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GENETIC DIVERGENCE STUDIES IN FINGER MILLET {ELEUSINE CORACANA (L.) GAERTN}
Abstract
Fifty genotypes of finger millet were studied for genetic divergence using D 2 analysis for ten quantitative traits. These genotypes were grouped into fourteen clusters. Out of which, Cluster I had seventeen genotypes, cluster III ten genotypes, cluster V six genotypes, cluster VI seven genotypes, cluster II, cluster IV and clusters VII to XIV consisted of one genotype each. Considering the inter cluster distances, it was the highest between cluster XI and XIII followed by the inter cluster distance of V and XI and XIII and XIV. Cluster XIV (genotype MS 3221) had the highest mean for grain yield and productive tiller number. For number of fingers, cluster IV (genotype TNAU, 972) and cluster XIII (genotype Indaf 11), for finger length cluster X (PR 202) and for thousand grain weight cluster XI (AF 260) were the superior clusters for the respective characters, the genotypes of which can be effectively used in breeding programmes. Among the characters, days to 50% flowering followed by number of leaves contributed more towards the total divergence. INTRODUCTION Finger millet {Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn} is cultivated under varied ecological conditions for both grain and fodder purposes in Africa and South Asia. This crop has accumulated considerable diversity over the years for vegetative, reproductive and physiological characters. The nature and magnitude of genetic divergence play an important role in the formulation of successful breeding programme. The genetically diverse parents are needed to produce heterotic effect and desirable segregants. The D 2 statistic analysis is a powerful tool in quantifying the degree of divergence among the populations. Thus, the present study was undertaken to know the nature and magnitude of genetic diversity in finger millet and to identify genetically divergent genotypes to serve as parents in hybridization programme.
... An annual plant called millet is cultivated extensively as a significant grain crop, mostly in arid and semi-arid regions of Africa and Asia. Other common names for it are mandua, nagli, kapai, and thaidalu [8][9][10][11][12]. According to legend, finger millet originated in Africa, with India serving as a secondary origin region [13]. ...
The fifty-finger millet (Eleusine coracana) genotypes used in the current experiment were examined in four different environments: E1 and E2 at the Student Research Farm at the C.S.A.U.A.&T. Kanpur, and E3 and E4 seeded at the Research Farm in Daleep Nagar, Kanpur. The genotypes were assessed using a randomised block design with three replications to determine genetic variability for the following traits: days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of productive tillers per plant, number of fingers per ear, length of finger (cm), finger width (cm), ear head width (cm), ear head length (cm), ear head weight (g), ear head weight (g), straw yield per plant (g), harvest index (%), 1000 grain weight (g), protein content (%) and grain yield per plant (g). This experiment revealed low genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, ear head width across all conditions, and protein content across all environments with the exception of E2. High levels of GCV and PCV were found in the ear head weight, straw yield per plant, 1000 grain weight, and grain yield per plant. In every context, the magnitude of GCV was often lower than the corresponding PCV. Plant 1764 height, finger width, ear head weight, straw yield per plant, harvest index, 1000 grain weight, and grain yield per plant all showed strong heritability along with high genetic progress. As a result of the cumulative impact of its component features, the yield has a complicated and highly variable character. It is the outcome of the combined influence of its constituent features, therefore straight selection for yield might not be very effective.
... Intra and inter relation of clusters were judged based on the average D 2 values. The average D 2 values of intra and inter clusters distances are presented in [4] and Wolie et al., (2013) [23] . The maximum inter cluster D 2 value was recorded between Cluster IV and VIII (16759.47), ...
Multivariate analysis is a crucial statistical tool which enables us to easily assess critical polygenic characters which are of great importance in a plant breeding programme. The present experiment was conducted during Kharif 2020 and 2021, with 50 germplasm accessions of finger millet at C.S.A. University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur in a randomized block design. The present investigation was carried out to assess the extent of genetic diversity analysis to identify the superior genotypes for yield and protein content. The observations for fifteen characters were recorded as well as multivariate technique; cluster analysis was applied. The fifty genotypes were grouped into eight distinct clusters on the basis of Euclidean distance. Cluster IV included maximum number of genotypes (fifteen) followed by Cluster I with nine genotypes; Cluster III with seven genotypes; Cluster VIII with five genotypes, Cluster VII with two genotypes and Cluster II, Cluster V, Cluster VI with four genotypes each, indicating wide diversity. The maximum inter-cluster distances for grain yield were recorded between Cluster IV and VIII followed by Cluster III and VIII, Cluster I and VII, Cluster II and VII and Cluster V and IV indicating the presence of wide diversity between these clusters therefore the use of genotypes from these clusters would serve as potential parents for hybridization. Plant height contributed the most towards genetic divergence in fifty genotypes of finger millet, indicating the presence of wide variability for this trait among the studied genotypes. Cluster III had highest maximum cluster means for most of the desirable characters viz., harvest index, 1000grain weight, protein content and grain yield per plant. Considering the high inter-cluster distances, cluster means and mean performance of genotypes, crossing of entry of clusters III with entries of cluster VI and VII would be fruitful for obtaining transgressive segregants for developing high yielding, high protein containing and better quality finger millet varieties. Introduction Millets is a collective term used for some members of graminae family, having coarse nature of grains. Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Geartn.), commonly known as Ragi/nutritious millet is nutritionally superior over other cereals. The word ragi is derived from Sanskrit word "Rajika" meaning red. The cultivated Eleusine coracana is an allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 36, AABB), evolved from E. indica (AA) and E. floccifolia or E. tristachya (BB) which has a genome size of 1,593Mb. It is a self-pollinated annual herbaceous plant that belongs to the family Poaceae, genus Eleusine. It is one of the important hardiest subsistence food crop largely grown in the arid and semi-arid areas of Africa and Asia. Being rich in protein and calcium, it serves as an important food source for rural population residing in developing tropical countries where calcium deficiency and anemia are chronic. It consists of almost all nutrients like protein (9.2 per cent), carbohydrates (76.32 per cent), methionine, and fat (1. per cent). It is also rich in minerals (2.70 per cent) such as calcium (452 mg/1000g), iron (3.90 mg/100g) and ash (3.90 per cent) which are core ingredients of a normal human diet (Pandey and Kumar, 2005) [16]. Calorific value of Ragi is 29 and per 100gms of it provides 345 calories of energy. Thus it shares a pivotal status in food habits of rural folk across the entire country and is colloquially referred to as "poor man's food". It is effective against measles, pleurisy, pneumonia and small pox. It is also recognized for numerous health beneficial effects viz; anti-diabetic, anti-tumerogenic, atherosclerogenic effects, anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties. The dietary fibre, minerals, phenolics and vitamins concentrated in the outer layer of the seed coat offer high nutritional and health benefits (Chandra et al., 2016) [3]. Apart from its nutritional attributes, finger millet has excellent environmental sustainability credentials. It has long shelf life traits and is valuable in areas where farmers suffer huge losses due to dearth of post-harvest management (Kumar et al., 2016) [11] .
... The genotypes IC0403282, IC0403280, IC0473931 formed single stocked cluster indicating wide diversity from set, as well as from each other. In finger millet, similar results was found by" Anantharaju and Meenakshiganesan [28] and Suryanarayana et al. [14]. Table 4). ...
Analysis of variance showed high significant differences among 40 finger millet genotypes for all the characters under study. High GCV and PCV was recorded for number of tillers per plant, biological yield and peduncle length respectively suggesting that there was predominance of additive gene action. Number of tillers per plant, biological yield, peduncle length, harvest index, grain yield per plant, finger length, ear head length, Number of fingers, days to 50 % flowering exhibited high estimates of heritability with high genetic advance, indicating that these characters are predominantly governed by additive gene action and selection on the basis of these characters would be more effective. Based on the relative magnitude of D 2 value, the genotypes were grouped into 4 clusters. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters II and IV (25.95) followed by cluster II and III (12.16) and crosses involving genotypes from these clusters can be selected to yield superior segregants and future genetic improvement. Peduncle length, biological yield, days to 50% flowering and grain yield per plant appeared to be the most important trait contributing 79.11% towards genetic divergence.
... The presence of solitary clusters indicated extreme phenotypic performance in positive or negative directions for one or the other characters, which can be exploited for future breeding programme. Earlier Vidhate et al. (2020) and Anantharaju and Meenakshiganesan (2008) also reported solitary clusters in finger millet. ...
... days to maturity, days to maturity, peduncle length, peduncle exertion, panicle length, flag leaf blade length, flag leaf blade width, culm branches and number of productive tillers plant -1 exhibited high indirect effects via plant height. Similar results were in consonance with the findings of Anantharaju and Meenakshiganesan (2008 Puddling is the popular tillage operation for rice under rice-wheat cropping system by which soil structure is deliberately destroyed and the soil dispersed by repeatedly plowing and harrowing in a flooded or saturated state to render it impervious. Reduced draft requirements for tillage, weed control, easy transplanting, conservation of rain and irrigation water, increase in nutrient availability, etc. are some of the wellknown agronomic benefits of puddling; which ultimately resulted in better crop growth and yield in rice. ...
ABSTRACT Soil erosion resulting from soil tillage during the traditional crop cultivation process has forced us to look for alternatives and to reverse the process of soil degradation. The structural degradation of the soils due to heavy tillage with machineries results in the formation of crusts and compaction and leads to soil erosion. With the continuation of this process for a long term leads a reduction of soil organic matter also. Soil organic matter, a crucial element for the stabilization of soil structure, also provides nutrients to crop. Therefore, most soils degrade under prolonged intensive arable agriculture. Hence, to achieve sustainable and profitable agriculture conservation agriculture (CA) plays a key role. With three basic principles, viz., minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover and crop rotations CA aims at improved livelihoods of farmers especially most urgently required by smallholder farmers, those facing acute labour shortages. CA is not a new system to introduce; truly speaking it is a product of the collective efforts of a number of previous agricultural movements which includes no-till agriculture, agro-forestry, green manures/cover crops, direct planting/seeding, integrated pest management, and conservation tillage mainly. It holds tremendous potential for all sizes of farms and agro-ecological systems. It is mainly aimed at reducing the effort and cost of farming in a way that protects and improves agricultural soils. Key words: Climate change, Conservation agriculture, Crop production, Food security, Tillage
... Hence the genetic resources between cluster II (SiA 3397, SiA 3396, SiA 3384, SiA 3340, SiA 3447, SiA 3347 and SiA 3369) and cluster IX (SiA 3222) possessing maximum inter cluster distance between them had high degree of genetic diversity and thus may be utilized under inter-varietal hybridization programme (transgressive breeding) for obtaining superior segregants. Similar results were reported earlier by Anantharaju and Meenakshiganesan (2008), Kadam (2008) and Mahanthesha et al (2017). ...
Fifty Italian millet genetic resources were studied to assess the magnitude of genetic diversity for 12 quantitative traits using
Mahalanobis D2 Statistic. Based on Tocher’s method, the entire genetic resources were partitioned into nine distinct nonoverlapping
clusters suggesting availabilty of substantial genetic diversity. Cluster I was the largest comprising of large
number of accessions (36) followed by cluster II with (7) accessions and the remaining were mono genotypic clusters III, IV,
V,VI,VII, VIII and IX containing only single accession each indicating high degree of heterogeneity among the genotypes.
Clusters II and IX showed maximum inter-cluster distance between them implying these genetic resources with high degree
of genetic diversity may be utilized in inter-varietal hybridization programme. The trait, culm branches followed by 1000
grain weight contributed maximum towards total divergence indicating feasibility of improvement through those characters.
... In finger millet, similar results was found by Karad and Patil (2013), Anantharaju and Meenakshiganesan (2008), Das et al., (2013) and Suryanarayana et al., (2014) Intra and inter cluster D 2 values were worked out using D 2 values from divergence analysis ( Table 2). A study of the data revealed that the inter-cluster distance (D) ranged from 3.81 to 12.43. ...
... High intra-cluster genetic distance in cluster III was because of heterogeneous composition of that cluster. Collaborative results have also been given by Bedis et al., 2007, Das et al., (2013 and Wolie et al., (2013). ...
The knowledge about genetic variability and determining the criteria for employing effective selection is always prerequisite to develop a sound breeding programme. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted with 35 genotypes of finger millet in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three (03) replications and observations were recorded for morphological and quality traits. The analysis of variance exhibited substantial degree of variability among the genotypes for all the traits under study. The higher value of phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) than genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) for all the traits under study indicated the influence of environment on expression of these traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean suggested that direct selection for the traits viz. iron content, test weight, calcium content, finger length, protein content, flag leaf area and days to 80% maturity may be carried out as these traits have preponderance of additive gene action. Similarly, character association results depicted that direct selection for the traits viz. flag leaf area, test weight, biological yield/plant, harvest index and iron content will be effective for tangible advancement in grain yield of this important millet. Further, Genetic divergence study for identifying such promising genotypes revealed that among the seven clusters, Cluster III and cluster VII were most divergent hence genotypes viz., MLS 1, MLS 5, GPU 67, VL 376 and Indira Ragi from these clusters may throw useful segregates in upcoming generations.
An investigation was carried out among the fifty five genotypes of finger millet to study the nature and magnitude of genetic divergence using Mahalanobis D 2 statistic. Sixteen important traits were recorded on the genotypes raised in the augmented randomised block design. The fifty five genotypes were grouped into eight clusters with cluster VII containing the maximum of 12 genotypes. The clusters III is mono-genotypic indicating wide divergence from other cluster. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters VII and VIII followed by V and VI suggesting the use of genotypes from these clusters to serve as potential parents for hybridization. Out of sixteen characters studied among all the germplasm grain yield per plot has contributed highest (76.16 %) towards the genetic divergence, followed by days to maturity (7.47%), days to 50% flowering (6.73%), plant height (4.98%), flag leaf area (1.82%), harvest index (1.35%), neck blast (0.67%) and finger blast (0.64%) Whereas, the traits like effective tillers/plant, ears/plant, fingers/ear, finger length, grain yield/plant, 1000-seed weight, and leaf blast have shown zero percent contribution towards genetic divergence under the study.
The stagnation of sorghum grain yields worldwide and utilization of inbred lines by public and private organizations (multinational seed companies) warrant the understanding of genetic diversity present in inbred lines. The objectives of this study were (1) to compare morphological and molecular diversity analysis and (2) to identify heterotic pools from the genotypes evaluated. Sixty-five rainy-season elite lines were evaluated during the 2006 and 2007 rainy seasons, and 15 post-rainy-season genotypes in the 2003 and 2004 post-rainy seasons for their distinctiveness, uniformity and stability at the Directorate of Sorghum Research, Hyderabad, India. Ninety-three genotypes (ten rainy-season B lines, 13 rainy-season R lines, 36 rainy-season varieties, seven rainy-season hybrids, ten forage varieties and 17 post-rainy-season genotypes) were evaluated using 48 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers that are uniformly distributed over the sorghum genome. From the 93 genotypes analysed, 310 alleles were observed, with an average of 6.5 alleles per locus. A high level of polymorphism (mean 97%) was detected. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.463; P = 0.001) between genetic similarities and morphological similarities was obtained. Unlike previous reports, both methods clearly distinguished B lines, R lines, rainy-season varieties, post-rainy-season varieties and forage varieties. Forage and post-rainy-season varieties present a higher diversity of 60%. This could be because the post-rainy-season varieties are developed from local landraces and forage genotypes from crosses such as Sorghum bicolor × Sudan grass. Herein, we further discuss the grouping of elite genotypes into different heterotic pools.
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