthus niruri has been studied in triton and cholesterol fed hyperlipemic rats. Serum lipids were lowered by P. niruri extract orally fed (250 mg/kg b.w.) to the triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipemic rats. Chronic feeding of this drugs (100 mg/kg b.w.) in animals simultaneously fed with cholesterol (25 mg/kg b.w.) for 30 days caused lowering in the lipids and apoprotein levels of VLDL and LDL in experimental animals. The LLA of this drug is mediated through inhibition of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis, increased faecal bile acids excretion and enhanced plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity.

Anti-ulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of Larrea divaricata Cav. in rat

Article

Jun 2006
J ETHNOPHARMACOL

Larrea divaricata Cav. (Zygophyllaceae) is used in popular medicine as anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic drug, containing higher amounts of nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a well-known free radical scavenger. Here we describe the gastric anti-ulcerogenic effect of the methanolic extract of Larrea divaricata (LdME) leaves in rat, using absolute ethanol and HCl 0.6N as necrotizing agents, and the effect of blocking endogenous sulfhydryl (SH) groups with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). We also studied the anti-inflammatory activity of LdME in two rat experimental models: cotton pellet induced granuloma and arthritis induced by adjuvant-carrageenan. Influence of treatment in body weight and some lymphoid organs was evaluated. Finally, the free radical scavenging capacity of LdME was determined by the method of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition. LdME demonstrated anti-ulcerogenic effect in rats, and it was shown that the endogenous SH compounds were not involved in the mechanism of action. LdME also showed inhibitory activity in the applied models of inflammation, being more effective in the acute phase. No effect was observed concerning the weight of spleen, thymus and body. The extract proved to possess elevated free radical scavenging capacity which may contribute to the observed gastric anti-ulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory activity.

Evaluation of phytoconstituents of Terminalia arjuna for wound healing activity in rats

Article

Sep 2006

The effect of topical application of phytoconstituents (fraction I, II and III) fractionated from a hydroalcohol extract of the bark of the plant, Terminalia arjuna, was assessed on the healing of rat dermal wounds using in vivo models. The results indicated a statistically significant increase in the tensile strength of the incision wounds and the percent epithelialization of excision wounds compared with control (p < 0.05). However, topical treatment with fraction I, consisting mainly of tannins, was found to demonstrate a maximum increase in the tensile strength of incision wounds. Even with respect to excision wounds, the fastest rate of epithelialization was seen with fraction I. Hexosamine estimation of granulation tissue obtained from excision wounds revealed an increase in the hexosamine content with fraction I compared with the control. In addition, fraction I from the hydroalcohol extract of Arjuna bark possessed antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes but not Candida albicans. These results strongly document the beneficial effects of fraction I, consisting mainly of tannins, of Terminalia arjuna in the acceleration of the healing process. Thus, the present study validates the claim made with respect to the plant as well as corroborating the astringent effect of tannins by drawing the tissues closer together.

Efficiency of P. amarus treatment in acute viral hepatitis A, B and non A and non B: an open clinical trial

Jan 1997
J VIROL
59-64

S Jayaram
S P Thyagarajan
S Sumathi
S Manjula
S Malathi
N Madanagopalan

Jayaram S, Thyagarajan SP, Sumathi S, Manjula S, Malathi S, Madanagopalan N (1997). Efficiency of P. amarus treatment in acute viral hepatitis A, B and non A and non B: an open clinical trial.. Ind. J. Virol. 13: 59-64.

2-Methylhexadec-2-ene from Phyllanthus niruri Linn. Ind

Jan 2005
434-435

R Kotoky
P Kanjilal
M Bordoloi

Kotoky R, Kanjilal P, Bordoloi M (2005). 2-Methylhexadec-2-ene from Phyllanthus niruri Linn. Ind. J. Chem. B 44B: 434-435.

Gastroprotective effect of Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats

Abstract

No full-text available

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