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New data on the Harmochireae 265
Further notes on the Harmochireae of Africa
(Araneae, Salticidae, Pelleninae)
Dmitri V. Logunov
e Manchester Museum, e University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:0692E80C-BF14-471A-8692-E6B37FC8C75D
Corresponding author: Dmitri V. Logunov (dmitri.v.logunov@manchester.ac.uk)
Academic editor: Pavel Stoev | Received7 March 2009 | Accepted 16 April 2009 | Published 29 July 2009
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6E8BA40D-318D-4F1B-A194-63991E40F0E3
Citation: Logunov DV (2009) Further notes on the Harmochireae of Africa (Araneae, Salticidae, Pelleninae). In: Stoev P,
Dunlop J, Lazarov S (Eds) A life caught in a spider's web. Papers in arachnology in honour of Christo Deltshev. ZooKeys
16: 265-290. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.16.227
Abstract
Four new spiders, Bianor paulyi sp. n. (♂♀; from Madagascar and the Comoros), Microbianor deltshevi
sp. n. (♂♀; from Madagascar), M. madagascarensis sp. n. (♂♀; from Madagascar), and Sibianor anansii
sp. n. (♂♀; from Botswana), are diagnosed, illustrated and described. A new combination is suggested:
Sibianor proszynskii (Zhu et Song, 2001) comb. n. (ex Harmochirus). New faunistic records from Africa
are given for Bianor albobimaculatus, B. kovaczi, Harmochirus luculentus, Modunda staintoni, Neaetha
oculata, and Sibianor kenyaensis. A brief discussion of the current state of knowledge of the Harmochireae
is also provided.
Keywords
New species, jumping spiders, Harmochireae, Araneae, Africa, Madagascar
Introduction
Originally (Simon 1903), the group Harmochireae consisted of a single genus Har-
mochirus. Referring to the atlases of diagnostic illustrations by Prószyński (1984,
1987), Żabka (1991: p. 12, table 1) commented that the Harmochireae was a group
of randomly selected genera, of which four genera (Bianor, Harmochirus, Neaetha
and Modunda) were similar; yet, he discussed neither its diagnostic characters, nor
ZooKeys 16: 265-290 (2009)
doi: 10.3897/zookeys.16.227
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Dmitri V. Logunov / ZooKeys 16: 265-290 (2009)
266
its taxonomic status. Later, Logunov (1996, 2001) provided a diagnosis of the Har-
mochireae and included seven genera in it (see Table 1). Based both on somatic
morphology and on the structure of the copulatory organs, all the salticid genera
currently included in this group were diagnosed, (re)described and discussed in de-
tail by Logunov (2000, 2001).
e group Harmochireae is a member of the subfamily Pelleninae (sensu Maddi-
son and Hedin 2003; Maddison et al. 2008). Its congeners can be readily distinguished
from the rest of the Pelleninae genera by the absence of the compound terminal apo-
physis and cymbial dorso-lateral projections in males and of the epigynal aps in fe-
males (for further details see Logunov 2001). e group Harmochireae most probably
deserves tribal status within the Pelleninae, but this matter is outside the scope of the
present work. It is worth mentioning though that Bianor and Sibianor, the two genera
of Harmochireae sampled by Maddison et al. (2008) for their phylogenetic analysis,
formed a separate clade within the Pelleninae (Op.cit.: g. 9). e taxonomic status
and composition of the group Harmochireae require further attention in the future,
when more genera (particularly, Harmochirus, Microbianor and Neaetha) have been
sampled for DNA sequence data.
Since the latest review of Harmochireae (Logunov 2001) only a few new spe-
cies have been described (e.g., Jastrzębski 2007), with one of them, Bianor bigut-
tatus, described from north Africa (Arabian Peninsula) (see Wesołowska and van
Harten 2002). In the present work, I have considered new African material of
various Harmochireae genera (10 species altogether) which became available to me
in 2008. Four new species are described, and new faunistic records are reported for
six other species.
Material and methods
is work is based on specimens borrowed from the following museums: BMNH=
Department of Entomology, the British Natural History Museum, London, UK (Ms
J. Beccaloni); and MRAC= Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium
(Dr. R. Jocqué). Abbreviations used in the text: Eyes: AME = anterior median eye,
PLE = posterior lateral eye(s). Leg segments: Fm = femur, Mt = metatarsus, Pt =
patella, Tr = tarsus, Tb = tibia. Position of spines on legs: ap = apical, d = dorsal, pr =
prolateral, rt = retrolateral, v = ventral. For the leg spination the system adopted is
that used by Ono (1988). e sequence of leg segments in measurement data is as
follows: femur + patella + tibia + metatarsus + tarsus. e names of two collectors
are abbreviated as follows: AP = A Pauly; ARS = A Russell-Smith. For previously de-
scribed species only references to reliable sources of identi cation are provided. For
a complete set of taxonomic references for each known species see Platnick (2009).
All measurements are in mm.
New data on the Harmochireae 267
Table 1. Valid species of the Harmochireae and their distribution.
Genera and species Distribution
Bianor Peckham et Peckham, 1885
B. albobimaculatus (Lucas, 1846) S Africa, Mediterranean to Central Asia
B. angulosus (Karsch, 1879) S China, S and SE Asia
B. biguttatus Wesołowska et van Harten, 2002 Socotra
B. biocellosus Simon, 1902 Brazil (TL)
B. compactus (Urquhart, 1885) New Zealand (TL)
B. concolor (Keyserling, 1882) New South Wales (TL)
B. diversipes Simon, 1901 Malaysia (TL)
B. eximius Wesołowska et Haddad, 2009 South Africa (TL)
B. incitatus orell, 1890 S China, S and SE Asia, Caroline Islands
B. kovaczi Logunov, 2001 Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Botswana
B. maculatus (Keyserling, 1883) Australia, New Zealand
B. murphyi Logunov, 2001 Kenya
B. nexilis Jastrzębski, 2007 Bhutan (TL)
B. paulyi sp. n. Madagascar, the Comoros
B. pseudomaculatus Logunov, 2001 N and E India, Vietnam
B. punjabicus Logunov, 2001 N India, Afghanistan
B. quadrimaculatus (Lawrence, 1927) Namibia (TL)
B. senegalensis Logunov, 2001 Senegal
B. tortus Jastrzębski, 2007 Nepal, E India*
B. vitiensis Berry, Beatty et Prószyński, 1996 Fiji
B. wunderlichi Logunov, 2001 Canary Is., Azores
Harmochirus Simon, 1885
H. brachiatus ( orell, 1877) Bhutan to Taiwan and Indonesia
H. insulanus (Kishida, 1914) S China, Korea, Japan
H. lloydi Narayan, 1915 India (TL)
H. luculentus Simon, 1886 S Africa to Yemen
H. pineus (Xiao et Wang, 2005)** SE China (TL)
H. zabkai Logunov, 2001 Nepal, N India, Vietnam
Microbianor Logunov, 2000
M. deltshevi sp. n. Madagascar (TL)
M. golovatchi Logunov, 2000 e Seychelles (TL)
M. madagascarensis sp. n. Madagascar
M. nigritarsis Logunov, 2000 e Seychelles
M. saaristoi Logunov, 2000 e Seychelles, Réunion
Modunda Simon, 1901
M. aeneiceps Simon, 1901 Sri Lanka (TL)
M. staintoni (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) S Africa, the Middle East to NW India
Dmitri V. Logunov / ZooKeys 16: 265-290 (2009)
268
Genera and species Distribution
Napoca Simon, 1901
N. insignis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) Israel (TL)
Neaetha Simon, 1884
N. absheronica Logunov et Guseinov, 2002 E Mediterranean, the Caucasus
N. catulina Berland et Millot, 1941 Mali (TL)
N. cerussata (Simon, 1868) Mediterranean
N. irreperta Wesołowska et Russell-Smith, 2000 Tanzania (TL)
N. membrosa (Simon, 1868) W Mediterranean and Central Europe
N. murphyorum Prószyński, 2000 Israel (TL)
N. oculata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876) E Mediterranean, Botswana
Sibianor Logunov, 2001
S. aemulus (Gertsch, 1934) Canada, USA
S. anansii sp. n. Botswana (TL)
S. annae Logunov, 2001 SE China (TL)
S. aurocinctus (Ohlert, 1865) Europe to C Siberia
S. japonicus (Logunov, Ikeda et Ono, 1997) e Russian Far East, Japan
S. kenyaensis Logunov, 2001 Kenya, Botswana
S. kochiensis (Bohdanowicz et Prószyński, 1987) Japan
S. larae Logunov, 2001 Fennoscandia to the Russian Far East
S. latens (Logunov, 1991) S Siberia to the Russian Far East
S. nigriculus (Logunov et Wesołowska, 1992) e Russian Far East, N Korea, Japan
S. pullus (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906) e Russian Far East, China, Korea, Japan
S. proszynskii (Zhu et Song, 2001), comb. n.*** NE China (TL)
S. tantulus (Simon, 1868) Europe to E Siberia
S. turkestanicus Logunov, 2001 e Caucasus, Central Asia
S. victoriae Logunov, 2001 Kenya (TL)
Mainly based on the works by Logunov (1996, 2000, 2001), with subsequent contributions by Jastrzębski
(2007), Ledoux (2007), Logunov and Guseinov (2002), Prószyński (2003), Song et al. (2001), Wesołowska
and van Harten (2002, 2007), Wesołowska and Russell-Smith (2000), Wesołowska and Tomasiewicz
(2008), Xiao and Wang (2005), Wesołowska and Haddad (2009), and present data. Abbreviation (TL)
means that the species is known only from the type locality.
* e male mentioned by Jastrzębski (2007: p. 27) from E India (Assam) most probably belongs to B.
incitatus.
** is species is likely to be a junior synonym of H. insulanus (cf. Logunov 2001: gs 194-203), which
has also been reported from SE China. is problem requires special attention in the future.
*** A new combination has been suggested for Sibianor proszynskii (Zhu et Song, 2001) comb. n. (ex
Harmochirus). On the basis of the original gures by Song et al. (2001: gs 284a-d), it is clear that the
species possess all the male diagnostic characters of Sibianor (see Logunov 2001: pp. 223, 262), viz. the
fringes on leg I and the tegular knob present, the PLE are not elevated, and the ♂ chelicerae are not modi-
ed. us, it is safe to conclude that this species is better considered a member of Sibianor. Furthermore,
S. proszynskii is most likely a junior synonym of S. nigriculus (cf. Logunov 2001: gs 272-273) known to
date from the Russian Far East, Japan and N Korea. is problem requires special attention in the future.
New data on the Harmochireae 269
Table 2. A list of existing species names of the Harmochireae excluded from discussion.
Genera and species Distribution, comments and references
Bianor Peckham et Peckham, 1885
B. fasciatus Mello-Leitão, 1922 Brazil; not a member of Bianor (Logunov 2001).
B. mbriatus Mello-Leitão, 1917 Brazil; nomen dubium (Logunov 2001).
B. hongkong Song, Xie, Zhu et Wu, 1997 Hong Kong; not a member of Bianor (Logunov
2001)
B. monster Żabka, 1985 Vietnam. Likely to be a junior synonym of B. an-
gulosus (see Logunov 2001).
B. simplex (Blackwall, 1865) Cape Verde Is. Logunov (2001) treated this name
as a nomen oblitum, but he did not mention the
record by Berland (1936: p. 80, g. 24-25), who
illustrated the ♂ of this species from Santo Antão.
Reasoning from the ♂ body colour pattern illus-
trated by Berland, one can conclude that there
seems to be a separate species of Bianor occurring
on the Cape Verde Is. (di erent from B. albobi-
maculatus). Yet its status and name require further
study in the future.
Harmochirus Simon, 1885
H. bianoriformis (Strand, 1907) C and E Africa, Madagascar. e taxonomic status
and validity of this species are uncertain (Logunov
2001).
H. duboscqi (Berland et Millot, 1941) Ivory Coast, Senegal. Likely to be a junior syn-
onym of H. luculentus (Logunov, 2001).
H. rufescens Caporiacco, 1940 Somalia; nomen dubium (Wesołowska 1994; Logu-
nov 2001).
Modunda Simon, 1901
M. ghigii Caporiacco, 1949 Kenya. is species, listed by Platnick (2009) un-
der the genus Bianor, is of uncertain taxonomic
status, as the ♀ holotype (see Caporiacco 1949: g.
96) is not a member of the Harmochireae (no cen-
tral blind-ending pocket!) and belongs elsewhere.
M. orientalis Dönitz et Strand, 1906 Japan. is species, listed by Platnick (2009) under
the genus Bianor, was described from a single ♀
(Bösenberg and Strand 1906: table 8, g. 123); as
the original illustration is insu cient to assign the
species to any of the currently known Harmochire-
ae genera, it is safer to treat the species as being of
uncertain taxonomic status.
Neaetha Simon, 1884
N. aegyptiaca Denis, 1947 Egypt. On the basis of the ♂ palp illustrated nicely
by Denis (1947: plate V, gs 14, 15), it is easy to
conclude that N. aegyptiaca is not a member of
Neaetha but belongs in Evarcha Simon, 1902.
Dmitri V. Logunov / ZooKeys 16: 265-290 (2009)
270
Genera and species Distribution, comments and references
N. alborufula Caporiacco, 1949 Kenya. e original illustration by Caporiacco
(1949: g. 91) leaves no doubt that this taxon is
not a member of Neaetha, as the gured ♂ palp is
more similar to that of Hispo Simon, 1885 rather
than to any Bianor-type taxa.
N. catula Simon, 1886 E and S Africa. is species is of uncertain taxonom-
ic status: the ♀ illustrated by Caporiacco (1949:
g. 90) does not belong to the Harmochireae,
as it does not have the central pocket.
N. fulvopilosa (Lucas, 1846) Algeria, Tunisia. is species is of uncertain taxo-
nomic status, known only from the original de-
scription.
N. ravoisiei (Lucas, 1846) Algeria, E Africa. is species is of uncertain taxo-
nomic status. e record by Strand (1907: p. 720)
was based on an immature specimen.
Stichius orell, 1890
S. albomaculatus orell, 1890 Sumatra; nomen dubium (Logunov 2001).
Velloa Peckham et Peckham, 1903
V. modesta Peckham et Peckham, 1903 S Africa; nomen dubium (Wesołowska 1994, Logu-
nov 2001).
Taxonomic part
Bianor Peckham et Peckham, 1885
Bianor is the largest genus of the Harmochireae, consisting of 21 valid species (Table 1),
with the majority of them occurring in the Ethiopian or Oriental Regions. Six additional
species have uncertain taxonomic status or are invalid (Table 2). In the light of ndings
of a new Bianor species from Madagascar and of new records of B. kovaczi from Botswa-
na (see below), of which females are practically identical to those of B. albobimaculatus
(cf. Figs 13-14 and gs 19-27, 36-46 in Logunov 2001), it is worth reconsidering the
taxonomic status of B. rusticulus Peckham et Peckham, 1903 (known from the ♀ holo-
type), which was synonymized with B. albobimaculatus by Logunov (2001). Yet, such
reconsideration will only be possible pending collection of a series of both sexes from the
type locality of B. rusticulus, given on the original label as ‘Clanwilliam, Cape Colony’.
With a few exceptions (e.g., B. biocellosus Simon, 1902), species of Bianor cannot be
reliably diagnosed from the female copulatory organs alone because of a wide range of in-
traspeci c variation (for details, see Logunov 2001: p. 222). erefore, descriptions based
on single females are hardly su cient for proper diagnoses of Bianor species. Yet, such
descriptions continue to appear (Jastrzębski 2007; Wesołowska and van Harten 2002).
New data on the Harmochireae 271
Bianor albobimaculatus (Lucas, 1846)
Identi cation. Logunov (2001: gs 4-8, 13-27, 36-46).
Material examined. IVORY COAST: 1♂ (BMNH), nr. Gagnoa, Zoukroboua,
in rice swamp (hand collecting), 20.08.1992, ARS. – NIGERIA: 1♂4♀ (BMNH),
Ibadan, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, forest stream, swept grass-
land, 6.07.-17.08.1974, ARS; 2♂ (BMNH), same locality, swept tall grasses by lake,
21.09.1974, ARS.
Comments. B. albobimaculatus is the most common and widespread species of
the genus Bianor, reported from South Africa, northward throughout the entire conti-
nent to the Mediterranean, the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East, and then north-
eastward to Central Asia (Logunov 2001). However, in the light of new records of B.
kovaczi from Botswana (see below), whose females are practically identical to those of
B. albobimaculatus, some of the records of the latter species from South Africa should
be revised.
Bianor kovaczi Logunov, 2001
Figs 1-6
Identi cation. Wesołowska and Tomasiewicz (2008: gs 13-20).
Material examined. IVORY COAST: 2♂7♀ (BMNH), Bouaké, West African
Rice Development Association, in irrigated rice plots, 08.1994, ARS; 1♂ (BMNH),
same locality, trash management experiment, 12.09.1994, ARS. – BOTSWANA:
1♂ (BMNH), Maun, R. amalakane, grazed Setaria grassland, 24.07.1977, ARS;
1♀ (BMNH), same locality, swept Miscanthidium grassland, 28.06.1975, ARS; 1♂
(BMNH), same locality, in oodplain grassland, 1.02.1976, ARS; 1♀ (BMNH), nr.
Maun, Maphaneng Pan, riverine woodland, 1.04.1976, ARS; 2♂ (BMNH), c. 10
km S of Maun, Botetle, swept in riverine woodland, 5.03.1976, ARS; 1♂ (BMNH),
Kwai North gate, Margin of muddy lagoon, 15.07.1978, ARS; 1♂ (BMNH), Oka-
vango, R. Boro (KB B63), in Hyparrhenia grassland, 2.07.1977, ARS; 1♂ (BMNH),
Okavango, island in R. Moanachira, in Hyparrhenia grassland, 14.07.1977, ARS; 1♀
(BMNH), same locality, Moremi G.R., Mroma lagoon, in Hyparrhenia grassland,
13.08.1977, ARS; 1♀ (BMNH), same locality, Moremi West Gate, Vossia swamp,
15.07.1978, ARS; 1♀ (BMNH), same locality, R. Shashe, in oodplain grassland
(hand collecting), 31.08.1975, ARS.
Comments. To date, this species has been recorded from Ethiopia only (Logunov
2001; Wesołowska and Tomasiewicz 2008). New records here from Ivory Coast and
Botswana signi cantly extend our knowledge on the distribution of B. kovaczi, which
seems to be a common Afrotropical species. Males of B. kovaczi can easily be distin-
guished from the remaining Bianor species by the proportions of the tegulum and
especially by the relatively large promarginal teeth of the chelicerae (see Wesołowska
and Tomasiewicz 2008: g. 14). e latter character varies to some extent, which is
Dmitri V. Logunov / ZooKeys 16: 265-290 (2009)
272
Figures 1-6. Bianor kovaczi Logunov 2001, specimens from Ivory Coast (1-3) and Botswana (4-5). 1, 4
male general appearance, dorsal view 2, 5 ditto, lateral view 3, 6 female general appearance, dorsal view.
(scale bars: 1 mm).
quite common in the Harmochireae (e.g., in B. angulosus or Modunda staintoni, see
Logunov 2001), but remains more or less constant in all the males I have examined.
Unfortunately, females of all African Bianor species cannot be reliably diagnosed by
their copulatory organs; males are always required to identify a species.
1
4
2
5
3
6
New data on the Harmochireae 273
Bianor paulyi sp. n.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A2E4ECA2-5B2A-4B41-9887-85343391F084
Figs 7-14
Type material. Holotype. ♂ (MRAC, 225.263; Figs 7, 10-12) from Madagascar,
Tamatave, Foulpointe, grassy vegetation near sea water, 10.1994, AP.
Paratypes. MADAGASCAR: 2♂5♀ (MRAC, 225.263; Figs 8-9, 13-14), together
with the holotype; 1♂2♀ (MRAC, 201.744, 206.734), same locality, Tamatave pris-
on, on sand and masonry walls, 09-11.1994, AP; 1♂ (MRAC, 174.492), Ambaton-
drazaka, Riviere, yellow trap, 21.04.1992, AP. – FEDERAL ISLAMIC REPUBLIC
OF THE COMOROS: 1♂ (MRAC, 213.140), Mohéli, lac Boundouni, sweeping,
22.05.2003, R. Jocqué & D. den Spiegel.
Other material examined. MADAGASCAR: 1♀ (MRAC, 174.507), Alaotra,
reed marsh, yellow trap, 23.04.1992, AP; 1♀ (MRAC, 205.996), same locality, in
swamp, yellow trap, 23.04.1992, AP; 2♀ (MRAC, 177.975), Madagascar, Lagune
Onibe, boggy vegetation, 9.05.1993, AP; 1♀ (MRAC, 174.554), same locality, Cy-
peraceae marsh, yellow trap, 22.04.1992, AP.
Diagnosis. is species is most similar to B. kovaczi (see gs 13-20 in Wesołowska
and Tomasiewicz 2008; Figs 1-6), reported from several African countries (see above),
but can be reliably distinguished from it by the cheliceral dentition in males: i.e., the
promarginal tooth being rather large and bicuspid (Fig. 12). e conformation of the
epigyne and spermathecae in both species (cf. Figs 13-14 and gs 17-20 in Wesołowska
and Tomasiewicz 2008), as well in many others (e.g. B. albobimaculatus, B. maculatus;
see Logunov 2001), is almost indistinguishable.
Etymology. e species is named after Dr A Pauly, the collector of the type series
and of many other salticid species from Madagascar.
Distribution. NE region of Madagascar (several localities) and the Comoros.
Description. Male (the holotype). Measurements. Carapace 2.10 long, 1.88 wide,
1.15 high at PLE. Ocular area 1.33 long, 1.35 wide anteriorly and 1.75 wide pos-
teriorly. Diameter of AME 0.50. Abdomen 2.15 long, 1.63 wide. Cheliceral length
1.13. Clypeal height 0.15. Length of leg segments: leg I- 1.85+1.20+1.40+0.98+0.65;
leg II- 1.00+0.70+0.63+0.58+0.41; leg III- 1.15+0.53+0.60+0.70+0.39; leg IV-
1.15+0.60+0.73+0.80+0.43. Leg spination. Leg I: Fm d 0-0-1-2ap; Tb v 2-2-2; Mt v
2-2ap. Leg II: Fm d 0-0-1-2ap; Tb pr 0-1, v 1-1; Mt v 2-2ap. Leg III: Fm d 3ap; Tb
pr and rt 1-1, v 1-1ap; Mt pr and rt 2ap, v 1ap. Leg IV: Fm d 0-0-1-2ap; Tb rt 0-1;
Mt pr 1ap, rt 2ap. Colouration. Carapace russet, punctured-reticulate, sparsely cov-
ered with white scales (Fig. 7); clypeus and ‘cheeks’ russet, ‘naked’ (with sparse black
hairs). Sternum yellowish brown, covered with white protruding hairs. Labium, maxil-
lae and chelicerae russet. Abdomen (Fig. 7): dorsum brown, with pairs of white spots
and without scutum; sides and venter yellowish grey. Book-lung covers and spinnerets
yellow, tinged with grey. Legs I stronger and longer than others, russet, Tb, Mt and Tr
covered with protruding light hairs. Legs II-IV yellowish brownish, with all tarsi con-
trastingly yellow. Palps yellowish-brownish; palpal structure as in Figs 10-11.
Dmitri V. Logunov / ZooKeys 16: 265-290 (2009)
274
Figures 7-9. Bianor paulyi sp. n., male holotype (7) and female paratype (8-9). 7 male general appear-
ance, dorsal view 8 female general appearance, dorsal view 9 ditto, lateral view. (scale bars: 1 mm).
Figures 10-14. Bianor paulyi sp. n., male holotype (10-12) and female paratype (13-14). 10 left male
palp, ventral view 11 ditto, retro-lateral view 12 left male chelicera, ventral view 13 epigyne, ventral view
14 spermathecae, dorsal view. (scale bars: 0.1 mm).
7
10
8
11
12
13
9
14
New data on the Harmochireae 275
Female (the paratype, sample 225.263). Measurements. Carapace 1.83 long, 1.60
wide, 0.90 high at PLE. Ocular area 1.05 long, 1.23 wide anteriorly and 1.53 wide
posteriorly. Diameter of AME 0.43. Abdomen 3.03 long, 2.13 wide. Cheliceral length
0.63. Clypeal height 0.10. Length of leg segments: leg I- 1.08+0.68+0.71+0.58+0.41;
leg II- 0.83+0.53+0.48+0.50+0.38; leg III- 1.05+0.48+0.50+0.58+0.35; leg IV-
1.10+0.53+0.65+0.73+0.40. Leg spination. Leg I: Fm d 0-0-1-1ap; Tb v 2-2-2; Mt v
2-2ap. Leg II: Tb pr 0-1, v 1-1; Mt v 2-2ap. Leg III: Fm d 1ap; Tb pr and rt 0-1, v 1ap;
Mt pr and rt 2ap, v 1ap. Leg IV: Mt pr and rt 1ap. Colouration as in the male (Figs
8-9), but di ers as follows: carapace much more densely covered with white adpressed
scales; clypeus and chelicerae anteriorly covered with white hairs and scales; dorsum
with poorly marked or no pattern of white spots; palps entirely yellow. Epigyne and
spermathecae as in Figs 13-14.
Harmochirus Simon, 1885
e genus Harmochirus accommodates six valid species (Table 1) plus three spe-
cies names of uncertain taxonomic status (Table 2). e genus is largely restricted
to the Oriental Region, with a few species (e.g. H. insulanus and H. zabkai) also
known from southern areas of the Palaearctic Region and one (H. luculentus) from
the Ethiopian Region.
Harmochirus luculentus Simon, 1886
Identi cation. Logunov (2001: gs 206-246); Wesołowska and van Harten (2007:
gs 68-75, pl. 11-12).
Material. IVORY COAST: 2♂1♀ (BMNH), Bouaké, West African Rice De-
velopment Association, upland rice eld (pitfall traps), 6.09.1994, ARS. – NIGE
RIA: 1♂3♀ (BMNH), Ibadan, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, forest
stream, swept grassland, 6.07-17.08.1974, ARS. – BOTSWANA: 1♂1♀ (BMNH),
nr. Maun, Maphaneng Pan, tall grass in riverine woodland, 5.12.1976, ARS; 1♂
(BMNH), same locality, grazed Setaria grassland, 22.08.1978, ARS; 1♀ (BMNH),
nr. Maun, Island Safari Lodge, riverine woodland, 21.09.1975, ARS; 1♂ (BMNH),
Maun, R. amalakane, grassland, 1.02.1977, ARS; 1♀ (BMNH), same local-
ity and habitat, 3.03.1976, ARS; 4♀ (BMNH), same locality, grazed Setaria grass-
land, 24.07.1977, ARS; 1♀ (BMNH), same locality, on g tree, riverine woodland,
03.1976, ARS; 1♂ (BMNH), nr. Maun, Maphaneng Pan, in short grassland (hand
collecting), 24.02.1976, ARS; 1♀ (BMNH), same locality, grass tufts in riverine
woodland, 26.03.1976, ARS; 1♀ (BMNH), nr. Maun, Okavango, Mankunyane la-
goon, grassland (sweeping), 8.01.1977, ARS; 2♂ (BMNH), Okavango, Shaile Camp,
in riverine woodland, 28.03.1976, ARS; 1♀ (BMNH), Okavango, Moremi G.R.,
Mboma lagoon, in Hyparrhenia grassland, 13.08.1977, ARS; 1♀ (BMNH), same lo-
Dmitri V. Logunov / ZooKeys 16: 265-290 (2009)
276
cality, swept oodplain grassland, 14.01.1976, ARS; 1♂3♀ (BMNH), Okavango, R.
Shashe, in oodplain grassland (hand collecting), 31.08.1975, ARS; 1♂1♀ (BMNH),
Maun, Okavango, in garden (house 36), 5.06.1976, ARS; 1♀ (BMNH), Okavango,
Moremi Reserve, swept tall grassland by lagoon, 19.05.1976, ARS. – SOUTH AF
RICA: 2♀ (BMNH), Cape Peninsula, Bu els Bay, in sand dunes (hand collecting),
12.08.1978, ARS.
Comments. is is a common African species, distributed from South Africa (Logu-
nov 2001, present data) to the Arabian Peninsula (Wesołowska and van Harten 2007).
Microbianor Logunov, 2000
is is a small, recently described genus with ve valid species (Table 1). Originally, the
genus was considered endemic to the Seychelles (Logunov 2000), but after the discov-
ery of M. saaristoi in Réunion (Ledoux 2007) it became clear that the genus was more
widespread. e ndings of two new Microbianor species from Madagascar support
this conclusion. It is interesting to note that after the original description of Microbi-
anor (Logunov 2000) all new discoveries of its species have been made in the islands
of the Indian Ocean rather than continental Africa. Furthermore, both new Malagasy
species came from the NE shore of Madagascar. us, it is reasonable to assume that
the distribution of Microbianor may re ect the Asian faunal a nities of Madagascar,
which have been reported for a number of animal groups including scorpions and spi-
ders (e.g., Legendre 1972; Lourenço 2003; Griswold 2003). If so, more new species of
Microbianor might also be found in Sri Lanka and India.
Microbianor deltshevi sp. n.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E288919E-AAEB-4237-BFC4-E9900F426B6C
Figs 15-23
Type material. Holotype. ♂ (MRAC, 200.164; Figs 15-17) from Madagascar, Foul-
pointe, lagoon forest, yellow trap, 10.1993, AP.
Paratypes. MADAGASCAR: 12♂4♀1juv (MRAC, 200.164; Figs 18-23), to-
gether with the holotype; 2♂1♀ (MRAC, 177.809), same locality, 11.1993, AP;
1♀ (MRAC, 177.904), same locality, Asplenium-forest, 12.1993, AP; 1♂ (MRAC,
201.769), Madagascar, Tamatave, Foulpointe, forest on clay, 07.1994, AP; 1♀
(MRAC, 200.225), same locality and habitat, 12.1993, AP; 1♂ (MRAC, 205.810),
same locality, yellow trap on upper beach margin, under Scaevola taccata, 11.1995,
AP; 1♂ (MRAC, 200.064), Madagascar, Foulpointe, sea shore forest, sieving litter,
11.1993, AP.
Diagnosis. Compared to all the described species of Microbianor (see Logunov 2000),
M. deltshevi sp. n. di ers in having a straight embolus (Fig. 20) and dark brown femora
and tarsi I (Fig. 17) in males and the complete absence of fossae in females (Fig. 22).
New data on the Harmochireae 277
Etymology. e new species is dedicated to Prof Christo Deltshev (Bulgaria), for
his life-long dedication to, and e ective work on, spiders, and on the occasion of his
70th anniversary.
Distribution. NE part of Madagascar (Tamatave).
Description. Male (the holotype). Measurements. Carapace 1.08 long, 1.08
wide, 0.63 high at PLE. Ocular area 0.80 long, 0.90 wide anteriorly and 1.08 wide
posteriorly. Diameter of AME 0.29. Abdomen 1.05 long, 0.95 wide. Cheliceral length
0.43. Clypeal height 0.07. Length of leg segments: leg I- 0.85+0.55+0.58+0.33+0.30;
leg II- 0.50+0.33+0.29+0.28+0.26; leg III- 0.65+0.28+0.25+0.30+0.26; leg IV-
0.63+0.26+0.29+0.35+0.28. Leg spination. Leg I: Tb v 2-2; Mt v 2-2ap. Leg II:
Fm d 1ap; Tb pr 0-1-0, v 1-1; Mt v 2-2ap. Leg III: Fm d 1ap; Tb pr and rt 0-1-
0, v 1ap; Mt pr and rt 1ap, v 1-2ap. Leg IV: Fm d 1ap; remaining segments with
no spines. Colouration. Carapace russet, shining with sparse white elongated scales
(Figs 15-16). Eye eld darker (brown), with black around eyes. Clypeus russet, with
Figures 15-19. Microbianor deltshevi sp. n., male holotype (15-17) and female paratype (18-19).
15 male general appearance, dorsal view 16 ditto, lateral view 17 male left leg I, lateral view 18 female
general appearance, dorsal view 19 ditto, lateral view. (scale bars: 0.5 mm).
15
17
16
19
18
Dmitri V. Logunov / ZooKeys 16: 265-290 (2009)
278
sparse black hairs. Sternum, labium, maxillae and chelicerae yellowish, tinged with
red. Abdomen yellow-grey; dorsum completely covered with brownish scutum (Fig.
15), without marked colour pattern or with a poorly marked narrow transverse
white stripe. Book-lung covers yellowish, spinnerets grey brownish (sometimes dark
brown). Leg I (Fig. 17): Fm and Tr dark brown (almost black), Pt, Tb and Mt yel-
low; Fm dorsally and Pt & Tb ventrally with a row of black bristles. Legs II-IV yel-
low, with brown rings at segment joints (Fig. 16). Palps yellowish brownish; palpal
structure as in Figs 20-21.
Female (the paratype, sample 200.164). Measurements. Carapace 1.25
long, 1.10 wide, 0.63 high at PLE. Ocular area 0.85 long, 0.90 wide anteri-
orly and 1.13 wide posteriorly. Diameter of AME 0.29. Abdomen 1.48 long,
1.13 wide. Cheliceral length 0.68. Clypeal height 0.06. Length of leg segments:
leg I- 0.73+0.35+0.40+0.33+0.25; leg II- 0.55+0.35+0.28+0.28+0.25; leg III-
0.65+0.33+0.25+0.30+0.25; leg IV- 0.65+0.31+0.35+0.38+0.28. Leg spination.
Leg I: Tb v 2-2; Mt v 2-2ap. Leg II: Tb pr 0-1-0, v 1-1ap; Mt v 2-2ap. Leg III: Tb v
1ap; Mt 3ap. Leg IV: no spines. Colouration as in the male (Figs 18-19), but paler
and di ers as follows: no scutum on dorsum; the colouration of legs I is similar to
the other legs: all femora slightly darker (brown) than remaining segments, which
are yellow with brown rings at segment joints; palps brownish yellowish, with brown
tarsi. Epigyne and spermathecae as in Figs 22-23.
Figures 20-23. Microbianor deltshevi sp. n., paratypes 20 left male palp, ventral view 21 ditto, retro-
lateral view 22 epigyne, ventral view 23 spermathecae, dorsal view. (scale bars: 0.1 mm).
20 21
23
22
New data on the Harmochireae 279
Microbianor madagascarensis sp. n.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E2D1B206-EE41-4362-A68E-A90F0D4B9563
Figs 24-32
Type material. Holotype. ♂ (MRAC, 200.164; Figs 24-26, 29-30), Madagascar,
Foulpointe, lagoon forest, yellow trap, 10.1993, AP.
Paratypes. MADAGASCAR: 2♂3♀ (MRAC, 200.164; Figs 27-28, 31-32),
together with the holotype; 1♂1♀ (MRAC, 177.809, 206.057), same locality,
10-11.1993, AP; 1♂ (MRAC, 200.355), same locality, forest on sand, sieving lit-
ter, 2.12.1993, AP; 1♀ (MRAC, 206.921), same locality, forest of red soil, in litter,
11.1994, AP; 1♀ (MRAC, 201.407), Madagascar, Tamatave, Foulpointe, grassy veg-
etation near sea water, 10.1994, AP; 1♂1♀ (MRAC, 201.209), same locality, forest
on clay, 08.1994, AP; 2♀ (MRAC, 200.390), Foulpointe, Filao-plantation on sea
shore, sieving litter, 11.1993, AP; 1♀ (MRAC, 206.035), Madagascar, Ranomafana,
15.03.1994, AP.
Figures 24-28. Microbianor madagascarensis sp. n., male holotype (24-26) and female paratype (27-28).
24 male general appearance, dorsal view 25 ditto, lateral view 26 male right leg I, lateral view 27 female
general appearance, dorsal view 28 ditto, lateral view. (scale bars: 0.5 mm).
2524 27
26 28
Dmitri V. Logunov / ZooKeys 16: 265-290 (2009)
280
Diagnosis. Compared to all the described species of Microbianor (see Logunov
2000), M. madagascarensis sp. n. di ers in having the best-developed and most clearly
observable fossae in females (Fig. 31; in the rest of Microbianor species the fossae are
undeveloped or poorly marked). By conformation of their palp, males of M. mada-
gascarensis sp. n. are similar to those of M. nigritarsis (cf. Logunov 2000: gs 11-12),
from which they can be distinguished by yellow tarsi tinged with brown in their basal
halves (Fig. 26; black in M. nigritarsis). Females of both species are quite distinct in
the conformation of their epigyne and spermathecae (cf. Figs 31-32 and gs 18-20 in
Logunov 2000).
Etymology. e new species is named after the area of its occurrence, Madagascar.
Distribution. NE region of Madagascar (Tamatave and Ranomafana).
Description. Male (the holotype). Measurements. Carapace 1.33 long, 1.15
wide, 0.70 high at PLE. Ocular area 0.98 long, 1.03 wide anteriorly and 1.18 wide
posteriorly. Diameter of AME 0.35. Abdomen 1.28 long, 0.95 wide. Cheliceral length
0.45. Clypeal height 0.05. Length of leg segments: leg I- 0.93+0.50+0.65+0.48+0.50;
leg II- 0.60+0.36+0.33+0.33+0.26; leg III- 0.68+0.35+0.31+0.38+0.30; leg IV-
0.70+0.35+0.38+0.45+0.33. Leg spination. Leg I: Tb v 1-2-2ap; Mt v 2-2ap. Leg
II: Fm d 1ap; Tb pr 0-1, v 1-1; Mt v 2-2ap. Leg III: Fm d 2ap; Tb pr and rt 0-1-0,
v 1ap; Mt pr, rt and v 1ap. Leg IV: Fm d 1ap; Tb rt 0-1-0; Mt rt 1ap. Colouration.
Carapace russet, shining, with black around eyes; eye eld of the same colour as the
Figures 29-32. Microbianor madagascarensis sp. n., male holotype (29-30) and female paratype (31-32).
29 left male palp, ventral view 30 ditto, retro-lateral view 31 epigyne, ventral view 32 spermathecae,
dorsal view. (scale bars: 0.1 mm).
3029 32
31
New data on the Harmochireae 281
rest of carapace (Figs 24-25). Clypeus russet, with sparse long white hairs forming
a triangle and overhanging the chelicerae. Sternum yellowish-brownish. Maxillae,
labium and chelicerae russet. Abdomen greyish-yellowish; dorsum, entirely covered
with brownish shining scutum and with a pair of transverse white spots (sometimes
poorly marked; Fig. 24). Book-lung covers and spinnerets yellow, slightly tinged with
brown. All legs yellow, with no brown rings, but tibiae I and the basal half of tarsi
I brownish (Fig. 26). Palps yellow to brownish, but cymbium always yellow; palpal
structure as in Figs 29-30.
Female. (the paratype, sample 200.164). Measurements. Carapace 1.38 long, 1.15
wide, 0.65 high at PLE. Ocular area 0.93 long, 1.00 wide anteriorly and 1.16 wide
posteriorly. Diameter of AME 0.34. Abdomen 1.55 long, 1.10 wide. Cheliceral length
0.43. Clypeal height 0.05. Length of leg segments: leg I- 0.78+0.40+0.48+0.35+0.30;
leg II- 0.58+0.36+0.31+0.33+0.29; leg III- 0.65+0.29+0.33+0.38+0.28; leg IV-
0.75+0.30+0.40+0.48+0.33. Leg spination. Leg I: Tb v 1-2-2; Mt v 2-2ap. Leg II:
Tb pr 0-1-0, v 1-1ap; Mt v 2-2ap. Leg III: Tb pr and rt 0-1-0, v 1ap; Mt pr, rt and v
1ap. Leg IV: no spines. Colouration as in the male (Figs 27-28), but di ers as follows:
no scutum on dorsum; book-lung covers and spinnerets yellow; palps yellow; tibiae I
brownish. Epigyne and spermathecae as in Figs 31-32.
Modunda Simon, 1901
is is a very small genus consisting of two valid species, of which one (M. aeneiceps)
remains known only from the type locality (Sri Lanka: Colombo). e second species
mentioned below is a widespread Afrotropical species.
Modunda staintoni (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872)
Identi cation. Logunov (2001: gs 347-366); Wesołowska and van Harten (2007:
gs 118-123, pl. 20-21); Wesołowska and Tomasiewicz (2008: gs 102-106).
Material examined. BOTSWANA: 2♂2♀ (BMNH), Maun, R. amalakane,
grassland (on ground layer), 3.03.1976, ARS; 1♂ (BMNH), same locality, swept
Setaria grassland, 2.01.1977, ARS; 1♀ (BMNH), same locality and habitat,
24.07.1977, ARS; 3♀ (BMNH), same locality, in grass tufts, 2-17.03.1976, ARS;
2♂ (BMNH), same locality, in Vossia swamp, 26.02.1976, F. Wanless & ARS;
2♀ (BMNH), Okavango, Moremi South Gate, grassland, 14.03.1977, ARS; 1♀
(BMNH), Okavango, Moremi Game Reserve, Mboma lagoon, in Hyparrhenia
grassland, 30.06.1977, ARS.
Comments. is is a rather common species distributed from Botswana (present
data), north-eastward throughout Ethiopia, the Arabian Peninsula (Wesołowska and
van Harten 2007; Wesołowska and Tomasiewicz 2008) and the Near East (Prószyński
2003), to Afghanistan and Punjab in NW India (Logunov 2001).
Dmitri V. Logunov / ZooKeys 16: 265-290 (2009)
282
Neaetha Simon, 1884
is is a relatively small genus consisting of 7 valid species that are known exclusively
from the Mediterranean and Africa (Table 1). Five additional species names are of un-
certain taxonomic status (Table 2). A new record of a Neaetha species given below has
extended the distribution of the genus as far south as Botswana.
Neaetha oculata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876)
Identi cation. Logunov (1996: gs 18-23).
Material examined. BOTSWANA: 14♂5♀ (BMNH), Okavango, Shorobe la-
goon, grasslan d (pitfall traps), 24.06.1975, ARS.
Comments. is is the rst record of N. oculata from southern Africa. To date
the species was known from the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt and the Arabian Pe-
ninsula (Wesołowska and van Harten 1994; Logunov 1996). e species N. irrep-
erta Wesołowska et Russell-Smith, 2000, described recently from Tanzania, displays a
strong similarity to N. oculata. On the basis of published accounts of both species, it is
impossible to decide whether they are conspeci c or not. e matter requires further
attention in the future.
Sibianor Logunov, 2001
is genus, with its 15 described species, is almost entirely con ned to the Palaearctic
and Afrotropical Regions (Table 1). e only exception is S. aemulus (Gertsch, 1934),
known from the Nearctic Region (Canada and USA; Ubick et al. 2005). A new species
described below is one of the three species known to date from tropical Africa. It is safe
to assume that the real diversity of the Afrotropical species remains largely undescribed.
Sibianor anansii, sp. n.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7F5F2E38-53FF-4CAC-822E-3C04ACCA28D2
Figs 33-41
Type material. Holotype. ♂ (BMNH; Figs 33-35, 38-39) from Botswana, Okavango,
Moremi G.R., Mboma lagoon, in Hyparrhenia grassland, 13.08.1977, ARS.
Paratypes. BOTSWANA: 1♀ (BMNH; Figs 36-37, 40-41), together with the
holotype.
Diagnosis. Of the African species of Sibianor, the new species is most similar to S.
victoriae (cf. Logunov 2001: gs 292, 293), described from a single male from Kenya.
S. anansii sp. n. di ers in having a wider tibial apophysis, which is also of a di erent
shape (Fig. 39). e female of S. anansii sp. n. di ers from all the known Sibianor
New data on the Harmochireae 283
species in having longer insemination ducts (Fig. 41). Besides, the entire body of both
sexes of S. anansii sp. n. is covered with white scales (Figs 33-17), which is not the case
of S. victoriae (see Logunov 2001: p. 276).
Etymology. e new species is dedicated to the spider Anansi, a popular gure in
the folklore of West Africa (the Ashanti of Ghana), appearing as a cunning trickster
and the King of all Stories.
Distribution. e type locality only.
Description. Male (the holotype). Measurements. Carapace 1.25 long, 1.00 wide,
0.58 high at PLE. Ocular area 0.78 long, 0.85 wide anteriorly and 1.04 wide pos-
teriorly. Diameter of AME 0.29. Abdomen 1.25 long, 1.08 wide. Cheliceral length
0.38. Clypeal height 0.10. Length of leg segments: leg I- 0.70+0.40+0.55+0.35+0.28;
leg II- 0.50+0.31+0.28+0.28+0.25; leg III- 0.59+0.33+0.28+0.30+0.30; leg IV-
Figures 33-37. Sibianor anansii sp. n., male holotype (33-35) and female paratype (36-37). 33 male
general appearance, dorsal view 34 ditto, lateral view 35 male left leg I, lateral view 36 female general
appearance, lateral view 37 female abdomen, dorsal view. (scale bars: 1 mm).
3433
35
36
37
Dmitri V. Logunov / ZooKeys 16: 265-290 (2009)
284
0.73+0.33+0.33+0.38+0.33. Leg spination. Leg I: Tb v 1-2; Mt v 2-2ap. Leg II: Fm d
1ap; Tb v 1-1; Mt v 2-2ap. Leg III: Fm d 1ap; Tb pr 0-1-0, v 1ap; Mt pr and rt 2ap, v
1ap. Leg IV: Fm d 1ap; Mt pr and rt 1ap. Colouration. Carapace light brown, evenly
covered with adpressed white scales (Fig. 33); black around eyes. Clypeus light brown,
covered with white scales and hairs, overhanging the chelicerae. Sternum, labium and
chelicerae light brown. Abdomen grey-brownish, dorsum completely covered with scu-
tum; entire abdomen evenly covered with white adpressed scales (Figs 33-34). Book-
lung covers and spinnerets light brown. Legs I stronger than others, brown with yellow
Mt and Tr, and with fringes of black bristles on Pt, Tb and ventral sides of Fm (Fig.
35). Legs II-IV yellow, with brownish Fm and brown rings at segment joints (Fig. 34).
Palps yellow; palpal structure as in Figs 38-39.
Female (the paratype). Measurements. Carapace 1.27 long, 1.05 wide, 0.60
high at PLE. Ocular area 0.83 long, 0.85 wide anteriorly and 1.10 wide posterior-
ly. Diameter of AME 0.26. Abdomen 1.75 long, 1.25 wide. Cheliceral length 0.50.
Clypeal height 0.08. Length of leg segments: leg I- 0.63+0.35+0.38+0.33+0.25;
leg II- 0.48+0.33+0.25+0.28+0.24; leg III- 0.63+0.33+0.30+0.33+0.29; leg IV-
0.68+0.30+0.38+0.43+0.30. Leg spination. Leg I: Tb v 1-2; Mt v 2-2ap. Leg II: Tb v
1-1; Mt v 2-2ap. Leg III: Tb v 1ap; Mt pr 1ap. Leg IV: no spines. Colouration as in the
male (Figs 36-37), but di ers as follows: all legs yellow, with brown Fm and brownish
rings at segment joints; no scutum on dorsum; palps: Fm brown, remaining segments
yellow. Epigyne and spermathecae as in Figs 40-41.
Figures 38-41. Sibianor anansii sp. n., male holotype (38-39) and female paratype (40-41). 38 left
male palp, ventral view 39 ditto, retro-lateral view 40 epigyne, ventral view 41 spermathecae, dorsal view.
(scale bars: 0.1 mm).
3938 41
40
New data on the Harmochireae 285
Sibianor kenyaensis Logunov, 2001
Figs 42-44
Identi cation. Logunov (2001: gs 292, 293).
Material examined. BOTSWANA: 1♂ (BMNH), Okavango, Maxwee, Mopane
woodland (pitfall traps), 21.11.1975, ARS.
Comments. is is the rst record of S. kenyaensis following its original descrip-
tion and a new record outside the type locality (Kenya: Kili ).
Figures 42-44. Sibianor kenyaensis Logunov, 2001, male from Botswana. 42 general appearance, dorsal
view 43 ditto, lateral view 44 clypeus and chelicerae, front view. (scale bars: 1 mm).
42
44
43
Dmitri V. Logunov / ZooKeys 16: 265-290 (2009)
286
Discussion
At present, 57 recognized species from seven genera are included in the group Har-
mochireae (Table 1). Of these, 20 species are known only from their respective type
localities, and a few remain unrevised and/or of uncertain taxonomic status. An ad-
ditional 17 species names are excluded from the list of valid names for various reasons
(see Table 2).
Of the Neotropical genera of the Pelleninae, Havaika Prószyński, 1992, an endemic
genus to the Hawaiian Archipelago, is rather similar to members of Harmochireae in
the conformation of its copulatory organs, especially in the thin, whip-shaped embolus
(see Prószyński 2008: gs 21-36). Yet, according to the available molecular phylogeny
of Salticidae (Maddison and Hedin 2003: g. 5; Maddison et al. 2008: g. 9), within
the Pelleninae, Havaika is closer to Pellenes Simon, 1876 and Habronattus F. O. Pickard-
Cambridge, 1901 than to Bianor and Sibianor, i.e. it does not belong with the group
Harmochireae as it is currently diagnosed (see Introduction, and Logunov 2001).
Harmochireae is predominantly an Old-World group, as over 90% of its described
species are restricted to the Palaearctic, Ethiopian or Oriental Regions (Table 3). In the
Neotropics, the only described species is Bianor biocellosus, known from the type local-
ity in Brazil (‘le Para’; Logunov 2001: p. 234). A single species, Sibianor aemulus, has
been described and recorded from the Nearctic Region (Logunov 2001; Ubick et al.
2005). Yet, there are three Bianor species described from the Australian Region, includ-
ing New Zealand, but two of them (B. compactus and B. concolor) remain unrevised
and known from the original descriptions and only from their type localities. e taxo-
nomic status of both of them is uncertain, as these names might be junior synonyms
of B. maculatus. With the above four exceptions, the remaining Harmochireae species
have only been recorded from the Old World.
Table 3. Number of described species of the Harmochireae in main zoogeographical regions*.
Genera Zoogeographical regions
Palaearctic Ethiopian** Oriental Australian** Nearctic Neotropic
Bianor 4863 1
Harmochirus 215
Microbianor 5
Modunda 111
Napoca 1
Neaetha 52
Sibianor 10 3 1 1
Total 23 20 13 3 1 1
* Some species are distributed in several zoogeographical regions, therefore their presence has been count-
ed separately for each region.
** For simplicity, Madagascar was considered together with the Ethiopian (=Afrotropical) Region, and
New Zealand with the Australian Region. Traditionally, both areas are treated as separate zoogeographic
regions (e.g., Kryzhanovski 2002: map 1).
New data on the Harmochireae 287
Within the Old World, the Palaearctic and Ethiopian regions contain a similar
number of recorded species and genera: 23 vs. 20 species and ve vs. six genera, re-
spectively. Four genera (Bianor, Harmochirus, Modunda and Sibianor) have their
representatives in all three zoogeographic regions of the Old World. Of these gen-
era, Modunda is represented by a single widespread species M. staintoni, distributed
throughout Africa from Botswana, north-eastward to Afghanistan and Punjab. Five of
the six described species of Harmochirus are con ned to the Oriental Region. e only
widespread Afrotropical species is H. luculentus. e genus Sibianor is most diverse in
the Palaearctic Region, with 10 of its 15 species recorded there. All Sibianor species
have recently either been revised or been described (Logunov 2001; Zhu et Song 2001,
etc.), therefore to date the species composition of Sibianor seems to be the most reli-
able in terms of taxonomy. e genus displays a clear modern centre of diversity in the
Manchurian area, to which at least six species are con ned. Bianor is the most common
genus of Harmochireae in the Ethiopian and Oriental regions. In the Palaearctics, the
only known, widespread species is B. albobimaculatus, con ned to southern regions
below the 40-45° latitude.
Two genera display a rather limited distribution. Napoca is a monotypic genus
known to date only from Israel. All the species of Microbianor have been described
from islands in the Indian Ocean, but new ndings from Sri Lanka and India are pos-
sible as has been discussed above (p. 276).
Acknowledgements
I wish to express my warmest thanks to Ms J Beccaloni (of the BMNH), Dr R Jocqué
(of the MRAC), and Dr A Russell-Smith (Kent, UK) for giving access to the collections
of their museums or their personal collections. I also want to thank Mr AV Gromov
(Almaty, Kazakhstan) for giving me a chance to use his personal photographic equip-
ment during my trip to Almaty in January 2009. Two anonymous referees are obliged
from their critical comments which helped to improve the manuscript. I am much
obliged to Dr D. Penney (Manchester, UK) for editing the English of the nal draft.
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Addendum
While the present work was in press, I received a copy of the large faunal-taxonomic
paper by Wesołowska and Haddad (2009) on the Salticidae of the Ndumo Game Re-
serve in South Africa. eir list contains 72 species in 38 genera and includes three spe-
cies of the group Harmochireae: Bianor eximius Wesołowska et Haddad, 2009 (new;
after a single ♀), Harmochirus luculentus and Modunda staintoni.
Reasoning from the small size (2.9 mm long) and the slightly swollen femora I, Bi-
anor eximius is more likely to belong in Sibianor rather than Bianor. Re-examination of
the ♀ holotype will be required to con rm this. e records of Harmochirus luculentus
are well in agreement with our records of this species from Botswana and South Africa.
Wesołowska and Haddad (2009: p. 58) suspected that their record of Modunda
staintoni might have resulted from a human introduction or that it may belong to a
new species. However, our records of this species from Botswana (based on both sexes)
support the idea that this is a widespread Afrotropical – South Palaearctic species rather
than an introduced one.
