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Antibacterial potential of pot marigold
Abstract
Plants continue to be an important therapeutic aid for alleviating the ailments of humankind. In the present research work different parts (root, leaf and flowers) of Calendula officinalis were screened for potential antibacterial activity against some important bacterial strains, namely Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The antibacterial activity was determined in aqueous, alcohol, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts using agar disc diffusion method. Although all the plant parts showed significant anti microbial activity but the highest antibacterial activity was observed in petroleum ether extract of dried leaves against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Phytochemical analysis was also done.
... Thus medicinal plants have been representing a rich source of antimicrobial agent [6]. The lectotype species of Elephantopus genus, family Asteraceae, consists of 32 species of centered in the Neotropics, Europe, Asia, Australia and Africa [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Elephantopus scaber Linn. is one of the medicinally important species of this genus. ...
... The powdered material was extracted by Soxhlet apparatus for 24 hours using different solvents (ethyl alcohol, acetone and aqueous). The solvent was then evaporated using Rotary evaporator at 4 0 C for further use [8] ...
... The antimicrobial assay was performed by agar well diffusion method: Method established by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard [8]. About 20 ml of nutrient agar medium was poured into the Petri plates and was left to solidify. ...
Medicinal plants are used traditionally in the treatment of various kinds of diseases since time immemorial. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of leaves from Elephantopus scaber by using different solvents (ethyl alcohol, acetone and aqueous). The ethyl alcohol, acetone and aqueous extracts of leaves were subjected to phytochemical analyses, which revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, coumarins, quinones and glycosides in most of the selected of leaves useing different solvents. Ethyl alcohol, acetone and aqueous extracts of leaves were investigated for in vitro antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida Albican by well diffusion method by using a different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, 100)mg/ml. Ethyl alcohol and acetone extract of leaves showed promising antimicrobial activity against all test organisms. Ethyl alcohol of leaves has the best activity against all test organisms. Found a high effective for ethyl alcohol extract of leaves compared with the other parameters, also it was recorded a high increase for ethyl alcohol of leaves compared with the acetone extract of leaves for a concentrations of (100, 20)mg/ml. The aqueous extract of the leaves has a weak activity against all test organisms and did not inhibit the growth of Klebsiella pneumonia for a concentrations of (100)mg/ml but at a concentrations of (20)mg/ml did not inhibit the growth of all test organisms. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of leaves extracts by using different solvent were also determined against different test organisms. The MIC value of leaves extract ranged from 100 mg/ml to 500 mg/ml. The ethyl alcohol, acetone and aqueous extract of leaves were selected for possible antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity was studied against six microorganisms namely Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida Albican
... Petulitrin, a flavonoid, is one of the probable components for its antibacterial action (Sharma et al., 2011). According to Bissa and Bohra (2011) [4] , plant extracts show significant potential as antibacterial agents against microorganisms and can be utilized in the treatment of infectious illnesses caused by resistant microbes. ...
... Petulitrin, a flavonoid, is one of the probable components for its antibacterial action (Sharma et al., 2011). According to Bissa and Bohra (2011) [4] , plant extracts show significant potential as antibacterial agents against microorganisms and can be utilized in the treatment of infectious illnesses caused by resistant microbes. ...
... The mineral elements, dietary fibers, and secondary metabolites such as carotenoids, flavonoids, tocopherols, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, peptides, phytosterols, triterpene glycosides, and vitamins contribute towards nutraceutical roles. They perform various antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, cardiovascular, hypersensitive, and wound healing functions in human [32][33][34]. Transformation and regeneration in sunflower are defiant practices as these entail the competent cultures of cells and an effective approach of gene delivery. Vector mediated transformation method using Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been developed in embryonic split mature explants of the Ha-89 variety [21,23,37,38]. ...
... It is 1.8 to 2.4 meters long shrub with acute, ovate, oblong, mucronate margin leaves; yellow umbellate flowers and oblong edible berries. It is naturally found at the altitudes of 600 to 2700 meters in Himachal Pradesh regions [33][34][35][36][37][38]. ...
The chemical compounds extracted from medicinal plants have potential to evoke mental and social sensations in addition to maintain physical health. . Species of Asteraceae and Liliaceae play significant cardiovascular roles irrespective of exploring their toxicological aspects. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleotides, fats, and steroids are the primary organic compounds which are involved in metabolism of essential developmental and growth functions of plants. The detrimental effects of environmental stress factors are suppressed by the gene expressions of ion transporters and water channel proteins present in the cell membranes incorporated with the up or downregulation of osmo-proctant osmolytes and essential proteins such as HSP and chaperones. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important crop known for its food, forage, and silage constituents. It is a prominent specie in Asteraceae family. Its seeds are enriched with edible oil-world’s fourth largest oil source. The mineral elements, dietary fibers, and secondary metabolites such as carotenoids, flavonoids, tocopherols, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, peptides, phytosterols, triterpene glycosides, and vitamins contribute towards nutraceutical roles. Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) possesses antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal properties which allow its applications in preventing muscle spasms, treating sore throat and ulcers of duodenum and stomach, soothing eczema, healing wounds, and relieving rashes.
... Another feature of Calendula officinalis is its antimicrobial effect on fungi and bacteria, which has been exploited in pharmacological applications (Bissa & Bohra 2011;Chakraborthy 2008;Efstratiou et al., 2012;Gazala et al., 2016;Vora, Srivastava, and Modi 2018). ...
... In contrast, the zones of inhibition found in the present study are lower than those reported under studies conditions similar to present study (Bissa & Bohra, 2011). Likewise, they differ from the results reported in preliminary study with methanolic and ethanolic extracts observed antibacterial properties on different strains of E. coli, reporting areas of inhibition between 3 mm and 12 mm (Efstratiou et al., 2012). ...
In this work, different bioactive compounds were obtained by different extractions from Calendula officinalis. The effect of different extraction time and temperature on the quantity of bioactive compounds was investigated. The extracts were quantified by UV-visible spectrometric analysis. The effect of extraction technique on both the colorant power and antibacterial capacity of metabolites obtained was evaluated. Colorant power was evaluated by UV-visible spectrometric and dyeing ability in dairy product. Antibacterial activity of extracts was evaluated using Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium by diffusion technique in well. Outstanding extraction results were obtained by ultrasound extraction technique performed during 2 hours, at 30 °C and ethanol 96% as solvent. The same treatment showed the best result in colorant power and dyeing ability. The extracts obtained by ultrasound had a slightly inhibitory effect of growth on E. coli in comparison with the other techniques. None of the extracts obtained from the different techniques reported a significant inhibition on the growth of S. typhimurium. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted extraction is considered as an alternative process for obtaining the bioactive compounds from C. officinalis with high concentration, colorant power and antibacterial activity.
... Therapeutic properties of the flower are attributed to various types of bioactive compounds, such as: flavonoids, tannins, saponosides, carotenoids, triterpene alcohols, polysaccharides, amino acids, and essential oils [2,[4][5][6]. The extract of pot marigold flower has the antioxidant [7][8][9][10][11][12], antimicrobial [13][14][15], anti-inflammatory [16,17], anticancer [18,19], spasmolytic [20], hepatoprotective, and rheumatic protective activities [21]. Due to the complex chemical content and broad spectrum of pharmacological activity, this plant material has an application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. ...
... (1) (2019)[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] ...
... The powdered material was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus for 24 hours using water as solvent. The solvent was then evaporated using Rotary evaporator [20]. ...
... The antimicrobial assay was performed The antimicrobial assay was performed against three type of bacteria which were Pseudomonas marginalis (MTCC), Stephylococcus aureus (MTCC 96) and Pseudomona aeruginosa (MTCC 1688)by using agar well diffusion method: Method established by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard [20]. About 20 ml of nutrient agar medium then was poured into the Petri plates then was left to solidify. ...
In this present study effect of uv light on bioactive compound for antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of Datura metel L were evaluated against the three strains of bacteria, Methods: Plant extracted was done by using soxhlet method to get the corresponding extracts of water solvent investigated by using agar well diffusion technique. The plant extract was exposed to different of UV light intensity (365, 254 nm) and different exposed time (1, 2, 3 hours). The zone of inhibition from plant extract before exposed of uv light was show (10, 11, 13 mg/ml) against Pseudomonas marginalis, Stephylococcus aureus and Pseudomona aeruginosa consecutive. The uv light at 365nm intensity of (1, 2, 3) hours had little effect on extract activity against the test organisms. The intensity of 254nm was show high effect on bioactive compound in this extract where showed of 1 hour little growth inhibition but at 2 and 3 hours did not inhibit growth against all the test of bacteria.
... [12] Bissa and Bohra studied the antibacterial potential of the leaves, roots, and flowers of C. officinalis and found good activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. [13] The anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antioxidant effects of C. officinalis have been demonstrated, but there is a lack of studies regarding its effect on BV. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of C. officinalis and metronidazole vaginal cream on BV among reproductive-aged women. ...
... Other studies have shown that all types of extracts (aqueous, alcoholic, chloroform, and petroleum ether) of the leaves and flowers of C. officinalis were more active than extracts of the roots of this plant. [13] In a study, Tedeschi et al. found that vaginal gel comprising isoflavones, Lactobacillus sporogenes, and C. officinalis could significantly reduce the signs and symptoms of vaginal dystrophy (itching, burning, vulvovaginal erythema, and vaginal dryness) compared to placebo in postmenopausal women. [17] Palmieri et al. found that a mixture containing Saliva, Melaleuca, and Calendula plants had a very good effect on the vaginal surface of women with damage to their vaginal mucosa. ...
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common disorder among women of reproductive age. This study aimed to compare the effect of a Calendula officinalis extract-based cream and metronidazole on BV among women of reproductive age. In this study, 80 women of reproductive age with BV were randomly assigned to the C. officinalis (n = 40) or metronidazole (n = 40). Diagnosis of BV was confirmed when at least 3 of the 4 Amsel criteria were met (pH> 4.5, whitish grey or thin homogeneous discharge, release of a fishy odor on adding 10% KOH, and detection of clue cells on microscopic examination). For each group, either a methanol extract of C. officinalis or metronidazole vaginal cream (5 g) was used for 1 week intravaginally, and all signs and symptoms were assessed 1 week after treatment completion. Before the intervention, the two groups did not differ significantly with regard to vaginal burning, odor, dysuria, and dyspareunia, but itching was significantly more common in the C. officinalis group than in the metronidazole group (22.5% vs. 2.5%, P = 0.01). One week after the intervention, all women in both groups were free of symptoms, including vaginal itching and burning sensation, odor, dysuria, and dyspareunia. None of the women in either group suffered any side effects from C. officinalis or metronidazole. C. officinalis was effective for the treatment of BV in women of reproductive age, without any side effects. This herb could be recommended for women of reproductive age who uncomfortable with the potential side effects of synthetic drugs.
... Antibacterial activity of Calendula extracts has been demonstrated for a range of pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureus and Streptococci bacteria (Efstratiou et al., 2012;Bissa and Bohra, 2011;Mathur and Goyal, 2011;Parente et al., 2011;Roopashree et al., 2008;Modesto et al. 2000;Dumenil et al. 1980). However, to the best knowledge of the researcher no previous studies have investigated the antibacterial properties of Calendula extract towards P. acnes and S. epidermidis. ...
... No inhibitory effect was demonstrated in Enterococci spp. (Mathur and Goyal, 2011).Aqueous and ethanolic flower extracts were shown to inhibit the growth of E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerigenes but not Agrobacterium tumefaciens(Bissa and Bohra, 2011).Antibacterial activity against Gram--positive bacteria was demonstrated from the hexanic fraction of an ethanolic extract of Calendula flowers but not the dichloromethane fraction.Different strains of S. aureus showed MICs ranging from 0.19 mg/mL to 4.37 mg/mL(Parente et al., 2011). ...
Recent investigations into the skin microbiome have revealed many potential beneficial effects for commensal skin bacteria like Staphylococcus epidermidis. These effects include anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. Current treatment of acne vulgaris frequently involves antimicrobial treatment that is non-selective against Propionibacterium acnes resulting in eradication of other commensal bacterial like S. epidermidis. This study screened 6 proprietary hydroethanolic plant extracts: Calendula officinalis, Berberis vulgaris, Mahonia aquifolium, Phytolacca decandra, Lavandula angustifolia, and Echinacea purpurea/Echinacea angustifolia. The results of screening showed that Calendula was selectively able to inhibit P. acnes but not S. epidermidis. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 0.078 g/mL equivalent to weight of dried herb not dried extract. An aqueous extract of Calendula flowers was found to have the same selective antibacterial effects. The results indicate that Calendula has the potential to be a topical prebiotic for the treatment of acne.
... Pharmaceutical studies prove the efficacy of the pure extracts of this plant as an anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-genotoxic (Medina et al 2006). The extracts taken from the roots, leaves, and flowers work as anti-bacterial for some bacteria species and have medicinal activity in treating HIV and hemorrhagic diseases Amoian et al 2010;Bissa and Bohra, 2011). The reason for the pharmacokinetic and pharmacological effectiveness of vinca rosea extracts is that they contain effective chemical compounds, including terpenes, such as the well-known compound calenduladiol-3-myristate, as well as flavonoids, comarine, narcissin, and rutin. ...
The plant produces large numbers of chemical compounds with diverse physiological roles. The plant takes advantage of cheap and available natural resources in its surroundings of air, water, mineral elements, and solar energy to produce these chemical compounds. These compounds are called phytochemicals, in which biotechnologists are concerned with the mass production of economically important compounds. The compounds produced by the plant are generally divided into two groups, primary metabolites and secondary metabolites. In this paper, we will review what researchers have reached in the field of accurate propagation of some important medicinal plants through a presentation of several protocols used to propagate some medicinal plants that aim to mass micropropagation them or expose them to treatments aimed at increasing the production of secondary compounds that have a role when extracted in the manufacture of medicines and pharmaceuticals.
... Several researchers reported the antibacterial properties of marigold extract [17]. Calendula officinalis extract can modulate the formation of the oral microbiome induced by Streptococcus Mutans, chronic gingivitis, while also having fungistatic activity against Candida albicans [6,7,10,18]. ...
People's health is favorable impacted by medicinal plants. In addition to their conventional purpose, many isolated chemicals from herbs have beneficial therapeutic characteristics for treating various disorders. In this review, the usage of Calendula officinalis will be discussed in relation to pathologies that affect the oral cavity, such as dental caries, gingivitis or periodontitis. Calendula officinalis extract is able to decrease inflammation through pro-inflammatory cytokines down modulation and promotes antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects-as a result of the presence of polysaccharides and flavonoids in the plant-the main biological actions that make it effective in oral healthcare.
... [46] Some other reports in the literature have shown varying degree of antibacterial and antifungal activities of CO extracts. [46,47] Our results are in agreement with the finding of Chakraborthy, stating the presence of profound antimicrobial activity of different forms of CO (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, and water extracts) against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, C. albicans, and Aspergillus niger. [34] On the contrary, the author has also stated the decreased antifungal activity of CO against fungal strains. ...
... Several workers have studied the efficacy of various plant extracts against A. solani viz., Cinnmomum zeylanicum (Bowers and Locke, 2004) Vitexnegunda (Panda et al., 2009), Psoralea corylifola (Gidwani et *Author for correspondence : E-mail: vengadpragathi@gmail.com al., 2010), Boswellia serrate (Raja et al., 2011), Calendula officinalis (Bissa andBora, 2011). Rasteger andGozari, (2016) reported that R. apiculata exhibited antifungal principles while against Penicillium sp. and A. alternata. ...
The present investigation was undertaken to assess the antifungal activity of different solvent extract of Rhizophora apiculata against A. solani and evaluation of its antimicrobial compounds. The experiment clearly revealed that all the solvent extracts of R. apiculata (15%) considerably inhibited the growth of test pathogenwhen compared to control. The minimum mycelial growth (3.65mm) was recorded with methanol extract which accounted for the highest percent inhibition (95.54%) over control. This was followed by aqueous extract, ethanol extract and chloroform extract of R. apiculata (15%) accounting 94.47, 92.28 and 89.94 percent inhibition. The standard chemical fungicide Mancozeb 75% WP at 0.25% conc. showed 100 percent inhibition of the test pathogen. Also, 13-Docosenamide, (Z)- ,-13-Docosenamide, 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)-was recorded highest peak area with 36.86% with retention time (RT) 25.14 min. ç-Sitosterol, á-Sitosterol, Cholest-8(14)-en-3-ol, 4,4-dimethyl-, (3á,5à) was identified as most abundant compounds of R. annamalayna with 3.31 % peak area with highest retention time (RT) 33.33 min under GC-MS analysis.
... When the ethanolic extract of Calendula arvensis was tested against the selected bacterial strains, it showedincreased activity of 18 ± 0.5 mm against the E. coli, Antibacterial activity of the leaf extract of Calendula arvensis are also previously reported by (Bissa and Bohra, 2011). The extract of Mentha longifolia showed increased activity against E. coli (18 ± 1.5 mm) and Salmonella spp. ...
Medicinal plants have an appreciable value in the development of modern therapeutics. In the present study ethanolic extracts from the leaves of nine selected medicinal plants, including Calendula arvensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Olea europaea, Ficus carica, Otostegia limbata, Withania somnifera, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Mentha longifolia and Cannabis sativa were assessed against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella species and Staphylococcus aureus using agar well diffusion method. All the selected bacterial pathogens are the major causative agent of human infectious diseases. Plant extracts used in the present study have shown potential activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella species and S. aureus while inhibitory activity was exhibited against Klebsiella species. In comparison to ampicillin most of the plants showed increased activity against P. aeruginosa. Among the nine plant extracts, the Ficus carica showed highest activity against all the pathogens while exhibited increased activity (29 ± 1 mm) against P. aeruginosa as compared to ampicillin (6 ± 1 mm). The medicinal potential of selected plants was for the first time tested against a set of infectious disease pathogens and have shown remarkable activity. Further phytochemical analysis will be helpful for the future elucidation of novel therapeutic agents from these plants.
... It also showed an effect against C. albicans. These results are consistent with the available results [6,23]. The antimicrobial activity of the extract enables its use as an agent in the treatment of skin infections caused by these microbes. ...
Pot marigold flower extract (Calendula officinalis L.) has pharmacological properties due to the presence of various bioactive compounds. It is known that the extract has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antimutagenic, antidermatitis properties, etc. The aim of this study was to improve the quality of the selected topical formulation by adding the ethanolic extract of pot marigold flower, as well as to monitor its stability. The topical formulation was water-in-oil emulsion prepared using the hot/hot emulsification process with an oil phase consisting of Vaseline, lanolin, and almond oil. The extract, prepared by ultrasound-assisted extraction, had an antioxidants content of 3.512 g gallic acid equivalent per 100 g-1 of dry weight and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.14 mg mL-1 determined by the DPPH assay. Chemical stability studies have shown that daylight has no significant effect on the stability of antioxidants in the extract, while an increase in temperature leads to their degradation. The shelf-life of the extract is about 8 months at 4 °C and 3 months at 22 °C (room temperature). The prepared uncategorized topical formulations containing 1% and 2% (w/w) pot marigold extract were stable at different temperatures during the storage. The uncategorized formulations showed antioxidant activity, but the activity of the extract in the formulations decreased with increasing storage temperature. Pot marigold flower extract and the developed uncategorized formulations showed an inhibitory effect on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae), as well as on Candida albicans. The uncategorized formulations with this activity can be used in the treatment of skin infection.
... Modern science has supported the hypothesis of C. officinalis wound healing properties and its ability to stimulate the growth of new tissues and blood vessels of the treated condition and affected regia [24,25]. C. officinalis benefits in the skin treatment were tested in several research studies [2,24,26,27]. Duran and coworkers [24] tested therapeutic efficacy of the ointment within corporated C. officinalis ethanolic extract on epithelialization of lower leg venous ulcers. Obtained results gave positive results on experimental group of treated patients pointing out accelerated wound healing and positive effects of on venous ulcer epithelialization [24]. ...
The Balkan Peninsula represents a habitat for more than 10500 plant species whereby many of them represent endemic species. Population of this region has recognized the significance of this natural wealth, and plants from this area have found a wide application in traditional medicine both for therapy and prevention. Among the huge number of plants, Calendula officinalis, Taraxacum officinalis and Hypericum perforatum are distinguished as herbs with a special significance whose use is deeply rooted in the tradition of the Balkans. Due to the fact that even today the traditional prepared products of these plants are used widely, numbers of scientific studies were focused on examining their composition and efficiency. Biological activities, as well as their products, were confirmed in different in vitro/vivo analyzes. Also, for many of them, the carriers of the activity were detected and extensive research was conducted in order to define the mechanisms of their action. The chapter summarized the research in regards to the chemical composition, activities, mode of action as well as application of Hypericum perforatum, Calendula officinalis and Taraxacum. Presented results justified their utilization in traditional medicine, but also show their great potential for inclusion in modern preparations and official medicine.
... [7] Calendula officinalis contains phytochemicals such as flavonoids, saponins, carotenoids, triterpenoids, and tannins, which possess antibacterial activity. [8] Bissa and Bohra [9] studied the antibacterial potential of C. officinalis and found good activity. So the aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial activity of sodium hypochlorite and C. officinalis as root canal irrigating solution. ...
... It was shown that conjugated fatty acids are active substances for the treatment of obesity and also they can protect against cancer [5][6][7] . The flowers of C. officinalis contain rutin which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic activity 1,8 . ...
The morphological, meiotic and chromosomal variability were studied in two cultivars of Calendula officinalis L. and their mutant lines obtained though chemical mutagenesis using diethyl sulphate (DES) (0.04%, 0.08%) and dimethyl sulphate (DMS) (0.025%, 0.05%). The studied cultivars displayed different sensitivity to DMS and DES mutagens. More M1 plants with morphological changes were observed in C. officinalis cv. ‘Zolotoe more’ than in cv. ‘Rajskij sad’. DMS and DES at low concentrations had positive effects on main agro-metrical traits in both cultivars including plant height, inflorescence diameter and number of inflorescences per plant. Dose-dependent increase in number of various meiotic abnormalities was revealed in both mutant lines. Comparative karyotype analysis and FISH-based visualization of 45S and 5S rDNA indicated a high level of karyotype stability in M1 and M2 plants. Seed treatments with DMS and DES at certain concentrations resulted in higher yields of inflorescences in M1 plants compared to the control. In M2 generation, dose-dependent reduction in the yields of inflorescences was observed. Our findings demonstrate that DMS and DES at low concentrations have great potential in calendula mutation breeding.
... [6,8] Plant/Herbal products are considered to be potential agents for healing of wounds and are in great demand due to their wide availability, less toxicity, absence of unwanted side effects after use and being more potent in their crude form. [6] PANDEY, MATHUR & EFSTRATIOS et al [17,18,28] [29,30] The Recommendations ...
Treating ailments is one important aspect of alternative medicine by used herbal medicines/drugs; plant extracts may be used for the preservation of processed foods as well as pharmaceutical and natural therapies for the treatment of infectious diseases in humans. From various skin bacterial infections, we selected 10 isolates For each of the Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in ultimately the total becomes 30 isolates Equally, that associated the common infections in hospitalized patients & the out patients. This study tested in vitro activity of flowers of Calendula officinalis, the roots of Cichorium Intybus and leaves Portulaca Oleracea. The antibacterial assay results showed for these plants were effective against all 30 clinical bacterial isolates tested. The extract of Cichorium Intybus was the most active against all Gram positive & negative bacteria From the other two extracts. Based on our results, it is concluded that plant extracts have great potential as antimicrobial compounds against microorganisms and they can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by resistant microorganisms.
... Similarly, several studies disclosed promising results on the anti- fungal and antibacterial activity of C. officinalis (Bissa & Bohra, 2011;Chakraborthy, 2008;Chandurkar, Murab, Ahakey, Tripathi & Choudhary, 2015;Efstratiou et al., 2012;Gazim, Rezende, Fraga, Svidzinski & Cortez, 2008;Hamad, Mohammed & Merdaw, 2011;Shah & Williamson, 2015;Younes & Salem, 2013) but also the antioxidant activity was evaluated (Ercetin, Senol, Erdogan & Toker, 2012). Con- cerning C. arvensis ( Abudunia et al., 2014;Jamal et al., 2014;Tosun et al., 2012) and C. suffruticosa (Radioza & Iurchak, 2007) only the antibacterial activity was assessed. ...
Calendula officinalis is an edible and medicinal plant with recognised economic value. What about the other Calendula species? This work aims to provide in-depth information about the UHPLC-MS/MS profile of other Portuguese Calendula species and in doing so contribute to answer that question.
The knowledge on the metabolic machinery from C. arvensis, C. suffruticosa subsp. algarbiensis and lusitanica growing in Portugal is herein broadened using UHPLC-MS/MS. Phenolic acids, flavonoids and saponins were identified, some being firstly reported both in the species and genus. The antimicrobial potential of these species was assessed against several fungus and bacteria, strong activity against dermatophytes was observed. C. suffruticosa subsp. algarbiensis showed the best results especially against the two strains of Microsporum. The demonstrated antimicrobial activity and the richness in phenolic compounds reinforces that other Calendula species can be regarded as interesting ingredients to be included on the formulation of smart foods and/or natural medicines.
... They showed that the extracts of C. officinalis leaves were significantly effective against both Gram-positive and Gramnegative organisms. Similar studies about the high antimicrobial effects of the C. officinalis on pathogenic bacteria have been reported previously by [37] (Brazil), Bissa and Bohra (2011) [38] (India) and Rigane et al. (2013) [39] (Tunisia). High antimicrobial effects of the C. officinalis is due to its antimicrobial chemical components. ...
Application of various types of fertilizers can effect on biological activities of Calendula officinalis. The present investigation was aimed to study the chemical components and antimicrobial effects of C. officinalis grown under chemical and biological conditions on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Four hundred samples of hospital infections were collected and cultured. MRSA strains were subjected to the disk diffusion and GC-Mass. One-hundred out of 400 samples of hospital infections were positive for MRSA (25%). All isolates were also positive for mecA gene. Forty different chemical components were detected in the C. officinalis. The most variable components were found in the control group (1,8-cineole (30.456%), ã-terpinene (25.547%), terpinolene (4.584%), á-terpineol (4.490%) and trans-â-ocinene (4.153%)). Application of biologic and chemical fertilizers caused significant increase in the levels of some chemical components (P <0.05). MRSA strains harbored the highest levels of resistance against tetracycline (95%), ampicillin (92%), penicillin (90%), gentamycin (88%) and ciprofloxacin (77%). Control group had the highest antimicrobial effects but essential oil of the C. officinalis enriched with both fertilizers were effective on resistant MRSA. Use of C. officinalis growth under both chemical and biologic fertilizers has been recommended as a primary approach for synthesis of effective antibiotic.
... It is originally from Europe, Asia and the U.S.A, and has been widely used in folk medicine [2; 3]. The therapeutic properties of C. officinalis are attributed to the existence of a large variety of biologically active substances such as terpenoids, flavonoids, carotenoids, volatile oils, quinones, and amino acids[4; 5].Several studies suggested that extracts of C. officinalis may have actions that include the following properties: anti-inflammatory [6; 5; 7], antibacterial [8], antifungal [9], anticancer [7], hepatoprotective [10], antioxidant [11], wound healing effects following skin burns [4] and potential capacity to prevent UV irradiation-induced oxidative stress in skin [1]. The interest in the study of salt tolerant plants and/or in plants with assumed salt tolerance is still argued by theoretical reasons, and especially by the current context of human condition, regarded as a well-defined part of surrounding environment [12; 13]. ...
Total flavonoids and polyphenols content, and pigment amount under salt stress were analyzed in Calendula officinal is L. seedlings after 24 days of treatment with different salt combination, including NaCl, CaCl 2 ,and MgCl 2 .The content of photosynthetic pigments increased according to increasing salinity concentration. Total polyphenols content generally decreased under salt stress, while flavonoids biosynthesis significantly increased almost under all salt treatments.
... [6,8] Plant/Herbal products are considered to be potential agents for healing of wounds and are in great demand due to their wide availability, less toxicity, absence of unwanted side effects after use and being more potent in their crude form. [6] PANDEY, MATHUR & EFSTRATIOS et al [17,18,28] [29,30] The Recommendations ...
Treating ailments is one important aspect of alternative medicine by used herbal medicines/drugs; plant extracts may be used for the preservation of processed foods as well as pharmaceutical and natural therapies for the treatment of infectious diseases in humans. From various skin bacterial infections, we selected 10 isolates For each of the Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in ultimately the total becomes 30 isolates Equally, that associated the common infections in hospitalized patients & the out patients. This study tested in vitro activity of flowers of Calendula officinalis, the roots of Cichorium Intybus and leaves Portulaca Oleracea. The antibacterial assay results showed for these plants were effective against all 30 clinical bacterial isolates tested. The extract of Cichorium Intybus was the most active against all Gram positive & negative bacteria From the other two extracts. Based on our results, it is concluded that plant extracts have great potential as antimicrobial compounds against microorganisms and they can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by resistant microorganisms.
... Some reasonable in vitro studies and in vivo results in animal modules and even in some cases well organized clinical studies to supports their uses are also available. Despite all these, the above are still waiting to be recognized as drug for more extended clinical applications worldwide [18,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. Combination of various essential oils has mostly been observed in synergism and in some cases producing additive effects against various microorganisms [17]. ...
The biomedical and therapeutic potentials of Antibiotic Natural Products have been given a prominent and distinct
position in the field of medical sciences in view of the novel molecules delivered by this discipline of science after
extensive and exhaustive research investigations. Introduction of new or improved technology relating to isolation,
extraction and structure elucidation has significantly contributed in the identification of new molecules from natural
sources originating from higher plants, herbs and marines which can act as a lead compound. Consequently, various
molecules from these natural sources have been discovered and classified under phytomedicines and phytopharmaceuticals
for more extensive studies to explore the possibility of their use as antimicrobial agent, including HIV. The natural habitats
from terrestrial and marine sources (such as marine algae, sponge, and humic acid sediments) because of the chemical
diversity, have been observed to produce bioactive molecules through secondary metabolic pathways and are capable of
acting against a wide range of microbial flora or pathogens. The antimicrobials from marine sources have been given
considerable attention globally and as a result a number of drugs are under different phases ( such as I/ II and III) of
clinical studies and a few have already been marketed. The antimicrobial enzymes and peptide have been given distinct
position because of their applications against resistant strains, while the essential oils from aromatic plants have been
recognized as a highly effective way and tool for controlling microbial propagation by using in various personal and health
care products. The secondary metabolites belonging to various groups, such as alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, and
triterpenoids from natural sources have been extensively investigated and observed to possess potential antimicrobial
activity to be used in modern system of medicine. Interestingly, the various natural samples collected and reported
worldwide showed quite impressive results in terms of antimicrobial action. For more appropriate and fast results,
bioautographic, genomic and proteomic methods can be applied in screening of antimicrobials from natural habitats using
their crude extracts, while the introduction of more systematic research and investigation using standardized extract
develop through advanced analytical procedure will certainly be helpful in establishing and commercializing natural
products as potent antimicrobial agents. Further, design of a suitable pharmaceutical dosage form of the bioactive
compounds, either as an immediate or modified release form along with pharmacokinetic studies are highly desirable.
... Some other reports in the literature have shown varying degree of antibaceterial and antifungal activities of C. officinalis extracts. 1,15 Varying degrees of antimicrobial activity might be due to the variation of sources of microorganisms. 16 ...
... Some other reports in the literature have shown varying degree of antibaceterial and antifungal activities of C. officinalis extracts. 1,15 Varying degrees of antimicrobial activity might be due to the variation of sources of microorganisms. 16 ...
The aim of the present study was to appraise variation in the chemical composition, and antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from the leaves of four Mentha species-M. arvensis, M. piperita, M. longifolia and M. spicata-as affected by harvesting season. Disc diffusion and broth microdilution susceptibility assays were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Mentha essential oils against a panel of microorganisms. The cytotoxicity of essential oils was tested on breast cancer (MCF-7) and prostate cancer (LNCaP) cell lines using the MTT assay.
The essential oil contents of M. arvensis, M. piperita, M. longifolia and M. spicata were 17.0, 12.2, 10.8 and 12.0 g kg(-1) from the summer and 9.20, 10.5, 7.00 and 9.50 g kg(-1) from the winter crops, respectively. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis revealed that mostly quantitative rather than qualitative variation was observed in the oil composition of each species. The principal chemical constituents determined in M. arvensis, M. piperita, M. longifolia and M. spicata essential oils from both seasons were menthol, menthone, piperitenone oxide and carvone, respectively. The tested essential oils and their major components exhibited notable antimicrobial activity against most of the plant and human pathogens tested. The tested essential oils also exhibited good cytotoxicity potential.
Of the Mentha essential oils tested, M. arvensis essential oil showed relatively better antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. A significant variation in the content of most of the chemical components and biological activities of seasonally collected samples was documented.
In developing countries, the agricultural sector is playing a significant role to enhance the economy. Pests cause significant damage to crop production. Globally, the human population is rapidly increasing. To fulfill the food security for the rapidly growing human population, there is a strict need for eco-friendly insect pest management in Indian agriculture to sustain the agricultural produce for future needs. The present paper highlights biopesticides current status and importance in India's farm sector and worldwide. Chemical pesticides are commonly used to control pests, which cause harmful impacts on the environment and non-target living systems, including human beings. Biopesticides are natural and a better substitute for chemical pesticides and provide an alternative for crop protection worldwide. Exploring and building their natural biopesticide resources in crop protection can help sustain agriculture. The trend of biopesticides consumption in India has shown a drastic increase in use over time which stood at 8847 and 8645 metric tonnes in 2019-20& 2020-2021, respectively. However, a few numbers of biopesticides are easily accessible in the market. In India, as compared to chemical pesticides, biopesticides production, utilisation, and consumption is much lower due to a lack of research advancements, innovation and policies. Thus, the present paper provides a baseline overview of biopesticides and their classifications, current status and prospects.Keywords biopesticides; chemical pesticides; economy; eco-friendly; pest management.
In the present study, it was aimed to research the antimicrobial activities of prepared extracts of some plant sources such as aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), marigold (Calendula officinalis), maidenhair fern (Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn.) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia) by using different solvents. For this purpose, the extracts of the plants in the solvents as n-hegzan, ethanol, methanol and distilled water were prepared via maceration process. Either antibacterial activies against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli or antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger of the prepared extracts were investigated. The results demonstrated that the plant sources and solvent types used in the extraction are crucial on the antimicrobial activities of the extracts.
With an increasing world population, the demand for quality food is rising. To meet safe food demand, it is necessary to double or maybe triple agriculture production. Annually, almost 25% of the world crop is destroyed due to pests. During the past few decades, different pesticides, including chemical, synthetic, biological, and botanical have been adopted to achieve adequate results against pests for agriculture interests and plant safety. Globally, more than 200,000 people died every year due to direct chemical and synthetic pesticides poisoning. But these pesticides did not achieve the desired results due to delivery problems, less stability, low biodegradability, less specificity, and high cost. To overcome these problems, the rapidly emerging field of nanotechnology is considered an important achievement in the agriculture sectors in order to improve pest mortality rates and crop production. The nano-biopesticides attained special attention against the insect pests due to their small size (1-100 nm), large surface area, high stability, cost-effectiveness, fever toxicity, and easy field application. The current chapter highlights the relevance of nano-biopesticides for pest insect management on several crops of agricultural concern. The mechanisms of action, delivery, and environmental sustainability of nano-biopesticides are also discussed in the present chapter.
Global increase in the population and degradation of environment possess a challenge to crop production worldwide and it is a need of hour to find solutions for abiotic stress, pests and pathogens. Eco-friendly approach of management by using biopesticides is an alternative against synthetic chemicals. Biopesticides means biological method of control by entanglement and manoeuvring of living organisms. Biopesticides comprises microbial pesticides, biochemical pesticides and plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs). Microbial biopesticides are the products obtained from microorganisms which are beneficial and can be applied against plant diseases and insect pests responsible to cause damage to agricultural crops year after year. Microbial pesticides can play an important role for crop protection in the agricultural based economy of the world. It is crucial now to popularise the use of these microbial biopesticides among the farmers worldwide. Entomopathogenic bacteria consist of Bacillaceae, Burkholderia, Chromobacterium, Pseudomonas, Saccharopolyspora, Serratia, Streptomyces and Yersinia species, whereas fungi include various strains of Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, Hirsutella, Isaria, Lecanicillium, Paecilomyces and Verticillium species. Baculoviruses (insect pathogenic viruses) are species-specific and active against chewing and bitting insects, primarily against Lepidopteran caterpillars. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) include 2 genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis showing mutualistic symbiotic association with bacteria Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus. Biopesticides sources easily exist in nature, are naturally biodegradable, show different modes of action, less expensive and possess less toxicity to living organisms
Bacterial soft rot is one of the important diseases of tomato both at the field and postharvest stages. The disease is capable of causing over 30% losses of the produce at storage facility if not controlled. Therefore there is need to identify effective control measures. This study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of Aloe vera and marigold extracts to control bacterial soft rot of tomato. The two extracts were applied on fruit surface of Rhode tomato after disease inoculation of tomato. The treated tomatoes were compared with control counterparts which were untreated.
Nagietek lekarski (Calendula officinalis L.) należy do rodziny astrowatych (Asteraceae), pochodzi z obszarów Morza Śródziemnego. Jest gatunkiem jednorocznym, powszechnie uprawianym jako roślina ozdobna oraz zielarska. Surowcem wykorzystywanym w lecznictwie są koszyczki lub same kwiaty języczkowe, które wykazują między innymi działanie przeciwzapalne, przeciwgrzybicze i przyspieszające gojenie ran. Nagietek jest chętnie uprawiany w ogrodach przydomowych jako roślina dekoracyjna, która dodatkowo przywabia owady zapylające. Wśród uprawianych odmian ozdobnych dostępne są formy wysokie i karłowate, o kwiatach dwubarwnych. Rośliny posiane na jednym stanowisku mogą na nim pozostać przez wiele lat, dzięki temu, że nasiona same się rozsiewają.
Alternaria solani causes early blight in plants belonging to family Solanaceae. It severely infests agriculturally important crops like tomato and potato at different developmental stages. We have screened eighty one extracts of twenty seven medicinally important plants for their antifungal activity against A. solani. Twelve extracts of eight plants (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Syzygium aromaticum, Ferula foetida, Inula racemosa, Hemidesmus indicus, Rubia cordifolia, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Saussurea lappa) possessed marginal to excellent antifungal activity. Hexane (Hx) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of C. zeylanicum showed complete inhibition of A. solani in vitro at a dose of 3 ml/lit water. Formulation trials conducted in shade house using MeOH extract of C. zeylanicum at a dose of 2 ml/lit water were highly effective against A. solani infesting tomato plants. TLC, HPTLC and GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of Eugenol, Cinnamaldehyde and 2H -1- Benzopyran -2- one in MeOH extract of C. zeylanicum. These secondary metabolites were isolated by preparative TLC to further confirm antifungal activity and probable structures by GC-MS. 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one, a coumarin has been reported for the first time as an antifungal against A. solani in present study. An effective lab-scale formulation was developed and tested against A. solani.
The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial activities of Calendula officinalis Linn. Dried leaf powder of Calendula officinalis was successively extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol using Soxhlet and macerated to form water extract. All extracts were screened for its antibacterial and antifungal activity using agar well diffusion method. The microorganisms used for antibacterial and antifungal were Bacillus subtulis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Gentamicin 5µg/ml was used as standards. The extracts showed antimicrobial activity were subjected to minimum inhibitory concentration assay by two fold dilutions method. Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and water extract exhibited in-vitro antibacterial activity. None of the extracts showed antifungal activity.
Calendula officinalis flower extract possessed significant anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan and dextran-induced acute paw edema. Oral administration of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight Calendula extract produced significant inhibition (50.6 and 65.9% respectively) in paw edema of animals induced by carrageenan and 41.9 and 42.4% respectively with inflammation produced by dextran. In chronic anti-inflammatory model using formalin, administration of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight Calendula extract produced an inhibition of 32.9 and 62.3% respectively compared to controls. TNF-alpha production by macrophage culture treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was found to be significantly inhibited by Calendula extract. Moreover, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL- 1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma and acute phase protein, C- reactive protein (CRP) in mice produced by LPS injection were inhibited significantly by the extract. LPS induced cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) levels in mice spleen were also found to be inhibited by extract treatment. The results showed that potent anti-inflammatory response of C. officinalis extract may be mediated by the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and Cox-2 and subsequent prostaglandin synthesis.
Thirteen saponins were isolated and identified from Calendula oficinalis, C. arvensis and Hedera helix. Mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of these products were investigated using a modified liquid incubation technique
of the Salmonella/microsomal assay. The Salmonella tester strain TA98 ± S9 mix was used. Screening of the antimutagenic activity
was performed with a known promutagen: benzo-[a]pyrene (BaP) and a mutagenic urine concentrate from a smoker (SU). Antimutagenic
activities were also compared with the activity of chlorophyllin. All the saponins were found to be non-toxic and non-mutagenic
for doses of 400 μg. Chlorophyllin inhibited the mutagenic activities of BaP (1 μg) and SU (5 μl) in a dose-dependent manner.
The four saponins from C. arvensis and the three saponins from H. helix showed antimutagenic activity against BaP (1 μg) and SU (5 μl) with a dose—response relationship. The possible mechanism
of the antimutagenic activity of saponins is discussed.
Extracts of dried flowers from Calendula officinalis were examined for their ability to inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. Both organic and aqueous extracts were relatively nontoxic to human lymphocytic Molt-4 cells, but only the organic one exhibited potent anti-HIV activity in an in vitro MTT/tetrazolium-based assay. In addition, in the presence of the organic extract (500 micrograms/mL), the uninfected Molt-4 cells were completely protected for up to 24 h from fusion and subsequent death, caused by cocultivation with persistently infected U-937/HIV-1 cells. It was also found that the organic extract from Calendula officinalis flowers caused a significant dose- and time-dependent reduction of HIV-1 reverse transcription (RT) activity. An 85% RT inhibition was achieved after a 30 min treatment of partially purified enzyme in a cell-free system. These results suggested that organic extract of flowers from Calendula officinalis possesses anti-HIV properties of therapeutic interest.
A fluid extract of Calendula officinalis L. displayed genotoxic properties when assayed for mitotic segregation in the heterozygous diploid D-30 of Aspergillus nidulans. The extract of Calendula exhibited dose-dependent toxicity and genotoxicity (both mitotic crossing-over and chromosome malsegregation being observed) to Aspergillus in the range of five plate concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 mg of solids/ml assayed. Mutagenicity testing with the Salmonella/microsome assay in strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100 was negative in a plate incorporation protocol, with concentrations ranging from 50 to 5000 microg/plate (+/- S9). The mouse bone marrow micronucleus test, where the extract was dosed orally up to 1 g/kg for 2 days, was also negative.
This study was performed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Althaea officinalis L. roots, Arnica montana L. flowers, Calendula officinalis L. flowers, Hamamelis virginiana L. leaves, Illicium verum Hook. fruits and Melissa officinalis L. leaves, against anaerobic and facultative aerobic periodontal bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella spp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Veilonella parvula, Eikenella corrodens, Peptostreptococcus micros and Actinomyces odontolyticus. The methanol extracts of H. virginiana and A. montana and, to a lesser extent, A. officinalis were shown to possess an inhibiting activity (MIC < or = 2048 mg/L) against many of the species tested. In comparison, M. officinalis and C. officinalis extracts had a lower inhibiting activity (MIC > or = 2048 mg/L) against all the tested species with the exception of Prevotella sp. Illicium verum methanol extract was not very active though it had a particular good activity against E. corrodens. The results suggest the use of the alcohol extracts of H. virginiana, A. montana and A. officinalis for topical medications in periodontal prophylactics.
The sap of different organs of genus Calendula plant species has been studied for antimicrobial activity. The sap of racemes demonstrated the most expressed antimicrobial effect while that of the roots - the least one. Calendula species inhibited all tested pathogenic microorganisms, especially Pseudomonas syringae, P. fluorescens, Xanthomonas campestris, Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Calendula suffruticosa was the most active to all investigated microorganisms.
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- S K Bhattacharjee
Bhattacharjee SK (1998). Pointer Pub, Jaipur-03, India. Handbook of
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Harborne JB (1998). Phytochemical methods. In A guide to modern
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