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Effects of basil, Ocimum basilicum on spermatogenesis in rats
Abstract
Medicinal use of basil, Ocimum basilicum, dates back to ancient times in Iran, China, and India. This herb has been used since ancient times as a medicine and food and it is known that the antioxidant effect of O. basilicum is beneficial to spermatogenesis, so it was hypothesized that this herb might also provide protection to sperm parameters. Male Wistar rats (n = 30) were allocated to three groups, a control group (n = 10) and two treatment groups (n = 20). The first treatment group received O. basilicum extract (1.5 g/kg body weight), the second extract group received O. basilicum extract (3g/kg body weight) for 40 consecutive days. Animals were maintained under standard conditions. At the conclusion of the test period rat testes tissues were removed from all group members, before sperm was collected from the epididymis and prepared for analysis. Total testosterone serum, sperm concentration, percentage of sperm viability and sperm motility were significantly increased in the experimental group, which received 1.5 g/kg body weight O. basilicum extract (p < 0.05), compared to control group. LH, FSH hormones, morphology and testes weights for both experimental and control groups were similar. Results indicate that administration of 1.5 g/kg body weight of O. basilicum extract significantly increased sperm percentage, viability, motility and total serum testosterone. This suggested that O. basilicum extract may be a promising treatment for enhancing healthy sperm parameters.
... Basil (Ocimum bacilicum), an annual herb of the Lamiaceae family, is widely cultivated in Asia as a nutrient-rich food and herbal medicine [3]. Indonesian people consume the fresh and raw leaves of the basil plant, and the roots of basil are used in India as a medicine [4,5]. ...
... There have been limited studies on the use of basil to improve reproductive performances in males [3,25] and female animal reproduction [4,8]. In this study, we show that experimental rats treated with 1% basil maceration (bas-low) experience an increase in the growth and development of gonads, reflected in the non-significant increase in the relative weight of the uterus. ...
Background and aim:
Basil is well known as a medicinal plant that contains high essential oils and antioxidant compounds that have the potential to improve ovarian development. Thus, basil may have the potential to improve the growth and development of the uterus and placenta for optimal prenatal growth of offspring. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Indonesian basil maceration on gonad development of mature female albino rats.
Materials and methods:
Fifteen 8-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats, at the diestrus stage of the estrus cycle, were divided into three different treatment groups: Control group (mineral water), bas-low group (1% of basil maceration), and bas-high group (5% of basil maceration). Basil maceration was dissolved and administered in mineral drinking water, and the treatments were given for 20 days (4 estrus cycles). At the end of the treatment period, serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, and progesterone (Pg) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relative weight of the ovary and uterus; diameter and length of uterine cornual; vascularization of uterus; the diameter of uterine glands; the number of primary, secondary, and tertiary de Graaf follicles; the number of corpora luteum; as well as the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the ovary were determined.
Results:
There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the serum FSH level of rats treated with basil maceration drinking water doses of 1% and 5% compared to the control group. However, serum estradiol and Pg concentrations in the 1% and 5% basil maceration groups were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of the control group. Furthermore, 1% and 5% basil maceration significantly increased the uterus's relative weight, diameter, and vascularization. Serum estradiol concentrations contributed to the elevated expression of VEGF compared to Pg.
Conclusion:
Administration of basil maceration for 20 days before mating could improve follicle growth and development, eventually increasing estradiol synthesis and secretion, thus improving the uterus's preparation for implantation. This makes basil maceration an attractive candidate in clinical research to enhance the growth and development of the uterus and placenta, which will better support the optimum prenatal growth and development of embryos and fetuses, resulting in superior offspring.
... Many of these essential oils, herbs and spices have been used for decades in treatments of human illnesses and, in recent years, showed effectiveness in the treatment of animals as well (Wells 2009). One example of this medicinal effect is the basil (Ocimum basilicum), which is used to treat a wide range of diseases in humans, but now studies have shown it has antioxidant properties on ovaries of wistar rats (Khaki et al. 2013) as well as positive effects on their spermatogenesis and testosterone (Khaki et al. 2011). Despite the advances in this field of study, only three studies have proposed olfactory stimulus as possible environmental enrichment for fishes until 2007 (de Azevedo et al. 2007). ...
... A herb that could possibly interfere positively in reproduction, that was not previously presented to the animals and that would not affect the biological filtration system, was used instead. Within these specifications, commercial sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) was selected because of its antioxidant's properties on ovaries (Khaki et al. 2013) and increase spermatogenesis and testosterone in other species of animals (Khaki et al. 2011). The extract proportion correspond of 0.36 g of fresh basil leaves (wet weight) for every 1000 L of tank water, therefore the dose of olfactory enrichment was adjusted to each tank volume. ...
Nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum, Ginglymostomatidae) are one of the most exhibited shark species in aquariums worldwide. However, in these locations, their reproductive success rate is frequently low. Considering that there is probably an olfactory mediation for nurse shark reproduction, and that environmental enrichment has a potentially positive effect on reproduction of captive animals, the present study aimed to evaluate whether the use of olfactory enrichment would stimulate olfactory-driven behaviors and consequently generate effects in the exhibition of reproductive behaviors by the species both in the short and long term. The study was divided into three phases (control, short-term enrichment and long-term enrichment), was conducted at two institutions with distinct husbandry and used aqueous extracts of basil leaves as olfactory enrichment. Eleven individuals were selected through focal sampling for behavioral observations with instantaneous recording, the total of 120 h of observation were divided into active and inactive periods. Results showed that basil-based olfactory enrichment was effective in increasing the occurrence of reproductive behaviors in both female and male nurse sharks. Additionally, the long-term results showed higher effects in males, which strengthen the theory of olfactory mediation of reproductive behavior in the species as individuals became aware of the sensory cues in the environment and performed more olfactory-driven reproductive behaviors. It is important to note that enrichment effects are different between sexes and therefore close monitoring and scheduling are essential to avoid over-stimulation or habituation to the enrichment.
... The dangerous effects that the EMF have on population health are a problem that both scientific and public forums pay considerable attention. Antioxidants can reduce the dangerous effects of EMF (Khaki et al. 2011). ...
... Exposure to 50 Hz of EMF for 2 h and EMF for 4 h caused a significant decrease in the male hormones (FSH, testosterone, and LH) compared to the control group (Table 2). These findings agree with those of Khaki et al. (2011), who stated that the use of 50 Hz of EMF can flow to testosterone and LH levels in serum and can cause reduction of these hormones. Yahyazadeh and Altunkaynak (2019b) reported that EMF diminished testosterone levels compared to the normal group. ...
Rosemary is a restorative plant that has numerous utilizations in traditional medicine. In this investigation, rosemary leaf extracts were examined for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The antimicrobial activity was tested against 8 bacterial strains. The antioxidant feature of rosemary extract on rat testicular tissue after exposure to the electromagnetic field. Sixty adult male albino rats weighing 180–200 g (aged 2 months) were divided into six groups: control group, rosemary group (receiving rosemary extract at a dose of 5 mg/kg b.wt), EMF (2 h) group (exposed to 50 Hz and 5.4 kV per meter of magnetic field for 2 h), EMF (4 h) group (exposed to 50 Hz and 5.4 kV per meter of magnetic field for 4 h), EMF (2 h) + rosemary group (receiving both magnetic field for 2 h and extract), and EMF (4 h) + rosemary group (receiving both magnetic field for 4 h and extract). After 30 days, the rats were sacrificed, and some estimates were determined. Results exhibited that the ethanolic extract of rosemary leaves was active against pathogenic bacteria. Results also demonstrated that exposure to EMF diminished level of male hormones (e.g., follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, and luteinizing hormone (LH)) in serum and catalase (CAT) activity remarkably and increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in comparison to the control group. Signs of improvement in the male hormones, CAT activity, and MDA levels were noticed during the treatments with rosemary. Histological results showed that the rosemary extract inhibited the destructive effect of electromagnetic fields on testicular tissue. This research reveals that the ethanolic extract of rosemary has many beneficial effects that can be compelling in supporting individuals living with EMF ecological contamination.
... The sperm concentration of the treated groups that received MEOG and OEOG extracts were significantly different (p < 0.05) to the control group A. A similar reduction in sperm count was reported in a study conducted elsewhere [28]. However, an increased sperm concentration was observed in a related study by [29]. The percentage of sperm morphological abnormalities in this study also showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) across the treated groups when compared to the control. ...
... In one study, dosing rats with OG and G. latifolium caused no visible reduction in testosterone level [28]. However, increased testosterone level was observed when Ocimum basilicum was given to rats [29]. A visibly reduced testosterone level was reported only after the administration of oil extract of OG at 300 mg/kg for 60 days [14]. ...
Fertility control with medicinal plants has been reported in the ancient and modern medical literature. In this research, the effects of methanol and oil extracts of Ocimum gratissimum (OG) on testicular morphology and epididymal sperm reserve were investigated in adult male Wistar rats. Fifty-five rats divided into 5 groups A-E of 11 rats each was used for this study. Methanol and oil extracts of Ocimum gratissimum were administered at two doses 250 and 500 mg/kg for 28 days. Animals in control group A received distilled water for the same duration. At day 14 and 28 of the study, five animals were sacrificed from each group, and their blood and testes samples were collected for the analysis. Spermiogram, testicular biometry, serum testosterone assay, and testicular morphology were assessed from harvested testes. The results revealed that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in serum testosterone level. There was also no significant difference (p > 0.05) in sperm volume, livability and abnormalities but there was significant differences (p < 0.05) in the sperm motility and concentration. Testicular biometry and testicular morphology between control and treated groups did not reveal any significant differences (p > 0.05). The study showed that methanol and oil extracts of Ocimum gratissimum (OG) did not have any inhibitory effect on the reproductive function and fertility of adult male albino rats. Further works should be carried out on isolated active fractions of this plant on male fertility.
... The present study showed an increase in the body weight of treated rats with O. basilicum leaves and extract which in agreement withBayomy et al. (2016) who found that administration of Ocimum basilicum and adriamycin (ADR) caused significant increase in body weight of rats.The present study confirmed that O. basilicum had beneficial effects on male reproductive activity and testes hermon's. Male rats received O. basilicum extract showed significantly increased in total testosterone serum, sperm concentration, percentage of sperm viability and sperm Potential ameliorative effects of Ocimum basilicum extract and leaves on testicular toxicity induced by sodium arsenite in male rats motility which support the results ofKhaki et al, (2011b) who mentioned that O. basilicum extract may be a promising treatment for enhancing healthy sperm parameters. On the other hand,Umar et al. (2012) found that leaves of O. basilicum have increased sperm motility, viability, sperm count, and total antioxidant capacity but decrease malondialdehyde in HFDinduced obese mice. ...
Arsenite is a major environmental chemical and a known reproductive toxicant that induced the depression of spermatogenesis and androgenesis in males. Arsenic commonly contaminates the environment via insecticides and pesticides and seepage through drinking water. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of ethanolic Ocimum basilicum extract and leaves against testicular toxicity induced by sodium arsenite in male rats. Thirty male albino rats were divided into two main groups: The first main group (5 rats) was kept as (G-) a negative control group. The second main group (25 rats) was injected NaAsO 2 (4 mg/kg body weight) in 0.9% NaCl interaperitoneally only twice. After that, the rats were divided into five subgroups as following: subgroup (1): kept as (G+) a positive group. Subgroups (2 & 3) were given ethanolic Ocimum basilicum extract (250 and 500mg/kg bodyweight) and Subgroups (4 & 5) were given powder leaves of Ocimum (equivalent doses) added to the diet for (28 days). At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed and biological evaluations were calculated. The weights of the reproductive organs were recorded. Sperm count, motility, progressive motility and normal form were evaluated. Serum sex hormone (luteinizing hormone, LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone were analyzed. Antioxidant enzymes were assayed in testicular tissue. Results showed that treatment groups were associated with significant increase in sperm parameters, serum sex hormone, GP X , SOD and CAT. In contrast level of MDA were significantly (p≤0.05) decreased as compared with the positive control group. In Conclusions: ethanolic Ocimum basilicum extract and leaves have a potent effect in the treatment of testicular toxicity caused by sodium arsenite. This effect may be due to the presence of flavonoides and antioxidant properties of Ocimum basilicum which may be useful in the treatment of testicular toxicity caused by arsenite.
... The purpose of this article is to address effects of war and poverty on the health of reproduction of women and to offer scientific contribution and solutions. Keywords: Poverty, Reproductive health, War vitamins, flavonoids and minerals have significant effects on oligospermia, regulation of blood testosterone levels, increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). So, it is possible that a combination of above mentioned herbs can show synergistic and considerable effects than the individual components. ...
Objectives: TNowadays, male infertility is one of the most common issues in the medical field and the main reason for it is impaired sperm production. Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ARTs) used for treatment of infertile couples are too costly. Currently, using herbal medicine due to lower side effects and cost has gained special significance. In this study, the effect of combination of several plants was evaluated on male infertility and pregnancy rate.Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 40 infertile men referring to Alzahra hospital were randomly selected to take a combination of 7 plants including Allium cepa, Zingiber officinale, Ocimum basilicum, Cinnamomum verum, Citrus sinensis’ peel, Citrullus lanatus’seeds and Daucus carota’ seeds in a form of 700 mg capsule, once daily for 6 months. Before and after treatment, the patients’ blood and semen samples were collected and analyzed.Results: The number of sperms (P = 0.001), overall motility (P = 0.002), forward movement (P = 0.002), and normal morphology of sperms (P = 0.006) after treatment showed significant improvement. Also patients’ blood glucose levels meaningfully reduced after treatment (P = 0.036). The total volume of semen, total cholesterol, testosterone, and LH levels did not significantly differ with use of the compound herbal medicine. Seven couples during the study and after six months of receiving medication got pregnant.Conclusion: Consumption of compound herbal medicine with the lowest risk and cost, significantly improves sperm parameters. It seems that the mechanism of action is through counteracting the effects of oxidative stress.
... Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was significantly increased in the extract groups, when compared with group. These results confirmed previous chemical studies of herbal antioxidant effects [57] from O. basilicum ingestion, due to the presence of flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and rosmarinic acid in the aerial parts of the plant [58,59]. These reports also documented the antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of O. basilicum [60,61]. ...
Male factor infertility accounts for 40% of infertility cases. Spermatogenetic failure, including azoospermia and oligospermia, is one of the important causes of male infertility. Among different methods, medicinal plants have been used in many Nations to treat male infertility problems. So in this review, we have summarized most of the data dealing with the positive effects of plant extracts on spermatogenesis.
... Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was significantly increased in the extract groups, when compared with group. These results confirmed previous chemical studies of herbal antioxidant effects [57] from O. basilicum ingestion, due to the presence of flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and rosmarinic acid in the aerial parts of the plant [58,59]. These reports also documented the antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of O. basilicum [60,61]. ...
Male factor infertility accounts for 40% of infertility cases. Spermatogenetic failure, including azoospermia and oligospermia, is one of the important causes of male infertility. Among different methods, medicinal plants have been used in many Nations to treat male infertility problems. So in this review, we have summarized most of the data dealing with the positive effects of plant extracts on spermatogenesis.
... long-term use of herbs can increase testosterone levels, Cobalt at 30 ppm have possible role in indigenous improve sperm parameters and increase the chance of medicinal diuretic plants ( Cymbopogon citrates) and fertility [14]. ...
The World Health Organization estimates that plant extracts or their active constituents are used as folkmedicine in traditional therapies of 80% of the worlds population (World Health Organization, 1993). Sweet basil has been used as aroma additives in food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Thus, The present investigation has been carried out to estimate the effect of different concentration of cobalt (0.0, 7.5, 15.0 22.5, 30.0 ppm) on herb yield, essential oil content and its composition of Ocimumbasilicum plant grown in the Experimental Station of National Research Centre at Nubaria, Behira governorate, West of Nile Delta of Egypt under drip irrigation system. Cobalt at 15.0 ppm gave the greatest values of fresh and dry herb yield (66.20 and 13.19 ton ha1). Increasing Co from 0.0 to 7.5, 15.0 and 22.5 ppm significantly increased the essential oil yield from 38.39 to 94.67, 266.78 and 181.49 Lha 1. While the highest level of Co (30ppm) recorded 91.15 L ha-1. The essential oil of Ocimumbasilicumwere characterized by a high content of linalool (23.43-35.46%), methyl chavecol (27.68-29.77%), followed by eugenol (6.76-10.54%) then 1,8 cineol (2.34-9.65%). Cobalt at 15.0 ppm increased the principal components of linalool (35.46%), 1,8 cineol (9.65%), linalyl acetate (8.71%) and benzyl acetate (8.14), while cobalt at the high levels (30 ppm) havepossible role in the essential oil compounds and recorded the highest content of methyl chavecol and eugenol.Which were considered the main contributors of the antioxidant activity of volatile extract of basil.
... Other studies have investigated transitory effects of EMF on the testes, but no previous study has reported the possibility of recovery from the potentially harmful effects of EMF exposure after an exposure-free period. Furthermore, studies by Khaki et al. (2011) showed that many antioxidants can moderate harmful effects of EMF waves in testis tissues. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of RA on EMF effects on testis apoptosis. ...
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a polyphenol derived from many common herbal plants of the Lamiaceae group: Rosemary, sage, Spanishsage, oregano, basil, marjoram, thyme, the mint group, lavender, perilla and lemon balm. It is currently being studied for its effects on Alzheimer's diseaseand some other diseases.Rosmarinic acid in its natural state as part of a herb has been used to strengthen the memory and to improve mood by dispersing melancholy. Male Wistar rats (n = 40) were allocated to four groups, a control group (n = 10) and three treatment groups (n = 30). The first treatment group received rosmarinic acid (5 mg/kg body weight), the second extract group received rosmarinic acid(5mg/kg body weight) and electromagnetic field (EMF)exposure at 50 Hz for 40 consecutive days, whilst the forthgroup received only EMF exposure for 40 consecutive days. Animals were maintained under standard conditions. At the conclusion of the test period,rat testes tissues were removed from all group membersand animals were maintained under standard conditions. Tissuepreparation was performed and analyzed for apoptosis. Therewas a significant increase in apoptosisin EMF groupand significant increasein testosterone serum level in RA group when compared with other groups (P<0.05). EMF hasnegative effect on testis histology in rats. However, these side effects are less seen in the EMF group that receivedRA. Therefore, it is recommended that usage of rosmarinic acidin modern country has fewer industrial side effects on male fertility.
(7) (PDF) Effect of Calcium Phosphate Granules on the Repair of Femoral Bone Defects in Rabbits.. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264846828_Effect_of_Calcium_Phosphate_Granules_on_the_Repair_of_Femoral_Bone_Defects_in_Rabbits [accessed Nov 29 2018].
Ayurveda, which has its roots in ancient India, presents a holistic system of medicine centered on achieving overall well-being through the harmonization of medicines, dietary choices, and lifestyle practices. Ayurveda offers a holistic approach to nutrition, taking into account its impact on both the body and mind of the individual. “Nutri-Ayur” is a term that combines aspects of nutrition and Ayurveda, a traditional system of medicine that originated in India thousands of years ago. Ayurveda has a whole science of Aphrodisiacs and included as one of the eight branches of its medical system. This chapter presents a holistic approach to enhance aphrodisiac activity by synergistically integrating nutrition and Ayurveda. Various herbs commonly employed in Ayurveda for their aphrodisiac properties along with importance of dietary articles aimed at supporting optimal reproductive health are explained. This holistic approach not only targets sexual wellness but also addresses the underlying factors contributing to diminished libido, such as stress, fatigue, and nutritional deficiencies. Ayurveda, with its profound understanding of this subject area, offers a rich repository of herbs renowned for their aphrodisiac properties. Classical Ayurveda texts mention several single herbs like Ashwagandha, Shatavari, Musali, Gokshura, Putranjivaka, Amalaki, Vidari, Kushmanda, etc. for their adaptogenic and rejuvenating properties. The efficacy of these herbs in enhancing aphrodisiac activity is substantiated by both traditional wisdom and modern scientific research. Several clinical studies also suggest that these herbs are also associated with improvements in overall health and vitality. When incorporating these herbs into a “Nutri-Ayur” approach, specific dietary recommendations can complement their effects.
Folk medicine, rooted in historical practice, has long been used for medicinal purposes, emphasizing the need to ensure the safety, quality, and efficacy of herbal medicines. This imperative has grown over time, prompting collaborative efforts to document historical records and preserve invaluable knowledge of medicinal plants. The Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family, renowned for its rich assortment of medicinal plants characterized by high concentrations of volatile oils, stands out in this regard. This review focuses on Clinopodium vulgare (C. vulgare) L., commonly known as wild basil or basil thyme, a significant species within the Lamiaceae family found across diverse global regions. C. vulgare boasts a storied history of application in treating various ailments, such as gastric ulcers, diabetes, and inflammation, dating back to ancient times. Rigorous research has substantiated its pharmacological properties, revealing its antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antihypertensive, and enzyme-inhibitory effects. This comprehensive review provides an insightful overview of the Lamiaceae family, elucidates the extraction methods employed to obtain medicinal compounds, explores the phytoconstituents present in C. vulgare, and systematically details its diverse pharmacological properties. Additionally, the review delves into considerations of toxicity. By synthesizing this wealth of information, this study opens avenues for the potential therapeutic applications of C. vulgare. The practical value of this research lies in its contribution to the understanding of medicinal plants, mainly focusing on the pharmacological potential of C. vulgare. This exploration enriches our knowledge of traditional medicine and paves the way for innovative therapeutic approaches, offering promising prospects for future drug development. As the demand for natural remedies continues to increase, this work provides a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders in herbal medicine and pharmacology.
The study was conducted to evaluate effect of tris-extender supplemented with various concentrations of NAC and aqueous extract of (seeds (AEASS) on bull semen characteristics and some biomarkers. Pooled bull semen were extended with tris-citrate-Avena Sativa) fructose egg yolk diluter to achieve 60 million motile spermatozoa Pooled semen was equally divided into nine treatments in the experiment as Tris extender only as control group 2mM and 4mM NAC 1% and 1.5% AEASS , 2mM NAC and 1% AEASS, 2Mm NAC and 1.5% AEASS, 4Mm NAC and 1% AEASS, 4Mm NAC and 1.5% AEASS. Extended semen were subjected to semen freezing protocol. Semen assessment including, abnormality, malondaildehyde (MDA) and (AST & ALT) concentration were carried out for both chilled and frozen semen. All treatments showed numerically increasing in sperm total abnormalities after all the periods of PC compared with the control treatment, Furthermore the treatment 4Mm NAC and 1.5% AEASS exhibited numerically lesser Malondaildehyde (MDA) and (AST & ALT) concentrations, Conclusions: It is concluded that addition of NAC and AEASS to Tris extender had an important role in enhancing some of PC semen characteristics of Holstein bulls.
Monosodium glutamate(MSG) merupakan garam natrium yang banyak digunakan sebagai penyedap rasa makanan. Pemberian MSG dosis tinggi meningkatkan kadar radikal bebas dalam tubuh yang menyebabkan penurunan viabilitas spermatozoa. Pada kemangi terdapat kandungan flavonoid yang dapat menetralkan kadar radikal bebas dan arginin yang dapat memperkuat daya tahan sperma sehingga mencegah penurunan viabilitas spermatozoa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) terhadap kualitassperma dilihat dari viabilitas spermatozoa pada tikus putih galur wistar jantan yang diinduksi MSG. Penelitian Laboratory Experimental Post Test Only with randomized controlled group design menggunakan 24 ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) galur wistar jantan yang dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok, terdiri dari kelompok I diberi MSG1,6g/kgBB/hari, kelompok II diberi MSG 1,6 g/kgBB/hari dan ekstrak etanol daun kemangi 175 mg/kgBB/hari, kelompok III diberi MSG1,6 g/kgBB/hari dan ekstrak etanol daun kemangi 350 mg/kgBB/hari dan kelompok IV diberi MSG1,6 g/kgBB/hari dan ekstrak etanol daun kemangi 700 mg/kgBB/hari. Data dianalisis menggunakan One Way ANOVA dan post hoc LSD. Rerata presentase viabilitas spermatozoa pada kelompok I, II, III dan IV sebesar 29,3%,72%, 79% dan 93.5%. Hasil analisis One-way ANOVA menunjukan adanya perbedaan signifikan antar kelompok (p = 0,000). Uji post hoc LSD menunjukan kelompok II, III dan IV berbeda nyata dengan kelompok I (p <0,05). Pada kelompok II dan III juga ditemukan adanya perbedaan nyata dengan kelompok IV (p < 0,05). Sedangkan kelompok III dengan kelompok II tidak terdapat perbedaan nyata (p > 0,05). Ekstrak etanol daun kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) memberikan pengaruh dalam meningkatkan presentase viabilitas spermatozoa tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) galur wistar jantan yang diinduksi MSG.
The use of natural products has impacted various aspects of medicine including sexual and reproductive health, through their deleterious effect on sperm cells or as aphrodisiacs. The mechanisms of sexual performance and sperm cells quality of several aphrodisiac plants have been studied, in order of evaluating the possibility of enhancing sperm capacitation. In this literature review, the pharmacological and traditional uses of 20 aphrodisiac plants that could be used as natural agents with effect on human sperm capacitation are reported. © 2015, CITA Publicaciones y Documentacion. All rights reserved.
Male and female reproductive health is under the influence of uncountable endogenous and exogenous factors. A vast amount of literature is devoted to understanding how such factors operate to disrupt organs and cells of the reproductive tract and, at the same time, which kind of preventive or curative actions might be implemented. Polyphenols, mainly by their antioxidant properties, are promising substances to mitigate reproductive disruptions, most of which are known to involve oxidative stress. Largely found in a vast number of foods, beverages, plants and herbs, polyphenols may also act as phytoestrogens and trigger numerous responses mainly in the female reproductive system. Acting in a dose-dependent way, polyphenols can also exert toxic effects to both males and females, and their safety limits are also largely under investigation. This chapter briefly reviews the literature concerning polyphenol action in the healthy and disrupted male and female reproductive apparatus, aiming to put the reader in contact with the most recent research in such themes.
El uso de productos naturales ha impactado diversos aspectos de la medicina incluyendo la salud sexual y reproductiva, con efectos deletéreos sobre los espermatozoides o afrodisíacos. Se ha evaluado el efecto de las plantas afrodisíacas sobre los mecanismos del desempeño sexual y la calidad de los espermatozoides, lo que permite plantear que extractos con estas plantas podrían facilitar la capacitación espermática.
En esta revisión de la literatura se reportan los usos farmacológicos y tradicionales de 20 plantas consideradas tradicionalmente afrodisíacas que podrían ser utilizadas como compuestos naturales con efecto capacitante sobre espermatozoides humanos.
Medicinal use of basil, Ocimum basilicum, dates back to ancient times in Iran, China and India. In this study, we aimed to experiment on the antioxidative property of a herbal source (sweet basil) to protect central nervous system against oxidative damages of electromagnetic field (EMF) and it's affective sequences. We used forced swimming test to evaluate antidepressant effect of basil extract in 30 albino male Wistar rats that had been exposed to 50 Hz, EMF for 8 weeks. At the end of 8th week, rats which have been feed with basil extract (1.5 g/kg body weight), showed decrease in immobility score (P < 0.001) and increase in swimming (P < 0.001), but not in climbing scores significantly in comparison with control group. Basil extract can act as serotoninergic antidepressants medicine to decrease depression presentation in exposed subjects to EMF.
Essential oils or volatile oils from medicinal plants have potentially very strong antimicrobial activities for control of pathogenic microorganisms. Ocimum basilicum is one of the medicinal plants which are widely used as sources of extracts with strong antibacterial and antioxidant properties. In this study, the leaf extract of Ocimum basilicum was tested for its antibacterial activity against some human pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli). Antimicrobial activity test was carried out by using the hole-plate diffusion method. Plant materials were dried and extracted with 95% ethanol. The tested extract showed very strong antimicrobial activity against both strains. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring the zone of inhibition. The strongest inhibition activity was observed against E. coli (21 mm zone) at 200 mg mL-1 of leaf extract followed by Staphylococcus aureus which showed 16 mm inhibition zone at 200 mg mL-1 of leaf extract. Physical properties of the extract of Ocimum basilicum were evaluated. The color of the extract is greenish, has intense scent, density is 0.937 g cm-3 at 25°C, refractive index is 1.489 and specific gravity is 0.887.
Background: Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale R., family: Zingiberaceae) is used medicinally and as a culinary spice. Objective: Medicinal use of ginger dates back to ancient China and India. Ginger and its constituents are stated to have antiemetic, antithrombotic, antihepatotoxic, anti-inflammatory, stimulant, cholagogue and antioxidant. It has been used since ancient time as medicinal and food origins it contain antioxidative and androgenic activities and have well effect in diseases treatment in more countries world-wide. As an antioxidant's ginger has a useful effect on spermatogenesis and sperm parameters. Materials and Methods: Wistar male rat (n=30) were allocated into three groups, control (n=10) and test groups (n=20), that subdivided into groups of 2 that received ginger rhizome powder (50 and 100mg/kg/day) for 20 consequence day. Animals were kept in standard conditions. In twentieth day the testes tissue of Rats in whole groups were removed and sperm was collected from epididymis and prepared for analysis. Results: Serum total testosterones significantly increased in experimental group that has received 100 mg/kg/day Ginger (p<0.05) in comparison to control group. Besides, the percentage of sperm viability and motility in both test groups significantly increased (p<0.05) in comparison to control group, Whereas, LH, FSH hormones, sperm concentration, morphology and testes weights in both experimental and control group were similar. Conclusion: Results revealed that administration of 100 mg/kg/day of ginger significantly increased sperm percentage, viability, motility and serum total testosterones. This suggested that ginger may be promising in enhancing sperm healthy parameters.
This paper summarizes our research for herbal extracts with potent antioxidant activity obtained from a large scale screening based on superoxide radical (O2•−) scavenging activity followed by characterization of antioxidant properties. Firstly, scavenging activity against O2•− was extensively screened from ethanol extracts of approximately 1000 kinds of herbs by applying an electron spin resonance (ESR)-spin trapping method, and we chose four edible herbal extracts with prominently potent ability to scavenge O2•−. They are the extracts from Punica granatum (Peel), Syzygium aromaticum (Bud), Mangifera indica (Kernel), and Phyllanthus emblica (Fruit). These extracts were further examined to determine if they also scavenge hydroxyl radical (•OH), by applying the ESR spin-trapping method, and if they have heat resistance as a desirable characteristic feature. Experiments with the Fenton reaction and photolysis of H2O2 induced by UV irradiation demonstrated that all four extracts have potent ability to directly scavenge •OH. Furthermore, the scavenging activities against O2•− and •OH of the extracts of P. granatum (peel), M. indica (kernel) and P. emblica (fruit) proved to be heat-resistant.
The results of the review might give useful information when choosing a potent antioxidant as a foodstuff. For instance, the four herbal extracts chosen from extensive screening possess desirable antioxidant properties. In particular, the extracts of the aforementioned three herbs are expected to be suitable for food processing in which thermal devices are used, because of their heat resistance.
It is by now accepted that extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields ELF-EMF (0-300 Hz) affect biological systems although the mechanism has not been elucidated yet. In this study the effect of ELFEMF on the number of apoptotic cells of K562 human leukemia cell line induced or not with oxidative stress and the correlation with heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) levels was investigated. One sample was treated with H 2 O 2 while the other was left untreated. ELF-EMF (1 mT, 50 Hz) was applied for 3 hours. ELF-EMF alone caused a decrease in the number of apoptotic cells and a slight increase in viability. However, it increased the number of apoptotic cells. In cells treated with H 2 O 2 . hsp70 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were increased by ELF-EMF. These results show that the effect of ELF-EMF on biological systems depends on the status of the cell: while in cells not exposed to oxidative stress it is able to decrease the number of apoptotic cells by inducing an increase in hsp levels, it increases the number of apoptotic cells in oxidative stress-induced cells.
Ocimum basilicum L. leaf material was extracted by maceration with (80:20:1 v/v/v) methanol: water: acetic acid to produce a crude extract (CE), which was further fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction to isolate light petroleum (PE), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH) and H2O-soluble sub-fractions. The total phenol and flavonoid contents of the resulting samples were estimated using colorimetric-based methods, and their iron(III) reductive and free radical scavenging activities were determined in a battery of in vitro assays. The CE and sub-fractions contained phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The samples, except for PE, gave a positive result for the presence of flavones and flavonols; however, flavanones only appeared to be present in the CE. In iron(III) reduction, CE and n-BuOH were the most potent followed by EtOAc and H2O (statistically indistinguishable, p > 0.05). However, in the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, H2O was the most potent followed by CE and EtOAc (statistically indistinguishable, p > 0.05) and n-BuOH and PE. In 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging, all the samples, except PE, were effective against this reactive nitrogen species, with CE, EtOAc and n-BuOH being the most potent (statistically indistinguishable, p > 0.05). In alkylperoxyl scavenging, all the samples, except for PE, were effective against this reactive oxygen species (ROS). In superoxide anion scavenging, all the samples were capable of scavenging this ROS with CE being the most effective, followed by n-BuOH and H2O (statistically indistinguishable, p > 0.05) and EtOAc and PE. Similarly, in hydroxyl scavenging, all the samples were capable of scavenging this ROS with CE and n-BuOH being the most effective (statistically indistinguishable, p > 0.05) followed by EtOAc and H2O (statistically indistinguishable, p > 0.05) and PE.
Allium cepa (onion) has a beneficial effect on disease treatment worldwide and has been used since ancient times as a medicinal and food source. Recently several reports have shown that onion has high antioxidant activity. As antioxidants have an essential effect on sperm health parameters, we investigated the effect of the fresh juice of onion bulbs on the spermatogenesis cycle in rats. Wistar male rats (n = 30) were allocated into 3 groups, control (n = 10) and two test groups (each of 10). The animals in the test groups were subdivided into groups of 2 that received fresh onion juice equivalent to 0.5 and 1 g/rat/ /day of fresh onion. The fresh onion juice was administered by gavage for 20 consecutive days. The animals were kept in standard conditions. On the twentieth day, the testes of rats in all groups were removed and sperm was collected from the epididymis and was prepared for analysis. Serum total testosterone significantly increased in all the test groups (p < 0.05), and levels of LH significantly increased only in the group that received the high dose of fresh onion juice (p < 0.05), but the level of FSH did not differ between the experimental and control groups. The percentage of sperm viability and motility in both test groups significantly increased (p < 0.05), but the sperm concentration significantly increased only in the group that received the high dose of freshly extracted onion juice (p < 0.05). It was evident that there was no difference on sperm morphology and testis weight in test groups compared to the control group. In our study, freshly prepared onion juice significantly affected the sperm number, percentage of viability, and motility; it seems that using 4 g/kg of freshly prepared onion juice is effective in sperm health parameters.
The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative effects of aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones on testis apoptosis and sperm parameters in rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control (n = 10) and experimental (n = 40) groups. The experimental groups subdivided into four groups often. Each received 5 mg kg(-1) (IP) gentamicin, 50 mg kg(-1) (IP) neomycin, 40 mg kg(-1) (IP) streptomycin and 72 mg kg(-1) (IP) ofloxacin daily for 14 days, respectively; however, the control group just received vehicle (IP). In the fourteenth day, rats were killed and sperm analyzed for sperm parameters. Testis tissues were also prepared for TUNEL assay for detection of apoptosis. There was a significant decrease in sperm count, viability and motility in all of experimental groups when compared with control group. Although in streptomycin group these parameters were less decreased than in the other experimental groups. The apoptotic cells were significantly increased in all experimental groups when compared with those seen in the controlled group. Gentamicin, neomycin and streptomycin and ofloxacin have negative effects on sperm parameters and testis apoptosis in rats. However, these side effects are less seen in the streptomycin group. Therefore, it is recommended that usage of this drug have fewer side effects on male fertility.
The antioxidant activity of a methanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) was examined using different in vitro assay model systems. The crude extract was fractionated on a Sephadex LH-20 column, and six fractions were identified. The DPPH scavenging assay system and the oxidation of the soy phosphotidylcholin liposome model system were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of each fraction. Fraction IV showed the strongest activity followed by fractions V and VI. Phenolic compounds responsible for the antioxidative activity of the fractions were characterized by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major antioxidant compound in fraction IV was confirmed as rosmarinic acid by (1)H NMR and characteristic fragmentations in the mass spectrum. Moreover, the native of antioxidant activity of rosmarinic acid in the liposome system was examined. The results showed that one rosmarinic acid can capture 1.52 radicals, and furthermore, the existence of a synergistic effect between alpha-tocopherol and rosmarinic acid was revealed.
Human beings are unavoidably exposed to ambient electromagnetic fields (EMF) generated from various electrical devices and from power transmission lines. Controversy exists about the effects of EMF on various organs. One of the critical issues is that EMF may adversely affect the reproductive system. In order to examine this 30 rat pups were exposed to 50 Hz EMF (non-ionising radiation) during in utero development (approximately 3 weeks) and postnatal life (5 weeks). Groups of exposed rats were subsequently left in an environment free of EMF in order to observe recovery, if any, from the changes induced by EMF on the boundary tissue of the seminiferous tubules. The materials were processed and observed under a light and a transmission electron microscope. In the experimental rats boundary tissue was found disrupted at various layers. This tissue showed infoldings, which were perhaps due to the loss of collagen and reticular fibrils from the inner and outer non-cellular layers. The outer non-cellular layer, which was thinner than that of the control, was stripped away from the myoid cell layer in multiple regions, giving a "blister-like" appearance. The myoid cells showed fewer polyribosomes, pinocytotic vesicles and glycogen granules. Most mitochondria were found to lack cristae. The connections between individual myoid cells were apparently lost. There were signs of recovery in the boundary tissue following withdrawal from EMF exposure. These results suggest that EMF exposure may cause profound changes in the boundary tissue of the seminiferous tubules. Therefore exposure to EMF may result in pathological changes that lead to subfertility and infertility.
The antioxidant properties of plants have been investigated, in the light of recent scientific developments, throughout the world due to their potent pharmacological activities and food viability. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. Family Lamiaceae) is used as a kitchen herb and as an ornamental plant in house gardens. In the present study, the possible radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the water (WEB) and ethanol extracts (EEB) of basil was investigated using different antioxidant methodologies: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, scavenging of superoxide anion radical-generated non-enzymatic system, ferric thiocyanate method, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and metal chelating activities. Experiments revealed that WEB and EEB have an antioxidant effects which are concentration-dependent. The total antioxidant activity was performed according to the ferric thiocyanate method. At the 50 microg/mL concentration, the inhibition effects of WEB and EEB on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion were found to be 94.8% and 97.5%, respectively. On the other hand, the percentage inhibition of a 50 microg/mL concentration of BHA, BHT and alpha-tocopherol was found to be 97.1%, 98.5% and 70.4% inhibition of peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. In addition, WEB and EEB had effective DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, reducing power and metal chelating activities. Additionally, these various antioxidant activities were compared with BHA, BHT and alpha-tocopherol as reference antioxidants. The additional total phenolic content of these basil extracts was determined as the gallic acid equivalent and were found to be equivalent.
This paper presents the results of the study of the effects of long-term low-level exposure of rats to microwaves. Rats were exposed in far field to 2450 MHz continuous wave fields providing an incident power density at the cages of 500 microW/cm2 for 7 hours daily for a total of 30 days resulting in a whole-body SAR of 0.16 +/- 0.04 W/kg. Three groups ("EMF-exposure", "sham-exposure" and cage-control) were formed, each consisting of 16 rats. Circulating antibodies (IgA, IgG and IgM) directed against 16 chemical substances were evaluated in coded serum from each group of rats by enzyme multiplied analysis (ELISA test). An increased amount of compounds resulting from interaction of amino acids with nitric oxide (NO) or its derivatives (NO2-Tyrosine, NO-Arginine, NO-Cysteine + NO-Bovine Serum Albumin, NJ-Methionine + NO-Asparagine + No-Histidine, NO-BTrypnohan + NJ-Tyrosin), fatty acids with small chains, hydroxylated fatty acids, palmitic/myristic/oleic acid, AZE (product of oxidation of fatty acids) was found in blood serum from EMF-exposed rats. As a rule, antibodies to conjugated antigens were seen for IgM, rarely seen for IgG and were completely absent for IgA. The levels of antibodies were higher on day 7 after the exposure compared to those on day 14 after the exposure.
The hypothesis that interactions of dietary polyphenols with dietary iron occur during digestion and result in a decrease of the post-absorptive antioxidant properties of polyphenols was investigated. The hypothesis was tested in vitro, under conditions that simulate gastrointestinal digestion. Mixtures of green tea, iron, and three dietary factors that modify the form of iron in the lumen, namely ascorbic acid, meat or casein, were subjected to an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Antioxidant capacity (FRAP assay), iron concentration (ferrozine assay) and polyphenol concentration (Folin–Ciocalteau assay) were measured in the in vitro digests. The presence of iron decreased the antioxidant capacity and the polyphenol concentration of green tea digests. The presence of ascorbic acid increased, while meat and casein decreased the antioxidant capacity of green tea. The factorial analysis of the data suggests that protein and iron interact with green tea polyphenols during the in vitro digestion and decrease their antioxidant capacity. These results support the aforementioned hypothesis.
A murine oxidative stress model was established via ozone inhalation, which was identified by detection of the response of antioxidant defense system, levels of oxidative products and effects of natural antioxidants on this model. Male BALB/c mice were exposed to 1.2 mg/m3 ozone for 10 h per day. The control group was exposed to flowing air. From inhaling ozone, mice were killed at day 5, 10, 15 and 20, respectively. Exposure to ozone made mice show the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in heart, kidney and liver, as well as 8-OHdG levels in urine, and resulted in cytological nuclear concentration in brain neurons or thymocytes. Ozone exposure also impaired antioxidative capacity such as the decrease of total antioxidation capacity (TAC) in sera, reduced glutathione (GSH) in sera or thymus and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity in spleen or thymus but not in liver. Correlation analysis showed the significant inverse correlation (r=−0.894, P<0.05) between thymus weight index and inhalation doses of ozone. Meanwhile, thymocyte in model mice proliferated more poorly than normal controls. Catechin and clove extract could reverse parts of changes above induced by ozone inhalation. These results suggest that exposure to ozone can result in an increased production of reactive oxygen species in vivo, which causes oxidative stress. The mice under oxidative stress showed senescence-related alterations in physiological parameters as well. Taken together, our data demonstrates that an oxidative stress model in mice has been successfully established by ozone inhalation, which would be helpful to probe the relationship between oxidative stress and senescence and evaluate effects of antioxidants.
Quercetin (QR) is a strong antioxidant and has been shown to reduce oxidative stress in the long-term treatment of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in animal models. Antioxidants have significant effects on spermatogenesis, sperm biology and oxidative stress, and changes in antioxidant capacity are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetes mellitus. The present study aims to examine the influence of QR on spermatogenesis in STZ-induced diabetes in male Wistar rats. Animals (n = 50) were allocated into five groups: Group 1: Control rats given 0.5 ml of 20% glycerol in 0.9% normal saline. Group 2: Control rats given buffer (pH4.0).Group 3: diabetic controls. Group 4: rats given QR 15 mg/kg/day (i.p.). Group 5: STZ + QR rats. Animals were kept in standard conditions. At the end of the experiment (28th day), blood samples were taken for determination of testosterone, total antioxidant capacity, and levels of malondialdehyde and oxidized low-density lipoprotein. All rats were euthanized, testes were dissected out and spermatozoa were collected from the epididymis for analysis. Sperm numbers, percentages of sperm viability and motility, and total serum testosterone increased significantly in QR-treated diabetic rats (P < 0.05) compared with control groups. In histopathology, degeneration and inflammation in testes cells associated with diabetes were improved and testes weights in the QR-treated diabetic group decreased significantly in comparison with controls (P < 0.05). We conclude that QR has significant beneficial effects on the sperm viability, motility, and serum total testosterone and could be effective for maintaining healthy sperm parameters and male reproductive function in diabetic rats.
The fourth course at the International School of Bioelectromagnetics addressed various aspects of the epidemiology of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF). In this overview, inspired by the lectures and the discussions among participants, we summarize current knowledge on exposure to EMF and disease risk, with emphasis on studies of use of mobile phones and brain tumours and exposure to power lines and childhood leukaemia. Sources of bias and error hamper straightforward conclusions in some areas and, in order to move forward, improvements in study design and exposure assessment are necessary. The scientific evidence available to date on possible long-term effects from exposure to ELF and RF fields is not strong enough to revise current protection limits based on the known acute effects of such exposures. Precautionary measures may be considered to reduce ELF exposure of children or exposure to RF during mobile phone use, keeping in mind that it is unclear whether they involve any preventive benefit. Possible health effects from mobile phone use in adults and in children should be investigated further by prospective epidemiological studies with improved exposure assessment and brain tumour incidence rates should be monitored. Further studies on the relation between childhood leukaemia and ELF magnetic fields would be worthwhile if they focus on heavily exposed groups and attempt to minimize possible selection bias. In conclusion, epidemiological studies conducted with appropriate diligence can play a key role in finding the answers.
To investigate whether semen quality has changed during the past 50 years.
Review of publications on semen quality in men without a history of infertility selected by means of Cumulated Index Medicus and Current List (1930-1965) and MEDLINE Silver Platter database (1966-August 1991).
14,947 men included in a total of 61 papers published between 1938 and 1991.
Mean sperm density and mean seminal volume.
Linear regression of data weighted by number of men in each study showed a significant decrease in mean sperm count from 113 x 10(6)/ml in 1940 to 66 x 10(6)/ml in 1990 (p < 0.0001) and in seminal volume from 3.40 ml to 2.75 ml (p = 0.027), indicating an even more pronounced decrease in sperm production than expressed by the decline in sperm density.
There has been a genuine decline in semen quality over the past 50 years. As male fertility is to some extent correlated with sperm count the results may reflect an overall reduction in male fertility. The biological significance of these changes is emphasised by a concomitant increase in the incidence of genitourinary abnormalities such as testicular cancer and possibly also cryptorchidism and hypospadias, suggesting a growing impact of factors with serious effects on male gonadal function.
Plant flavonoids are widely distributed polyphenolic compounds of the human diet. They consist of six major classes based on specific structural differences: flavonols, flavones, flavanones, catechins, anthocyanidins, and isoflavones. All of the major classes of flavonoids are comprised of three six-membered rings: an aromatic A-ring fused to a heterocyclic C-ring that is attached through a single carbon-carbon bond to an aromatic Bring. Population studies have shown that flavonoid intake is inversely correlated with mortality from cardiovascular disease, and numerous flavonoids of dietary significance have been shown to beneficially impact parameters associated with atherosclerosis, including lipoprotein oxidation, blood platelet aggregation, and vascular reactivity. Therapeutic effects of flavonoids on platelet aggregability and blood pressure have been attributed to competitive inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE), an elevation in cAMP level, and subsequent activation of protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase). In addition, flavonoids may induce neutral lipid hydrolysis from lipid stores through PDE inhibition in adipose tissue and liver. Indeed, the three-dimensional structure of many flavonoids is sterically and electrostatically compatible with the catalytic site of cAMP PDE3 and PDE4. Flavonoids have also been reported to suppress pathways of lipid biosynthesis and of very low-density lipoprotein production in cultured hepatocytes. Continued studies of the biochemical mechanisms underlying the biological effects of plant flavonoids may uncover new strategies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, as well as associated conditions such as obesity, hepatic steatosis, and Type 2 diabetes.
Herbal radiomodulators application in medicine, Homeland defence and Space
- A Rajesh
Rajesh A (2008). Herbal radiomodulators application in medicine,
Homeland defence and Space. CABI, UK, P. 26.